{"result": {"count": "37859", "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Pilgrims travel to the healing temples of Asclepieion to be cured of their ills. After a ritual purification the followers bring offerings or sacrifices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Ptolemy concludes an alliance with King Lysimachus of Thrace and gives him his daughter Arsinoe II in marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Seleucus founds the city of Antioch, some 20 miles up the Orontes River, naming it after his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "After the death of his wife Apama, Seleucus marries Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "The central texts of Jainism, the Jain scriptures, are recorded (approximate date).{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "In Pella (in Macedonia), the artist Gnosis makes a mosaic floor decoration called ''Stag Hunt'' and even signs it with ampquotGnosis made itampquot. It is today preserved at the Archaeological museum in Pella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-299", "description": "The Samnites, seizing their chance when Rome is engaged on the Lombard plain, start the third Samnite War with a collection of mercenaries from Gaul, Sabine, and Etruscan allies to help them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-299", "description": "The state of Qin attacks eight cities of the state of Chu. Chu then sends an envoy to ask the King of Huai to go to Qin to negotiate peace. Qu Yuan risks his life to go up to the court to persuade the King of Huai not to go to the negotiation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-299", "description": "King Wuling of Zhao abdicates the throne of Zhao to his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "The Samnites defeat the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus in the Battle of Camerinum, first battle of the Third Samnite War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "The Roman armies penetrate into the heart of the Samnite territory and then capture the Samnite cities of Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Agathocles, king of Syracuse, assists the Italian Greeks against the Bruttians and supported the Greeks against the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Ptolemy gives his stepdaughter Theoxena in marriage to Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse (in south-eastern Sicily).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Ptolemy finally brings the rebellious region of Cyrene under his control. He places the region under the rule of his stepson Magas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Bindusara succeeds his father Chandragupta Maurya as emperor of the Mauryan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Fabius Maximus Rullianus becomes consul for the fourth time. He defeats the Samnites in a battle near Tifernum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Following Cassander's death from illness, Philip IV, Cassander's eldest son, succeeds his father as King of Macedon, but soon after coming to the throne suffers from a wasting disease and dies. Antipater, the next son, rules jointly with his brother Alexander V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece with the aim of becoming master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus (who is a son of Cleopatra of Macedonia and a nephew of Alexander the Great), but soon he has him assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Chandragupta Maurya goes to Sravana Belagola near Mysore to live in the way of Jains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Bindusara his son ascends to the Pataliputra throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-296", "description": "Ptolemy makes peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes, to whom he betrothes his daughter Ptolemais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-296", "description": "The temple to Bellona is erected at the south end of the prata Flaminia, later the Circus Flaminius, in Rome.ampampPlatner and Ashby, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Rome''. Oxford University Press, 1926. p. 82.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-295", "description": "The Battle of Sentinum west of Anconum ends in defeat for a formidable coalition of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and their Gallic allies at the hands of the Roman legions commanded by consuls Publius Decius Mus (who is killed in the battle) and Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus. The Romans lose nearly 8,000 men but kill some 25,000 of the enemy and force peace on the Etruscans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-295", "description": "Athens falls to Demetrius Poliorcetes after a bitter siege, and its tyrant Lachares is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-295", "description": "The King of Macedon, Antipater II, murders his mother Thessalonica, accusing her of being too fond of his brother and co-ruler Alexander V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Archidamus IV, king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas I and grandson of Archidamus III, is defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedonia in a battle at Mantinea. Sparta is saved only because Demetrius is called away by the threatening activities of his rivals Lysimachus and Ptolemy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Alexander V of Macedon is ousted by his brother, Antipater II. Therefore Alexander V turns to Demetrius Poliorcetes for help in recovering his throne. However, Demetrius Poliorcetes establishes himself on the throne of Macedonia and then murders Alexander V. Antipater II loses the throne of Macedonia but is able to survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Pyrrhus of Epirus exploits the dynastic quarrel in Macedonia involving Alexander V of Macedon, his brother, Antipater II and Demetrius Poliorcetes to take over the frontier areas of Parauaea and Tymphaea, along with Acarnania, Ampholochia, and Ambracia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Lysimachus concludes a peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes whereby Demetrius Poliorcetes is recognized as ruler of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Ptolemy gains control over Cyprus and the Phoenician coastal towns of Tyre and Sidon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes and wife of Seleucus marries her stepson Antiochus. Seleucus has reportedly instigated the marriage after discovering that his son by his late wife Apama was in danger of dying of lovesickness as he has fallen in love with his beautiful stepmother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "The Battle of Aquilonia is  fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, near the current city of Aquilonia in Campania (in southern Italy). The Romans, led by the consuls Lucius Papirius Cursor and Spurius Carvilius Maximus, are victorious. After the battle, the Samnites flee into the city of Aquilonia and into their camp. The camp is captured and looted by the Romans, while the city is eventually taken, with many of the Samnite survivors being slaughtered in the fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "Rome suffers from the plague. The worship of Aesculapius is introduced from Epidaurus to Rome in the hope of averting the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "When an invasion of nomads threatens the eastern possessions of his realm (i.e. between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea and the Indian Ocean), Seleucus hands over the government of these lands west of the Euphrates to his son Antiochus. Antiochus is appointed co-regent and commander-in-chief of these territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "The State of Qin, led by commander Bai Qi, wins a decisive victory over the States of Wei and Han in the Battle of Yique. As part of the terms of defeat, Han and Wei are forced to concede land to Qin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-292", "description": "Lysimachus tries to extend his influence beyond the Danube River, but he is defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae (Dacian) king Dromichaetes (Dromihete). Eventually, Lysimachus is set free and a peace is agreed between the Getae and Lysimachus. This peace agreement is strengthened further by the marriage of Dromichaetes with Lysimachus' daughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-292", "description": "While Demetrius Poliorcetes is campaigning in Boeotia, he receives news that Lysimachus, the ruler of Thrace, has been taken prisoner by Dromichaetes. Hoping to seize Lysimachus's territories in Thrace, Demetrius, delegates command of his forces in Boeotia to his son, Antigonus and immediately marches north. However, while he is away, the Boeotians rise in rebellion, but are defeated by Antigonus, who bottles them up in the city of Thebes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-291", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes joins his son, Antigonus, in the siege of Thebes. As the Thebans defend their city stubbornly, Demetrius forces his men to attack the city at great cost. Demetrius finally takes the city after using siege engines to demolish its walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-291", "description": "The Romans storm and take the Samnite city of Venusia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-290", "description": "Roman general and consul, Manius Curius Dentatus, gains a decisive victory over the Samnites, thereby ending a war that has lasted 50 years. He also reduces the Sabine insurgents to submission, their territory is annexed and they are granted civitas sine suffragio (ampquotcitizenship without the right to voteampquot). The Samnites are recognised by the Romans as autonomous allies. The Samnites are forced to give up some of their land to the Romans as compensation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-290", "description": "Berenice, wife of Ptolemy, is proclaimed queen of Egypt. Ptolemy has the city of Berenice built on the Red Sea in her honour. It becomes a great emporium for Egyptian trade with the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-289", "description": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, dies after restoring the Syracusan democracy on his death bed, by stating that he does not want his sons to succeed him as king. However, the resulting dissension among his family about the succession leads to a renewal of Carthaginian power in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor. Ptolemy's fleet appears off Greece, inciting the cities to revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "Athens revolts and Demetrius besieges the city. Pyrrhus takes Thessaly and the western half of Macedonia and, with the assistance of Ptolemy's fleet, relieves Athens from Demetrius' siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. Egypt's maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades is based on this alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "Following the death of Agathocles, some of his disbanded mercenaries seize Messana in northeast Sicily and set up a society, calling themselves Mamertines (Sons of Mars). The city becomes a base from which they will ravage the Sicilian countryside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "The Sri Maha Bodhi Sacred Fig tree is planted at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. This is the earliest known planting date for any planted tree still surviving.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sri Lanka", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "A new law, Lex Hortensia, gives much greater power to the plebeian Assembly compared to the Senate. This law is passed following a threat from plebeian soldiers to secede. In the face of this threat, the Senate yields to plebeian concerns over their lack of political power and over their level of debt to the aristocracy. The law is named after Quintus Hortensius, a plebeian, who is made dictator to settle the controversy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "With the Lex Hortensia in place, in theory the political distinctions in Rome between the patricians and the plebeians disappear. However, in practice, the coalition of leading plebeian families keep control which means that the patricians are able to largely nullify the power of the assemblies. So Roman government continues to be oligarchic in character.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "The Macedonians resent the extravagance and arrogance of Demetrius Poliorcetes and are not prepared to fight a difficult campaign for him. When Pyrrhus of Epirus takes the Macedonian city of Verroia, Demetrius' army promptly deserts and goes over to Pyrrhus' side as he is much admired by the Macedonians for his bravery. At this change of fortune, Phila, the mother of Antigonus, kills herself with poison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "Demetrius decides to leave Antigonus in charge of the war in Greece, assembles all his ships and embarks with his troops to attack Caria and Lydia, provinces in Asia Minor controlled by Lysimachus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "Agathocles is sent by his father Lysimachus against Demetrius. Agathocles defeats Demetrius and drives him out of his father's provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "Pyrrhus is proclaimed King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-286", "description": "As Demetrius Poliorcetes and his army are chased across Asia Minor to the Taurus Mountains by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, in Greece his son Antigonus meets with success. Ptolemy's fleet is driven off and Athens surrenders to Antigonus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-286", "description": "After allowing Pyrrhus of Epirus to remain in possession of Macedonia with the title of king, he is expelled by Lysimachus who declares himself its king in the place of Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-286", "description": "The new law, Lex Aquilia, is enacted. This is a Roman law which provides compensation to the owners of property injured as a result of someone's fault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-285/06/26", "description": " Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter abdicates. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who has been co-regent for three years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-285/06/26", "description": "A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed and serves as a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-285/06/26", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes is deserted by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "The Gallic tribe called the Senones, who has settled on the Adriatic coast north of Picenum, attacks Arretium in Etruria. While attempting to relieve this allied city, the Romans under the command of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter suffer a costly defeat in the Battle of Arretium. Aroused by this disaster, a Roman army under Manius Curius Dentatus invades the Senones' territory, defeating them and driving them out of the Italian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Pyrrhus of Epirus is driven out of Macedonia and back into Epirus by Lysimachus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Lysimachus' wife, Arsinoe, being keen to gain the succession to the kingdom of Thrace for her sons in preference to Agathocles (the eldest son of Lysimachus), intrigues against him with the help of her brother Ptolemy Keraunos. They accuse him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and Agathocles is put to death. This atrocious deed by Lysimachus and his family arouses great indignation. Many of the cities in Asia Minor revolt and some of his most trusted friends desert him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Agathocles' widow Lysandra flees with their children and with Alexander, Agathocles' brother, to the court of Seleucus, who at once invades Lysimachus' territory in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "Following Demetrius Poliorcetes' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus assumes the title of King of Macedonia, though in name only, as King Lysimachus of Thrace is in control of Macedonia. Demetrius' remains are given to Antigonus and he is honoured with a grand funeral in Corinth. After this, Demetrius is interred in the town of Demetrias which he had founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "Consuls: Publius Cornelius Dolabella and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "At the Battle of Lake Vadimo, Roman forces finally quell the allied Etruscans and Gauls. The Roman army is led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Rome is at last undisputed master of northern and central Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "The canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea, initially started but not completed by the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II and repaired by the Persian king Darius I, is again repaired and made operational by Ptolemy II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "Ptolemy II enlarges the library at Alexandria and appoints the grammarian Zenodotus to collect and edit all the Greek poets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Its ruler, Philetaerus, transfers his allegiance, as well as the important fortress of Pergamon and his treasury, to Seleucus, who allows him a far larger measure of independence than he had hitherto enjoyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "The Battle of Populonia is fought between Rome and the Etruscans. The Romans are victorious and, as a result, the Etruscan threat to Rome is sharply diminished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "The Magna Graecia city of Thurii appeals to Rome for help against the native Italian tribes. Though the Roman Senate hesitates, the plebeian Assembly decides to respond. Thurii is saved, but Tarentum, jealous of Rome's interference, attacks and sinks some Roman ships entering its harbour. Roman envoys, sent to protest, are mistreated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "Rome declares war on Tarentum. King Pyrrhus of Epirus declares his willingness to come to the aid of Tarentum. Tarentum also looks for support from the Samnites and other Italian tribes in southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great. It is fought between the armies of Lysimachus, King of Thrace and Macedonia, and Seleucus, ruler of Eastern Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Babylonia and Iran. Seleucus kills Lysimachus during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus' widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Seleucus takes over Thrace and then tries to seize Macedonia. However, he falls into a trap near Lysimachia, Thrace, set by Ptolemy Keraunos, one of the sons of Ptolemy I and Arsinoe II's half brother, who murders Seleucus and takes Macedonia for himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid empire by Antiochus. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Although he has only a few bases in Greece, Antigonus II Gonatas lays claim to Macedonia. His claim is disputed by Antiochus I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus makes his eldest son, Seleucus, king in the east, but he proves to be incompetent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is compelled to make peace with his father's murderer and King of Macedon, Ptolemy Keraunos, abandoning, for the time being, his plans to control Macedonia and Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, is threatened with an invasion from Antiochus who has already made war upon his father, Zipoites. Antiochus actually invades Bithynia but withdraws again without risking a battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is unable to bring under his control the Persian dynasties that rule in Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II in the Damascene War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Pyrrhus makes an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, King of Macedon. This allows him to go to southern Italy with his army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "The Achaean League is reformed by twelve towns in the northern Peloponnesus and will later grow to include non-Achaean cities. It has two generals, a federal council with proportional representation of members and an annual assembly of all free citizens. The League achieves a common coinage and foreign policy and the member cities pool their armed forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Rhodes, rising in prosperity, becomes head of an Island League and helps to keep the peace and freedom of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "The Colossus of Rhodes is completed by the sculptor Chares of Lindos after twelve years' work. It becomes one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The Colossus of Rhodes is a giant statue of the Greek god Helios. It stands 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100ampampnbspfeet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Responding to an appeal from Tarentum, King Pyrrhus of Epirus uses his army of over 20,000 men against the Romans. In the Battle of Heraclea he defeats a Roman army led by consul Publius Valerius Laevinus. Pyrrhus's judicious use of his elephants plays a large part in his victory. Several tribes including the Lucani, Bruttii and the Messapians as well as the Greek cities of Crotone and Locri join Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, is sent to negotiate the ransom and exchange of prisoners. Pyrrhus is so impressed by Fabricius refusing to accept a bribe, that Pyrrhus releases the prisoners without the requirement for a ransom. Following his victory, Pyrrhus advances as far north as Latium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Aristarchus of Samos uses the size of the Earth's shadow on the Moon to estimate that the Moon's radius is one-third that of the Earth. He proposes for the first time a heliocentric view of the Solar System, but is ignored due to the lack of evidence of the Earth's motion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "An army of Gauls under Brennus invade Greece. A section of the army, commanded by Bolgios, crushes a Macedonian army led by Ptolemy Keraunos, who is killed in the battle. At the narrow pass of Thermopylae, on the east coast of central Greece, Brennus' forces suffer heavy losses while trying to break through the Greek defence comprising the Phocians and the Aetolians. Eventually Brennus finds a way around the pass but the Greeks escape by sea. Brennus pushes on to Delphi where he is defeated and forced to retreat, after which he dies of wounds sustained in the battle. His army falls back to the river Spercheios where it is routed by Thessalians and Malians. Some of the survivors settle in a part of Asia Minor that will eventually be called Galatia, while some settle in Thrace, founding a short-lived city-state named Tylis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "With the death of Ptolemy Keraunos, the previous King of Macedonia, Antipater II becomes king again. However, his new reign lasts only few months before he is killed by his cousin Sosthenes who becomes the new King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "The Phocians are readmitted into the Amphictyonic League after they have joined in the defence of Delphi against the Gauls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "The Carthaginians and the Romans agree to support each other against a common foe. The Carthaginians give Rome money and ships in their fight against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "Pyrrhus realizes that he cannot capture Rome and suggests peace terms to the Romans. Pyrrhus sends his chief advisor, Cineas, to Rome to negotiate a peace. Cineas demands that the Romans halt their aggression against the Greeks of southern Italy and restore the lands the Romans have taken from the Bruttii, the Apulians, and the Samnites. The Romans reject his demands, largely at the instigation of the former Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "In renewed fighting, Pyrrhus of Epirus, leading the combined Tarantine, Oscan, Samnite, and Greek forces, wins a 'Pyrrhic victory' against the Romans led by consul Publius Decius Mus at the Battle of Asculum, called such because his victory comes at a great cost to his own forces. Pyrrhus is reported to have said afterwards, ampquotOne more victory against the Romans and we shall be utterly ruined!ampquot Disheartened, Pyrrhus retires to Tarentum and sends Cineas to make renewed peace overtures to Rome. These talks are inconclusive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "The aggression of Ptolemy II of Egypt continues to cause friction with Antiochus, who loses Miletus, in south-western Asia Minor, to Ptolemy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "Scordisci Celts found a city called Singidon (Roman Singidunum) which is today the Serbian city of Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "The Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. The Seleucid king Antiochus wins a major battle over the Gauls leading to his being given the title of Soter (Greek for ampquotsaviourampquot). The Gauls settle down to become the ampquotGalatiansampquot and are paid 2,000 talents annually by the Seleucid kings to keep the peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Antigonus concludes a peace with Antiochus who surrenders his claim to Macedonia. Thereafter Antigonus II's foreign policy is marked by friendship with the Seleucids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Nicomedes I becomes the first ruler of Bithynia to assume the title of king. He founds the city of Nicomedia, which soon rises to great prosperity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "The Carthaginians seize an opportunity to interfere in a quarrel between Syracuse and Agrigentum and besiege Syracuse. The Syracusans ask for help from Pyrrhus and Pyrrhus transfers his army there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "On his arrival in Sicily, Pyrrhus' forces win battles against the Carthaginians across Sicily. Pyrrhus conquers almost all of Sicily except for Lilybaeum (Marsala).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Pyrrhus is proclaimed king of Sicily. He plans for his son Helenus to inherit the kingdom of Sicily and his other son Alexander to inherit Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Chu's heartland in the modern Hubei province is overrun by the powerful state of Qin from the west under Bai Qi's leadership. The Chu government moves to the east in various temporary capitals until settling in Shouchun in 241 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Qu Yuan writes the poem ampquotLament for Yingampquot after the fall of the capital of Chu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-277", "description": "Antigonus crosses the Hellespont and defeats the Celts under the command of Cerethrius near Lysimachia at the neck of the Thracian Chersonese. After this success, he is acknowledged by the Macedonians as their king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-277", "description": "Pyrrhus captures Eryx, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompts the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities in Sicily to defect to Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-276", "description": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix ampquotPhiladelphoiampquot (ampquotBrother-Lovingampquot) consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-276", "description": "The first of the Syrian Wars starts between Egypt's Ptolemy II and Seleucid emperor Antiochus I Soter. The Egyptians invade northern Syria, but Antiochus defeats and repels his opponent's army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-276", "description": "Pyrrhus negotiates with the Carthaginians to end the fighting between them in Sicily. The Carthaginians are inclined to come to terms with Pyrrhus, but he demands that Carthage abandon all of Sicily and make the Libyan Sea the boundary between Carthage and the Greeks. Meanwhile, he begins to display despotic behaviour towards the Sicilian Greeks and soon Sicilian opinion moves against him. Therefore, fearing that his successes in Sicily may lead him to become the despot of their country, the Syracusans ask Pyrrhus to leave Sicily. He does so, and returns to the Italian mainland, noting that he expects Sicily to be a ampquotfair wrestling ringampquot for Carthage and Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself vastly outnumbered by a superior Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, negotiates a peace with Pyrrhus, after which Pyrrhus decides to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus, which results in the loss of all his Italian holdings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "Following the departure of Pyrrhus from Sicily, the Syracusan army and the city's citizens appoint Hiero II as the commander of their troops. He strengthens his position by marrying the daughter of Leptines, the city's leading citizen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "Antiochus's alliance with Antigonus II, now fully in possession of Macedonia, is cemented by Antigonus' marriage to Phila, Antiochus' half sister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia driving Antigonus II Gonatas out of Upper Macedonia and Thessaly while Antigonus holds onto the coastal Macedonian towns. Antigonus' troops desert him and Pyrrhus is declared King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "The Romans under Manius Curius Dentatus conquer the Lucanians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "Magas has to stop his advance against Ptolemy II due to an internal revolt by the Libyan Marmaridae nomads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-273", "description": "Impressed by Rome's defeat of Pyrrhus, Ptolemy II sends a friendly embassy. The visit is reciprocated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-273", "description": "Ashoka the Great becomes ruler of the Maurya Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II during the First Syrian War. Ptolemy II annexes Miletus, Phoenicia and western Cilicia from Antiochus. As a result, Ptolemy II extends Egyptian rule as far as Caria and into most of Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Egypt's victories solidify the kingdom's position as the undisputed naval power of the eastern Mediterranean the Ptolemaic sphere of power now extends over the Cyclades to Samothrace, and the harbours and coastal towns of Cilicia Trachea, Pamphylia, Lycia and Caria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Pyrrhus' departure from southern Italy three years earlier leads to the Samnites finally being conquered by the Romans. With the surrender of Tarentum, the cities of Magna Graecia in southern Italy come under Roman influence and become Roman allies. Rome now effectively dominates all of the Italian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Cleonymus, a Spartan of royal blood who has been outcast by his fellow Spartans, asks the King of Macedonia and Epirus, Pyrrhus, to attack Sparta and place him in power. Pyrrhus agrees to the plan, but intends to win control of the Peloponnese for himself. As a large part of the Spartan army led by king Areus I is in Crete at the time, Pyrrhus has great hopes of taking the city easily, but the citizens organise stout resistance, allowing one of Antigonus II's commanders, Aminias the Phocian, to reach the city with a force of mercenaries from Corinth. Soon after this, the Spartan king, Areus, returns from Crete with 2,000 men. These reinforcements stiffen Spartan resistance and Pyrrhus, finding that he is losing men to desertion every day, breaks off the attack and starts to plunder the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "As they plunder the countryside, Pyrrhus and his troops move onto Argos. Entering the city with his army by stealth, Pyrrhus finds himself caught in a confused battle with the Argives (who are supported by Antigonus' forces) in the narrow city streets. During the confusion an old woman watching from a rooftop throws a roof tile at Pyrrhus which stuns him, allowing an Argive soldier to kill him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Following his death in Argos, Pyrrhus is succeeded as king of Epirus by his son Alexander II while Antigonus II Gonatas regains his Macedonian throne which he has lost to Pyrrhus two years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "The Mauryan emperor, Bindusara, sends the Mauryan army to conquer the southern kingdoms. Kadamba is conquered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-271", "description": "With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three ampquotshacklesampquot of Hellas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-271", "description": "The Mauryan army is driven out of Kadamba by a coalition of Tamil kings under Emperor Cenni Cholan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-270", "description": "Rome's subjugation of Italy is completed by the recapture of Rhegium (southern Italy) from the Mamertines and the defeat of the Brutians, the Lucanians, the Calabrians and the Samnites. The town of Rhegium is then restored by the Romans to its Greek inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-270", "description": "Carthage, already in control of Sardinia, southern Spain and Numidia, is ruled by an oligarchy of merchants under two Suffetes or chief magistrates. While Carthage's military commanders are strong, the state relies on mercenaries (including Spanish ones) for its soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-269", "description": "The Mamertines, a body of Campanian mercenaries who have been employed by Agathocles, the former tyrant of Syracuse, capture the stronghold of Messana (Messina in north-eastern Sicily), from which they harass the Syracusans. The Syracusan military leader, Hieron, defeats them in a pitched battle at the Longanus River near Mylae, but Carthaginian forces intervene to prevent him from capturing Messana. His grateful countrymen then choose Hieron as their king and tyrant, to be known as Hieron II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "The Roman denarius coin is minted for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "The Romans found a colony at Malventum which they, for superstitious reasons, call Beneventum (since ''male'' means ''bad'' and ''bene'' means ''good'' in Latin).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "Chremonides, an Athenian statesman and general, issues the Decree of Chremonides, creating an alliance between Sparta, Athens, and Ptolemy II of Egypt. The origins of this alliance lay in the continuing desire of many Greek states, notably Athens and Sparta, for a restoration of their former independence, along with the desire of Ptolemy II to create troubles for his rival Antigonus II, King of Macedonia. Ptolemy II's ambitions in the Aegean Sea are threatened by Antigonus Gonatas' fleet, so he carefully builds up a coalition against Macedonia in Greece. He especially cultivates Athens by supplying the city with grain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "Ashoka becomes emperor of the Maurya Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-267", "description": "Macedonia's King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition of Spartans (led by King Areus I of Sparta), Athenians (led by Chremonides), Arcadians and Achaeans that tries to expel the Macedonian forces located in Greece. The rebellion has the support of Ptolemy II of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": " Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Julius Libo celebrate triumphs over the Salentini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": "Calabria and Messapia are annexed by the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": "Ariobarzanes becomes the second king of Pontus, succeeding his father Mithridates I Ctistes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": "The Mauryan emperor Asoka converts to Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "Although the Egyptian fleet blockades the Saronic Gulf, the Macedonian King Antigonus II defeats the Spartans and kills the King of Sparta, Areus I near Corinth, after which he besieges Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "Acrotatus II succeeds his father Areus I as king of Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "Hiero II threatens to renew his attack on the Mamertines. They appeal to Carthage and receive the support of a Carthaginian garrison. The Mamertines also appeal to the Romans who are also willing to help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "The Archimedes screw for raising water is devised by the Greek mathematician Archimedes, who is studying at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts &amp;amp;amp; sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Abantidas, the son of Paseas, becomes tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias. He either banishes or puts to death Cleinias' friends and relations. Cleinias' young son, Aratus, narrowly escapes death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, once more attacks the Mamertines. They ally themselves with a nearby Carthaginian fleet and hold off the Syracusans. However, when the Carthaginians do not leave, the Mamertines appeal to Rome for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome is unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome therefore enters into an alliance with the Mamertines. By this action, the First Punic War begins and will embroil Rome in a conflict with Carthage that will continue for 23 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The Roman consul Appius Claudius Caudex and his two legions are deployed to Sicily, the first time a Roman army has gone into action outside the Italian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Appius Claudius Caudex leads his forces to Messina, and as the Mamertines have convinced the Carthaginians to withdraw, he meets with only minimal resistance. The Mamertines hand the city over to Appius Claudius, but the Carthaginians return to set up a blockade. The Syracusans, meanwhile, are also stationed outside the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Appius Claudius leads his troops outside the city of Messina to defeat the Syracusans in battle forcing Hiero to retreat back to Syracuse. The next day Claudius defeats the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The temple to Vertumnus is built on the Aventine Hill in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Three pairs of gladiators face off in the first recorded gladiatorial combat, held at the funeral games in honour of aristocrat Junius Brutus Pera in the Forum Boarium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The Chinese Confucian philosopher Xunzi visits the State of Qin. He writes of his and others' admiration for the government officials of Qin, whom he says are serious and sincere, free from the tendency to form cliques. The Qin officials are disciplined by a meritocracy of rather harsh methods imposed by the Legalist philosophy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "The Romans under the consul Manius Valerius Messalla secure the alliance of Hiero II of Syracuse. The treaty with Rome restricts Hiero's kingdom to southeast Sicily and the eastern coast of Sicily as far as Tauromenium. From this date until his death, Hiero remains loyal to the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "The Romans capture Hadranum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "Alexander II of Epirus attacks and conquers the greater part of Macedonia. However, he is then driven out of both Macedonia and Epirus by Demetrius II, the son of King Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "The Athenians and Spartans, worn down by several years of war and the devastation of their lands, make peace with Antigonus II of Macedonia who thus retains his hold on Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "Cleanthes succeeds Zeno of Citium in his Stoic School in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "Eumenes I succeeds his uncle Philetaerus to the throne of Pergamum. As Philetaerus was a eunuch, he adopted his nephew Eumenes (the son of Philetaerus' brother also named Eumenes) as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "After Athens surrenders following a long siege by Macedonian forces, Antigonus II Gonatas re-garrisons Athens and forbids the city from making war. Otherwise, he leaves Athens alone as the seat of philosophy and learning in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Rome besieges the city of Agrigentum which is held by Carthage under the command of Hannibal Gisco. Rome's siege involves both consular armies ampampndash a total of four Roman legions ampampndash and takes several months to resolve. The garrison of Agrigentum manages to call for reinforcements and a Carthaginian relief force commanded by Hanno comes to the rescue and destroys the Roman supply base at Erbessus. Nevertheless, after a few skirmishes, the battle of Agrigentum is fought and won by Rome, and the city falls. Gisco manages to escape to Carthage in the late stages of the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "After the loss of Agrigentum, the Carthaginians retire to organise their fleet. In the meantime, the Romans sack Agrigentum and enslave its Greek inhabitants. The Romans are now determined to drive the Carthaginians out of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Seleucid king Antiochus I's eldest son Seleucus, who has ruled in the east of the kingdom as viceroy for a number of years, is put to death by his father on the charge of rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Antiochus I tries to break the growing power of Pergamum by force of arms. Eumenes I, the new ruler of Pergamum, liberates his city from the overlordship of the Seleucids by defeating the army of Antiochus I near Sardis (the capital of Lydia), and thereby establishing an independent city-state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Antiochus I dies and is succeeded by his second son Antiochus II Theos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-261", "description": "The Romans, determined to win control of Sicily from Carthage, build a fleet based on the model of a captured Carthaginian quinquereme.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-261", "description": "The new Seleucid king Antiochus II reaches an agreement with the king of Macedonia, Antigonus II Gonatas, to work together in trying to push Ptolemy II's fleet and armies out of the Aegean Sea. With Macedonia's support, Antiochus II launches an attack on Ptolemaic outposts in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "The Roman advance continues westward from Agrigentum with their forces relieving the besieged cities of Segesta and Macella. These cities have sided with the Roman cause, and have come under Carthaginian attack for doing so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Hannibal Gisco returns to fight in Sicily as the admiral in charge of the Carthaginian fleet in the Strait of Messina. With the Romans about to launch their first ever navy, Carthage is determined that this innovation be thwarted. Gisco defeats part of the Roman fleet and captures the Roman consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina in an encounter near Lipari the consul's nickname Asina (which means ''donkey'') is earned in this encounter. However, this Carthaginian victory is of limited practical value as the bulk of the Roman fleet continues to manoeuvre in the surrounding waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Confident in Carthage's superiority at sea, Hannibal Gisco deploys his ships for the Battle of Mylae in the traditional long line arrangement. Although inexperienced in sea battles, the Romans, led by consul Gaius Duilius Nepos, heavily defeat the Carthaginian fleet, mainly due to the innovative use of land tactics in naval warfare (including the use of the grappling irons and the corvus boarding bridge).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Having lost the confidence of his peers, Hannibal Gisco is subsequently executed for incompetence shortly afterwards, together with other defeated Punic generals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "In the north of Sicily, the Romans, with their northern sea flank secured by their naval victory in the Battle of Mylae, advance toward Thermae. They are defeated there by the Carthaginians under Hamilcar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Callimachus of Cyrene, learned poet and grammarian, becomes chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "In the Battle of Changping, the army of the Qin state routs the army of Zhao, establishing its military superiority over all other Chinese states during the Warring States Period. The battle, in which Zhao forces are led by Lian Po and Zhao Kuo, while Qin is led by Wang He and Bai Qi, takes place near modern-day Gaoping in Shanxi and hundreds of thousands of soldiers from Zhao are executed after the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-259", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus II starts the Second Syrian War against Ptolemy to avenge his father's losses.  Antiochus II finds a willing ally in Antigonus II Gonatas, the king of Macedonia, who has been dealing with Ptolemy II's attempts to destabilize Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-259", "description": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar take advantage of their victory at Thermae in Sicily by counterattacking the Romans and seizing Enna. Hamilcar continues south to Camarina, in Syracusan territory, to try to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "The Romans are able to regain the initiative in Sicily against Carthage by retaking Enna and Camarina. In central Sicily, they take the town of Mytistraton, which they have attacked twice previously. The Romans also move in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus, but are not able to take the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "Gaius Duilius Nepos, the  Roman commander who has won a major naval victory over the Carthaginians is made censor with Lucius Cornelius Scipio. The election of a novus homo (i.e. the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or be elected as consul) to the censorship is a very rare honor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "Ptolemy II loses control of the territory of Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "Erasistratus of Ceos founds a medical school at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "The forces of the Macedonian King Antigonus II and the Seleucid King Antiochus II win a naval victory at Cos against their common enemy, Ptolemy II. This victory secures Antigonus control over the Aegean Sea and the League of the Islanders. It also diminishes Ptolemaic naval power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "According to legend, the H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng Dynasty comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-257", "description": "The Romans attack Sardinia and try to capture it from the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-257", "description": "The Battle of Tyndaris is fought between the Roman fleet (with Marcus Atilius Regulus in command) and Carthaginian fleet off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in Sicily. Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, has allowed Tyndaris to be a base for the Carthaginians. However, after this battle, the town falls to Roman forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-257", "description": "Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n (An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng), Chief of the Th\u1ee5c Tribe of the \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7ts, defeats the V\u0103n Lang Confederacy and unifies all \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t and L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t tribes, thus founding the Kingdom of \u00c2u L\u1ea1c and the Th\u1ee5c Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "Rome aims for a quick end to hostilities in the First Punic War and decides to invade the Carthaginian colonies in Northern Africa to force the enemy to accept terms. A major fleet is built, including transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for their protection. Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "Following the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, the Romans land an army near Carthage and begin ravaging the Carthaginian countryside. The Roman army soon forces the capitulation of Clupea, a town 40 miles (64 kilometres) east of Carthage. After setting up Roman defenses for the city, the two consuls receive instructions from Rome that Vulso is to set sail for Rome, taking most of the fleet with him. Regulus, on the other hand, is to stay with the infantry and cavalry to finish the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "Luoyang falls without much resistance to the armies of the Qin, ending the reign of the emperor Zhou Nan Wang. Although a successor was appointed as Dong Zhou Hui Wang, traditionally in Chinese history this is considered the end of the Zhou Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "The Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System is constructed, ending flooding and irrigating thousands of square miles of land through an ingeniously designed system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "The Battle of Adis (or Adys) is fought near the city of that name, 40 miles (64 kilometres) southeast of Carthage, between Carthaginian forces and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus. The Romans inflict a crushing defeat upon the Carthaginians, and the latter then sue for peace. The ensuing negotiations between the parties lead to Regulus demanding Carthage agree to an unconditional surrender, cede Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia to Rome, renounce the use of their navy, pay an indemnity, and sign a vassal-like treaty. These terms are so harsh that the people of Carthage resolve to keep fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "The Carthaginians, angered by Regulus' demands, hire Xanthippus, a Spartan mercenary, to reorganize the army. The revitalised Carthaginian army, led by Xanthippus, decisively defeat the Romans in the Battle of Tunis and capture their commander Marcus Atilius Regulus. A Roman fleet, sent to rescue Regulus and his troops, is wrecked in a storm off Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "In the Second Syrian War, Ptolemy II loses ground in Cilicia, Pamphylia, and Ionia, while Antiochus II regains Miletus and Ephesus. A peace is then concluded between Antiochus and Ptolemy under which Antiochus is to marry Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Diodotus I, Seleucid satrap of Bactria, rebels against Antiochus II and becomes the founder of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Hui of Eastern Zhou becomes the last claimant King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Qin Shi Huang becomes the first King of the Qin Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Eratosthenes invents the armillary sphere, a model of the celestial sphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-254", "description": "A Roman army led by consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Aulus Atilius Caiatinus capture Panormus in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-254", "description": "The Romans lose control of the Sicilian city of Agrigentum to the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "The second Syrian War between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies ends. Antiochus II regains much of Anatolia from Ptolemy II, including the cities of Miletus and Ephesus, and also the Phoenician coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "The war is concluded with the marriage of Antiochus to Ptolemy II's daughter, Berenice Syra. Antiochus divorces his previous wife, Laodice, and transfers the succession to Berenice's children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "In recapturing the city of Miletus, Antiochus II overthrows the tyrant of the city. In response, the citizens worship him as a god in thanksgiving leading to the addition of Theos to Antiochus II's name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "A second Roman war fleet of 150 ships is wrecked on the voyage from Lilybaeum (in Sicily) to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "Tiberius Coruncanius is the first plebeian to be elected ''pontifex maximus'' of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "Alexander, Antigonus II's nephew and regent, leads a revolt in Corinth with Ptolemy II's help and declares himself an independent monarch. As a result, Antigonus loses Corinth and Chalcis, the two bases from which he has dominated southern Greece. As the Aetolians occupy Thermopylae, Antigonus II is cut off from Athens and the Peloponnese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "Macedonia's involvement in the second Syrian War ceases when Antigonus becomes preoccupied with the rebellion of Corinth and Chalcis, as well as an increase in enemy activity along Macedon's northern frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-252", "description": "Abantidas, the tyrant of Sicyon, is murdered by his enemies and is succeeded by his father, Paseas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-252", "description": "The Thuc Dynasty replaces the Hong Bang Dynasty in Au Lac (a kingdom in central Vietnam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "Paseas, the tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon, is assassinated by Nicocles, with the acquiescence of the Macedonian king Antigonus II. Nicocles reigns as tyrant of Sicyon for only four months, during which period he drives into exile eighty of the city's citizens. Then the citadel of Sicyon is surprised in the night by a party of Sicyonian exiles, headed by a young nobleman, Aratus. The palace of the tyrant is set on fire, but Nicocles escapes from the city through a subterranean passage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "Aratus recalls back to Sicyon those exiled by Nicocles. This leads to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus II would exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applies for the city to join the Achaean League, a league of a few small Achaean towns in the Peloponnese. Aratus then gains the financial support of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II to enable the Achaean League to defend itself against Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "The Romans, led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, attack the Carthaginian held port city of Panormus after taking Kephalodon. After fierce fighting in the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians, led by Hasdrubal, are defeated and the city falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "With Panormus captured, much of western inland Sicily falls with it. The cities of Ieta, Solous, Petra and Tyndaris agree to peace with the Romans in the same year. This defeat marks the end of significant Carthaginian land-based campaigning in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "Ptolemy II encourages the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their Bible translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "Following the death of the King of Cyrene, Magas, Queen Apama II, Magas' widow, and Antigonus II arrange the marriage of Antigonus' half-brother Demetrius the Fair to Berenice of Cyrene, daughter of Magas and Apama. However, when Demetrius the Fair arrives, Apama becomes his lover. In response, Berenice leads an uprising in which Demetrius is killed in Apama's bedroom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "In the Punic War, the Romans shift their attention to the southwest of Sicily. They send a naval expedition toward the Carthaginian city of Lilybaeum. En route, the Romans seize and burn the Carthaginian held cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa. The Romans then begin the siege of Lilybaeum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "According to tradition (Horace, Odes, iii. 5), after the defeat of the Carthaginians at the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians release Marcus Atilius Regulus from prison and he is sent to Rome on parole to negotiate a peace or an exchange of prisoners. However, on his arrival, he strongly urges the Roman Senate to refuse both proposals and continue fighting. He then honours his parole by returning to Carthage where he is executed by being placed in a spiked barrel, which is then let roll down a hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "Andragoras, a Seleucid satrap of the province of Partahia (Parthia), tries to gain independence from the Seleucid Kingdom under Antiochus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "According to the Therav\u0101da commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council is convened by the Mauryan king Ashoka at Pataliputra (modern Patna), under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa. Its objective is to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions which are being attracted by the royal patronage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "The Mauryan sculpture ''Didarganj Yakshi holding a Fly Whisk'', from Patna, Bihar in India, is made (approximate date). It is now kept at the Patna Museum in Patna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "The Mauryan ''Lion Capital of Asoka'', is erected as part of a pillar at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh in India (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Sarnath Museum in Sarnath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-249", "description": "The Battle of Drepana involves the Romans, under the command of the Roman consuls, Publius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Iunius Pullus, attacking the Carthaginian fleet, under the command of Adherbal, in the harbour of Drepanum (modern Trapani, Sicily). The Romans are badly defeated and lose 93 of their 123 vessels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-249", "description": "Following the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Drepana of Roman forces, Publius Claudius Pulcher is fined 120,000 asses and his colleague, Lucius Iunius Pullus, commits suicide. Aulus Atilius Calatinus is then elected dictator and leads an army into Sicily, becoming the first dictator to lead a Roman army outside Italy. The Roman forces at Lilybaeum are relieved, and Eryx, near Drapana, is seized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-248", "description": "The Mauryan king Ashoka the Great is dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism and begins establishing monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-247", "description": "By this stage in the Punic War, Carthage has lost to Rome all its Sicilian possessions except Lilybaeum (now Marsala) and Drepanum (now Trapani). Hamilcar Barca takes over the chief command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily at a time when the island is almost completely in the hands of the Romans. Landing on the north-west of the island with a small mercenary force, he seizes a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, near Palermo), and not only successfully defends himself against all attacks, but also carries his raids as far as the coast of southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-247", "description": "Rome enters into a treaty, on equal terms, with Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and Greeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "The Ashokan pillar in Lauriya, Nandangarh (from the Maurya period) is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Antiochus II leaves Berenice in order to live again with his former wife Laodice and his son Seleucus. However, Laodice poisons him and proclaims her son as King Seleucus II Callinicus, while her supporters in Antioch kill Berenice and her children who have taken refuge at Daphne, near Antioch, in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins the Third Syrian War (also known as the Laodicean War). Ptolemy III's navy, perhaps with the aid of rebels in the cities, advances against Seleucus II's forces as far as Thrace, across the Hellespont, and also captures some islands off the Anatolian coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Ptolemy III wins major victories over Seleucus II in Syria and Anatolia and briefly occupies Antioch. These victories are marred by the loss of the Cyclades to Antigonus II Gonatas in the Battle of Andros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Seleucus II Callinicus' mother, Laodice attempts to take control over the Seleucid Empire by insisting that Seleucus II make his younger brother, Antiochus Hierax, co-regent and give him all the Seleucid territory in Anatolia. Antiochus promptly declares independence and begins fighting a war with his brother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "In order to secure the Bactrian King Diodotus' friendship, Seleucus II Callinicus arranges the marriage of one of his sisters to King Diodotus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "With Hamilcar Barca wearing the Romans down in Sicily, the Romans, by private subscription, build another fleet with the aim of regaining command of the sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "In Rome, the number of praetors is increased from one to two. The second praetor is appointed to relieve the backlog of judicial business and to give the Republic a magistrate with Imperium who can field an army in an emergency when both consuls are away fighting a war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "An irrigation canal approximately one hundred miles long is built across the current-day province of Shaanxi in China, greatly adding to the agricultural productivity of the area and to the military potency of the Qin dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "Babylon and Susa fall to the Egyptian armies of Ptolemy III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "Following a long engagement, Ptolemy III marries Berenice II, the daughter of Magas, king of Cyrene thereby reuniting Egypt and Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "After the death of his nephew, Alexander of Corinth, Antigonus II gives Nicaea, Alexander's widow, to his son Demetrius in marriage. Through this action, Antigonus II regains Corinth which has been independent while under the rule of Alexander of Corinth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon is elected general (strategos) of the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "Agis IV succeeds his father, Eudamidas II, as King of Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "By defeating the Egyptian fleet at Andros, Antigonus II is able to maintain his control over the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "Hamilcar Barca transfers his army to the slopes of Mount Eryx (Monte San Giuliano), from which he is able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town of Drepanum (Trapani).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Ptolemy III returns from Syria by a revolt in Egypt. As a result, Seleucus II is able to regain control of his kingdom with the Egyptians being pushed out of Mesopotamia and part of Northern Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Ptolemy III returns from his conquests of Seleucid territory with a large amount of treasure and works of art, including many statues of Egyptian gods carried off to Persia by Cambyses. He restores the statues to the Egyptian temples and earns the title of Euergetes (ampquotBenefactorampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Without a declaration of hostilities, Greek statesman, Aratus of Sicyon, who has gradually built up the Achaean League into a major power in Greece, makes a surprise attack on Corinth and forces the withdrawal of the Macedonian occupation troops. Megara, Troezen, and Epidaurus also desert the Macedonian King Antigonus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Drawing upon the tradition of the Spartan lawgiver, Lycurgus, the young Eurypontid king of Sparta, Agis IV, seeks to reform a system that distributes the land and wealth unequally and burden the poor with debt. He proposes the cancellation of debts and the division of the Spartan homeland into separate lots for each of its citizens. Full citizenship is to be extended to many perioeci (voteless freemen) and foreigners. In addition to pursuing these reforms, Agis seeks the restoration of the Lycurgan system of military training. Agis is supported by his wealthy mother and grandmother (who surrender their property), by his uncle Agesilaus, and by Lysander, who is an ephor (magistrate with the duty of limiting the power of the king).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-242", "description": "The Roman consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, blockades the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum with a fleet of 200 ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-242", "description": "The destruction of the Egyptian fleet by the Macedonians ends the naval supremacy of the Ptolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories in Syria and the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": " The Carthaginian fleet sent to relieve the Roman blockade of the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum is totally defeated near the Aegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led by Roman consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protracted First Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca are forced to accept severe peace terms and agree to evacuate Sicily. As part of the treaty with Rome, Carthage agrees to abandon all its claims on Sicily, to refrain from sailing her warships in Italian waters and to pay an indemnity of 3,200 talents. However, the Carthaginian army is allowed to return home with its arms. Rome is now the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean basin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "A mercenary army of some 20,000 is transported from Sicily to Carthaginian territory, by Carthaginian commander, Gesco. On arrival in Carthaginian territory, the mercenaries submit a demand to Hanno the Great for payment of their contracts. Hanno attempts, unsuccessfully, to convince the mercenaries to accept smaller payments due to Carthage's impoverished post-war conditions. Negotiations break down. The mercenaries take up arms, march on Tunis, occupy it, and threaten Carthage directly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "Given their strong position, the mercenaries inflate their demands and demand payment for the non-mercenary Libyan conscripts in the army as well. Gesco is sent to negotiate with the mercenaries at Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "Attalus I Soter succeeds his uncle, Eumenes I, to the throne of Pergamum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pergamum", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241", "description": "The Eurypontid King of Sparta, Agis IV, is called away from Sparta when Aratus of Sicyon, temporarily Sparta's ally, requests Agis' aid in his war against the Aetolians. Upon his return, Agis finds that his supporters are discontented with the rule of his uncle, Agesilaus, and are disillusioned by the delay in implementing the Agis IV's reforms. As a result, the Agiad king of Sparta, Leonidas II, gains power, supported by mercenaries. Rather than engage in a war with Leonidas, Agis takes sanctuary in a temple, but is enticed out, summarily tried and then executed, along with his mother and grandmother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241", "description": "Archidamus V, son of the Spartan King, Eudamidas II, and grandson of Archidamus IV, flees to Messenia after the murder of his brother Agis IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241", "description": "As general of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon defeats the Aetolians at Pellene and then pursues a policy of establishing democracies in the Peloponnese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Two of Carthage's mercenary commanders ampampndash Spendius and Mathos ampampndash convince the Libyan conscripts in the mercenary army, that is currently occupying the Carthaginian city of Tunis, to accept their leadership. They persuade the native Libyans that Carthage will take revenge against them for their part in the conflict once the foreign mercenaries are paid and sent home. They then convince the combined mercenary armies to revolt against Carthage and convince the various native Libyan towns and cities to back the revolt. Spendius and Mathos then take the Carthaginian commander Gesco as a hostage. What has started as an argument over pay owed to soldiers by the Carthaginian Government, explodes into a full-scale revolution, known as the Mercenary War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "The Libyan forces loyal to the mercenaries besiege the towns of Utica and Hippacritae, which refuse to defect to the mercenaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Hanno the Great is given command of the Carthaginian forces. However, the mercenaries defeat the Carthaginian armies in the Battle of Utica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Carthage decides to give Hamilcar Barca joint command with Hanno the Great. Hamilcar Barca is able to end the siege of Utica by the mercenaries. He is then placed in complete command of the Carthaginian forces and defeats the mercenaries in the Battle of the Bagradas River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "After the Numidian mercenary leader Narawas defects to Hamilcar Barca, Numidian reinforcements (about 2,000 men) help him defeat the mercenaries again. Hamilcar pardons his captured prisoners, accepting into his army anyone who will fight for Carthage, and exiling anyone who will not.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Rome takes over full control of Sicily and stations a legion there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "The first Latin tragedy by Livius Andronicus, ''Achilles'', is first produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "For the first time, historical records show that Chinese astronomers observe the appearance of Halley's Comet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "The Hellenistic period Mathematician Eratosthenes estimated the radius of Earth's circumference to be 252, 000 Stadia, a figure between 2%-20% off modern measurements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Concerned that Hamilcar Barca's leniency in pardoning those who he has captured who have participated in the Mercenary War will encourage others to defect, Mathos and Spendius order the mutilation and execution of ampquotabout seven hundredampquot Carthaginian prisoners, including Gesco. With the mercenaries jointly guilty of these atrocities, defectors dare not face Carthaginian justice under Hamilcar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Carthage is besieged by the mercenary armies, while the city of Utica revolts and attempts to secede from Carthage. Carthage appeals to Hiero II of Syracuse and to Rome for aid against the mercenaries. However, the mercenary leaders reject the efforts of Roman mediators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Sardinia revolts against Carthage and Rome takes the opportunity to annex the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Antigonus II, King of Macedonia, dies and is succeeded by his son, Demetrius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "With Aetolia now as its ally, the Achaean League under the command of Aratus of Sicyon repeatedly attack Athens and Argos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Seleucus II's brother Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid Anatolia, sends an army into Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the ampquotWar of the Brothersampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Diodotus of Bactria defeats an army of Parthians. He dies shortly thereafter and is succeeded by his son Diodotus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Haemosu, who is a descendant of the people of the empire of Gojoseon, establishes the ancient Korean kingdom of Bukbuyeo in modern-day Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Hamilcar Barca strikes at the supply lines of the mercenary army besieging Carthage, forcing them to cease the siege of the city. He then fights a series of running engagements with the mercenary armies, keeping them off-balance. Hamilcar manages to force the mercenary armies into a box canyon in the Battle of ampquotThe Sawampquot. The mercenaries are besieged in the canyon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The mercenary army, under the leadership of Spendius, attempts to fight its way out of the siege but is totally defeated by the Carthaginian forces led by Hamilcar Barca. After the battle, Hamilcar executes some 40,000 rebel mercenaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Hamilcar's armies capture a number of rebel Libyan cities. The Libyan settlements that have rebelled surrender to Carthage, with the exception of Utica and Hippacritae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Hamilcar and another Carthaginian general, Hannibal, besiege Mathos' mercenary army at Tunis and crucify the captured mercenary leaders in sight of the mercenary battlements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Mathos exploits a weakness in Hannibal's defenses and launches an attack against his army, capturing Hannibal and several other high ranking Carthaginians. The mercenaries then crucify the captured Carthaginian leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Carthaginian reinforcements led by Hanno the Great join the battle. They defeat Mathos' mercenary forces and Mathos is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The Carthaginian armies besiege and capture Utica and Hippacritae. This ends the Carthaginian civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The Romans declare war on the Carthaginians over which state controls Sardinia. However, Carthage defers to Rome rather than enter yet another war and gives up any claim to Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The Decree of Canopus, also called ampquotTable of Tanisampquot, is a memorial stone promulgated by an assemblage of priests in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and his consort Berenice. The decree, written in Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphs is an ancient bilingual Egyptian decree that provides a key for deciphering hieroglyphic and the simpler demotic scripts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Arsaces, chief of an Iranian nomad tribe, the Parni, invades and conquers Parthia killing in the process the local ruler Andragoras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-237", "description": "Hamilcar Barca's success in defeating the mercenaries results in a growth in his strength as leader of Carthage's popular party and support for his proposed invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. However, as spokesman for the landed nobility, Hanno opposes the policy of foreign conquest pursued by Hamilcar Barca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-237", "description": "Nevertheless, Hamilcar Barca leads a Carthaginian army in an invasion of the Iberian Peninsula with the aim of building a base from which war with Rome can be renewed. By skilful generalship and able diplomacy, Hamilcar extends Carthaginian dominion over many Spanish tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-236", "description": "Antiochus Hierax, supported by his mother Laodice I, allies himself with the Galatians (Celts) and two other states that are traditional foes of the Seleucid kingdom. With the aid of these forces, he inflicts a crushing defeat on his older brother Seleucus II's army at Ancyra in Anatolia. Seleucus leaves the country beyond the Taurus Mountains to his brother and the other powers of the peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-236", "description": "Eratosthenes is appointed by King Ptolemy III Euergetes as head and third librarian of the Alexandrian library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "In Rome, the consul Titus Manlius Torquatus presides over the first ever closing of the gates of the Temple of Janus, signifying peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "Under King Attalus I, Pergamum begins to build up its power and importance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon brings Megalopolis into the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "The ephor, Lysander, claims to have seen a sign from the gods against King Leonidas II of Sparta so Leonidas flees to avoid his trial. In his absence, Leonidas is deposed from the throne and replaced by his son-in-law, Cleomenes III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "A work by the Latin epic poet and dramatist Gnaeus Naevius is performed for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The Epirote Alliance is replaced by the Epirote League, which is a federal state with its own parliament (or synedrion).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The city of Pleuron is destroyed by Demetrius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "After the resignation of Lydiades, the city of Megalopolis joins the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria rebel unsuccessfully against Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "100,000 Zhao soldiers are killed in the Battle of Pingyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "Ch'in Shin Haung Ti (King Cheng) begins the unification of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The construction of the Great Wall begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The third Buddhist Council (Sangayana) is held in Patna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-233", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-232", "description": "The Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of Iran to try to regain Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king, Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-232", "description": "Despite the opposition of the Roman Senate and of his own father, the Roman political leader Gaius Flaminius Nepos wins the passage of a measure to distribute land among the plebeians. The Romans decide to parcel out land north of Rome (the Ager Gallicus) into small holdings for its poorer citizens whose farms have fallen into ruin during the First Punic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-232", "description": "Following the death of his mentor, Cleanthes of Assos, Chrysippus of Soli succeeds him as the third head of the Stoic school. The many writings of Chrysippus, about the Stoic doctrines, will later earn him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Philosophy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-231", "description": "Demetrius II, king of Macedon, seeks military help from Agron, King of Illyria, a loosely organized state on the Adriatic coast north of Epirus, against the advancing Aetolians. The Illyrian army routs the Aetolians and returns home as victors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-231", "description": "The Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus crushes his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city and to mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "King Agron of Illyria dies. Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife Triteuta, officially succeeds his father as king, but the kingdom is effectively ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta (Tefta), who expels the Greeks from the Illyrian coast and then launches Illyrian pirate ships into the Ionian Sea, preying on Roman shipping. She continues her husband's policy of attacking cities on the west coast of Greece and practising large-scale piracy in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, envoys are sent by Rome to Illyria. After the Roman ambassador lucius Coruncanius and the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea by Illyrian soldiers after causing offence to Queen Teuta, Roman forces occupy the island of Corcyra with the aim of humbling Teuta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "The Temple of Horus is built by King Ptolemy III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "The state of Han is conquered by the state of Qin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "King Kubera rules Bhattiprolu in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The First Illyrian War starts when the Roman Senate dispatches an army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus to Illyria. Rome forces the withdrawal of Illyrian garrisons in the Greek cities of Epidamnus, Apollonia, Corcyra and Pharos and establishes a protectorate over these Greek towns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The Illyrian tribe of the Ardiaei is subdued by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The King of Macedonia, Demetrius II, dies. His nephew, Antigonus III comes to the Macedonian throne as regent for his half-cousin and the future king Philip V, who is only ten years old.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "Concerned at Rome's expansion, Antigonus III pursues a policy of befriending the Illyrians, even though the Greeks in the region support Rome in quelling the Illyrian pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The involvement of Rome in Illyria leads to the establishment of friendly relations between Rome and the enemies of Macedonia: the Aetolian League and Achaean League, which approve the suppression of Illyrian piracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon brings Argos into the Achaean League and then helps liberate Athens. This brings Aratus into conflict with Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Zhao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca is killed in a battle in Hispania, ending his lengthy campaign to conquer the Iberian Peninsula for Carthage. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, he had secured an extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula, but his death in battle prevents him from completing the conquest. Command of his army in the Iberian Peninsula passes to his son-in-law Hasdrubal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "Hasdrubal makes immediate policy changes, emphasizing the use of diplomatic rather than military methods for expanding Carthaginian Hispania and dealing with Rome. He founds Carthago Nova or New Carthage (modern Cartagena) as his capital city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "King Attalus I Soter of Pergamum defeats Antiochus Hierax (brother of the Seleucid king Seleucus II) in three battles and thereby gains control over all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia except Cilicia in the southeast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "The Illyrian Queen Teuta's governor, Demetrius of Pharos has little alternative but to surrender to the overwhelming Roman force. In return, the Romans award him a considerable part of Teuta's holdings to counter-balance the power of Teuta. Meanwhile, the Roman army lands farther north at Apollonia. The combined Roman army and fleet proceed northward together, subduing one town after another and besieging Shkodra, the Illyrian capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "Archidamus V, brother of the murdered Spartan King Agis IV, is called back to Sparta by the Agiad King Cleomenes III, who has no counterpart on the throne by then. However, Archidamus V is assassinated shortly after returning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Queen Teuta of Illyria finally surrenders to Roman forces and is forced by the Romans to accept an ignominious peace. The Romans allow her to continue her reign but restrict her to a narrow region around the Illyrian capital, Shkodra, deprive her of all her other territory, and forbid her to sail an armed ship below Lissus just south of the capital. They also require her to pay an annual tribute and to acknowledge the final authority of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Illyria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "The Macedonian regent, Antigonus III, marries the former king Demetrius II's widow, Phthia, and assumes the crown thus deposing the young Philip V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "The Spartan King Cleomenes III imposes reforms on his kingdom which include the cancelling of debts, providing land for 4,000 citizens, and restoring the training of youth in the martial arts. The Ephorate, five elected magistrates who, with the King, form the main executive body of the state, is abolished (four of the five ephors being executed) the powers of the Gerousia, the oligarchic council of elders, is curtailed and the patronomoi (the board of six elders) is introduced. Cleomenes' changes are designed to make the monarchy supreme and re-create a society of aristocrats, while neglecting Sparta's helots (serfs) and perioikoi (free but non-citizen inhabitants). Eighty opponents of the reforms are exiled, while his brother Eucleidas is installed as co-ruler in the place of the murdered Archidamus V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Cleomenes III defeats the Achaeans under Aratus of Sicyon at Mount Lycaeum and at Ladoceia near Megalopolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Sardinia and Corsica are made a combined province. Rome appoints, and in the future annually elects, two praetors (with autocratic consular powers) for this province and for Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos becomes Rome's first governor of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Antiochus Hierax tries to raise revolts against his brother Seleucus II in Syria and the east of the Seleucid kingdom. However, he is captured and exiled to Thrace, where he lives as a virtual prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "An earthquake destroys the city of Kameiros on the island of Rhodes and the Colossus of Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "The Spartan King Cleomenes III captures Mantineia and defeats the Achaean League under Aratus of Sicyon at Hecatombaeum, near Dyme in north-eastern Elis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "A formidable host of Gauls, some of them from across the Alps, threaten Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "The Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain (including their exploitation of the Spanish (silver mines), appeal to Rome. Rome makes an alliance with the independent Spanish port city of Saguntum south of the Ebro River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "The Romans send an embassy to Hasdrubal and conclude a treaty which prohibits him from waging war north of the river Ebro, but allowing him a free hand to the south even at the expense of the interests of the town of Massilia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "Antiochus Hierax, brother of the Seleucid King Seleucus II manages to escape from captivity in Thrace and flees to the mountains to raise an army, but he is killed by a band of Galatians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "Seleucus II dies after a fall from his horse and is succeeded by his eldest son Seleucus III Soter. At the time of Seleucus II's death, the empire of the Seleucids, with its capital at Antioch on the Orontes, stretches from the Aegean Sea to the borders of India and includes southern Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Persia, and northern Syria. Dynastic power is upheld by a mercenary army and by the loyalty of many Greek cities founded by Alexander the Great and his successors. The strength of the empire is already being sapped by repeated revolts in its eastern provinces and dissention amongst the members of the Seleucid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "A coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes (Taurini, Taurisces, Insubres, Lingones, Salasses, Agones, and Boii), reinforced by large numbers of Transalpine adventurers called Gaesatae (Gaesati), invade Italy. Avoiding the Romans at Ariminum, the Gauls cross the Apennines into Etruria, plunder the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "To meet this invasion, the Romans call on the Insubres' enemies, the Adriatic Veneti, the Patavini, and the Cenomani, who rapidly mobilise defensive forces. These armies are placed under the command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus. After the Battle of Faesulae (near Montepulciano) between the Gauls and a Roman army in which the Romans lose many men, the combined Roman forces succeed in outmaneuvering the Gauls and force the invaders towards the coast of Tuscany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "Seleucus III takes up the task of reconquering Pergamum in Anatolia from Attalus. However, Andromachus, the first general whom he sends, is decisively defeated and captured by Attalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-224", "description": "After the Spartan King Cleomenes III takes Pellene, Phlius and Argos, Aratus of Sicyon is forced to call upon King Antigonus III of Macedonia for assistance. Antigonus III's forces fail to pierce Cleomenes' lines near Corinth, but a revolt against Cleomenes at Argos put the Spartans on the defensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-224", "description": "The Romans, led by Consuls Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, decisively defeat the coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes at the Battle of Telamon thus extending Roman influence over northern Italy. On the Roman side Gaius Atilius Regulus, commander of the Roman cavalry, is killed in the battle. On the Gallic side, one of the leaders, Concolitanus, is captured in battle, while the leader of the Gaesatae, Anero\u00ebstes, kills himself when the battle is lost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The Seleucid king Seleucus III is assassinated in Phrygia by members of his army while on campaign against Attalus of Pergamon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "Seleucus is succeeded by his younger brother, Antiochus III. From the previous administration, Antiochus III retains Hermeias as his chief minister, Achaeus as governor of Anatolia, and Molon and his brother Alexander as governors of the eastern provinces of Media and Persis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos is elected consul for the first time, and with Publius Furius Philus he forces the Cisalpine Gauls to submit to Rome, creating the province of Cisalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The Spartan king Cleomenes III destroys and burns the city of Megalopolis but the inhabitants are saved by Philopoemen who leads the defence of the city until the inhabitants can escape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The king of Macedonia, Antigonus III Doson, restores Macedonian influence in the Peloponnese for the first time in almost two decades. After signing alliances with the Achaeans, Boeotians, Thessalians and the Acarnanians, Antigonus invades the Peloponnese and drives the Spartans out of Argos, taking Orchomenus and Mantineia in the process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "King Diodotus II of Bactria is killed by an usurper, Euthydemus I, founder of the Greco-Bactrian Euthydemid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Chu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Mediolanum (modern Milan), stronghold of the Gallic tribe of the Insubres (led by Viridomarus), falls to Roman legions in Lombardy (led by consul, Marcus Claudius Marcellus), in the Battle of Clastidium. Marcus Claudius Marcellus personally slays the chief, Viridomarus. This victory removes the Gallic threat to Rome. Marcellus wins the spolia opima (ampquotspoils of honourampquot the arms taken by a general who kills an enemy chief in single combat) for the third and last time in Roman history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Cleomenes III of Sparta is defeated in the Battle of Sellasia (north of Sparta) by Antigonus III and his allies, the Achaean League and the Illyrians (under the command of Demetrius of Pharos), and flees to Egypt under the protection of King Ptolemy III. Antigonus III's forces occupy Sparta, which is the first time this city has ever been occupied.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Almost all of Greece falls under Macedonian suzerainty after Antigonus III re-establishes the Hellenic Alliance as a confederacy of leagues, with himself as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "The Seleucid forces under their general Achaeus succeed in winning back from Pergamum all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia lost six years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Mithridates II of Pontus gives his daughter Laodice in marriage to the Seleucid king Antiochus III. Another of his daughters, also named Laodice, is married about the same time to Achaeus, a cousin of Antiochus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Yan and defeats the last defensive forces of the state of Zhao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is murdered by a Celtic assassin while campaigning to increase the Carthaginian hold on Spain. Following the assassination of Hasdrubal, Hannibal, the son of the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, is proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and his appointment is confirmed by the Carthaginian government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Hannibal immediately moves to consolidate Carthage's control of Spain. He marries a Spanish princess, Imilce, then begins to conquer various Spanish tribes. He fights against the Olcades and captures their capital, Althaea quells the Vaccaei in the northwest and, making the seaport of Cartagena (Carthago Nova, the capital of Carthaginian Spain) his base, wins a resounding victory over the Carpetani in the region of the Tagus River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Egypt's Ptolemy III dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy IV. Sosibius is appointed by Ptolemy IV as his Chief Minister and immediately has a great influence over the young king, directing all of the affairs of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "At Sosibius' direction, Ptolemy IV puts to death in succession his uncle, Lysimachus, his brother Magas, and his mother Berenice II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "King Cleomenes III of Sparta, who is in exile in Egypt, is imprisoned by Ptolemy IV on a charge of conspiracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The satrap of Media, Molon, and his brother, Alexander, revolt against Antiochus III, primarily due to their hatred towards Hermeias, Antiochus' chief minister. Molon is able to become master of the Seleucid domains to the east of the Tigris. He is stopped by Antioochus III's forces in his attempts to pass that river. Xenoetas, one of Antiochus' generals, is sent against Molon with a large force, but is surprised by Molon's forces and his whole army is cut to pieces and Xenoetas is killed. The rebel satrap now crosses the Tigris, and makes himself master of the city of Seleucia on the Tigris, together with the whole of Babylonia and Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Antigonus III dies during a battle against the Illyrians and is succeeded by his young cousin Philip V as King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos builds a second race track for Rome, the Circus Flaminius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The state of Qi ampampndash by now the only other independent state in China ampampndash surrenders to the state of Qin without a fight. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin unifies China and proclaims himself the First Emperor, as he is the first Chinese sovereign able to rule the whole country, thus ending the Warring States Period. He is known by historians as Qin Shi Huang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The Chinese bronze age ends (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Together with fellow Illyrian, Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Roman protection and leads a piratical squadron into Greek waters. They unsuccessfully attack Pylos, an Achaean town on the Messenian coast, in the Peloponnesus of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Scerdilaidas and the Aetolians invade Achaea. With the help of Cynaethan traitors, they attack, seize and burn Cynaetha, a town in the north of Arcadia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Rome strikes again against the Illyrian pirates precipitating the Second Illyrian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Demetrius seeks refuge with Philip V of Macedon, who is very resentful of the Roman interference. Rome occupies Demetrius' chief fortresses, Pharos and Dimillos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon counters Aetolian aggression by obtaining the assistance of the Hellenic League now under the leadership of Philip V of Macedon. In the resulting Social War, the Hellenic League of Greek states is assembled in Corinth at Philip V's instigation. He then leads the Hellenic League in battles against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "The Gortynians occupy Matala, on the island of Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "With Molon occupying significant parts of the Seleucid kingdom and assuming the title of king, on the advice of his chief Minister, Hermeias, Antiochus III abandons a campaign to conquer southern Syria from Egypt. Antiochus III instead marches against Molon, defeating and killing him and his brother Alexander on the far bank of the Tigris. Antiochus goes on conquer Atropatene, the north-western part of Media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Meanwhile, the birth of a son to Antiochus III and Laodice (daughter of Mithridates II, king of Pontus) leads Hermeias to consider getting rid of the king so that he can rule under the name of the infant son. Antiochus discovers the scheme and arranges the assassination of Hermeias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Antiochus III's commander in Anatolia, Achaeus, having recovered all the districts which Attalus of Pergamum has gained, is accused by Hermeias, the chief minister of Antiochus, of intending to revolt. In self-defence, Achaeus assumes the title of king and rules over the Anatolian parts of the Seleucid kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Arsinoe III marries her brother, King Ptolemy IV of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "During his censorship, the Roman political leader, Gaius Flaminius, builds the Circus Flaminius on the Campus Martius and constructs the Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Qin Shi Huang begins a system of tree-lined roads to interconnect all parts of China, and begins to join regional walls to form the beginnings of the Great Wall (Wan li chang cheng).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "A bronze statue called ''Gallic Chieftain killing his wife and himself'' is made (approximate date). A Roman copy after the original statue is today preserved at Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "A bronze statue called ''Dying Gallic trumpeter'' is made (possibly by Epigonos) (230-220 BC). A marble Roman copy after the original statue is today preserved at Museo Capitolino in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "Following the defection of one of Ptolemy IV's leading commanders, Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened by Antiochus III, thus initiating the Fourth Syrian War. When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The former King of Sparta, Cleomenes III, escapes from his Egyptian prison and, after failing to raise a revolt in Alexandria, takes his own life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "Hannibal lays siege to SaguntumampampGavin De Beer, ''Hannibal: Challenging Rome's Supremacy'', 1969, Viking Press, 319 pagesampamp thus initiating the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome. Saguntum is an independent Iberian Peninsula city south of the Ebro River. In the treaty between Rome and Carthage concluded in 226 BC, the Ebro has been set as the northern limit of Carthaginian influence in the Iberian Peninsula. Saguntum is south of the Ebro, but the Romans have ampquotfriendshipampquot with the city and regard the Carthaginian attack on it as an act of war. The siege of Saguntum lasts eight months, and in it Hannibal is severely wounded. The Romans, who send envoys to Carthage in protest, demand the surrender of Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The Roman Senate sends the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus, with an army to Illyria. Upon discovering Rome's intent, the Illyrian leader Demetrius of Pharos puts to death those Illyrians who oppose his rule, fortifies Dimale and goes to Pharos. After a siege of seven days by the Roman fleet under Lucius Aemilius Paulus, Dimale is taken by direct assault. From Dimale the Roman navy goes onto Pharos where the Roman forces rout the Illyrians. Demetrius flees to Macedonia where he becomes a trusted councilor at the court of King Philip V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The Cretan city of Kydonia joins the Aetolian alliance.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes\">http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes<\/a> C. Michael Hogan, ''Cydonia'', The Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "Qin Shi Huang orders his generals to capture present-day Guangdong and Guangxi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": " The combined Roman armies under Tiberius Sempronius Longus and Scipio meet Hannibal on the left bank of the Trebia River south of Placentia and are soundly defeated in the Battle of the Trebia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": "Hannibal's victory over the Romans brings both the Gauls and the Ligurians to Hannibal's side, so his army is considerably augmented by Celtic recruits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": "Melita (Malta) is incorporated into the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": "Negotiations between the new Egyptian King Ptolemy IV and the Seleucid King Antiochus III collapse, and Antiochus III renews his advance, overrunning Ptolemy's forward defences. Antiochus III gains territory in Lebanon, Palestine and Phoenicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A Carthaginian army under Hannibal attacks Rome's Spanish allies. Roman inactivity encourages Hannibal to embark on a daring campaign: the conquest of Spain as far north as the Pyrenees, a clear violation of the Ebro River treaty of the First Punic War. Hasdrubal, the second son of Hamilcar Barca, is left in command of Spain when his brother Hannibal begins his campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "Hannibal sets out with around 40,000 men and 50 elephants from New Carthage (Cartagena) to northern Spain and then into the Pyrenees where his army meets with stiff resistance from the Pyrenean tribes. This opposition and the desertion of some of his Spanish troops greatly diminishes his numbers, but he reaches the Rh\u00f4ne River facing little resistance from the tribes of southern Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "After crossing the Rh\u00f4ne River and meeting with friendly Gallic leaders headed by the northern Italian Boii, whose knowledge of the Alpine passes are of assistance to Hannibal, the Carthaginians cross the Durance River. Hannibal's army approaches the Alps either by the Col de Grimone or the Col de Cabre, then through the basin of the Durance descending into the territory of the hostile Taurini, where Hannibal storms their chief town (modern Turin).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A Roman army under the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio is transported by sea to Massilia (modern Marseille) to prevent Hannibal from advancing on Italy. As Scipio moves northward along the right bank of the Rh\u00f4ne, he learns that Hannibal has already crossed the river. Realizing that Hannibal probably plans to cross the Alps, Scipio returns to northern Italy to await him. However, he still sends an army into Spain under his elder brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus to deal with the Carthaginian forces still there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A second Roman army, under the other consul, Tiberius Sempronius Longus, assembles in Sicily to embark for Northern Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A Roman army under Scipio rushes to the Po River to protect the recently founded Roman colonies of Placentia (modern Piacenza) and Cremona. Hannibal's forces meet the army of Scipio on the plains west of the Ticino River in the Battle of Ticinus, and Hannibal's Numidian cavalry prevails over the Romans. Scipio is severely wounded, and the Romans withdraw to Placentia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "The Roman Senate, appalled by the early setback at Ticinus, orders Tiberius Sempronius Longus to travel from Sicily to reinforce Publius Cornelius Scipio's troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": " On the northern shore of Lake Trasimene, in Umbria, Hannibal's troops all but annihilate Gaius Flaminius Nepos' army, killing thousands (including Flaminius) and driving others to drown in the lake. Reinforcements of about 4,000 cavalry from Ariminum under the praetor, Gaius Centenius, are intercepted before they arrive and are also destroyed. The Carthaginian troops then march on Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos' supporters in the Senate begin to lose power to the more aristocratic factions as the Romans fear Hannibal is about to besiege their city. The Senate appoint Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as dictator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Quintus Fabius Maximus begins his strategy of ampquotdelayampquot. This involves avoiding a set battle with the Carthaginians and creating a ampquotscorched earthampquot area around Hannibal's army. Manoeuvring among the hills, where Hannibal's cavalry is ineffective, Fabius cuts off his enemy's supplies and harasses Hannibal\u2019s forces incessantly. Fabius gains the name ''Cunctator'' (''The Delayer'') for this strategy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Hannibal ravages Apulia and Campania meanwhile the delaying tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus' army allows only skirmishes to occur between the two armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Fabius' delaying policy becomes increasingly unpopular in Rome, and Fabius is compelled to return to Rome to defend his actions under the guise of observing some religious obligations. Marcus Minucius Rufus, the master of horse, is left in command and manages to catch the Carthaginians off guard near their camp in Geronium and inflicts severe losses on them in a large skirmish. This ampquotvictoryampquot causes the Romans, disgruntled with Fabius, to elevate Minucius to the equal rank of dictator with Fabius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Minucius takes command of half the army and camps separately from Fabius near Geronium. Hannibal, informed of this development, lays an elaborate trap, which draws out Minucius and his army and then Hannibal attacks it from all sides. The timely arrival of Fabius with the other half of the army enables Minucius to escape after a severe mauling. After the battle, Minucius turns over his army to Fabius and resumes the duties of Master of Horse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": " Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crushes the Seleucid army under Antiochus III at Raphia near Gaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Although holding the initiative after the Battle of Raphia, Ptolemy IV, on his chief minister Sosibius' advice, negotiates a peace, and the Seleucid army withdraws from Coele Syria. Antiochus III gives up all his conquests except the city of Seleucia-in-Pieria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Philip V of Macedon, continuing his war with the Aetolian League laid siege to  Phthiotic Thebes, captured it and sold the inhabitants into slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Learning of Hannibal's victory over the Romans at Lake Trasimene and seeing a chance to recover his Illyrian kingdom from the Romans, Demetrius of Pharos immediately advises the Philip V  to make peace with the Aetolians, and turn his attentions toward Illyria and Italy. Philip, at once begins negotiations with the Aetolians. At a conference on the coast near Naupactus, Philip meets the Aetolian leaders and a peace treaty is concluded, ending the three-year long ampquotSocial Warampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Publius Cornelius Scipio is sent with reinforcements by Rome to Spain as proconsul. In a naval battle on the Ebro River at Tarraco, the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal's fleet is largely destroyed by a daring surprise Roman attack led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. As a result, the Romans are able to strengthen their hold on the Ebro River region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos is re-elected consul with Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, in what is considered to be a rebuke of the Senate's prosecution of the war. Flaminius raises new legions and marches north to meet the Carthaginian general Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217", "description": "Hannibal advances to the Arno River and then outmanoeuvres the army of Gaius Flaminius Nepos at Arretium and reaches Faesulae (modern Fiesole) and Perugia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": " The Battle of Cannae (east of Naples) ends in victory for Hannibal whose 40,000-man army defeats a Roman force of 70,000 led by consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (who is killed in the battle) and Gaius Terentius Varro.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.44\u201351", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "A loan of money and supplies for the Roman army in Sicily is sought and obtained from Hiero II of Syracuse.ampref name=ampquotl2321ampquotampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.21ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "The Roman historian Quintus Fabius Pictor is sent to Delphi in Greece to consult the Oracle for advice about what Rome should do after its defeat in the Battle of Cannae.ampref name=ampquotl2257ampquotampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.57ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Following Hannibal's victory, many regions begin to defect from Rome, while others are conquered by Hannibal's forces. In Apulia, Lucania, Samnium and in Bruttium, Hannibal finds many supporters.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.61ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "The city of Capua switches sides to join Hannibal and the Carthaginian army winters there.ampref name=ampquotl2257ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "After the defeat at Cannae, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, commands the remnants of the Roman army at Canusium and saves the city of Nola and southern Campania from occupation by Hannibal.ampref name=ampquotl2257ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "A Roman force of 25,000 led by Lucius Postumius Albinus is ambushed by Gauls near Litana and almost completely wiped out.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.24ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Hasdrubal is ordered by the Carthaginian government to march to Italy.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.27ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Roman forces in Spain led by Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio successfully thwart Hasdrubal's attempt to march to Italy.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.29ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "The Carthaginian fleet ravages the territory of The Kingdom of Syracuse.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.56ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syracuse", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Philip V of Macedon, still resenting Rome's interference in Illyrian politics, seizes his opportunity to invade Illyria. Ambassadors from Philip V visit Hannibal at his headquarters in Italy. These actions mark the beginning of the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "A revolt of the Egyptian peasants is put down by Ptolemy IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216", "description": "The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, moves his forces southward through Italy and seizes the large army supply depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River.ampampPolybius, The Histories, <a href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Polybius\/3.html#107\">http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Polybius\/3.html#107<\/a> 3:107.2\u20133ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Carthaginians fail to recapture Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, is denied any reinforcements from Spain for his forces now based in Italy by the activities of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, who, in a battle at Dertosa near the Ebro River effectively stop the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal's attempt to break through to Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Roman law, ''Lex Oppia'', is instituted by Gaius Oppius, a tribune of the plebs during the consulship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The ''Lex Oppia'' is the first of a series of sumptuary laws introduced in Rome. It not only restricts women's wealth, but also their displaying it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, again repulses an attack by Hannibal on the city of Nola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "Hannibal's forces occupy the cities of Tarentum, Heraclea and Thurii. However, Hannibal is unable to prevent the Romans from besieging Capua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal negotiate an alliance under which they pledge mutual support and defence. Specifically, they agree to support each other against Rome, and that Hannibal shall have the right to make peace with Rome, but that any peace would include Philip and that Rome would be forced to give up control of Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamnus, Pharos, Dimale, Parthini and Atintania and to restore to Demetrius of Pharos all his lands currently controlled by Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, crosses the Taurus, uniting his forces with Attalus of Pergamum and, in one campaign, deprives his rebel general, Achaeus, of all his dominions and takes Sardis (with the exception of the citadel).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Carthage persuades Syracuse to revolt against Rome and ally itself with Carthage instead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Roman legions led by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeat Hanno's Carthaginian forces in a battle near Beneventum, thus denying Hannibal much needed reinforcements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is in Sicily at the time of the revolt of Syracuse, leads an army which storms Leontini and besieges Syracuse. With the help of Archimedes' ideas and inventions, the Syracusans repel his attacks by sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "The censors Publius Furius Philus and Marcus Atilius Regulus condemn and degrade (i.e. lose rank in Roman society and politics) two groups of Romans of high rank, including senators and equestrians. The first group are those Roman officers captured by Hannibal's forces in the Battle of Cannae who have come as Carthaginian hostages to Rome to plead for their ransom (and those of their fellow prisoners), and who then refuse to return to Carthaginian captivity when the Senate refuses to ransom any prisoners. The second group are those Romans who have advocated surrender to Carthage after the Battle of Cannae, or who have made plans to flee Rome and offer their services in Greece, Egypt, or Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Philip V of Macedon attempts an invasion of Illyria by sea with a fleet of 120 craft. He captures Oricum and, sailing up the Aous (modern Vjos\u00eb) river, he besieges Apollonia, Illyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Upon receiving word from Oricum of Philip V's actions in Illyria, Roman propraetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus crosses the Adriatic with his fleet and army. Landing at Oricum, Laevinus is able to retake the town with little fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Laevinus sends 2,000 men under the command of Quintus Naevius Crista, to Apollonia, Illyria. Catching Philip's forces by surprise, Quintus Naevius Crista attacks and routs their camp. Philip V is able to escape back to Macedonia, after burning his fleet and leaving many thousands of his men dead or as prisoners of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Panyu (present-day Guangzhou, or Canton) is established as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Qin Shi Huang orders general Ren Xiao (\u4efb\u56c2), commanding 200,000 troops, to conquer the kingdoms in present-day northern Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "The Qin armies defeat an army of 300,000 Xiongnu\/Hun cavalrymen and expand their territories along the north basin of the Yellow River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "Casilinum and Arpi are recovered by the Romans from Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "Archimedes's war machines repel the Roman army that is invading Syracuse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "Emperor Qin Shi Huang orders all Confucian writings destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes the inland towns of Atintania, Dimale and Lissus and subdues the Greek tribe of the Dassaretaeampref name=WSmithamp{{cite book | first= William | last= Smith | title= A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography | publisher= Kessinger Publishing, LLC | location= Whitefish, MT, USA | year= 2006 | pages=423}}ampamp and the Illyrian  tribes of the Parthini and the Ardiaei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Tylis is destroyed by the Thracians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Thrace", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Syphax, king of the western Numidian tribe, the Masaesyli, concludes an alliance with the Romans and they send military advisers to help Syphax train his soldiers. He then attacks the eastern Numidians (the Massylii) ruled by Gala, who is an ally of the Carthaginians. The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal travels to northern Africa from Spain to stamp out the uprising by the Numidians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his elder brother, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, capture Saguntum (modern Sagunto) from the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Antiochus III leaves for a campaign in Asia, where he will reach as far as India and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier by Alexander the Great.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Having recovered the central part of Anatolia from the usurper Achaeus, Antiochus III turns his forces to recover the outlying provinces to the north and east of the Seleucid kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Antiochus III gives his sister Antiochia in marriage to King Xerxes of Armenia, who acknowledges Antiochus III's suzerainty and pays him tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Publius Licinius Crassus Dives is elected ampquotpontifex maximusampquot over more distinguished candidates, despite never having held any major offices. He will hold this position until his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Roman soldiers billeted in Tarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian general Hannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Roman consuls, Appius Claudius Pulcher and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, besiege Capua with eight legions. Hanno the Elder moves to Beneventum to try to help the inhabitants of Capua, but he is defeated by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Capuans then send an appeal for help to Hannibal. In response, Hannibal sends 2,000 Numidian cavalry as reinforcements to Capua. The combined Carthaginian forces defeat the Roman force led by Flaccus and Pulcher, the latter of whom will soon die of wounds he has sustained.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Battle of the Silarus is fought between Hannibal's army and a Roman force led by praetor Marcus Centenius Penula. The Carthaginians are victorious, effectively destroying Centenius Penula's army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Battle of Herdonia is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and Roman forces who are laying siege to Herdonia led by praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of the consul, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Roman army is destroyed, leaving Apulia free of Romans for the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "After a two years' siege, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, gradually forces his way into Syracuse and takes it in the face of strong Carthaginian reinforcements and despite the use of engines of war designed by the Greek mathematician and scientist Archimedes (such as the Claw of Archimedes).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Although Marcellus wishes to spare the lives of the Syracusans, he is unable to prevent the sack of the city by his soldiers, which includes the killing of Archimedes. Marcellus carries off the art treasures of Syracuse to Rome, the first recorded instance of a practice which is to become common.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Antiochus III's sister arranges for the removal of Armenia's king Xerxes, whom she has recently married. Antiochus III then divides the country into two satrapies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians. He then manages to turn the tide against the Romans in Spain, with the Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed in separate battles\u2014Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in the hinterland of Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of the Ebro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "With the capture of Syracuse, the Romans are able to pacify all of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "The Romans besiege the town of Capua (which is allied with Hannibal). The town eventually falls to the Romans and its citizens are punished by them. The town's nobility are put to the sword, its territory is confiscated and its municipal organisation is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Hannibal marches northwards on the city of Rome in a belated and unsuccessful effort to capture the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "The Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus explores the possibility of an alliance with the Aetolian League as the Aetolians are once again ready to consider taking up arms against their traditional enemy, Macedonia. A treaty is signed to counter Philip V of Macedon who is allied to Hannibal. Under the treaty, the Aetolians are to conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea. Also, Rome will keep any slaves and other booty taken and Aetolia will receive control of any territory acquired.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Arsaces II succeeds his father Arsaces I as King of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The famine and inflation facing Rome is eased with the pacification by the Romans of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hannibal proves his superiority in tactics by inflicting a severe defeat at Herdonia in Apulia upon a proconsular army, slaying the consul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is elected consul for the fourth time and takes Salapia in Apulia, which has revolted and joined forces with Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "Arsinoe III, wife and sister of King Ptolemy IV gives birth to the future Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Thereafter, she is sequestered in the palace, while Ptolemy's depraved male and female favourites ruin both the king and his government of Egypt. Although Arsinoe III disapproves of the sordid state of the court, she is unable to exert any influence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "After allying with Hannibal, Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions in Illyria, but fails to take Corcyra or Apollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "Qin Er Shi becomes Emperor of the Qin Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The Terracotta Army in the mausoleum of Emperor Shihuangdi, Lintong, Shaanxi, is made (Qin Dynasty) (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "The Romans under Fabius Maximus Cunctator capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "The Battle of Asculum is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and a Roman force led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The battle is indecisive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "From his headquarters at Tarraco (Tarragona), Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Roman commander in Spain, launches a combined military and naval assault on the Carthaginian headquarters at Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena). He successfully besieges and captures the city. In capturing this city, Scipio gains access to copious stores and supplies, Spanish hostages, the local silver mines, a splendid harbour and a base for an advance farther south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "The King of the Parthians, Arsaces II, is attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who takes Hecatompylos (southeast of the Caspian Sea), the Arsacid capital and Syrinx in Hyrcania. Antiochus III defeats Arsaces II in a battle at Mount Labus and then forces Arsaces II to enter into an alliance with the Seleucids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "As strategos of the Achaeans, the Greek general Philopoemen is responsible for turning the Achaean League into an aggressive military power. He builds up the League's military capability. The Achaean League's army and cavalry under Philopoemen then defeat the Aetolians on the Elean frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "Modun Shanyu inherits Teoman's Hun confederations and founds the Xiongnu Empire. Modun's forces push into Northern China, threatening the Qin Empire and forcing them to further fortify the Great Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mongolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is killed in battle while fighting Hannibal inconclusively near Venusia, Apulia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "Hannibal destroys a Roman force engaged in the siege of Locri Epizephyri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "Antiochus III advances into Bactria, which is ruled by the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I, and again meets with success. After resisting a siege of his capital Bactra (Balkh) by the Seleucids, Euthydemus obtains an honourable peace by which Antiochus promises Euthydemus' son Demetrius the hand of one of his daughters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "The Chinese general Zhang Han of the Qin Dynasty pacifies a peasant rebellion led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, and then lays siege to the rebel city of Julu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "The Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "The Battle of the Metaurus, fought near the Metaurus River in Umbria, is a pivotal battle during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians are led by Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca, and the Roman armies are led by the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Gaius Claudius Nero. The Carthaginian army is defeated by the Romans and Hasdrubal is killed in the battle. This major loss by the Carthaginians ends Hannibal's hopes of success in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "The general leading the Achaean League, Philopoemen, introduces heavier Macedonian armour and phalanx tactics. His army then crushes the Spartans under the Spartan regent and general, Machanidas, in the battle of Mantinea. Machanidas is killed by Philopoemen during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "Nabis, a Syrian sold into slavery, rises to power in Sparta and becomes regent of the young Spartan king, Pelops, following the death of Machanidas. Nabis soon overthrows Pelops, claiming to be a descendent of the Eurypontid Spartan king Demaratus. Nabis then starts a social revolution which will lead to the freeing of all the helots, the destruction of the ruling oligarchy, the redistribution of land and the cancelling of debts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "When king An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng dies, so does his dynasty and the Tri\u1ec7u Dynasty and the kingdom of Nam Vi\u1ec7t are established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "Emperor Qin Er Shi of the Qin Dynasty is assassinated by his chief eunuch Zhao Gao. He is replaced by his nephew Ziying, who in turn assassinates Zhao Gao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "In the Battle of Ilipa (Alcal\u00e1 del R\u00edo, near Seville) in Spain, the Carthaginian generals, Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, are defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mago retreats to Gades (modern C\u00e1diz) and then sails for the Balearic Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "The city of Italica (north west of modern Seville, Spain) is founded by Scipio as a place to settle for the Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "After having successfully driven the Carthaginians out of Spain, Scipio returns in triumph to Rome and is elected consul. He then prepares to carry the war into Carthage's territory in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Hasdrubal Gisco retreats to the coast and then crosses to North Africa, where he gives his daughter in marriage to Syphax, king of the Numidian Masaesyli tribe, to formalize their military alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "After being an ally of Carthage and fighting with them, Numidian chieftain, Masinissa switches sides when the Carthaginians are driven from Spain and offers to assist Rome. Syphax expels his rival Masinissa and claims himself to be King of Numidia. The Romans support Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, the pro-Carthaginian ruler of the Masaesyli tribe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Arsaces II, king of the Parthians, loses territory in battles with Euthydemus I, ruler of Bactria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Antiochus III marches across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley and renews a friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "The war between Macedonia and Rome drags on with no decided advantage to either side. Rome's interest lies not in conquest, but in keeping Macedon, the Greek city-states and Greek political leagues continually divided and non-threatening.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Philip V of Macedon is able to take advantage of Roman inactivity. After sacking Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia, Philip is able to force the Aetolians to accept a peace treaty based on his terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Ziying, ruler of the Qin Dynasty, surrenders to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt. This marks the end of the Qin Dynasty and the principality that would later become the Han Dynasty established by Liu. However, in order to secure his position throughout China, Liu Bang becomes engaged in a civil war with the warlord, general Xiang Yu, until 202 BC, known as the Chu-Han contention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Returning via the Persian provinces of Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, Antiochus III arrives in Persis. He then leads a short expedition down the Persian Gulf and receives tribute of 500 talents of silver from the citizens of Gerrha, a mercantile state on the east coast of the Persian Gulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Antiochus III returns from his eastern campaigns, after having defeated the Bactrians and subjugated the Parthians and thus being able to partly restore Seleucid power in these provinces by crushing the revolting governors of Media, Persia and Anatolia. Having established a system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopts the ancient Achaemenid title of ampquotgreat kingampquot, and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surname him ampquotthe Greatampquot, that is to say Antiochus III Megas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Philip V of Macedon makes a temporary peace (the Peace of Phoenice) with Rome on favourable terms for Macedonia ending the First Macedonian War. The treaty formally acknowledges the favourable position of Macedonia, including their capture of Illyria, but in return Philip effectively repudiates his alliance with Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "After the peace, the Spartan king, Nabis, goes to war with the Achaean League. The Achaean general Philopoemen expels Nabis of Sparta from Messene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "The Peace of Phoenice prohibits Philip from expanding westward into Illyria or the Adriatic Sea, so the king turns his attentions eastwards to the Aegean Sea, where he starts to build a large fleet. After concluding the First Macedonian War, Philip of Macedon, seeing his chance to defeat Rhodes, forms an alliance with Aetolian and Spartan pirates who begin raiding Rhodian ships. The Cretan War begins between Philips' Macedonians, the Aetolian League, several Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna are the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens and Knossos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "With the Rhodian fleet and economy suffering from the depredations of the pirates, Philip begins attacking the lands of Rhodes' allies in Thrace and around the Sea of Marmara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "The Roman propraetor Quintus Pleminius captures the town of Locri Epizephyrii from the Carthaginians. Hannibal's attempt to recapture the town is foiled by the appearance of Scipio's army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Scipio sends the Roman general Gaius Laelius to North Africa to prepare the way for his later invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "A Carthaginian army under Mago Barca lands in Liguria, capturing Genoa and Savona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Hannibal erects a bilingual Punic\/Greek inscription describing his accomplishments in the temple of Juno Lacinia near Crotone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "The native Egyptian population rises in rebellion against their Greek rulers. The revolt spreads to Upper Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Ptolemy IV dies and is succeeded by his five year old son Ptolemy V. However, no public announcement is made about the king's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco, finds a new ally in the Numidian king Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, whom until his defection to Rome has been betrothed to Masinissa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "Roman forces under Publius Cornelius Scipio besiege Utica in Carthaginia. Scipio is unable to stop the combined forces of the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal Gisco and the Numidians under their chief, Syphax, and he is forced to lift his siege of Utica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III. They arrange for the murder of Arsinoe, and then the five-year-old king is officially elevated to the throne with Sosibius as his guardian. Arsinoe has been popular with the Egyptian population so rioting follows the news of her assassination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "The Battle of Crotona is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army, and a Roman force led by Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, with no decisive outcome for either side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, while undertaking peace negotiations with the Carthaginians at Utica, makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginian camp and destroys it. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the Carthaginians and their allies, the Numidians, are trying to muster on the Great Plains near the upper Bagradas River (in modern Tunisia), he smashes that army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, manage to escape separately.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "The Roman general, Gaius Laelius, and Rome's Numidian ally, Masinissa, follow Syphax towards Cirta, the Numidian capital. In the pursuit, Syphax is captured after his badly wounded horse throws him off. He is delivered to Scipio and is made a prisoner of the Romans, dying in the Italian town of Alba Fucens later in the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "Masinissa becomes king of both the Massyli and the Massaesyli tribes in Numidia and remains a loyal ally to the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "Hasdrubal Gisco persuades the Carthaginians to raise a new army and to send for Hannibal to return home from Italy. Hannibal finally leaves Italy and returns to Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "The Carthaginian general, Mago Barca, is defeated and wounded by the Romans in a battle in Cisalpine Gaul. He dies of his wounds on the return voyage to Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "A preliminary armistice between Carthage and Rome is declared and the Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. However, on his return to Carthage, Hannibal concentrates the remnants of the Carthaginian forces at Hadrumetum (modern Sousse, Tunisia) and prepares them for battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": " The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and forces Carthage to    capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the surname ampquotAfricanusampquot in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Agathocles rule provokes Tlepolemus, the governor of Pelusium (Egypt's eastern frontier city), into action. Tlepolemus marches on Alexandria, where his supporters rouse a mob, compelling Agathocles to resign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed. As a result, the mob searches out and butchers Agathocles and his family. Tlepolemus takes Agathocles\u2019 place as regent. However, he soon proves to be incompetent and is removed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "During this period of confusion and change amongst Egypt\u2019s leadership, armies under the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, make serious inroads into the Egyptian territories in Coele Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Liu Bang, King of Han, defeats Xiang Yu of Western Chu in the Battle of Gaixia, ending the Chu-Han contention. Liu Bang declares himself the Emperor of China, officially beginning the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The construction of the new Chinese capital Chang'an begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Liu Bang gives the area of today's Fujian Province to Wuzhu as his kingdom. Wuzhu starts the construction of his own capital Ye (Fuzhou).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The construction of Changsha begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202", "description": "Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Great Plains, Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "Following the conclusion of the peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. The office has over the years become insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal restores its power and authority. He sets out to reform the administration and finances of Carthage and reduce the power of the oligarchy which has ruled Carthage before and during the Second Punic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "The Romans oust the Carthaginians from Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "In Rome, according to the Roman historian Livy, land is distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War. This is the first documented instance of a practice that later becomes commonplace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieges Chios to the north.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. However, the Spartans are forced to retreat when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen intervenes. Nabis' forces are decisively defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen and Nabis is forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time being.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "The construction of Nanchang begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica, causing Athens, which has previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip. Attalus I of Pergamum, who is with his fleet at Aegina, receives an embassy from Athens asking him to come to the city for consultations. After he is told that Roman ambassadors are also in Athens, Attalus goes there in haste.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus       delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Roman consul, Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, asks Attalus I and his fleet to meet up with the Roman fleet off the Greek Aegean coast and they conduct a naval campaign against Philip V, harassing Macedonian possessions in and along the Aegean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul in the Battle of Cremona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The bacchanalia are wild and mystic festivals of the Roman god Bacchus which are introduced into Rome from lower Italy by way of Etruria (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom dies and is succeeded by his son Demetrius I of Bactria (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "South America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Early Horizon period in the Andes comes to an end as the Chavin culture vanishes and is succeeded by the Nazca culture (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "South America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The construction of the Wei-Yang Palace in the Han Dynasty capital (Chang'an) begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Hsiung-nu appear on the western borders of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Han emperor Gaozu is defeated by the Xiongnu in the Battle of Baideng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Great Wall of China was completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "''Alexander the Great'', head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made. It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Lost-wax casting is known in China and Mesopotamia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Roman artists begin attempting to produce the illusion of thin slabs of colored marble covering the walls, which are set off by actual architectural moldings and columns, in private houses. These attempts last for 120 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The first good measurement of the distance between Earth and the Sun is made by Eratosthenes (approximate date). By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km. The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 \u00b1 30 metres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "This year is used as the fourth time world (Amazon Jungle) in the video game ''The Lost Vikings II''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Tribunal in Marianne Curley's ''Guardians of Time Trilogy'' is set up near Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-199", "description": "The Roman general Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus attacks the Insubres in Gaul, but loses over 6,700 soldiers in the process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-199", "description": "Scipio Africanus becomes censor and princeps Senatus (the titular head of the Roman Senate).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-199", "description": "The Roman law, Lex Porcia, is proposed by the tribune P. Porcius Laeca to give Roman citizens in Italy and provinces the right of appeal in capital cases.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the Battle of the Aous, near modern Tepelen\u00eb in Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "The Battle of Panium is fought between Seleucid forces led by Antiochus III and Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of Palestine and Coele-Syria from King Ptolemy V of Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "In the resulting peace, Antiochus III agrees to give his daughter Cleopatra in marriage to Ptolemy V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "Following the defeat of the Han at the hands of the Xiongnu at Baideng in 200 BC, courtier Liu Jing{{dn|date=February 2012}} (\u5289\u656c) is dispatched by Han emperor Gaozu for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties includes a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu (called heqin \u548c\u89aa or ampquotharmonious kinshipampquot) periodic tribute of silk, liquor and rice to the Xiongnu equal status between the states and the Great Wall as mutual border. This treaty sets the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for some sixty years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "Eumenes II becomes King of Pergamum following the death of his father Attalus I Soter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "Antiochus III occupies parts of the kingdom of Pergamum and a number of Greek cities in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "The Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly gives a Roman army under pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus a decisive victory over Philip V of Macedon. In the Treaty of Tempe, the terms of the peace proposed by the Roman general and adopted by the Roman Senate specify that Philip V can retain his throne and control of Macedonia, but he has to abandon all the Greek cities he has conquered. Philip also has to provide to the Romans 1,000 talents as indemnity, surrender most of his fleet and provide hostages, including his younger son, Demetrius, who are to be held in Rome. The Aetolians propose that Philip V be ejected from his throne but Flamininus opposes this.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "Hispania is divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "The Insubres, Gauls of the Po Valley, believed by the Romans to have been incited to revolt by Carthage, are finally defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "A new category of Roman priests, the tresviri epulones, are elected to supervise the feasts of the gods the first three men selected are Gaius Licinius Lucullus, Publius Manlius, and Publius Porcius Laeca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "At the Isthmian Games at Corinth, the Roman general and pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims that all Greeks are to be free and governed by their own laws. For this deed he is hailed in many Greek cities as a saviour and accorded homage alongside the gods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "According to the Roman scholar and writer Marcus Terentius Varro, the foundation of a library at Pergamum around this time by Eumenes II of Pergamum, combined with an embargo on papyrus by Ptolemy V, leads to the invention of parchment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "The Rosetta Stone is created. This stone is a Ptolemaic era stele written with the same text in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and demotic) and in classical Greek. The translation of the Greek passage reveals that the inscription is a royal edict recording the benefits conferred on Egypt by the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the time of his coronation. This stone will provide the key to the hieroglyphic, or pictographic writing, of ancient Egypt and the decree on it reveals the increasing influence of Egyptian natives, remitted debts and taxes, released prisoners, pardoned rebels who have surrendered, and granted increased benefactions to the temples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "Antiochus III's army crosses the Hellespont into Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by Seleucus I in 281 BC. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensues. The Romans send ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Greece and set free all the autonomous communities in Anatolia. To meet these demands would have meant Antiochus III giving up the western part of his Seleucid Empire. Thus Antiochus refuses the Romans' demands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Because of his administrative and constitutional reforms in Carthage, Hannibal becomes unpopular with an important faction of the Carthaginian nobility and he is denounced to the Romans for inciting the Seleucid king Antiochus III to take up arms against the Romans. Rome demands that Carthage surrender Hannibal. However, Hannibal voluntarily goes into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Tensions between Antiochus III and Rome increase when Hannibal is given refuge by Antiochus III at Ephesus and becomes his adviser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "A Spanish revolt against Roman consolidation of the ex-Carthaginian colonies is effectively put down by Marcus Porcius Cato (ampquotthe Censorampquot). He avoids one defeat by paying the Celtiberians 200 talents (around 120,000 denarii), a much-criticised tactic. On Cato's return to Rome, Aemilius Paulus succeeds him as Roman governor in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "The Roman sumptuary law, the Lex Oppia, which restricts not only a woman's wealth, but also her display of wealth, is repealed despite consul Marcus Porcius Cato's strong opposition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "The Battle of Gythium is fought between Sparta and a coalition of Rome, Rhodes, the Achaean League and Pergamum. As the port of Gythium is an important Spartan base, the allies decide to capture it before they advance inland to Sparta. The Romans and the Acheans are joined outside the city by the Pergamese and Rhodian fleets. The Spartans hold out, however the pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus arrives with 4,000 extra men. Facing too great an army, the Spartans decide to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison can leave unharmed. As a result, Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, is forced to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta. Later that year, Sparta capitulates to the allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Aristophanes of Byzantium, Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, becomes the chief librarian at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Chang'an, the capital of China, is thought to become the largest city in the world at the time, taking over from Pataliputra, the capital of the Mauryan empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Haemosu Dangun, the first ruler of Buyeo, dies and his son Mosuri Dangun succeeds him to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "After checking the ambitions of the Spartan tyrant, Nabis, the Roman forces under pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus finally withdraw from Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "With the Roman legions under Flaminius returning to Italy, the Greek states are once again on their own. The Romans leave the dominant powers in the region the kingdom of Macedonia, the Aetolians, the strengthened Achaean League and the weakened Sparta. The Aetolians, who have opposed the Roman intervention in Greek affairs, incite the Spartan leader, Nabis, to retake his former territories and regain his influence in Greek affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "With his peace agreement with the Egyptians in place, Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former Carthaginian general Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "Philip V of Macedon, along with Rhodes, Pergamum, and the Achaean League, join Rome against Antiochus III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The Battle of Mutina is fought near Modena, between the Romans and the Gauls. The Romans are victorious in the battle which effectively ends the threat of the Gauls in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The Italian towns of Liternum and Puteoli become Roman colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The construction of the first city wall of Chang'an begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The Wiman Joseon kingdom of northern Korea (Choson) is founded by the Chinese Han Dynasty general Wiman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Flamininus is sent to negotiate with Antiochus III and warns him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus does not accept that Flamininus has the authority to speak for the Greeks and only promises to leave Greece alone only if the Romans do the same.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Flamininus attempts to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, Flamininus persuades the Achaean League to declare war on both parties.  He also prevents Philopoemen from taking Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "In the mean time, the Spartan ruler, Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including Gythium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Carneades of Cyrene moves to Athens to found the third or new Academy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Not waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy head towards Gythium under the command of Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet. On land, the Achaeans are unable to defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreats to Tegea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "When Philopoemen reenters Laconia for a second attempt, his forces are ambushed by the Spartan tyrant, Nabis, but nevertheless Philopoemen manages to gain a victory over the Spartan forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Philopoemen's plans for capturing Sparta itself are put on hold at the request of the Roman envoy Flaminius after his arrival in Greece. In return, Nabis decides, for the moment, to accept the status quo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Nabis then appeals to the Aetolians for help. They send 1,000 cavalry under the command of Alexamenus to Sparta. However, the Aetolians murder Nabis and temporarily occupy Sparta. The Aetolian troops seize the palace and set about looting the city, but the inhabitants of Sparta are able to rally and force them leave the city. Philopoemen, however, takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Seleucid forces under their king, Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in Demetrias, Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio and Cato the Elder cut the Seleucid king Antiochus III off from his reinforcements in Thrace and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae in the Battle of Thermopylae. With the remainder of his troops, Antiochus flees to Chalcis on Euboea and from there he retreats by sea to Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Manius Acilius Glabrio then turns his attention to the Aetolian League, which has persuaded Antiochus to declare war against Rome, and is only prevented from crushing them by the intercession of Titus Quinctius Flamininus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Scipio Africanus persuades the Roman Senate to continue the war against Antiochus III by making him the chief commander and allowing him and his brother, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, to follow Antiochus into Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "The Roman calendar, which is four months ahead of the seasons, is adjusted (by ''Lex Acilia de intercalando'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Cisalpine Gaul becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "The Carthaginians manage to collect the indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Arsaces II, king of Parthia, is considered to have been murdered on the orders of Antiochus III. Arsaces is succeeded by his cousin Phriapatius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Emperor Hui of Han lifts the ban on Confucian writings ordered in 213 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and Pergamum, who are allied with the Roman Republic. The Seleucids are led by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal. The Rhodians and their allies are victorious and Hannibal's fleet is forced to flee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "Subsequently, the naval Battle of Myonessus is fought between a Seleucid fleet and a Roman fleet with the help Rhodian ships. The Romans and their allies are victorious.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "As Philip V of Macedon has aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula, his tribute to Rome is remitted and his son, Demetrius, is restored to him after being held hostage in Rome for a number of years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "Meeting no further resistance from the Seleucids and their allies, the Roman army under general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius, along with King Eumenes II of Pergamum and other allies, cross the Hellespont into Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "With the increasingly real threat to his Empire from the Romans, Antiochus III is eager to negotiate on the basis of Rome's previous demands, but the Romans insist that he first give up the region west of the Taurus Mountains. When Antiochus refuses, the Battle of Magnesia is fought near Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of Lydia in Anatolia, between the Romans, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother, Scipio Africanus, with their ally Eumenes II of Pergamum, and the army of Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire. The resulting decisive Roman victory ends the conflict with the Seleucids for the control of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "Following Antiochus III's defeat by the Romans, the two Armenian satraps of Antiochus III's, Artaxias and Zariadres, declare themselves independent of the Seleucids. With Roman consent, they establish themselves as kings of the Kingdom of Armenia and the district of Sophene (Armenia Minor), respectively. Artaxias builds his capital, Artaxata, on the Araxes River (now the Aras River) near Lake Sevan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "For assisting the Romans in defeating Antiochus III, Eumenes II of Pergamum is rewarded with a great increase in territory. He is given control over the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) and over most of the former Seleucid possessions in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "One of the main highways in Roman Italy, the Via Appia, is extended to Benevento and Venosa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "The statue Nike (Victory) of Samothrace is created (possible date). It is discovered in 1863 and is now kept at Mus\u00e9e du Louvre in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "Cato the Elder criticizes the consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior for giving awards to Roman soldiers for doing ordinary tasks such as digging wells.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "The defeat of Antiochus III by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia robs the Aetolian League of its principal foreign ally and makes it impossible for them to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The League is forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that makes it a subject ally of the Republic. Although the League continues to exist in name, the power of the League is broken by the treaty and it never again constitutes a significant political or military force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "The Romans under consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, along with a Pergamene army under Eumenes II, defeat the Galatians in Anatolia and make them subjects of Pergamum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "The city of Philadelphia (now Ala\u015fehir, Turkey) is founded by King Eumenes II of Pergamon. Eumenes names the city after his brother, Attalus, whose loyalty earns him the nickname, ampquotPhiladelphusampquot, literally meaning ampquotone who loves his brotherampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "The leader of the Achaean League, Philopoemen, enters northern Laconia with his army and a group of Spartan exiles. His army demolishes the wall that the former tyrant of Sparta, Nabis, has built around Sparta. Philopoemen then restores Spartan citizenship to the exiles and abolishes Spartan law, introducing Achaean law in its place. Sparta's role as a major power in Greece ends, while the Achaean League becomes the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "The continuing quarrels among the Greek cities and leagues increases the conviction in Rome that there will be no peace in Greece until Rome takes full control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "Through the peace treaty of Apamea (in Phrygia), the Romans force the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, to surrender all his Greek and Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "Hannibal flees via Crete to the court of King Prusias I of Bithynia who is engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "Following the peace of Apamea, Eumenes II receives the provinces of Phrygia, Lydia, Lycia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia from his Roman allies, as the Romans have no desire to actually administer territory in Hellenistic Anatolia but want to see a strong, friendly state in Anatolia as a buffer zone against any possible Seleucid expansion in the future.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, mounts a fresh expedition to the east of his kingdom in Luristan, where he is killed during an attempt to collect tribute from a temple at Elymais, Persia. He is succeeded by his son, Seleucus IV, who inherits an empire consisting of Syria (including Cilicia and Palestine), Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Media and Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "Tiberius Gracchus Major is elected tribune of the plebs, in which capacity he is recorded as having saved Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major from prosecution by interposing his veto. Tiberius is no friend nor political ally of Scipio's, but feels that the general's services to Rome merit his release from the threat of trial like any common criminal. Supposedly, in gratitude for this action, Scipio betrothes his youngest daughter, Cornelia, to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "The construction of the Via Aemilia, a trunk road in the north Italian plains, running from Ariminum (Rimini), on the Adriatic coast, to Placentia (Piacenza) on the river Padus (Po), is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "Queen Cleopatra I is appointed Vizier (Chief Minister) to the King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-186", "description": "The rapid spread of the Bacchanalia cult throughout the Roman Republic, which, it is claimed, indulges in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, leads to the Roman Senate issuing a decree, the ''Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus'', by which the Bacchanalia are prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-186", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Prusias I of Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-186", "description": "The first burial at the famous archaeological site of Mawangdui is made during the Western Han Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-185", "description": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder and his supporters of having received bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. Scipio defies his accusers, reminds the Romans of their debt to him, and retires to his country house at Liternum in Campania. However, Cato is successful in breaking the political influence of Lucius Scipio and Scipio Africanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-185", "description": "The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-185", "description": "Pusyamitra Sunga assassinates the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata, which brings an end to that dynasty, after which he founds the Sunga dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "Cato the Elder, along with his colleague, Lucius Valerius Flaccus, is elected censors in Rome. Already the champion of the ancient, austere Roman way of life, Cato, now inaugurates a puritanical campaign. He aims at preserving the ''mos majorum'' (ampquotancestral customampquot) and combating all Greek influences, which he believes are undermining the older Roman standards of morality. He passes measures taxing luxury and strictly revises the list of persons eligible for the Senate. Abuses by tax gatherers are brought under control, and public building is promoted as a worthy cause.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "With concerns rising in Rome over whether Philip V of Macedon is preparing for a new war with the Romans, Appius Claudius Pulcher is sent at the head of an embassy into Macedonia and Greece to observe Philip's activities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "The town of Pisaurum is established by the Romans as a colony in the territory of the Piceni, a tribe living in the Marche on the Adriatic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "The oldest known basilica, the Basilica Porcia, is completed in Rome by Cato the Elder during the time he is censor. The building is used by the Romans for transacting business and disposing of legal matters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus dies at Liternum in Campania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "The town of Messene rebels against the Achaean League. When the Achaean League's general, Philopoemen, intervenes to try to control the rebellion, he is captured during a skirmish and imprisoned. He is then given poison to take so that he can die honourably.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-182", "description": "The king of Bithynia, Prusias I Chlorus dies and is succeeded by his son, who rules as Prusias II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-181", "description": "Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-181", "description": "Rome founds a colony at Aquileia, on the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the lagoons, as a frontier fortress to check the advance of the Illyrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-181", "description": "Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius, including accusing him of coveting the succession to the Macedonian throne and being allied to Rome, Perseus persuades his father King Philip V of Macedon to have Demetrius executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Rome completes its subjugation of all of Italy with the defeat of the Ligurians in a battle near modern Genoa. Rome deports 40,000 Ligurians to other areas of the Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Lucca becomes a Roman colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Ptolemy VI Philometor, aged 6, rules as co-regent with his mother, Cleopatra I, who, although a daughter of a Seleucid king, does not take King Seleucus IV's side and remains on friendly terms with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Following the death of Aristophanes of Byzantium, Aristarchus of Samothrace becomes librarian at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Demetrius I starts his invasion of present-day Pakistan, following the earlier destruction of the Mauryan dynasty by general Pusyamitra Sunga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Apollodotus I, a general with Demetrius I of Bactria, becomes king of the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, from Taxila in Punjab to the areas of Sindh and possibly Gujarat. He maintains his allegiance to Demetrius I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Emperor Wen of the Han dynasty ascends to the Chinese throne after quelling the clans of Empress Dowager L\u00fc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Tiberius Gracchus Major goes to Hispania as Roman governor to deal with uprisings there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "The Pons Aemilius is completed across the Tiber River in Rome. It is regarded as the world's first stone bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus is appointed both censor and princeps senatus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Philip V of Macedon dies at Amphipolis in Macedonia, remorseful for having put his younger son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of his older son Perseus. Nevertheless, he is succeeded by his son Perseus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Pharnaces I of Pontus in a major battle. Finding himself unable to cope with the combined forces of Eumenes and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia, Pharnaces is compelled to purchase peace by ceding all his conquests in Galatia and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-178", "description": "In Rome, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrates a triumph after conquering the Vaccaei and Lusitani during his time as Roman commander in the province of Hispania Ulterior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-178", "description": "One of Perseus' first acts on becoming king of Macedonia is to renew the treaty between Macedonia and Rome. In the mean time, Perseus builds up the Macedonian army and puts out feelers for creating an alliance with the Greek leagues, with his northern barbarian neighbours, and also with the Seleucid king Seleucus IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-177", "description": "Perseus of Macedonia marries Laodice, the daughter of the Seleucid king Seleucus IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-177", "description": "After two military campaigns, the Romans finally subdue the Illyrian tribe of the Histri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-177", "description": "Luni in northern Italy is founded by the Romans with the name Luna at the mouth of the Magra River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-176", "description": "The Roman general, Tiberius Gracchus Major, subdues Sardinia, enslaving some of the population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-176", "description": "Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-176", "description": "King Phriapatius of Parthia dies and is succeeded by his son Phraates I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for Demetrius, the son of Seleucus VI, who has been a hostage in Rome following the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC. However, Seleucus IV is assassinated by his chief minister Heliodorus who then seizes the Syrian throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "Antiochus manages to oust Heliodorus and takes advantage of Demetrius' captivity in Rome to seize the throne for himself under the name Antiochus IV Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "During this period of uncertainty in Syria, the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy VI, lays claim to Coele Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, which the Seleucid king Antiochus III has previously conquered. Both the Syrian and Egyptian parties appeal to Rome for help, but the Roman Senate refuses to take sides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "Timarchus is appointed governor of Media in western Persia by Antiochus IV to deal with the growing threat from the Parthians while Timarchus' brother, Heracleides, becomes minister of the royal finances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "The construction of the western front of the altar in Pergamum, Turkey begins (approximate date) and is finished in 156 BC. A reconstruction of it is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-174", "description": "The Xiongnu attack the Tocharians, and force them away from Gansu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mongolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-173", "description": "Ptolemy VI Philometor marries his sister, Cleopatra II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-173", "description": "Antiochus IV pays the remainder of the war indemnity that has been imposed by the Romans on Antiochus III in the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-172", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-172", "description": "Since the reign of the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, the Jewish inhabitants of Judea enjoy extensive autonomy under their high priest. However, they are divided into two parties, the orthodox Hasideans (Pious Ones) and a reform party that favours Hellenism. Antiochus IV supports the reform party because of the financial support they provide him with. In return for a considerable payment, he has permitted the high priest, Jason, to build a gymnasium in Jerusalem and to introduce the Greek mode of educating young people. Jason's time as high priest is brought to an abrupt end when he sends Menelaus, the brother of Simon the Benjamite, to deliver money to Antiochus IV. Menelaus takes this opportunity to ampquotoutbidampquot Jason for the priesthood, resulting in Antiochus IV confirming Menelaus as the High Priest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-172", "description": "The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War requires that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and requires Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, envoys from Carthage appear before the Roman Senate to request resolution of a boundary dispute with Numidia. The dispute is decided in Numidia's favour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Epirus joins Macedonia in the latter's fight against Rome. However, the Greek leagues remain neutral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Thanks to the efforts of Eumenes II of Pergamum while in Rome, the Romans declare war on Macedonia and send troops to Thessaly, thus beginning the Third Macedonian War. In the resulting Battle of Callicinus the Macedonians, led by their king, Perseus, are victorious over a Roman force led by consul Publius Licinius Crassus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Lucius Postumius Albinus is sent by Rome as an ambassador to King Masinissa of Numidia, and to the Carthaginians in order to raise troops for the war against Perseus of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Mithradates I succeeds his brother Phraates I as king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Meanwhile, the Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by Roman and Pergamese troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria. He is also able to capture Ptolemy VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "Antiochus IV decides to let Ptolemy VI continue as king of Egypt, but as his puppet. He does this to minimise any reaction from Rome towards his invasion. Antiochus IV then departs Egypt to deal with disturbances in Palestine, but he safeguards his access to Egypt with a strong garrison in Pelusium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "With Antiochus IV now absent from the country, the citizens of Alexandria choose Ptolemy VI's brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II as their king. The two Ptolemy brothers agree to rule Egypt jointly with their sister Cleopatra II and Coele Syria is invaded by the Egyptian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "The usurped high priest of Judea, Jason, does not abandon his claims to being the high priest which he has lost to Menelaus two years earlier. While Antiochus IV is waging war against Egypt, he succeeds in making himself master of Jerusalem once more and forces Menelaus to seek refuge in the citadel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "Around this time, Eucratides, who is either a rebellious Bactrian official or a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, captures the throne of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by toppling the Euthydemid dynasty's king Antimachus I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-169", "description": "Macedonian forces led by Perseus of Macedon trap a Roman army led by consul Quintus Marcius Phillipus near Tempe, but the Macedonians fail to take advantage of their resulting superior tactical position.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-169", "description": "King Perseus asks the Seleucid King Antiochus IV to join forces with him against the danger that Rome presents to all of the Hellenic monarchs. Antiochus IV does not respond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-169", "description": "''Lex Voconia'' (The Voconian Law) is introduced in Rome by the tribune, Quintus Voconius Saxa, with the support of Cato the Elder. This law prohibits those who own property valued at 100,000 sesterces from making a woman their heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": " The Battle of Pydna (in southern Macedonia) gives Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Paulus a crushing victory over Perseus and his Macedonian forces, thus ending the Third Macedonian War. Perseus is captured by the Romans and will spend the rest of his life in captivity at Alba Fucens, near Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "The Macedonian kingdom is broken up by the Romans into four smaller states, and all the Greek cities which have offered aid to Macedonia, even just in words, are punished. The Romans take hundreds of prisoners from the leading families of Macedonia, including the historian Polybius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "The fleet of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV wins a victory off Cyprus, whose governor then surrenders the island to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "Antiochus IV then invades Egypt again and occupies Lower Egypt and his forces camp outside Alexandria. However, the Roman ambassador in Alexandria, Gaius Popillius Laenas, intervenes. He presents Antiochus IV with an ultimatum that he evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately. Antiochus, taken by surprise, asks for time to consider. Popillius, however, draws a circle in the earth (i.e. ampquota line in the sandampquot) around the king with his walking stick and demands an unequivocal answer before Antiochus leaves the circle. Fearing the consequences of a war with Rome, the king agrees to comply with the ambassador's demands. In return, the Romans agree that Antiochus IV can retain southern Syria, to which Egypt has laid claim, thus enabling Antiochus IV to preserve the territorial integrity of his realm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "Jason removes Menelaus as High Priest in Jerusalem, which Antiochus IV regards as an affront to his majesty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168", "description": "The king of Illyria, Gentius, is defeated at Scodra by a Roman force under Lucius Anicius Gallus and then brought to Rome as a captive to be interned in Iguvium. This loss removes Illyria as an important ally for Macedonia and effectively weakens Perseus of Macedon in his battle with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168", "description": "The Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paulus, is elected consul and arrives in Thessaly to lead the Roman army which has been trapped by Perseus' forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, believing Judea to be in revolt, returns to there after the failure of his Egyptian campaign and orders his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they meet and to slay those who have taken refuge in their houses. In the space of three days, 80,000 are lost in Jerusalem, 40,000 meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery.ampamp2 Maccabees 5:11\u201314.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "The Jewish priest Mattathias of Modi'in defies the king Antiochus IV's decrees aimed at hellenizing the Jews and specifically defies the order that Jews should sacrifice to Zeus. Mattathias slays a Syrian official and escapes into the Judean hills with his five sons and begins a revolt against Seleucid control of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "Private documents collected by the Romans when they capture Perseus of Macedon incriminate political leaders of the Achaean League. Many influential Greeks are deported to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "On his way back to Rome, the Roman general Lucius Aemilius Paulus is ordered by the Roman Senate to inflict a brutal revenge on Epirus for being an ally of Macedonia. Seventy towns in Epirus are destroyed and at least 100,000 citizens are sold into slavery. These actions take place despite the fact that Epirus has not aided Perseus in his war with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "Lucius Aemilius Paulus returns to Italy with the King of Macedonia, Perseus, as his prisoner for his triumphal procession in Rome, where the Macedonians captured are sold into slavery. The huge amount of booty brought home after the battle enriches Rome allowing the Government to relieve her citizens of direct taxation. As a gesture of acknowledgment for his achievements in Macedonia, the senate awards Lucius Aemilius Paulus the surname Macedonicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "The Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus IV mounts a campaign against the Parthians who are threatening his empire in the east. He leaves his chancellor, Lysias, with responsibility for the government of southern Syria and the guardianship of his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The leader of the Jewish revolt against Syria rule, Mattathias, dies and his third son, Judas, assumes leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Battle of Beth Horon is fought between Jewish forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army. Maccabeus gains the element of surprise and successfully routs the much larger Syrian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Battle of Emmaus takes place between the Jewish rebels led by Judas Maccabeus and Seleucid forces sent by Antiochus IV and led by Lysias and his general, Gorgias. In the ensuing battle, Judas Maccabeus and his men succeed in repelling Gorgias and forcing his army out of Judea and down to the coastal plain in what is an important victory in the war for Judea's independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's ''Andria'' (''The Girl from Andros'') is first performed at the Megalesian games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "Laoshang leads 140,000 Xiongnu cavalry in a raid in Anding, and they reach as far as the royal retreat at Yong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-165", "description": "Artaxias I, King of Armenia, is taken captive by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes when he attacks Armenia. Artaxias is forced to recognize Antiochus IV's suzerainty over Armenia before he is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-165", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's ''Hecyra'' (''The Mother-in-Law'') is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes dies while on a campaign in Tabae (or Gabae, now Isfahan) in Persia. He is succeeded by his son Antiochus V Eupator who is only nine years old. The regent for the boy is the late king's chancellor, Lysias, who has been left in charge of Syria when Antiochus IV departed for his campaign in Persia. Lysias is, however, seriously challenged by other Syrian generals and finds himself with a precarious hold on power. To make matters worse for him, the Roman Senate is holding Demetrius, the son of the former king Seleucus IV and, therefore, the rightful heir to the Seleucid throne, as a hostage. By threatening to release him, the Senate is able to influence events in the Seleucid kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "The Battle of Beth Zur is fought between Jewish rebel forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army led by the regent Lysias. Judas Maccabeus wins the battle and is able to recapture Jerusalem soon after. Judas purifies the defiled Temple in Jerusalem, destroys the idols erected there by Antiochus IV and restores the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the Jewish calendar, Hanukkah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "Rhodes signs a treaty with Rome and becomes its ally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus is elected censor in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, ''Athena Attacking the Giants'', begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and decide to partition the Ptolemaic realm, ordering Ptolemy VIII Euergetes into Cyrenaica and giving Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "In the turmoil following the death of Antiochus IV, the governor of Media, Timarchus becomes the independent ruler of Media, opposing Lysias who is acting as regent for young king Antiochus V Eupator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "Lysias tries to make peace with the Jews in Judea. He offers them full religious freedom if they will lay down their arms. Even though the Chasidim consent, Judas Maccabeus argues for full political as well as religious freedom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's play ''Heauton Timorumenos'' (ampquotThe Self-Tormentorampquot) is first performed.ampamp{{cite book |title=A Companion to Latin Literature |last= Harrison|first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location= |isbn= |page=137 |pages= |url= |accessdate=30 June 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "The Maccabees, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, continue their struggle against the Seleucids and persecute the Hellenising faction in Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "Seleucid forces still control the Acra, a strong fortress within Jerusalem that faces the Temple Mount. Judas Maccabeus lays siege to the fortress and in response, the Seleucid general and regent to the young Seleucid king Antiochus V, Lysias, approaches Jerusalem and besieges Beth-zechariah, 25 kilometres from the city. Judas lifts his own siege on the Acra, and leads his army south to Beth-zechariah. In the ensuing Battle of Beth-zechariah, the Seleucids achieve their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judas is forced to withdraw to Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "Lysias then lays siege to the city. Just when capitulation by the Maccabees seems imminent, Lysias has to withdraw when the commander-in-chief under the late Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Philip, rebels against him. As a result, Lysias decides to propose a peaceful settlement which is accepted by the Maccabees. The terms of peace involve the restoration of religious freedom, permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple in Jerusalem to the Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "With the aid of the Greek statesman and historian Polybius, the son of the former Seleucid king Seleucus IV Philopator, Demetrius escapes from Rome, where he has been held as a hostage for many years, and returns to Syria to claim the throne from his nephew Antiochus V. In the resulting dispute, Antiochus V and his regent, Lysias, are overthrown and put to death. Demetrius then establishes himself on the Seleucid throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "The king of Caucasian Iberia, Saurmag I, dies. Having no son, he is succeeded by his son-in-law, Mirian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Georgia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The rebel Seleucid general and ruler of Media, Timarchus, who has distinguished himself by defending Media against the emergent Parthians, treats Demetrius I's violent accession to the Seleucid throne as the excuse to declare himself an independent king and extend his realm from Media into Babylonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "With the restoration of peace in Judea, an internal struggle breaks out between the supporters of Judas Maccabeus and the Hellenist party. The influence of the Hellenic Party all but collapses in the wake of the Seleucid defeat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The Jewish High Priest Menelaus, who is supported by the Hellenist party, is removed from office and is executed. His successor is a moderate member of the Hellenist party, Alcimus. However, when Alcimus executes sixty Jews who are opposed to him, he finds himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus flees from Jerusalem and goes to Damascus to ask the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The Maccabees, led by Judas Maccabeus, and a Seleucid army, led by the Seleucid general Nicanor, fight the Battle of Adasa, near Beth-horon. Maccabeus wins the battle and Nicanor is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's plays ''Eunuchus'' (The Eunuch) and ''Phormio'' are first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "Envoys of Judas Maccabeus conclude a treaty of friendship with the Roman Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The Seleucid king, Demetrius I, on campaign in the east of his empire, leaves his general Bacchides to govern the western portion of it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "In response to the Jewish high priest, Alcimus', request for assistance, the Seleucid general Bacchides leads an army into Judea with the intent of reconquering this now independent kingdom. Bacchides rapidly marches through Judea after carrying out a massacre of the Assideans in Galilee. He quickly makes for Jerusalem, besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus, the spiritual and military leader of the Maccabees, inside. However, Judas and many of his supporters manage to escape the siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Judas Maccabeus and many of his supporters regroup to face the Seleucid forces in the Battle of Elasa (near modern day Ramallah). Greatly outnumbered, the Maccabees are defeated and Judas Maccabeus is killed during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Judas Maccabeus is succeeded as army commander and leader of the Maccabees by his younger brother, Jonathan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Demetrius I defeats and kills the rebel general Timarchus and is recognized as king of the Seleucid empire by the Roman Senate. Demetrius acquires his surname of Soter (meaning ''Saviour'') from the Babylonians, for delivering them from the tyranny of Timarchus. The Seleucid empire is temporarily united again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The Parthian King, Mithradates I, seizes Media from the Seleucids following the death of Timarchus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The king of Bactria, Eucratides I, is considered to have killed Apollodotus I, an Indo-Greek king who rules the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, when he invades the western territories of that kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "A ''Painted banner'', from the tomb of the wife of the Marquis of Dai (of the Han Dynasty in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, is made (approximate date). It is nowadays preserved at the Historical museum in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Artavasdes I succeeds his father Artaxias I as king of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Armenia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's play ''Adelphoe'' (The Brothers) is first performed at the funeral of the Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-159", "description": "With the Seleucid victory in Judea over the Maccabees, Alcimus is re-established as the Jewish high priest and a strong force is left in Jerusalem to support him. However, he does not enjoy his triumph for long as he dies soon after from a paralytic stroke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-159", "description": "While Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces. Returning from India to reconquer them, Eucratides is murdered by his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-158", "description": "At the request of the Romans, Ariarathes V, king of Cappadocia, rejects a proposal from the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for him to marry the sister of Demetrius I. In response, Seleucid forces attack Cappadocia and remove Ariarathes V from the Cappadocian throne. Demetrius I then replaces him with Orophernes Nicephorus, a supposed son of the late king, Ariarathes IV. With Ariarathes V deprived of his kingdom, he flees to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-158", "description": "Attalus II Philadelphus, the second son of Attalus I Soter of Pergamum, ascends the throne following the death of his elder brother, Eumenes II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "The Carthaginians, prevented by their treaty with Rome from engaging in armed resistance, but equally guaranteed against any loss of territory, appeal to Rome against the depredations of King Masinissa of Numidia. The Roman censor Marcus Porcius Cato heads a commission which arbitrates a truce between Carthage and her former ally, Masinissa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "During his time in Carthage, Cato is so struck by the evidence of Carthaginian prosperity that he is convinced that the security of Rome now depends on the annihilation of Carthage. From this time on, Cato keeps repeating the cry ampquotCeterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendamampquot (ampquotMoreover, I advise that Carthage must be destroyedampquot) at the end of all his speeches, no matter what subject they concern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "After Ariarathes V has been deposed from the Cappadocian throne by the Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter and has fled to Rome, the new king of Cappadocia, Orophernes, sends two ambassadors to Rome to join the Seleucid emissaries of Demetrius in opposing Ariarathes V's return to power. Despite their efforts, Ariarathes V is restored to his throne by the Romans. However, Rome allows Orophernes to reign jointly with him. The joint government, however, does not last long, as Ariarathes V becomes sole king of Cappadocia shortly afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "Jonathan Maccabeus is recognised by the Seleucids as a minor king within their dominions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-156", "description": "The first Dalmatian war begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-155", "description": "Under the command of Punicus and then Cesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar. Here they are defeated by the Roman praetor Lucius Mummius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-155", "description": "As part of the Roman efforts to fully conquer and occupy the whole of Illyria, a Roman army under consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum attacks the Dalmatians for the first time and conquers the Dalmatian capital of Delminium. As a result, the Dalmatians are compelled to pay tribute to Rome, which puts an end to the first Dalmatian war. In recognition of his victory, Corculum is granted a triumph in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-155", "description": "Menander I (known as Milinda in Sanskrit and Pali) begins his reign as king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. His territories cover the eastern dominions of the divided Greek empire of Bactria (Panjshir and Kapisa) and extend to the modern Pakistani province of Punjab, most of the Indian states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and the Jammu region. His capital is considered to have been Sagala, a prosperous city in northern Punjab believed to be modern Sialkot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "The Lusitanians harry the inhabitants of the Roman provinces in Hispania. At the same time, the Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro revolt against their Roman occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "After a two year struggle, Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum is finally able to defeat Prusias II, the aggressive king of Bithynia in northern Anatolia. He is assisted in his battle against Prusias II by Ariarathes V of Cappadocia (who has sent his son Demetrius to command of his forces) and by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "After his victory, Attalus II insists on heavy reparations from Prusias II. In response, Prusias II sends his son Nicomedes to Rome to ask the Romans' help in reducing the amount of these reparations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force. Nevertheless Philometor restores his brother to Cyrenaica, marries one of his daughters to him, and grants him a grain subsidy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "The Rebellion of the Seven States against the Han Dynasty fails and Emperor Jing of Han further consolidates his power at the expense of the regional, semi-autonomous kings governing the eastern portion of the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 15 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been ampquotdiscoveredampquot by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "As a result of the rise of the pretender, Alexander Balas, Demetrius I Soter is forced to recall most of his garrisons in Judea. To retain control of Judea, he makes a bid to gain the loyalty of Jonathan Maccabeus, whom he permits to recruit an army and to take back the hostages that the Syrians are holding in the city of Acre. Jonathan gladly accepts these terms, takes up residence in Jerusalem and begins to fortify the city, becoming High Priest of Jurusalem until 143 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "Substantial parts of the city of Sikyon are destroyed by an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-152", "description": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, makes contact with Jonathan Maccabeus offering him terms even more favorable than those offered by the king Demetrius I Soter. In particular, Alexander offers him the official appointment as High Priest in Jerusalem. In response, Jonathan withdraws his support from Demetrius and declares his allegiance to Alexander. Thus Jonathan becomes the first member of his family to achieve appointment as High Priest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "The Carthaginian debt to Rome is fully repaid, meaning that, according to Carthage, the treaty with Rome, which was put in place at the end of the Second Punic War, is no longer in force. The Romans do not agree with this interpretation. Instead they view the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Numidia launches another border raid on Carthaginian soil, besieging a town. In response Carthage launches a large military expedition (25,000 soldiers) to repel the Numidian invaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "At Polybius' request, Scipio Aemilianus manages to gain the support of the Roman statesman Cato the Elder (whose son has married Scipio's sister Aemilia) for a proposal to release (and return to Greece) the 300 Achaean internees who are still being held without trial after being deported to Rome in 167 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Roman forces help the thriving Greek commercial port of Massilia combat raids from the Celts from Cisalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Roman armies under the leadership of praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba and the proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus arrive in Hispania Ulterior and begin the process of subduing the local population. The revolt of the Celtiberians of Numantia is stopped.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Agnimitra succeeds his father Pusyamitra Sunga as emperor of the Sunga dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then asks Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The Roman Senate shows displeasure with Carthage's decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and tells Carthage that in order to avoid a war it has to ampquotsatisfy the Roman Peopleampquot. The Roman censor, Cato the Elder, urges the destruction of Carthage and the Roman Senate orders the gathering of an army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him. The Roman Senate, along with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt, support Alexander Balas and he becomes the ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Demetrius I Soter's son, Demetrius, goes into exile in Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The new king of the Seleucid Empire, Alexander Balas, marries Cleopatra Thea, a daughter of Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "Nicomedes, the son of king Prusias II of Bithynia, who has been sent to Rome to argue for smaller reparations arising from his father's unsuccessful war against Pergamum, gains the support of the Roman Senate to the point where Prusias sends an emissary with secret orders to assassinate Nicomedes. However, the emissary reveals the plot to Nicomedes and persuades him to rebel against his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "Mithridates V Euergetes succeeds his uncle Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus as king of Pontus. He continues the strategy of maintaining an alliance with the Romans which was started by his predecessor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The Romans, led by praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba, defeat the Lusitanians in a major battle in Hispania. He then breaks his promise to the defeated Lusitanian rebels by instituting a massacre of 9,000 of their number during the peace talks. Later 20,000 more Lusitanians are sold as slaves in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The making of the statue ''Hellenistic Ruler'' begins and is finished ten years later. It is now kept at the Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The making of the statue ''Aphrodite of Melos'' (also called ''Venus de Milo'') begins and is finished 25 years later. It is discovered in 1820 and is now kept at the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The enlargement of the Great Stupa of Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India begins, taking about 100 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "The Third Punic War begins.ampamp{{cite web|last=Hooker|first=Richard|title=Rome: The Punic Wars|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|accessdate=29\">http:\/\/wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|accessdate=29<\/a> June 2010|date=6 June 1999| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528041609\/http:\/\/www.wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528041609\/http:\/\/www.wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|<\/a> archivedate= 28 May 2010 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp The Romans land an army in Africa to begin the Battle of Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "Servius Sulpicius Galba is prosecuted for corruption while serving in Spain, but is acquitted after he parades his weeping family members before the tribunal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "The turmoil in Spain escalates again with the renewal of the Lusitanian War, under the leadership of Viriathus, and the Celtiberian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "Andriscus, the last king of Macedon, ascends to the throne.ampamp{{cite web|title=Fourth Macedonian War|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unrv.com\/empire\/fourth-macedonian-war.php|accessdate=29\">http:\/\/www.unrv.com\/empire\/fourth-macedonian-war.php|accessdate=29<\/a> June 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Macedon", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "With Roman help, Nicomedes II overthrows his father Prusias II as king of Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bithynia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "Corlea Trackway built in County Longford", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "With the defeat of Andriscus in the Battle of Pydna by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Macedon is reorganized as a Roman province by 146 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "Construction of the Via Postumia, linking Aquileia and Genua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus divides Numidia among the three sons of the recently deceased Masinissa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus takes command in the Battle of Carthage. He built a mole across the gulf into the harbour, the Carthaginians dug a canal from their inner harbour basin to the coast and put to sea with a full fleet, but they are defeated in a naval engagement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Carthage recalled from exile an able general, named Hasdrubal, who organized their solid defences. Against the 45-foot (13.7 m) city walls, the Romans made slow progress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "In Lusitania, Hispania, the Celtic king Viriathus, rallies Lusitanian resistance to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Demetrius II of Syria returns to Syria (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Jonathan Maccabaeus conquers Joppa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Macedonia becomes a part of the Roman empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "With Carthage and Greece conquered, Rome becomes the sole superpower in the Mediterranean world, a distinction it will continue to hold for approximately the next 600 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "Carthage falls to Roman forces under Scipio Aemilianus. The walls are finally breached and the city is completely destroyed by order of the Roman Senate, despite Scipio's protests.  End of the Third Punic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "Battle of Corinth ampampndash The Romans under Lucius Mummius defeat the Achaean League under Critolaus near Corinth. Corinth is destroyed, and the Achaean League dissolved. Greece becomes a Roman province. The Romans strip Corinth of its art treasures and ship them back to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "Hipparchus determines the equinoctial point.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-145", "description": "In the Battle of Antioch, Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats the Seleucid usurper Alexander Balas, but dies in the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-145", "description": "Ptolemy VII becomes king of Egypt briefly, then is assassinated by Ptolemy VIII.ampref name=ampquotTourampquotamp{{cite web|title=Egypt: Rulers, Kings and Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|publisher=TourEgypt|accessdate=28\">http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|publisher=TourEgypt|accessdate=28<\/a> June 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100628120937\/http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100628120937\/http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 28 June 2010 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-145", "description": "Hipparchus determines the length of the tropical year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-144", "description": "The Aqua Marcia aqueduct is built in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-144", "description": "Parthians take Babylonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-143", "description": "The Celtiberian War ends when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus crushes the rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-142", "description": "Diodotus Tryphon seizes the throne of the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-142", "description": "The first stone bridge over the Tiber river is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-142", "description": "Simon Maccabaeus succeeds his brother Jonathan as High Priest of Judea until 135 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "Tocharian refugees appear on the borders of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "Emperor Wu of Han (ampquotMartial Emperorampquot) starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "The Seleucid garrison negotiates the surrender of Jerusalem. Simon Maccabaeus assumes control of that city. He becomes prince (ruler) of Judea until 135 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria and Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "Demetrius II of Syria made prisoner of Mithridates, king of the Parthians. Antiochus VII Sidetes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire in his absence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria and Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-140", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus leads a group of Roman ambassadors to Alexandria, where they meet with Ptolemy VIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-140", "description": "Simon Maccabaeus crowned king of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-140", "description": "Han Wudi becomes emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-139", "description": "Emperor Wu of Han sends an envoy into Bactria, Parthia and Ferghana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-139", "description": "The Lusitanian War ends when the rebellion collapses after the assassination of Viriathus by a Roman agent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-139", "description": "Hipparchus makes a very precise determination of the length of the synodic month.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "Phraates II becomes Emperor of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "Zhang Qian begins his explorations in central Asia for Chinese emperor Han Wu Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "The first Chinese diplomatic mission to the Ferghana valley, led by Chang Chien, is sent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "Hymn to Apollo is written and inscribed on stone in Delphi it is the earliest surviving notated music, in a substantial and legible fragment, in the western world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Slaves led by Eunus of Apamea in Sicily revolt against the Romans in an event called the First Servile War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, quaestor in Spain, observes that slave labor has displaced small freeheld farms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Valencia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Numantian War begun, Quintus Pompeius and M. Papilius Laenas were defeated and disgraced by the Numantians in subsequent years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Q. Pompeius is brought to trial by Q.Metellus and others, but acquitted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-136", "description": "Confucianism is adopted as the state religion in China by the emperor Wu Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-135", "description": "Menander I, King of the Indo-Greek Kingdom dies and is succeeded by Epander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-135", "description": "The First Servile War starts.ampamp{{cite web|title=World History 200- 100 BC|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historycentral.com\/dates\/200bc.html|accessdate=28\">http:\/\/www.historycentral.com\/dates\/200bc.html|accessdate=28<\/a> June 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage, takes command in Spain against the Numantians. He recruits 20,000 men and 40,000 allies, including Numidian cavalry under Jugurtha. Scipio, an expert in sieges, builds a ring of seven forts and a ditch palisade before beginning the Siege of Numantia. The perimeter of the circumvallations is twice as long as that of the city. The river Durius (Douro), enables the defenders to be supplied by small boats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Caius Fulvius Flaccus, as consul, is sent against the slaves. Uprising of 4,000 slaves crushed at Sinuessa, in Campania. Slave uprisings repressed in Attic silver mines and on the island of Delos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "John Hyrcanus becomes high priest and prince (ruler) of Judea, until 104 BC, following the murder of his father Simon Maccabaeus by Ptolemy the son of Abubus in 135 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Hipparchus discovers the precession of the equinoxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Hipparchus creates a star catalogue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, as consul, is sent against the slaves in Italy. Gaius Marius serves under Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus at Numantia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus captures Numantia,ampamp{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Paul|title=Besieged: An Encyclopedia of Great Sieges from Ancient Times to the Present|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=29}}ampamp after a siege of eight months, suffering famine and pestilence. The remnant population of 4,000 citizens, surrender and set their city on fire. Thus ends the Numantine War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, is elected tribune of the people. He attempts to pass a law to redistribute the public land to benefit small landowners. Opposed by wealthier factions in the Roman Senate, he is killed by a group of Senators and their followers that same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "The Kingdom of Pergamum is deeded to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "June ampampndash A large army of the Han Dynasty, under commanders such as Li Guang, attempt to ambush the Xiongnu leader in the Battle of Mayi. The plot fails, and the battle is determined a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-132", "description": "The First Servile War ends when Publius Rupilius quelled the rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-132", "description": "The assassination of Tiberius Gracchus, which many historians marked as the beginning of the end of the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-132", "description": "The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of the Maya civilization begins.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/encyclopedia.farlex.com\/132+BCampamp\">http:\/\/encyclopedia.farlex.com\/132+BCampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mexico", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "Aristonicus of Pergamon leads an uprising against Rome, and consul Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianius is killed in the fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "The Roman censor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus attempts to remove the tribune Gaius Atinius Labeo Macerio from the Senate, the angry Atinius drags him to be thrown off the Tarpeian Rock, and Metellus is only saved by the intervention of other senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "The tribune Gaius Papirius Carbo passes a measure allowing the use of secret ballots in legislative assemblies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "For the first time in Roman history, both censors are plebeians (Metellus and Quintus Pompeius).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "First Acta Diurna appears in Rome around this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-130", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Eumenes III, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "C. Sempronius Tuditanus celebrates his triumph over the Iapydes of Illyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage is assassinated by his enemies in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Battle of Ecbatana: The Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Having been freed by the Parthians, Demetrius II of Syria recovers the throne of the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Emperor Han Wudi of China of the Han dynasty launches his first offensive into the northern steppe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Hipparchus publishes his catalog of stars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Total solar eclipse, used by Hipparchus to estimate distance to the moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "Cn. Octavius and T. Annius Rufus are this year's consuls", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "The Greco-Bactrian kingdom is overrun by the Tocharians and renamed Tocharistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "Artabanus I becomes King of Parthia (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "Limenius composes the Second Delphic Hymn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-127", "description": "The Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-126", "description": "Tyre successfully revolts from the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-126", "description": "Seleucus V Philometor succeeds his father Demetrius II as king of the Seleucid Empire. Due to his youth, his stepmother Cleopatra Thea acts as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-125", "description": "Cleopatra Thea succeeds to the rule of the Seleucid Empire on the death of Seleucus V.ampamp{{cite book|last=Salisbury|first=Joyce|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=28 June 2010|page=56}}ampamp She appoints Antiochus VIII Grypus as co-ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-125", "description": "In Rome, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to the northern Italians, but the Senate reacts by sending him off to deal with disturbances around Massilia.  And in so doing commenced the conquest of Transalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-124", "description": "Fregellae's revolt against Rome begins in Latium. Later the city is captured and destroyed by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-124", "description": "Mithridates II succeeds Artabanus I as King of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-124", "description": "Cleopatra II of Egypt and her brother Ptolemy VIII of Egypt reconcile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-123", "description": "Gaius Gracchus elected Roman tribune for the first time. He waited until after his re-election the following year before pushing forward the various civil and agrarian reforms that his brother championed in 133 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-123", "description": "Aix-en-Provence founded under the name of ''Aquae Sextiae'' by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-123", "description": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers the Balearic Islands for Rome, for which he earns the cognomen ampquotBalearicus.ampquot He settles 3,000 Roman and Iberian colonists on the islands and founds the cities of Palma and Pollentia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-122", "description": "Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Gaius Gracchus become tribunes and propose a number of radical reforms in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-122", "description": "Gracchus passes a law requiring the state to provide weapons and equipment for the soldiers in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "The Roman Senate passes the motion ''senatus consultum ultimum'', which the consul Lucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve the Republic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confront Gaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought inside Rome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "A tribunal is established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus, allied with the Aedui, defeated the Arverni and Allobroges in Transalpine Gaul, thus establishing the province for Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "The finest vintage of Falernian wine, known as the Opimian vintage, was bottled from vines grown on Mt Falernus between Latium and Campania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "Led by General Ho Chu-ping, the Chinese defeat the Xiongnu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-120", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "Hipparchus replaces Eumachus as Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "The second Dalmatian war begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "JanuaryampampndashJune ampampndash the Han Chinese army under the commanders Wei Qing (d. 106 BC) and Huo Qubing (140 BC\u2013117 BC) are victorious over the Xiongnu in the Battle of Mobei, taken place in the Orkhon Valley of the Gobi Desert, modern Mongolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "Government monopolies are established in iron, salt, liquor in Ancient China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-118", "description": "The Roman colony of Narbo Martius is founded in Gallia Transalpina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-118", "description": "The second Dalmatian war ends with victory for Rome and L. Caecilius Metellus assumes the surname Delmaticus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-118", "description": "Micipsa dies and Numidia, following the king's wish, is divided into three parts, a third each ruled by Micipsa's own sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal I, and the king's adopted son, Jugurtha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Numidia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-117", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-116/06/26", "description": " At the death of Ptolemy VIII Physcon, Cleopatra III has chosen her younger son Ptolemy X Alexander as co-regent, but the Alexandrians forced her to bring Ptolemy IX from Cyprus, of which he is governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-116/06/26", "description": "Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II Lathyros becomes king of Egypt and claims the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "Parthia makes a trade treaty with China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "The Kingdom of Sheba collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "Gaius Marius is praetor in Rome, he defeats tribes in modern-day Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Scaurus defeats the Carni Celtic tribes of Northern Italy, leading to their submission to Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-114", "description": "The first temple of Venus is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-114", "description": "Mithridates VI Eupator becomes king of Bosporus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "The Cimbri and Teutones cross the Danube and enter the lands of the Celtic tribe, the Taurisci. They appeal to Rome for assistance and the Senate sends an army under Gnaeus Papirius Garbo to drive them back. The Romans attack the retreating columns as they pass the town of Noreia, but the Roman army is defeated in an ambush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "War between the Celtiberians and the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "Antiochus IX Cyzicenus becomes king of Seleucid Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "Incense burner, from the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei, is made. Han dynasty. It is now kept at Hebei Provincial Museum, Shijiazhuang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-112", "description": "Jugurtha declares war against the Roman Republic (ends 105 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-112", "description": "Asian Silk Road opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "The city of Rome is devastated by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "Jugurtha, king of Numidia, bribes the commander Lucius Calpurnius Bestia and Roman friends to secure easy terms. He is given a safeconduct to Rome in order to account for his actions in the Roman Senate. Jugurtha contemptuously bribes his way through all difficulties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "The Han Empire annexes the Vietnamese kingdom of Nam Viet, and thereby extends its territory to modern-day North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Guilin is named Shi An Prefecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "Jiuquan in China is founded as a military outpost on the Silk Road to Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-110", "description": "Jugurtha king of Numidia defeats a Roman army under Aulus Postumius Albinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-110", "description": "Han Dynasty of China annexes Minyue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-109", "description": "A Roman army under Marcus Junius Silanus (consul 109 BC) is defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones near the Rhone River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-108", "description": "Roman forces under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus defeat the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia at the Battle of the Muthul, with Gaius Marius as a subordinate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-108", "description": "The Korean kingdom of Wiman Joseon falls, and Chinese Emperor Wu of Han establishes the Lelang Commandery in northern Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-108", "description": "December ampampndash The Han Dynasty Chinese under commander Zhao Ponu are victorious in the Battle of Loulan in the Tarim Basin, resulting in the submission of Dayuan and the Wusun in Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-107", "description": "The uprising of Saumachus against Mithridates VI in the Bosporan Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Crimea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-107", "description": "Gaius Marius, having enacted the Marian reforms of the Roman army, arrived in North Africa to lead the war against Jugurtha, with a young quaestor named Lucius Cornelius Sulla as a subordinate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-106", "description": "Sulla captures Jugurtha, thus ending the Jugurthine War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-106", "description": "The Chinese and the Persians establish diplomatic ties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-105/10/06", "description": " The Battle of Arausio, where the Cimbri destroy two Roman armies on the Rh\u00f4ne, is the most severe defeat of Roman forces since the Battle of Cannae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-105/10/06", "description": "Gaius Marius, together with the consul Publius Rutilius Rufus, initiates sweeping reforms of the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-105/10/06", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla secures the capture of Jugurtha. His success is made possible by the treachery of Bocchus I, king of Mauretania, and this ends the Jugurthine War (which has begun in 112 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "In Rome exist a state of emergency, the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. Gaius Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, is elected  consul for the second time. He celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "Second Servile War: Athenion starts a slave rebellion in Segesta (Sicily).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "Aristobulus I succeeds John Hyrcanus, becoming king and high priest of Judea, until 103 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "Sima Qian starts writing his ''Shiji''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-103", "description": "Gaius Marius prepares a campaign against the Ambrones and Teutones under king Teutobod who are settled in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-103", "description": "Tryphon and Athenion lead the Second Servile War in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-103", "description": "Alexander Jannaeus succeeds his brother Aristobulus I as king and high priest of Judea, until 76 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-102", "description": "Gaius Marius defeats the Scirii and Teutones at Aix-en-Provence (or Battle of Aquae Sextae).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-102", "description": "The Cimbri defeat the Consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus in the Adige Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-102", "description": "The Chinese under Emperor Wu of Han besiege and capture Kokand of Dayuan in the Hellenistic Ferghana Valley, during a 2 year war with the Yuezhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-101", "description": "The Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Campi Raudii (or Battle of Vercellae).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-101", "description": "Ptolemy Apion inherits the kingdom of Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Libya", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius (Marius's sixth consulship).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Manius Aquillius celebrates an ovation for victories in the Second Servile War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, a tribune, passes a law to redistribute land to military veterans. The law requires that all senators swear to abide by it. Quintus Caecilus Metellus Numidicus refuses and is exiled. He goes to Rhodes to study philosophy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "December ampampndash Saturninus stands for consul for the following year. A rival candidate, Gaius Memmius, is found murdered by agents of Saturninus, who is declared a public enemy by the Senate. Marius, as consul, defeats his former ally in battle in the Forum. Saturninus and his followers surrender on condition that their lives are spared, but they are stoned to death with roof tiles by renegade senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "The building of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy, is begun. The model of it is now kept at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Italy (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Tigranes II of Armenia is placed on Armenian throne by the Parthians in exchange for the cession of ampquotseventy valleysampquot. (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "The deuterocanonical books of 1 and 2 Maccabees are written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Elephants become extinct from Middle East by this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Peasant revolts under Emperor Wu of Han. The Great Wall is extended out into the Gobi Desert, and sections of the wall are detached with signalling towers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Gandhara and Punjab ruled by the Indo-Greek king Demetrios III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "History of China is written by Sima Qian (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Mural room in the Maya pyramid at San Bartolo, Guatemala, painted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Olmec III period ends in Southeastern Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-99", "description": "Consuls: Aulus Postumius Albinus and Marcus Antonius Orator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-98", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-98", "description": "The Senate passes a resolution forbidding human sacrifice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-98", "description": "The Senate passes the ''Lex Caecilia Didia'' which bans omnibus bills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Publius Licinius Crassus Dives", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "C. Decianus, the prosecutor of Furius, is himself condemned for his remarks about the death of Saturninus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "The Romans subdue the Maedi and Dardani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "L. Domitius takes harsh measures to restore order in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "The censors, Flaccus and Antonius, remove M. Duronius from the senate because of his opposition to sumptuary laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "A decree of the Roman senate bans human sacrifices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Sulla displays a lion hunt for the first time in games at Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Ariarathes VIII is forced out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, and dies soon afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "The birth of Saint Joseph, the husband of Saint Mary the mother of Jesus, and his ampquotearthly-fatherampquot - in distinction to God the Father, his ampquotheavenly father.ampquot  According to this account, Joseph was 92 years old when Jesus was born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Sujin becomes emperor of Japan (probable date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Cassius Longinus and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Cyrene is left to the people of Rome by its ruler Ptolemy Apion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Seleucus VI Epiphanes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire following the death of his father Antiochus VIII Grypus, and defeating in battle Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Start of the Taishi era in the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "Philip I Philadelphus and Antiochus XI Ephiphanes succeed as co-rulers after the deposition of Seleucus VI Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "ampquotForty metre structureampquot at Emain Macha (near modern Armagh, Northern Ireland) built and destroyed, presumably for ritual or ceremonial purposes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "Tigranes the Great becomes king of Armenia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Nicomedes IV succeeds his father Nicomedes III as king of Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Shakas start to control northwest India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Coelius Caldus and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "The first failed attempt to open a Latin rhetorical school.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla elected ''praetor urbanus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Marcus Herennius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "Ariobarzanes I Philoromanus becomes king of Cappadocia with Roman backing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "Arshak I becomes king of Caucasian Iberia after overthrowing Farnadjom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "End of era Taishi of Emperor Wu of Han China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Claudius Pulcher and Marcus Perperna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "In the first diplomatic contact between Rome and Parthia, Sulla meets with a Parthian envoy, resulting in the parties recognizing Euphrates as a common frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Sulla repulses Tigranes of Armenia from Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Lucullus invades Armenia initiating the six centuries' long Roman-Persian Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Gaius Sentius becomes Roman governor of Macedonia, serves until 88 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "Consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar and Lucius Marcius Philippus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "The tribune Marcus Livius Drusus proposes extending Roman citizenship to allied Italian cities, but is assassinated, leading to the Social War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "Liu Ju, crown prince of the Han Dynasty, revolts against his father, Emperor Wu, and his witchcraft trials. After his rebellion fails, he hangs himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "Records of the Grand Historian compiled by Sima Qian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Julius Caesar and Publius Rutilius Lupus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Social War continues: Pompeius Strabo and Gaius Marius distinguish themselves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "The Etruscans are granted Roman citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Corfinium in south-central Italy is the center of a rebellion against Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "The ''Lex Iulia'' grants citizenship to all Italians who did not oppose Rome during the Social War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Cicero starts to serve in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia is defeated in battle by a coalition of Nicomedes' brother Socrates, and Mithridates VI of Pontus. Nicomedes flees to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Porcius Cato.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Social War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Roman forces under Lucius Porcius Cato are defeated by the Italian rebels in the Battle of Fucine Lake, Cato is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "The Roman army of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo decisively defeats the rebels in the Battle of Asculum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "''Lex Plautia Papiria'' extends citizenship to all Italians who applied for it within 60 days. The new citizens are enrolled in eight designated tribes, to prevent domination of the assemblies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "''Lex Pompeia'' grants Latin rights to cities in Cisalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Cicero ends his service in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Bithynia and Cappadocia, thus the First Mithridatic War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "The Social War ends with the defeat of the Italian allies by the Romans. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, age 50, becomes the first Roman commander to march on Rome with his army and to capture the city by force. This extraordinary act is prompt by his desire to maintain his consular command for the First Mithridatic War in Asia Minor.ampampPompey, Command (p. 11). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "The First Roman Civil War starts with democratic uprising led by Gaius Marius, but the democrats under the tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus are crushed by the conservatives under Sulla.  Marius flees to Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "First Civil War in Rome, between Marius and Sulla. Some Italian cities are destroyed: for instance, Feorl\u00ec, rebuilt by the praetor Livius Clodius afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "The Dardani, Scordisci, and the Maedi attack the Roman province of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "May ampampndash King Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Greece. Defeating the Roman forces four times in succession, he conquers Bithynia, Phrygia, Mysia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Ionia and Cappadocia. The Roman province of Asia is dismantled. On the king's orders, the local authorities in every city of the province round up and put to death all resident Italians \u2014 men, women and children \u2014 in a single day (App.''Mith''.\u00a7\u00a785\u201391). Plutarch (Sulla 24.4) says that 150,000 are killed, other sources calculate a figure of 80,000 people.ampampPompey, Command (p. 39). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Cinna is elected consul of Rome, thus returning the rule of Rome back to the democrats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Sulla arrives in Greece and besieges Athens. He orders Lucius Licinius Lucullus to raise a fleet from Rome's allies around the eastern Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Ostia is razed by Gaius Marius as he comes back from Africa with an army to take Rome by force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Antikythera mechanism manufactured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "First Mithridatic War", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "March 1 ampampndash Sulla captures Athens from the Pontic army, removing the tyrant Aristion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "Lucius Licinius Lucullus decisively defeats the Mithridatic fleet in the Battle of Tenedos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "The Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus in the Battle of Chaeronea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "The Dardani ally with Pontus and are defeated by Sulla soon after", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-85", "description": "First Mithridatic War: Lucius Cornelius Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive Battle of Orchomenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-84", "description": "The First Mithridatic War comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "Spring ampampndash Lucius Cornelius Sulla returns to Italy from his campaigns in Greece and lands with his legions unopposed at Brundisium. He defeats the popular forces of Gaius Norbanus in the Battle of Mount Tifata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "Gnaeus Pompeius, age 22, raises on his own initiative a private army of three legions from his fathers veterans and ''clientalae'' in Picenum.ampampPompey, Command  (p. 7). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "Lucius Licinius Murena, the Roman governor of Asia, clashes with the Pontic forces of Mithridates VI, starting the Second Mithridatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "A fire breaks out which burns down the Temple of Jupiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) and destroys the collection of Sibylline Books.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Sulla defeats Samnite allies of Rome in the Battle of the Colline Gate, and takes control of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Gaius Marius the Younger is besieged at the fortress city of Praeneste in Latium. After a fierce resistance, Marius committs suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Gnaeus Pompeius is ordered by Sulla to stamp out democratic rebels in Sicily and Africa, while the young Gaius Julius Caesar is acting as a subordinate of Sulla in the east.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "After his campaigns in Sicily and Africa, Pompeius gets the insulting nickname of ''adulescentulus carnifex'', the ampquotteenage butcherampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "The Aurigid shower parent comet C\/1911 N1 (Kiess) returns to the inner solar system and sheds the dust particles that one revolution later cause the 1935, 1986, 1994, and 2007 Aurigid meteor outbursts on Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Burebista unifies the Dacian population forming the first (and biggest) unified Dacian kingdom, on the territory of modern Romania and surroundings. 82 BC is also the starting year of his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Dacia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-81", "description": "Sulla is appointed ''dictator'' and reforms the Roman government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-81", "description": "The Second Mithridatic War ends with the ''status quo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-81", "description": "Cicero wins his first case.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Quintus Sertorius re-enter Iberia with a tiny army (2,600 men) and opens a successful campaign against the Sullan forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Battle of the Baetis River: A force of Democratic exiles under Sertorius defeat the legal Roman army of Lucius Fulfidias in Hispania, starting the Sertorian War, Quintus Metellus Pius takes command on behalf of Sulla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Ptolemy XII Auletes succeeds Ptolemy XI Alexander II to the throne of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Alexandria comes under Roman jurisdiction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Roman artists begin to extend the space of a room visually with painted scenes of figures on a shallow stage or with a landscape or cityscape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Meleager publishes his ''Garland'', the earliest known anthology of Greek poetry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-79", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla renounces his dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-79", "description": "Cicero travels to Athens and then to Rhodes to continue his studies of philosophy and oratory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes consul. He attempts to undermine the Sullan reforms and reinstates exiled citizens to reinstall democratic rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "The Senate sends Publius Servilius Vatia as proconsul governor to Cilicia, where he fights a campaign against the pirates in southern Anatolia (Lycia, Pamphylia and Isauria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "The Tabularium is built in the Forum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "The Third Dalmatian war begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman consul and leader of the democratic party, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus outside Rome. The remnants of the rebels are wiped out by Gnaeus Pompeius in Etruria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "Lepidus, with some 21,000 troops, manages to escape to Sardinia. Soon afterwards he becomes ill and dies, his battered army, now under command by Marcus Perperna, sails on to the Iberian Peninsula.ampampPompey, Command (p. 12). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "Pompeius marches along the ''Via Domitia'' through Gallia Narbonensis crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. He joints with Quintus Metellus Pius to suppress the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but is first unsuccessful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "The city of Tigranakert of Artsakh is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Armenia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-76", "description": "Salome Alexandra becomes queen of Judea, after the death of her husband, Alexander Jannaeus, until 67 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-76", "description": "Hyrcanus II becomes high priest of Jerusalem for first time, on the death of his father, Alexander Jannaeus, until 66 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-76", "description": "The Third Dalmatian war ends with the capture of Salona by proconsul C. Cosconius and victory of Rome", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "In Rome, the tribune Quintus Opimius speaks out against Sullan restrictions on the tribunate, in orations noted for sarcasm against conservatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Cicero is quaestor in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Rome on his death (75\/4 BC).   Angered by the arrangement, Mithridates VI of Pontus declares war on Rome and invades Bithynia, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, thus starting the Third Mithridatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Third Mithridatic War: M. Aurelius Cotta is defeated by Mithridates in the Battle of Chalcedon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study under Apollonius Molon. On his way across the Aegean Sea, he is kidnapped by Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of Pharmacusa. The young Caesar is held for ransom of twenty talents, he insists they ask for fifty. After his release Caesar raises a fleet at Miletus, pursues and crucifies the pirates in Pergamon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Start of Golden Age of Latin Literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman Senate upon his death (75\/4 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Roman forces under Lucius Lucullus defeat the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus in the Battle of Cyzicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Marcus Antonius (father of Mark Antony), a praetor, receives wide-ranging powers and considerable resources to fight the pirates in the Mediterranean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Publius Servilius Vatia returns to Rome, he has triumphed against the pirates in Anatolia and is given the agnomen ''Isauricus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Quintus Opimius is prosecuted for overstepping his authority, and ruined by a conviction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Cyrene becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Pamplona is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-73", "description": "Traditional date that Lud became King of Britain, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "British Isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-73", "description": "Third Servile War begins with gladiators, led by the Thracian Spartacus, breaking out of a gladiatorial training school in Capua and forming an army, made up of runaway slaves and others with little to lose. With some 70,000 men, Spartacus rampages throughout Campania, assaulting the prosperous cities of Cumae, Nola and Nuceria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-73", "description": "The Sunga Empire comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-72", "description": "Battle of Cabira: Lucius Lucullus defeats Mithridates, overruns Pontus.  Mithridates fled to Armenia, rules by his son-in-law Tigranes, who refuses to turn his father-in-law in to Lucius Lucullus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-72", "description": "Quintus Sertorius was assassinated by his subordinate, Marcus Perperna, who was in turn defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius, thus ending the Sertorian War in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-72", "description": "The Helvetii and other peoples under Ariovistus invade Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Gaul", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-71", "description": "Third Servile War ends Slave uprising under leadership of Spartacus is crushed by a Roman army under Marcus Licinius Crassus. Slaves taken prisoner are crucified all naked along the Via Appia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-71", "description": "Marcus Antonius is defeated by the Cretans, who has made an alliance with the pirates, he is compelled to conclude a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously with the cognomen ''Creticus''.ampampPompey, Command (p. 20). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-184908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-71", "description": "Nessebar in modern-day Bulgaria comes under Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "August ampampndash In Rome, Cicero prosecutes former governor Verres Verres exiles himself to Marseille before the trial is over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "The office of censor is reinstated in the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "Lucullus captures Sinop, then invades Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "Phraates III becomes the King of Parthia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is installed as king of Syria.ampampJoseph Thomas, ''Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology'', 1908, Lippincott, 2550 pagesampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Roman troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta, and capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes\">http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes<\/a> C. Michael Hogan, ''Cydonia'', Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Rhodes becomes a bulwark against pirates, the Rhodians are unable to suppress piracy in the Aegean Sea. Delos gets the status of a free port.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": " Lucius Lucullus defeats Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Artaxata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": "Gaius Antonius Hybrida elected praetor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": "Ostia, the harbour city of Rome, is sacked by pirates. The port is set on fire and the consular war fleet is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": "Abgar II becomes ruler of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Osroene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Quintus Marcius Rex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Consuls: Manius Acilius Glabrio and Gaius Calpurnius Piso.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Ostia sacked by pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey's war against the pirates, he raise a fleet of 500 warships and fight them with great success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "The ''lex Gabinia'' gives Pompey command of the Mediterranean and its coasts for 50 miles inland for three years. He defeats the pirates in three months and pacifies Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey divides the Mediterranean into 13 zones ampampndash six in the West and seven in the East ampampndash to each of which he assigns a fleet under an admiral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey offers the ex-pirates and their families clemency, he settled them in agricultural colonies in eastern Mediterranean lands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey takes over the command of Lucius Lucullus in the war against Mithridates VI, and reaping the fruit of the latter's victories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Lex Acilia Calpurnia: permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Lex Roscia theatralis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea, for first time (until 66 BC), on death of his mother, Salome Alexandra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Mithridates VI invades Pontus. He besieged the Romans in Chalcedon (opposite Byzantium) and pressed westward along the south shores of the Sea of Marmara to attack Cyzicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pontus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Lucullus disperse Mithridates's invading armies and launched a counter-offensive into Pontus, where he penetrates the chain of fortress towns that defended the kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pontus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "December ampampndash The army of the Han Dynasty Chinese commander Zheng Ji is victorious over the Xiongnu in the Battle of Jushi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Consuls: Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Volcatius Tullus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla (also in 63 during the consulship of Cicero).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "The alliance between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia is broken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Tigranes II is forced to surrender, by a payment of 6,000 talents, and is reinstated by Pompey as a ampquotfriend of the Roman peopleampquot to hold Armenia as a buffer zone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Battle of the Lycus: Pompey the Great decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending the Third Mithridatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Gaius Antonius elected Roman praetor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "The ''lex Manilia'', supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Cicero becomes praetor of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Aristobulus II becomes king and high priest of Judea, until 63 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-65", "description": "In response to the illegal exercise of citizen rights by foreigners, the Roman Senate passed the ''Lex Papia'', which expelled all foreigners from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-65", "description": "Tigranes of Armenia was defeated and captured by Pompey, thus ending all hostilities on the northeastern frontier of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-65", "description": "Pompey the Great subjugates Kingdom of Iberia and makes Colchis a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Servilius Rullus, Roman tribune, proposes an agrarian reform law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Pompey destroys the kingdom of Pontus Mithridates VI commits suicide after escaping to the Crimea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Pompey first annexed Syria, then captured Jerusalem, annexing Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Antiochus XIII Asiaticus deposed this is considered by some the end of the Seleucid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Lucius Lucullus held a triumph, he retired from war and politics to live a life of refined luxury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Pompey conquers Phonecia, Coele-Syria, and Judea for Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Establishment of the Decapolis and Year 1 of the Pompeian era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Roman annexation of Judea as a client kingdom. King Judah Aristobulus II removed from power, while his brother John Hyrcanus II is reappointed king (ethnarch) under Roman suzerainty and high priest, until 40 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Julius Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus and praetor for 62 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Marcus Tullius Cicero is senior consul. He is the first novus homo (new man) to be elected to the consulship in 31 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Cato the younger is elected tribune of the people for 62 BC, taking office in early December 63 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Catiline's conspiracy against the Roman Republic is foiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Pharnaces II becomes King of Pontus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pontus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": " The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies of Antonius Hybrida led by Gaius Antonius in the Battle of Pistoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Julius Caesar divorces Pompeia, following the sacrilege of Clodius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Cicero delivers his Pro Archia Poeta in defense of Aulus Licinius Archias' claim to Roman citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Cato the Younger, as tribune, presents a ''lex frumentaria'' (enacting a grain dole).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Metellus Nepos, also tribune, leaves Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Caesar and Bibulus are praetors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene builds his mountain-top tomb-sanctuary at Mount Nemrut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Commagene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-61/09/29", "description": " Pompey, the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-61/09/29", "description": "Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi as consul attempts to gain ratification of Pompey's Eastern Settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-61/09/29", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar becomes governor in Hispania and creates ''Legio X Gemina'' (3,500 men). He puts down the Callaici and Lusitani rebellions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar suppresses an uprising and conquers all of Lusitania for Rome", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "Creation of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus (or 59 BC)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "The Seleucid Empire comes to an end with the last two Emperors being murdered on orders from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "The Han Dynasty government establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions, the highest military position of a military commander on the Western frontier (Tarim Basin).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (known as ampquotthe consulship of Julius and Caesarampquot due to Bibulus' withdrawal from public view to ampquotconsult the heavensampquot in an effort to invalidate Caesar's intended legislation).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "Caesar makes the Acta Diurna, or ''Daily News'', the world's first daily newspaper public. The Acta contains  details of official decrees and appointments births, deaths, and marriages. Even sport results\u2014the outcome of the gladiatorial contests and chariot races at the capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "The First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form an unofficial alliance (or 60 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "Caesar marries Calpurnia, in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "The colonia of Florentia, modern Florence, founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Publius Clodius Pulcher, Roman tribune, institutes a monthly corn dole for poor Romans, and exiles Cicero from the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Cyprus becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "First year of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Caesar becomes a provincial governor (Proconsul) and leads a Roman army (4 legions Legio VII, Legio VIII, Legio IX and the famous Legio X) into Gaul. For auxiliaries he organised \u00b1 3,000 Balearic slingers and Cretan archers into cohorts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Caesar builds an 19-mile earthwork, complete with fortifications and watchtowers, between Lake Geneva and the Jura Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "June ampampndash Caesar defeats the migrating Helvetii in the Battle of the Arar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "July ampampndash Caesar decisively defeats the Helvetii in the Battle of Bibracte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "September ampampndash Caesar decisively defeats the Suebi led by Ariovistus in the Battle of Vosges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Berenice IV becomes queen of Egypt after temporarily dethroning her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Base year of the Vikrama Era, founded by Vikrama, king of Ujjain in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Jumong becomes the 7th ruler of Buyeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Consuls: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Julius Caesar sent Servius Sulpicius Galba with Legio XII Fulminata into the country of the Nantuates, Seduni and the Veragri. He occupies the oppidum '''Octodurus''' (modern Martigny) in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Gallic Wars:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "May ampampndash Battle of the Axona: Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of the Suessiones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "July ampampndash Caesar defeats the Nervii in the Battle of the Sabis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "September ampampndash The siege and capture of Aduatuca (Tongeren) by Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Mithridates III becomes king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Vikramaditya established Vikram era in 57 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Bak Hyeokgeose becomes the first ruler of the kingdom of Silla (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "The city of Gwangju (the sixth largest city in South Korea) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "This year, or possibly the following year, the king of the Trinovantes, possibly called Imanuentius, is overthrown and killed by his rival Cassivellaunus. His son Mandubracius flees to Gaul and appeals to Julius Caesar for help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus and Lucius Marcius Philippus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "Clodia accuses her former lover Marcus Caelius Rufus of trying to poison her. The trial ends with the defendant acquitted thanks to the ''Pro Caelio'' speech of Marcus Tullius Cicero. There is no further mention of the previously famous Clodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "Gallic War: Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus defeats the Veneti of Brittany: The Gallics lost most of their swanships to the Romans at the battle in modern-day Quiberon Bay. The strongholds on the coast are stormed and the population is slaughtered or sold into slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55/08/22", "description": "r August 26 ampndash Julius Caesar commands the first Roman invasion of Britain, likely a reconnaissance-in-force expedition, in response to the Britons giving military aid to his Gallic enemies. He may also be acting in support of Mandubracius, exiled prince of the Trinovantes, whose father Imanuentius was overthrown and killed by his rival Cassivellaunus around this time. Due to bad weather and revolts in Gaul the expedition achieves little, but the Roman Senate decrees twenty days of thanksgiving when the expedition returns safely to Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55/08/22", "description": "Mithridates III, claimant to the throne of Parthia, supported by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria, is defeated by Surena, general under Orodes, in the Battle of Seleucia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Consuls Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus pass the Lex Trebonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Pompey's Theater, the first permanent (non-wooden) theatres in Rome. Built of stone on the Field of Mars, it included a temple to Venus Victorious, a public courtyard, and a meeting hall or ''curia'' in the far end near the ampquotSacred Areaampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Gallic War", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Julius Caesar continues his campaigns in Gaul, he spreads Roman law and order, and makes the whole country as far as the Channel accessible to trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "May ampampndash Caesar defeats a Germanic army then massacres the women and children, totalling 430,000 people, somewhere near the Meuse and Rhine Rivers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "June ampampndash Caesar crosses the Rhine River near the modern site of Bonn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Consuls: Appius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Gallic Wars", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "July ampampndash Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain: receives nominal submission from the chieftain Cassivellaunus and installs Mandubracius as a friendly king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Winter ampampndash Ambiorix revolts in Gaul. He joins with Catuvolcus in an uprising against the Roman army. Caesar's senior officers Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta and Quintus Titurius Sabinus are ambushed by the Eburones, and killed with almost their entire force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Pompey builds the first permanent theatre in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Crassus arrives in Syria as proconsul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Octavia Minor and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor married.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "The beginning of the breakup of the First Triumvirate with the death of Caesar's daughter Julia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Valerius Messalla and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Parthian war:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Crassus sacks the Temple of Hierapolis and the Temple in Jerusalem on his way to engage the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Battle of Carrhae: Romans defeated, and Crassus killed, by Parthians led by Surena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Gallic War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Julius Caesar defeats a revolt led by Ambiorix near Sabis (Northern Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "At Cenabum (modern Orl\u00e9ans) Roman merchants are massacred by the Carnutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Vercingetorix, an Arverni chieftain, leads a revolt against Caesar in Central Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Winter ampampndash Caesar enrols non-citizen soldiers in Gallia Transalpina, genesis of ''Legio V Alaudae''. He increases his army to ten legions.ampampJulius Caesar, Command (p. 20). Nic Fields, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84603-928-7ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Artavasdes II becomes king of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Armenia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Pompey marries Cornelia Metella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Milo is tried for the murder of Clodius. Despite Cicero's legal defence (''Pro Milone'') he is found guilty and exiled in Massilia (modern Marseille).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Last year of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "March ampampndash Siege and capture of Avaricum (Bourges).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "AprilampampndashMay ampampndash Siege and repulse from Gergovia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "July ampampndash Battle of the Vingeanne: Caesar rebuffs with his German auxiliaries an Gallic cavalry attack of Vercingetorix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Summer ampampndash Siege of Alesia: Caesar spread out his legions around the ''ampquotoppidumampquot'' and builds a string of fortifications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "September ampampndash Battle of Alesia: Caesar defeat the Gauls led by Vercingetorix, breaking the back of the Gallic insurrection. The final pacification of Gaul is complete the following year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Servius Sulpicius Rufus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "Pompey demands that Julius Caesar lay down his command before he can stand for consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "Spring ampampndash Pharaoh Ptolemy XII dies and is succeeded by his eldest surviving daughter Cleopatra VII and her younger brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "The Hsiung-nu split into two hordes. The Eastern horde is subject to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "The Senate refuses Julius Caesar permission to stand for consul ''in absentia'', and demands that he lay down his command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "The Roman artillery piece called ''Scorpio'' is invented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus (?), detail of a wall painting in the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, is made. (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "The Roman Republic takes control over Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "The Great Roman Civil War commences", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "January 1 ampampndash The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "January 10 ampampndash Julius Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon, which separates his jurisdiction (Cisalpine Gaul) from that of the Senate (Italy), and thus initiates a civil war. In response, the Roman senate invokes the  ''senatus consultum ultimum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "February ampampndash Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "March 9 ampampndash Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "April 19 ampampndash Caesar's siege of Massilia against the Pompeian Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus the siege was conducted later by Caesarian Gaius Trebonius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "June ampampndash Caesar arrives in Spain seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "June 7 ampampndash Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Salonika.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "July 30 ampampndash Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "August 2 ampampndash Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar and are granted pardon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "August 24 ampampndash Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica), in the Battle of the Bagradas River, and commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "September ampampndash Decimus Brutus, a Caesarian, defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces in the naval Battle of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic is defeated near Curicta (Krk).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "September 6 ampampndash Massilia surrendered to Caesar, coming back from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "October ampampndash Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Civil War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "January 4 ampampndash Caesar lands at Dyrrhachium (Durazzo).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "March ampampndash Mark Antony joins Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "April ampampndash Siege of Dyrrhachium, Caesar builds a fortified line of entrenchments and besiege Pompey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "May ampampndash Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, co-consul with Julius Caesar, destroys Caelius's magistrate's chair on his tribunal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "July 10 ampampndash Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia he retreats to Thessaly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "August 9 ampampndash Battle of Pharsalus: Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. Pompey's army by and large pardoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "September 28 ampampndash Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt (may have occurred September 29, records unclear).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "October ampampndash Julius Caesar reached Alexandria, city founded by Alexander the Great. He is met by an Egyptian delegation from Ptolemy XIII. The Egyptians offered him gifts: the ring of Pompey and his head.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Caesar is named consul for a period of five years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Roman temple to Bellona on the Capitolinus outside Rome is burnt to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Siege of Alexandria: Queen Cleopatra VII returns to the palace rolled into a Persian carpet and has it presented to Caesar by her servant. The Egyptian princess, only twenty-one years old, becomes his mistress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Pharnaces, King of Bosporus defeats the Caesarian Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus in the Battle of Nicopolis (or Nikopol).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "December ampampndash Battle in Alexandria, Egypt between the forces of Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII and those of rival King Ptolemy XIII of Egypt and Queen Arsinoe IV. The latter two are defeated and flee the city, but during the battle part of the Library of Alexandria catches fire and is burned down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Yuan becomes emperor of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Fufius Calenus, Publius Vatinius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Civil War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "August ampampndash Caesar quells a mutiny of his veterans in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "October ampampndash Caesar's invasion of Africa, against Metellus Scipio and Labienus, Caesar's former lieutenant in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "The arrival of Mithridates of Pergamum and his army raises the Siege of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "February ampampndash Roman general Julius Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile. Ptolemy is killed Caesar then relieves his besieged forces in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Pharaoh Cleopatra VII promotes her younger brother Ptolemy XIV of Egypt to co-ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "May ampampndash Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosporus, in the Battle of Zela (this is the war that Caesar tersely described ''veni, vidi, vici'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Battle at Mount Tabor in Judea: Roman troops, commanded by Gabinius, defeat the forces of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II of Judea, attempting to re-establish Judean independence. Some 10,000 Jews died at the hands of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Feng Yuan becomes consort to Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Civil War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "January 4 \u2013 Titus Labienus bloodily defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "April 6 \u2013 Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba at Thapsus. After the battle Caesar grant Legio V Alaudae the right to bear the elephant symbol on its shields and standards, for bravery against a charge of elephants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "April 20 \u2013 Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro ampquotIf our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, taken up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "September 26 \u2013 Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfillment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "November \u2013 Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The ''Julian Calendar'' would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar subdues a mutiny of his Tenth Legion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar celebrates his Gallic Triumph, after which Vercingetorix is executed. In Rome, last the celebrations for forty days, included public banquets, plays and gladiatorial games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Vitruvius described Etruscan and Roman architecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": " Civil War: In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the younger in the Battle of Munda. Labienus dies in battle, Pompey the younger is executed, but Sextus Pompey escapes to take command of the remnants of the Pompeian fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "The veterans of Julius Caesar's Legions ''Legio XIII Gemina'' and ''Legio X Equestris'' demobilized. The veterans of the 10th legion are settled in Narbo, while those of the 13th are given somewhat better lands in Italia itself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "Caesar is named dictator for life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "Caesar probably writes his ''Commentaries'' in this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "Possible first year of the Azes I Era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, without colleague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "April 21 ampndash Octavian engages in charm offensive with consular Cicero who is fulminating against Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "June ampampndash Antony is granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "The first of Cicero's ''Philippics'' (oratorical attacks) on Antony is published. He will make 14 of them over the next several months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "December ampampndash Antony besieges Brutus Albinus in Mutina (Modena), with Octavian, an ally of Decimus, who is one of his uncle's assassins, close by.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "A Denarius with a portrait of Julius Caesar is made. It is now kept at the American Numismatic Society in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "Comosicus succeeds Burebista as king of Dacia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/20", "description": " Caesar's funeral is held. Marcus Antony gives a eulogy and in his ''Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears'' speech he makes accusations of murder and ensures a permanent breach with the conspirators against Caesar. He snatches Caesar's purple toga to show the crowd the  stab wounds, the citizens tear apart the forum and cremate their Caesar on a makeshift pyre. Antony becomes the first man in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/20", "description": "April ampampndash Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to take up Caesar's inheritance, against advice from Atia (his mother and Caesar's niece) and consular stepfather Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/15", "description": "the ''Ides of March'') ampndash Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators, amongst them Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Caesar's Massilian naval commander, Decimus Brutus. Caesar's famous last quote ampndash coined by William Shakespeare in his play ''Julius Caesar'' ampndash was most likely ''not'' spoken (see: quot''Et tu, Brute?''quot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/14", "description": " Mark Antony is alarmed when Cicero tells him the gods would strike Caesar. Casca, Cicero and Cassius decide, in the night before the Assassination of Julius Caesar, that Mark Antony should stay alive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44", "description": "February ampampndash Rome celebrates the festival of the Lupercal. Mark Antony presents Caesar with a royal diadem, urging him to take it and declare himself king. He refuses this offer and orders the crown to be placed in the Temple of Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "Marcus Tullius Cicero is killed in Formiae in a litter going to the seaside, by a party led by a military tribune, Popilius Laenas. His head and hands are displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "Lugdunum (Lyon) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Gaul", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "First reference of Cularo (Grenoble).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Gaul", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "According to legend, Nagasena creates the Emerald Buddha figurine in Patna, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/11/26", "description": "Octavian meets Antony and Lepidus in Bononia, and the three enter into an official five-year autocratic pact, the Second Triumvirate. (See ''lex Titia'')", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/11/26", "description": "To cement their reconciliation Octavian agreed to marry Clodia, a daughter of Antony's wife Fulvia by her former husband Publius Clodius Pulcher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/11/26", "description": "November \u2013 The triumvirs introduced proscriptions in which allegedly 130 senators and 2,000 ''equites'' were branded as outlaws and deprived of their property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius did not die until after the Battle of Mutina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Cicero's 14th and last ''Philippic''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Antony marched to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crossed the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50ampampnbspkm south-west of Genoa. Antony joints with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "July\u2013August \u2013 Antony is again at the head of a large army, Octavian enters Rome in force without opposition. It is clear that Cicero\u2019s plan to divide them against each other has failed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "September \u2013 Gaius Octavian taking office as consul, the day before his 20th birthday, he prevailed to pass the ''lex Pedia'', a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43", "description": "Gaius Antonius is defeated by Marcus Junius Brutus at Dyrrachium, Brutus proceeds to secure his position in Thrace and Macedonia. Gaius Cassius Longinus campaigns in Syria and defeats the army of Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Laodicea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43", "description": "March \u2013 Vibius Pansa set out to link up with Hirtius and Octavian, bringing four legions of recruits, having left one, the ''legio urbana'', to defend Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42/10/23", "description": " Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian, the Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in its flank. After the battle 14.000 legionaries lay down their arms. Brutus fled to the heights of Philippi, where he commits suicide the following day. After the victory, Brutus' body is brought to Antonius' camp, where he cast his purple paludamentum over his dead body and orders an honourable funeral for his erstwhile comrade. The Republican cause crushed, Rome rested in the hands of the Second Triumvirate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42/10/23", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian returns to Rome and arranged for \u00b1 40.000 veterans settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria and in northern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42/10/03", "description": " First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian Caesar fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans who just arrived are routed, Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' camp is captured by Antony's men, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead Cassius commits suicide. He ordered his freedman Pindarus to kill him, Brutus feared the impact on morale and secretly buried his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "January ampampndash Publius Vatinius, governor of Illyricum, seized Dyrrachium and is forced to surrender his army (three legions) to Marcus Junius Brutus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refused to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieged Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdrew into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) forced the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens made an heroic stand by the temple of Sarpedon, as night falls the Roman army conquers the city. The Xanthians preferred to perish in the flames rather than to yield.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "The confederation of Lycia sent ambassadors to Brutus, promising to form a military league and contribute money for building ships. Gaius Cassius Longinus occupies Rhodes, and ordered all the other cities of Asia to pay a tribute for 10 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "July ampampndash Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, left Octavian ill at Dyrrachium and marched to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus blockades with the Republican fleet (130 ships) the Adriatic Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "August ampampndash Decidius Saxa and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus are appointed by Antony, to lead an advanced force of eight legions to Macedonia along the Via Egnatia into Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "September ampampndash Brutus and Cassius crossed the Hellespont, they marched to Doriscus but further progress is blocked by Saxa's occupation of the Corpili Pass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "Saxa retreats to link up with Norbanus at the Sapaei Pass. The Republicans outflank the enemy by forging an alternate route through the mountains in the north.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "Brutus and Cassius advance to Philippi and built fortifications. Antony links up with Norbanus and Saxa at Amphipolis, Octavian arrives on a litter 10 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Antonius and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Perusine War: A armed resistance breaks out across Italy, the Umbrian city of Sentinum is captured and destroyed by Quintus Salvidienus Rufus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Lucius Antonius occupied Perusia, he accepted the appeal of the local population. Lucius and Fulvia are defeated by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian in the Battle of Perugia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and formed an alliance. He returned to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41ampampndash40 BC. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she had Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Gaius Asinius Pollio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Siege of Perusia: After a last attempt to break the siege, which failed Lucius Antonius surrenders to Octavian. His life is spared, but the citizens are executed or sold in slavery. Fulvia fled with her children and is exiled to Sicyon, where she died of a sudden illness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Spring ampampndash Salvidienus Rufus marches to Transalpine Gaul to take command of the eleven legions, after the death of Quintus Fufius Calenus. Octavian divorced Clodia Pulchra and marries Scribonia, a sister of Lucius Scribonius Libo and a follower of Sextus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Sextus Pompey dispatched Menas with four legions and captured Sardinia, driving out Octavian's governor Marcus Lurius. He seized the capital, Caralis and occupied Corsica. Sextus besieged Cosenza in Bruttium and Thurii in Lucania, ravaging the territory with his cavalry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Sextus' fleet raides the ports of Puteoli and Ostia. The populace hold the Triumvirs responsible for prolonging the war, they provoked a riot on the Forum. Octavian with the Praetorian Guard went to intercept, he escaped with his life because Antony summoned troops to rescue his junior colleague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Treaty of Brundisium: The Triumvirs agreed to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian styled himself ampquotImperator Caesarampquot and takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, would serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls  Hispania and  Africa. The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia, sister of Octavian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Quintus Labienus occupied Cilicia and marched with a army into Anatolia. Most cities surrendered without resistance, except for Alabanda and Mylasa. The Parthians restored their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire, Labienus proclaimed himself ampquotParthian Emperorampquot of Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Mark Antony leaves Alexandria after receiving news of the outcome at Perusia while en route to Phoenicia, he sets sail for Italy meeting the ambassadors of Sextus Pompey in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Athenodorus a philosopher, encounters a ghost in Athens.  This popular story is one of the first of the poltergeist stories in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Pacorus crosses with help of Quintus Labienus the Euphrates and invades  Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, the Parthians takes Phoenicia and Judea, the fortified city of Tyre can not besiege because they have no fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Parthians conquer Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is removed from power, while Antigonus the Hasmonean becomes king of Judea under Parthian rule. Herod the Great flees Jerusalem to Rome. There he is titled king of Judea by Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "The ''Ji Jiu Pian'' dictionary published in this year during the Han Dynasty is the earliest known reference to the hydraulic-powered trip hammer device.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-39", "description": "Marcus Antonius dispatched Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor, he retreats into Syria, where he received Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-39", "description": "Publius Ventidius defeats Pharnastanes with his cataphracts at the Amanus Gates, and goes on to reclaim Syria, Phoenicia and Judea. Labienus flees to Cilicia, where he is captured and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-39", "description": "Sextus Pompey, styled himself ampquotson of Neptuneampquot, controlled Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Peloponnesus is recognized by the Triumvirate in the Pact of Misenum. The pact helped to assure Rome's grain supply, the blockade on Italy is lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": " Octavian marries Livia while she is still pregnant from a recently broken marriage. Octavian gained permission from the College of Pontiffs to wed her while she was still pregnant from another husband. Three months after the wedding she gave birth to a second son, Nero Claudius Drusus, while he and his elder brother, the four-year-old Tiberius, lived in Octavian's household.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": "Octavian appointed Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa governor of Transalpine Gaul, where he put down an uprising of the Aquitanians. He also fought successfully against the Germanic tribes, and becoming the next Roman general to cross the Rhine after Julius Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": "Mark Antony, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus and Marcus Lepidus sign the ''Treaty of Tarentum'' (or 37 BC), extending the Second Triumvirate until 33 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": "Parthian invasion into Roman Syria Publius Ventidius Bassus defeats Pacorus, at the crossing of the Euphrates in the Battle of Cyrrhestica. Ventidius lays siege to '''Antiochus of Commagene''' in Samosata until relieved by Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/01", "description": " Beginning of the Hispanic era, by orders of Octavian Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Titus Statilius Taurus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Agrippa created the harbour ampquotPortus Juliusampquot in the today submersed town of Puteoli (the modern Pozzuoli, close to Naples). The port is used to train the warships for naval battles, a new fleet is built, with 20,000 oarsmen gathered by freeing slaves. He also incorporated on quinqueremes a technical innovation the ''harpax'' (ampquotsnatcherampquot) a combination ballista and grappling hook, based on the corvus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian engineered the ampquotSecond Pact of Tarentumampquot which renewed the Triumvirate for an additional five years. Mark Antony exchanged 120 ships, for service against Sextus Pompeius. Octavian Caesar gives 1,000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20,000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Antony reorganized Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raised troops from his allies Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest, both positions seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "The kingdom of Goguryeo in Korea is founded by the king Dongmyeong. (traditional date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": " Battle of Naulochus: Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. He escaped with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "Marcus Lepidus lands 12 legions from Africa and lays siege to Lilybaeum. He lost his army to Octavian when his men mutinied, Lepidus is kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "Agrippa received the unprecedented honor of a Naval Crown (''corona navalis''), wrought of gold and decorated with the prows of ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "October ampampndash Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, marries Cleopatra VII and is still married to Octavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "Judea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, becomes High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who had only held the position for one year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "OctoberampampndashDecember ampampndash The Han Dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This led to half a century of peace between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enraged them in the year 10, resuming hostilities between both sides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Gellius Publicola and Marcus Cocceius Nerva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "Publius Canidius Crassus invaded Armenia and Iberia (Georgia) he forced Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "June ampampndash Mark Antony launches a major offensive against the Parthians, he marches with 10 legions and 10,000 cavalry to Carana in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "July ampampndash Octavian's fleet (102 warships) embarked from Puteoli and tried to invade Sicily, it is caught in a storm and forced to return at Vibo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "August ampampndash Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, an admiral of Octavian Caesar, secures the Lipari Islands and harass the coast  from Mylae to Tyndaris. Octavian transport his legions via Leucopetra to Tauromenium (modern Taormina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "Antony crosses the frontier into Media Atropatene and commences the siege of Phraaspa. He established a line of circumvallation and built siege engines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Illyria becomes a Roman province. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian conducts a rendezvous with the Roman fleet under Marcus Vipsanius, which is engaged in clearing the Dalmatian coast of piracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Pannonia is attacked by Octavian Caesar who conquered and sacked the stronghold Siscia (Sisak) of the Segestani, which is taken after a 30-day siege. The country is however, definitely subdued until 9 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Sextus Pompeius defeats with three legions Gaius Furnius, the governor of Asia, and seized Nicaea and Nicomedia (modern Izmit).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Marcus Titius arrived in Syria with a large army and marched to Asia Minor, Sextus is caught in Miletus and executed without trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Azes I, Indo-Scythian ruler, completed the domination of the Scythians in northern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacified Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regained Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Mark Antony becomes Roman Consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Scribonius Libo. The latter is replaced with Aemilius Lepidus Paullus during the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Antony advances into Armenia with an expeditionary force (16 legions) and marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Autumn ampampndash The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt he declared Caesarion, Caesar's legitimate son as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus.  Alexander Helios received Armenia and Media, to Cleopatra Selene{{Disambiguation needed|date=July 2011}} he gives the kingdoms of Cyrenaica and Libya. His youngest son Ptolemy Philadelphus received the Egyptian possessions in Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. Antony established Cleopatra as a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria and gives her the title of ampquotQueen of Kingsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavian delivered in the Roman Senate a speech, ''de summa Republica'', in which he subjected the Donations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "The second term of the Second Triumvirate expired. Marcus Vipsanius built the Aqua Julia, one of the aqueducts on which Rome's water supply depended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "Mark Antony annexed the kingdom of Media and arranged the marriage of his son Alexander Helios with princess Iotapa, the daughter of king Artavasdes I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "The Kinambroi surrendered to Octavian", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "Crown Prince Ao ascends the throne as Emperor Cheng of Han", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Spring ampampndash Final War of the Roman Republic: Mark Antony transferred his headquarters from Samos to Athens, he assembled a fleet of 500 combat vessels and 300 transport ships, crewed by 150,000 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Sparta under Caius Iulius Eurycles, whose father Antony had ordered to be executed for piracy, declared his support for Octavian. Lappa (modern Argyroupoli) in Attica and Kydonia in Crete revolts against Cleopatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "July ampampndash The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West: Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swears an oath (''sacramentum'') of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forced the  high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which give information over the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Winter ampampndash Antony distributes garrisons along the west coast of Greece, stations the fleet at Actium and establishes his headquarters at Patrae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Zacynthus is held by Gaius Sosius, Methone (Messenia) by Bogud of the royal house of Mauretania, driven into exile by his brother Bocchus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": " Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats the naval forces under Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "The Egyptian fleet (60 warships), including Cleopatra's treasure ship retreats to Taenarus, Antony transferred his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "Winter ampampndash Octavian (thirty-two years old) takes court at Samos. After his decisive victory at Actium he builds Nicopolis, the city is populated by Greeks from settlements further inland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "In the Judean Desert on an isolated rock plateau, fortress Masada is completed. Herod the Great builts an armory, barracks, storehouses and a palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "The Hellenistic period ends (or AD 14 by some scholars).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the third time. His partner is Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, replacing Mark Antony", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Octavian crosses the Strait of Otranto and lands with an army (15 legions) at Panormus in Dalmatia. He marched to Toryne in the south, and established a bridgehead at the Gulf of Ambracia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa sailed with 300 war galleys to the western Peloponnese, and occupied strategic positions around the Gulf of Corinth to cut off Antony's line of communication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Antony alerted by Octavian's presence, sets up camp on the southern shore, at the promontory of Actium. He dispatches a force to isolate the camp of Octavian in the valley of Louros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Agrippa stormed Leucas, given Octavian an anchorage and a second depot for his land supplies. He seized the garrison at Patrae, and taking Antony's headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Amyntas, king of Galatia, deserted with 2,000 cavalry to Octavian. One-third of Antony's oarsmen is lost to malnutrition, disease and desertion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": " Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burned the Egyptian ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian and taken back in triumph Octavia Minor raised Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her household in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "With the suicide of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the execution of Ptolemy XV Caesarion the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt comes to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "Octavian claims Cleopatra's treasure in the mausoleum at the Temple of Isis he pays the salaries of his veteran legionaries and gives them land in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow in history as the 5th century ''Book of Later Han'' stated, that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan of the Chinese Han Dynasty helped him push a ''lu che'' back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Spring ampampndash Octavian led his army to the Dardanelles he shipped them across to Asia Minor and marched into Syria, where Herod the Great send him vows of loyalty and thousands of his own troops in support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Summer ampampndash Gaius Cornelius Gallus lands in Cyrene and occupied Paraetonium, Mark Antony stormed the city walls and blockades the harbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Antony retreats his army (7 legions) to Egypt and receive the news that Pelusium, has opened its gates to Octavian without resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29/03/01", "description": " Horace writes the ode ''Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29/03/01", "description": "Composition of Aeneid by Virgil begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Octavian Caesar becomes Roman Consul for the fifth time. His partner is Sextus Appuleius. He is granted the title of imperator, and for the third time in Roman history the doors of the Temple of Janus are closed, signaling peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Octavian celebrates in Rome three triumphs on consecutive days (August 13, August 14, and August 15) to commemorate his victories in Illyricum, Actium and Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Marcus Licinius Crassus campaigns successfully in the Balkans, killing the king of the Bastarnae with his own hand, but is denied the right to dedicate the spolia opima by Octavian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Sofia, modern day capital of Bulgaria, is conquered by the Romans and becomes known as Ulpia Serdica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Start of the Cantabrian Wars against Roman occupation in Hispania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28/05/10", "description": " The earliest dated record of a sunspot by Chinese astronomers.{{cite journal|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m1310\/is_1988_Oct\/ai_6955852\/|year=1988|title=The\">http:\/\/findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m1310\/is_1988_Oct\/ai_6955852\/|year=1988|title=The<\/a> Observation of Sunspots|journal=UNESCO Courier| accessdate=2010-07-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28/05/10", "description": "The Emilius comet is said to have crashed into modern day Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the sixth time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28", "description": "The Roman Senate granted Octavian Caesar the title ''imperium maius'' (supreme commander) of the Roman armed forces (50 legions).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": " Octavian formally returns full power to the Senate, they give him the titles of ''Princeps'' and '''Augustus'''. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of '''Romulus'''.W.H. Gross, 'The Propaganda of an Unpopular Ideology,' in The Age of Augustus: Interdisciplinary Conference held at Brown University, April 30\u2013May 2, 1982, edited by Rolf Winkes (Rhode Island: Centre for Old World Archaeology and Art, 1985), 35.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduced the number of legions to 26 and creates the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Augustus formed the Classis Misenensis, based in the harbour of Portus Julius at Misenum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior into Baetica and Lusitania, and enlarges Hispania Citerior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Marcus Agrippa begins the construction of the old Pantheon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26/08/29", "description": " Christian Cross Asterism (astronomy) at Zenith of Lima, Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eighth time. His partner Titus Statilius Taurus becomes Consul for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Cleopatra Selene marries Juba II of Numidia, and as a wedding present Augustus makes her queen of Mauretania in her own right.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Tiridates II invades Parthia and issues coins dated from March and May, 26 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Gavius Silo, orator, is heard by Caesar Augustus, mentioned by Seneca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Augustus starts campaign against the Cantabrians in northern Hispania, he leads an army (8 legions) and consolidate the north-eastern region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Dioteimus Alaieus is one of the Archons of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Abgar III of Osroene is succeeded by Abgar IV Sumaqa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Osroene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty, and rules over the eastern part of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Consul for the ninth time. His partner is Marcus Junius Silanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "The temple to Neptune on the Circus Flaminius is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "Estimation: Rome, capital of the Roman Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Chang'an, capital of China.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "King Amyntas dies, Galatia becomes a Roman province. The Roman troops based there are transferred to Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "Government gives tributary states 20,000 rolls of silk cloth and about 20,000 pounds of silk floss.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-24", "description": "Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-24", "description": "Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt to commemorate his final victory over Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eleventh time. His partner is Aulus Terentius Varro Murena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Augustus relinquishes the position of consul, retains that of tribune of Rome and assumes that of ''Princeps'', or ampquotFirst Citizen.ampquot (see Roman Empire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Augustus gets seriously ill: he gives Agrippa his signet ring and grants him the title ''imperium pro consule''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "The Nubians, led by queen Candace Amanirenas, take the initiative against the Roman Empire, and attack the Roman province of Egypt moving towards Elephantine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Herod the Great builds a palace in Jerusalem and the fortress Herodian in Judaea. He also marries his third wife, named Mariamne, the daughter of high priest Simon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Following coinage reform, the as was struck in reddish pure copper, instead of bronze. The denominations of sestertius and dupondius were introduced as large bronze coins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "In response to Meroe's incursions into Upper Egypt, the Roman legions move south and raze Napata. (Early history of Sudan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Ma'nu III Saphul becomes ruler of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Osroene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "The Roman writer, architect and engineer Vitruvius finishes writing ''De Architectura'' (known today as ''The Ten Books of Architecture''), a treatise in Latin on architecture, and perhaps the first work about this discipline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Architecture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "The Roman poet Horace publishes the first three books of Odes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Poetry", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "Lucius Arruntius and Marcus Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Lucius Munatius Plancus are Censors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "The Roman governor of Egypt, Gaius Petronius, marches the Nile with legions XXII ''Deiotariana'' and III ''Cyrenaica'', and destroys the Nubian capital of Napata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "King Artaxias II returns with support of the Parthians to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him friendly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-21", "description": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella, and marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Peace treaty between Rome and Parthia, in which the captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Based on the scenes and the style of the work, the Portland Vase is believed to have been made in Alexandria some time between this year and AD 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "King Herod the Great begins renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Maison Carr\u00e9e, N\u00eemes, France, is built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Marcus Verrius Flaccus' De verborum significatu is published. It is one of the first great dictionaries in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Shakas end to control northwest India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-19", "description": "In Rome, Lucius Cornelius Balbus receives the honor of a triumph on the Forum Romanum, for his victories over the Garamantes in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-19", "description": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa completes the Aqua Virgo the aqueduct is 20 kilometers in length and supplies the city with about 100,000,000 liters of water every day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-19", "description": "The Cantabrians, living on the northernmost coast of Spain, are brought under Roman control. The region is completely subdued until 16 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Caesar Augustus introduce the Lex Julia (''Julian Laws''):", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Lex Iulia de Ambitu: Penalising bribery when acquiring political offices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Lex Iulia de Maritandis Ordinibus: Limiting marriage across social class boundaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Onjo becomes the first ruler of the Korean kingdom of Baekje (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-17", "description": "Under emperor Augustus, Rome celebrates the Secular games, for which Horace's hymn the ''Carmen Saeculare'' is commissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Publius Cornelius Scipio are Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Noricum is incorporated into the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Caesar Augustus reorganizes German provinces, makes Trier their capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Roman legate Marcus Lollius is defeated by a Germanic horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Augsburg is founded as Augusta Vindelicorum, and becomes the capital of Rhaetia Prima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Chur (Switzerland) becomes the capital of the Roman province Rhaetia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Marcus Livius Drusus Libo and Lucius Calpurnius Piso are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Nero Claudius Drusus decides to improve the passage through the Alps for military control to Noricum and Rhaetia (modern Austria). He builds the Via Claudia Augusta through Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Vienna becomes a frontier city (Vindobona) guarding the Roman Empire against the German tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Roman triremes on Lake Constance destroy fleet of the Vindelici during Rhaetia campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-14", "description": "The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus fortifies Augusta Vangionum, the modern city of Worms, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-14", "description": "Caesar Augustus makes Beeroth (modern Beirut) a colonia, named Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-14", "description": "Winter ampampndash The Roman Legio X Fretensis is stationed in Syria, the legionaries are settled at the ancient city of Beirut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero and Publius Quinctilius Varus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds the stronghold of castrum Monguntiacum, the modern city of Mainz, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "Drusus is granted governor of Gaul and mobilized a Roman army to beat the Germans back across the Rhine. He traveled to the North Sea and pays tribute to the Frisii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "The Ara Pacis Augustae (ampquotAltar of Augustan Peaceampquot), is commissioned by the Roman Senate to honor the triumphal return of emperor Augustus from Hispania and Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus and Publius Sulpicius Quirinius are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmataeians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "First official mention of ''Argentoratum'', the city now known as Strasbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Emperor Augustus is given the title Pontifex Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "King Azes II dies. The rule of the Indo-Scythians crumbles as the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who lives in Bactria expand into India to create a Kushan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Comet Halley makes an appearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-11", "description": "Quintus Aelius Tubero and Paullus Fabius Maximus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-11", "description": "Battle of the Lupia River: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus win a victory in Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-11", "description": "Drusus builds a wooden military camp Castellum Bonna near the Rhine, the Roman fortress is eventually rebuilt in stone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "Africanus Fabius Maximus and Iullus Antonius are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "The Obelisk of Montecitorio is brought from Egypt to Rome by emperor Augustus to be erected as a sundial gnomon of the Solarium Augusti, now in the Piazza Montecitorio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "The Romans build a bridge across the Rhine near Bonn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "A Roman military camp is established at Speyer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "Pannonia is incorporated in the Roman Empire as part of Illyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "The Ara Pacis (ampquotAltar of Augustan Peaceampquot), voted by the Senate four years earlier, is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "Nero Claudius Drusus begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but died soon after a fall from his horse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero continues the conquest of Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-8", "description": "King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni and fight against the Roman expansion in Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-7", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero and Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-6", "description": "Emperor Augustus sent ferrets (named '''''viverrae''''' by Plinius) to the Balearic Islands to control the rabbit plagues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-6", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero is sent to Armenia, then retires to Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-5", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-4", "description": "After the death of Herod the Great, there is unrest in his kingdom. His sons, Herod Archelaus becomes the new ruler of Judea. Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-4", "description": "The Governor of Syria, Publius Quintilius Varus, assembles three of his four legions, including Legio X Fretensis, and marched down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order. He crucifies 2,000 Jewish rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-3", "description": "King Maroboduus of the Marcomanni organized in the area later known as Bohemia a confederation of Germanic tribes, with the Hermunduri, Lombards, Semnoni and Vandals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-3", "description": "Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus commands the Roman army in Germania and crossed the Elbe. He builds the pontes longi over the marshes between the Rhine and the Ems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "Emperor Augustus is proclaimed ''Pater Patriae'', or ampquotfather of the countryampquot by the Roman Senate this bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as ''princeps'', the first in charge over the Roman state.ampref name=ampquoteck, 3ampquotampEck, Werner translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider new material by Sarolta A. Tak\u00e1cs. (2003) ''The Age of Augustus''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (hardcover, ISBN 0-631-22957-4 paperback, ISBN 0-631-22958-2).ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus, is exiled on charges of treason and adultery to Pandateria her mother Scribonia accompanies her.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "The Aqua Alsietina aqueduct is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "Phraates V becomes king of the Parthian Empire, after he and his mother ampquotthe goddess Musaampquot have murdered his father Phraates IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Emperor Augustus sent his stepson Gaius Caesar as army commander to the East and made a peace treaty with Phraates V on an island in the river Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Ovid writes the Ars Amatoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Emperor, Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by his cousin Ping of Han, a boy who is nine years old. Wang Mang is appointed regent by the Grand Empress Dowager Wang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Incarnation of Jesus (conception on 25 March and birth on 25 December), as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to most scholars (Dionysius used the word ampquotincarnationampquot, but it is not known whether he meant conception or birth).ampref name=declercq1ampGeorges Declercq, ''Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian Era'' (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000), pp.143\u2013147.ampampampref name=declercq2ampG. Declercq, ampquotDionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian Eraampquot, ''Sacris Erudiri'' '''41''' (2002) 165\u2013246, pp.242\u2013246. Annotated version of a portion of ''Anno Domini''.ampamp However, at least one scholar thinks Dionysius placed the incarnation of Jesus in the next year, AD 1.ampref name=declercq1\/ampampref name=declercq2\/amp Most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).ampampJames D. G. Dunn, ''Jesus Remembered'', Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Tiberius, under order of Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (1\u20135).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus are appointed consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Gaius Caesar marries Livilla, daughter of Antonia Minor and Nero Claudius Drusus, in an effort to gain prestige.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Quirinius becomes a chief advisor to Gaius in Armenia.  Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, whose father Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus had served as consul in 16 BC, also serves in the Armenia campaigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Areius Paianeius becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The ''Yuanshi'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Emperor Ping of Han China begins his reign and Wang Mang is re-instated as regent by Grand Empress Dowager Wang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Former regent Dong Xian commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Sapadbizes, Yuezhi prince and King of Kush (Bactria), dies. Heraios succeeds him as king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Kingdom of Aksum, centered in modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea, is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Amanishakheto, Queen of Kush (Nubia), dies.  Her son, Natakamani, becomes King of Kush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Teotihuacan culture in Mesoamerica begins (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Maya practice sacrifice and mutilation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Olmec II phase of the Olmec civilization begins San Lorenzo and La Venta grow in population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The poem ''Metamorphoses'' is written by Ovid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Livy writes his monumental ''History of Rome'' (''Ab Urbe Condita'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar.ampref name=declercq1ampGeorges Declercq, ''Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian Era'' (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000), pp.143\u2013147.ampampampref name=declercq2ampG. Declercq, ampquotDionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian Eraampquot, ''Sacris Erudiri'' '''41''' (2002) 165\u2013246, pp.242\u2013246. Annotated version of a portion of ''Anno Domini''.ampamp However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.ampref name=declercq1\/ampampref name=declercq2\/amp Despite this, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).ampampJames D. G. Dunn, ''Jesus Remembered'', Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla persuades Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates.  Rather than invade, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with the Parthians\u2014Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Using Roman military support, Artavasdes III, son of Ariobarzanes II, king of Media Atropatene, becomes the king of Armenia (to 4).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor.  It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, and falls for her.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes and introducing a pension system for retired officials. Restrictions are placed on the Emperor's mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "The first census is concluded in China after having begun the year before: final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.ampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 56ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "The rule of emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him.  Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Lucius Aelius Lamia and Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus are consuls of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Menneas becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni.  The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital from Jolbon Fortress to Gungnae Fortress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "East Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "East Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor.  At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "The ''Lex Aelia Sentia'' regulates the manumission of slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Augustus pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, along with Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed as proconsul of Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Polianus Maradonius becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia\u2014the beginning of the interregnum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Wang Mang is given the title ampquotSuperior Dukeampquotampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Nicolaus of Damascus writes the 15 volume ''History of the World''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "The Germanic Tribes of Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus and Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus, her second cousin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Wang Mang, the power behind the throne, is granted the ampquotNine Awards of Imperial Favorampquot ampampmdash a set of ceremonial robes, sceptres, weapons and privileges bestowed only on those in the most intimate relationship with the emperor. This is a further sign of the rising power of Wang  Mang.ampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces destroying the Dardani Syria is guarded by legions X ''Fretensis'', III ''Gallica'', VI ''Ferrata'', and XII ''Fulminata''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Emperor Augustus sets up a special treasury, the ''aerarium militare'' (170 million ''sestertii)'', to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus The Roman legion XX ''Valeria Victrix'' fights with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "The Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia and Pannonia start the Great Illyrian Revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "The building of a Roman fort signifies the origin of the city of Wiesbaden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Publius Sulpicius Quirinius becomes Governor of Syria and nominally of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas the Galilean, and supported by the Pharisee Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the corn rations distributed to the people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system is created to allow quicker response in the case of emergencies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Theophilus becomes Archon of Athens. There are no further records of Archons until after 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "January ampampndash Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month.ampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 66ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6/02/03", "description": " The boy emperor, Ping Di dies of unexpected causes at age 14 Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, the Ruzi Ying, age 2,ref name=wak1\/ starting the ''Jushe'' era of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6/02/03", "description": "Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6/02/03", "description": "The imperial Liu clan suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a\/k\/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting inampref name=wak1\/amp May or June.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Illyrian tribes in Pannonia and Dalmatia continue the Great Illyrian Revolt against Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus dismisses the Judean ethnarch Herod Archelaus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Tiberius Quinctilius Varus, legate, is charged with organizing Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers.  He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which create dissension among the Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Construction of the Temple of Concord begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Vonones I becomes ruler of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong), emperor.  This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. The Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": " Roman general Tiberius defeats the Illyrians in Dalmatia on the River Bathinus, but the Great Illyrian Revolt continues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced.  Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, and Lucius Apronius become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constan\u0163a).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome Eppillus becomes king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "In China, Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin Dynasty.ampampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 67ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "After completing ''Metamorphoses'', Ovid begins the ''Fasti'' (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the Roman Calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Empress Wang is given the title of Duchess Dowager of Ding'an, while Emperor Ruzi of Han, the former Emperor of Han becomes the Duke of Ding'an.  Ruzi Ying is placed under house arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Lui Kuai, Marquess of Zuziang, attacks the Dukedom of Fuchong under his brother Liu Ying.  Lui Kuai is defeated and killed in the ensuing battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).  Wang Mang names his wife Empress Wang (Xin Dynasty) and his son Wang Lin Crown Prince and heir to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Claudius marries Plautia Urgulanilla following the death of Livia Medullina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Illyria is turned into a province after the Great Illyrian Revolt is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "The Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds, following the defeat of the Roman army, under the command of Varus, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Legio II ''Augusta'', XX ''Valeria Victrix'', and XIII ''Gemina'' move to Germany to replace Legio XIX and the others destroyed at Teutoburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Ovid is banished to Tomis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the ''Lex Papia Poppaea'' is adopted in Rome.  This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection and Varus' defeat in Germany, where three Roman legions were destroyed.  This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "The Catuvellauni attack the Trinovantes and capture Camulodunum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Ovid completes Ibis (single poem).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Publius Cornelius Dolabella is a Roman consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Illyria is divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "''Senatus consultum Silanianum'' is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "The usurper Wang Mang (who rules during a brief interregnum known as the Xin Dynasty) outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. Despite this, Liu Xiu, the later Emperor Guangwu of Han, buys crossbows in the winter of 22 in order to aid the rebellion of his brother Liu Yan (styled Bosheng) and Li Tong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "The Greek dynasty in Bactria is extinguished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Elsewhere", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Ovid completes Tristia (the ampquotSorrowsampquot, 5 books) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea, 4 books) describing the sadness of banishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "Germania Inferior and the Rhine are secured by Germanicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defense along the Rhine and the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "Artabanus II of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "In India, Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (11ampampndash29).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Augustus orders a major invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "The Armenian Artaxiad Dynasty is overthrown by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Ovid stops writing Fasti because of the lack of resources (being far from the libraries of Rome).  He completes 6 books that detail festivals found in the Roman Calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "The Senate passes a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Tiberius makes his triumphant procession through Rome after the siege of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Last year (3rd) of ''Shijianguo'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Strabo publishes his book on the shape of the Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Augustus dies and is declared to be a god.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Tacitus reports that the town and port of Nauportus has been plundered by a mutinous Roman legion that was sent there to build roads and bridges.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.20ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Emperor of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Legions on the Rhine revolt after the death of AugustusampampTacitus, The Annals 1.31ampamp Germanicus and Drusus put down the revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany, beginning a campaign that will end in 16.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.49ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Germanicus leads a brutal raid against the Marsi, a German tribe on the upper Ruhr river, who are massacred.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.51ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "A census indicates that there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Claudia Marcella marries Sextus Appuleius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Sextus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius serve as Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "First year of ''tianfeng'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Famine hits China. Some citizens turn to cannibalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "The Hellenistic period ends, according to some scholars (usual date 31 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Emona (currently Ljubljana) is founded by Legio XV Apollinaris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Germanicus fights a drawn battle with Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Germanicus captures Thusnelda, the wife of Arminius.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.57ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Legio XXI ''Rapax'' is stationed in Regensburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "In Rome, the selection of civil servants passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Valerius Gratus is appointed Prefect of Iudaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "The river Tiber floods parts of Rome.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.76ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Biography of Augustus by Nicholas of Damascus is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "A Roman army of 50,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a great victory at Idistaviso, defeating the German war chief Arminius and recovering the lost eagles of Varus' legions.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.21ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Germanicus employs North Sea fleet to avoid dangerous rivers, embarking an army in the Rhine delta aboard circa 1,000 ships. He defeats the Germans at Amisius river estuary and the Weser, but during its return the Roman fleet is partially destroyed by storms.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.24ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Noricans having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Vonones, the beleaguered king of Armenia is summoned to Syria by Roman governor, Creticus Silanus.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Ovid's ampquotEpistulae ex Pontoampquot appears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": " Germanicus returns to Rome as conquering hero, he celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti and other German tribes west of the Elbe.Tacitus, The Annals 2.41", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Emperor Tiberius sends Germanicus to the east in order to lead a military campaign against Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Cappadocia (Asia Minor) becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus becomes Praetorian prefect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Beginning of a civil war in Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is defeated by Arminius and his Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army,ampref name=ampquotref1ampquotampTacitus, The Annals 2.52ampamp begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the ''Limes Tripolitanus'' a fortified zone (Limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, builds on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, the city Tiberias in honor of Tiberius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Israel", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis and damages several other cities.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.47ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Publication of the Ab Urbe condita (ampquotHistory of Rome Since its Foundationampquot) in 142 volumes by Livy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Emperor Tiberius and Germanicus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "A ''vexillatio'' (sub-unit) of Legio III ''Augusta'' is destroyed by an ambush in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "The German chieftain Arminius destroys the kingdom of the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Winter ampampndash Germanicus Caesar arrived in Syria, as new commander in chief for the Roman East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, ignored the order of Germanicus to send Syrian-based legions, including Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis, to Armenia to back him in his planned coronation of Artaxias III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Germanicus conclude a peace treaty with Artabanus II of Parthia, in which he is recognized as king and friend of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "After a flooding of the Yellow River farmers are forced to rebel. Emperor Wang Mang reacts by sending an army (some 100,000 men) against the agrarian rebels. The rebel leaders, concerned that during battle it would become impossible to tell friend from foe, order that their men color their eyebrows red ampampndash and this is where the name Chimei (ampquotThe Red Eyebrowsampquot) comes from.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda.  This ends the threat to the Romans from German tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Germanicus Julius Caesar, commander in chief of the Roman legions in the East and beloved by the legionaries, dies of poisoning. On his deathbed he accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Emperor Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso of having assassinated her husband Germanicus Julius Caesar in Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "A Triumphal Arch is built for Germanicus Julius Caesar in Saintes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Vonones I of Parthia is removed to Cilicia and kept under house arrest. He escaped, but is caught and killed by a retired legion veteran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Last year (6th) of ''Tianfeng'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "First flying machine, according to the Hanshu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "Servius Sulpicius Galba is a Roman praetor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "Emperor Tiberius is forced to order an investigation and a public trial in the Roman Senate, for the murder of Germanicus. Fearing he will be found guilty, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "First year of ''Dihuang'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "Philo defines philosophy as the maidservant of theology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "Revolt of the Aedui under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir, suppressed by Gaius Silius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "Emperor Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi in southern Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "Barracks are constructed for the Praetorian Guard on the Quirinal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "King Daeso of Dongbuyeo is killed in battle against the armies of Goguryeo, led by its third ruler, King Daemusin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "The manufacture of pens and metal writing tools begins in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "It is the ninth year of the emperor Tiberius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "The consuls are Decimus Haterius Agrippa and Gaius Sulpicius Galba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Marcus Cocceius Nerva and Gaius Vibius Rufinus are consuls ''Ex Kal. Jul.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Drusus Julius Caesar receives the ''tribunicia potestas'' (tribunician power).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Beginning of Later Han Dynasty in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Greek geographer Strabo publishes ''Geography'', a work covering the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus ampampndash it is the only such book to survive from the ancient world.ampamp{{cite book|last=Roller|first=Duane W.|title=The building program of Herod the Great|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20934-3|page=65|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=2ZsB1yQOmyECampamppg=PA65ampampdq=Strabo+publishes+Geography+23#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=2ZsB1yQOmyECampamppg=PA65ampampdq=Strabo+publishes+Geography+23#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Emperor Tiberius' son Julius Caesar Drusus dies.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Matthew|title=Encyclopedia of the Roman empire|year=2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4562-4|pages=187\u2013188|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA187ampampdq=Julius+Caesar+Drusus+died+23#v=onepageampampq=Julius%20Caesar%20Drusus%20died%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA187ampampdq=Julius+Caesar+Drusus+died+23#v=onepageampampq=Julius%20Caesar%20Drusus%20died%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>  From that point forward, he seems to lose interest in the Empire and occupies himself with the pursuit of pleasure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus begins to dominate the Roman Senate and Tiberius, after the death of Drusus.ampamp{{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lesley|last2=Adkins|first2=Roy A.|title=Handbook to life in ancient Rome|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5026-0|page=23|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA18ampampdq=Lucius+Aelius+Sejanus+senate+23#v=onepageampampq=Lucius%20Aelius%20Sejanus%20senate%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA18ampampdq=Lucius+Aelius+Sejanus+senate+23#v=onepageampampq=Lucius%20Aelius%20Sejanus%20senate%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Gaius Asinius Pollio and Gaius Antistius Vetus become consuls.ampamp{{cite book|last=Sherk|first=Robert Kenneth|title=The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33887-5|page=73|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=blVB5qsbnwICampamppg=PA73ampampdq=Gaius+Asinius+Pollio+Gaius+Antistius+Vetus#v=onepageampampq=Gaius%20Asinius%20Pollio%20Gaius%20Antistius%20Vetusampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=blVB5qsbnwICampamppg=PA73ampampdq=Gaius+Asinius+Pollio+Gaius+Antistius+Vetus#v=onepageampampq=Gaius%20Asinius%20Pollio%20Gaius%20Antistius%20Vetusampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Liu Xuan, a descendant of the Han Dynasty royal family and leader of insurgents against the Xin Dynasty, proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.ampamp{{cite book|last=Giele|first=Enno|title=Imperial decision-making and communication in early China: a study of Cai Yong's Duduan|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05334-1|page=218|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=pb5veqFrpvICampamppg=PA218ampampdq=Liu+Xuan+emperor+23#v=onepageampampq=Liu%20Xuan%20emperor%2023ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=pb5veqFrpvICampamppg=PA218ampampdq=Liu+Xuan+emperor+23#v=onepageampampq=Liu%20Xuan%20emperor%2023ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "July ampampndash After being under siege for two months, about 19,000 insurgents under Liu Xiu defeat 450,000 of Wang Mang's troops in the Battle of Kunyang, ushering in the fall of Wang Mang and restoration of the Han Dynasty in China.ampamp{{cite book|last=Schram|first=Stuart R.|title=Mao's road to power: revolutionary writings 1912\u20131949|year=1992|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-457-5|page=366|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=K8K7b_nC6BsCampamppg=PA366ampampdq=Battle+of+Kunyang+23#v=onepageampampq=Battle%20of%20Kunyang%2023ampampf=false|volume=1}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=K8K7b_nC6BsCampamppg=PA366ampampdq=Battle+of+Kunyang+23#v=onepageampampq=Battle%20of%20Kunyang%2023ampampf=false|volume=1}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "The Roman war against Numidia and Mauretania ends with their annexation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Servius Cornelius Cethegus and Lucius Visellius Varro become consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Charmides becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Tacfarinas' revolt in Africa is repressed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "King Yuri ascends to the Silla (Korea) throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "End of the Masinissa line of the rulers of Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Philo declares that the Old Testament is the eternal law of God.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Emperor Tiberius settles a dispute between Messenia and Sparta over the Ager Dentheliales on Mount Taygetus, awarding the land to Messenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus unsuccessfully attempts to marry the widow of Drusus Julius Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, Marcus Asinius Agrippa become consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "The Han dynasty is restored in China as Liu Xiu proclaims himself Emperor, starting the ''Jianwu'' era (until 56).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Luoyang becomes the capital of the '''''Houhan''''' or Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Pomponius Mela formalizes the climatic zone system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "26", "description": "Pontius Pilate is appointed as prefect of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "26", "description": "Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri, leaving the Praetorian Guard under Lucius Aelius Sejanus in charge of the Roman Empire and the city of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "26", "description": "Romans crush an uprising of Thracian tribesmen.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.46-4.51ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi become Roman consuls.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.62ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Fire in Rome.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "A poorly built amphitheatre in Fidenae collapses, killing 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.63ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Apricots are brought to Rome from Asia.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "An Arc of Triumph is erected in Rimini, in honor of Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Baptism of Jesus, according to one dating scheme. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "Roman legions in Germania are transported by fleet to fortress of Flevum on the Rhine to operate against the rebellious Frisians.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.73ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Germania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "The Frisians negotiate a treaty with the Romans at the River Rhine, avoiding conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Germania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "King Daru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "According to the Book of Luke, the ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus began in this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "29", "description": "The Romans capture Serdica (modern Sofia), named after the Celtic tribe the Serdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "29", "description": "Agrippina the Elder is exiled to the island of Pandataria, and her sons (except Caligula) are imprisoned by Lucius Aelius Sejanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "29", "description": "Jesus baptized by John the Baptist (see 27).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "The Romans found the city of Tournai in Belgium.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "The Kushan Empire is founded (approximate date).{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "30 April  - After being condemned to death by the Jewish court known as the Sanhedrin Jesus of Nazareth is crucified at Golgotha {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "The Sermon on the Mount (according to proponents of the 33 theory, although 27 or 28 is more likely). Jesus speaks to his disciples and a large crowd.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Good Friday) ampndash Crucifixion of Jesus (suggested date, but it is also suggested that he died on April 3, 33).<a href=\"http:\/\/www.johnpratt.com\/items\/docs\/newton.html\">http:\/\/www.johnpratt.com\/items\/docs\/newton.html<\/a> johnpratt.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Probable beginning of pontificate of Saint Peter (in Catholic reckoning, until 64).{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables, and composes some of his own.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus is named co-Consul to the Emperor Tiberius.  However, Tiberius becomes aware of Sejanus' treachery and has him arrested and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Good Friday) ampndash Crucifixion of Jesus (according to one dating scheme).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard after Sejanus is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Tiberius returns to Rome from Capri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Jared conquers the Babylonians according to the Dead Sea Scrolls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Saint Peter traditionally becomes first pope (see 30 for more likely date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Symbolic interpretation of the OT by Philo (Allegory).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Crucifixion of Jesus (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "Servius Sulpicius Galba is a Roman Consul.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Matthew|title=Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire|year=2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4562-4|page=226|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA226ampampdq=Servius+Sulpicius+Galba+consul+33#v=onepageampampq=Servius%20Sulpicius%20Galba%20consul%2033ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA226ampampdq=Servius+Sulpicius+Galba+consul+33#v=onepageampampq=Servius%20Sulpicius%20Galba%20consul%2033ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "Emperor Tiberius founds a credit bank in Rome.ampamp{{cite book|last=Harris|first=W. V.|title=Rome's Imperial Economy: Twelve Essays|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-959516-7|page=238|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LLy8ckG_AC0Campamppg=PA238ampampdq=Tiberius+credit+bank+33#v=onepageampampq=Tiberius%20credit%20bank%2033ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LLy8ckG_AC0Campamppg=PA238ampampdq=Tiberius+credit+bank+33#v=onepageampampq=Tiberius%20credit%20bank%2033ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "A financial crisis hits Rome, due to poorly chosen fiscal policies. Land values plummet, and credit is increased.  These actions lead to a lack of cash, a crisis of confidence, and much land speculation.  The primary victims are senators, knights and the wealthy.  Many aristocratic families are ruined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "Although the usurpation of Wang Mang and the Chimei Rebellion are behind him, Emperor Guangwu now faces a new threat to the Han Dynasty: the Rebellion of Gongsun Shu in the Sichuan province. Gongsun's naval forces are unsuccessful against Han General Cen Peng, so Gongsun decides to fortify his position by blockading the entire Yangtze River with a large floating pontoon bridge, complete with floating fortified posts. He erects forts on both banks of the river for further missile fire and protects his barrier with a large boom. After Cen Peng is unable to break through, he constructs several ampquotcastle shipsampquot with high ramparts and ramming vessels known as ampquotcolliding swoopersampquot, which break through Gongsun's lines and allow Cen to quell his rebellion. Gongsun Shu is totally defeated three years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "35", "description": "Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "35", "description": "Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Pontius Pilate is recalled to Rome after putting down a Samaritan uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Lucius Vitellius defeats Artabanus II of Parthia in support of another clamaint to the throne, Tiridates III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Herod Antipas suffers major losses in a war with Aretas IV of Nabatea, provoked partly by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. According to Josephus, Herod's defeat was popularly believed to be divine punishment for his execution of John the Baptist. Emperor Tiberius orders his governor of Syria, Vitellius, to capture or kill Aretas, but he is reluctant to support Herod and abandons his campaign upon Tiberius' death in 37.ampampJosephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.113\">http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.113<\/a> 18.113ampampndash126 {{cite journal |last=Bruce |first=F. F. |authorlink=F. F. Bruce |year=1963\/1965 |title=Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea |journal=Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society |volume=5 |pages=6ampampndash23, pp. 17ampampndash18 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf\">http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf<\/a> |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-10-21 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Marcellus becomes governor of Judaea and Samaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Last calendar monument before a moratorium that lasts for about 3 centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/03/18", "description": " The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius's will and proclaims Caligula Roman Emperor.ref name=cambridge{{cite book|last=Bowman|first=Alan K.|last2=Champlin|first2=Edward|last3=Lintott|first3=Andrew|title=The Cambridge ancient history: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.\u2013A.D. 69|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26430-3|page=221}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/03/18", "description": "Caligula's attempt to have himself deified creates friction between himself and the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "An earthquake destroys Antioch.{{cite book|last=Downey|first=Glanville|title=A history of Antioch in Syria: from Seleucus to the Arab conquest|year=1961|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=190}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "Abilene is granted to Agrippa I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "Saint Peter founds the Syrian Orthodox Church (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "Probable year of the conversion of the Pharisee Saul of Tarsus to Christianity after a vision.  After 39 he is recognised as Saint Paul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Probable year of the marriage of Claudius and Messalina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Apion heads a deputation to Caligula to complain about the Jews in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Anti-Jewish riot breaks out in Alexandria during a visit by Agrippa I: the mob wants to place statues of Caligula in every synagogue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Phaedrus writes his popular collection of fables.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Stachys the Apostle becomes the second patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula) and Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Domitius Afer secures a consulship. Caligula ordering a floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for two miles from Baiae to the neighboring port of Puteoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Agrippa I, king of Judaea, successfully accuses Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of conspiracy against Caligula. Antipas is exiled and Agrippa receives his territory.ampampJosephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.247\">http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.247<\/a> 18.247ampampndash252 {{cite journal |last=Bruce |first=F. F. |authorlink=F. F. Bruce |year=1963\/1965 |title=Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea |journal=Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society |volume=5 |pages=6ampampndash23, p. 21 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf\">http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf<\/a> |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-10-21 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Legio XV ''Primigenia'' and XXII ''Primigenia'' are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Caligula's campaign into Germany is stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea. Even though he never even reaches Germany, Caligula proclaims himself victorious and orders a Triumph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the temple in Jerusalem.  The governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, who is responsible for erecting the statue, faces mass demonstrations by Jews of the region and manages to delay construction of the statue until the death of Caligula in 41.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "The Trung Sisters resist the Chinese influences in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "The emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Caligula starts on a campaign to conquer Britain, which fails miserably. He declares himself victorious regardless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Noricum and Mauretania are incorporated into the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus,  a senator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Approximate date of start of construction on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis.ampamp{{cite journal|last1=Fabre|first1=Guilhem|last2=Fiches|first2=Jean-Luc|last3=Paillet|first3=Jean-Louis|year=1991|title=Interdisciplinary Research on the Aqueduct of Nimes and the Pont du Gard|journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology|volume=4|pages=63\u201388}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia, opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "The Vietnamese Trung sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guangwu of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Philo teaches that all men are born free.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Orthodox Church as the first pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41", "description": "Consuls are the emperor Caligula and Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus.ampamp{{cite book|last=Burley|first=Anthony Richard|title=The Roman government of Britain|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925237-4|page=219|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=izIMUEgzjm0Campamppg=PA219ampampdq=Caligula+Gnaeus+Sentius+Saturninus#v=onepageampampq=Caligula%20Gnaeus%20Sentius%20Saturninusampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=izIMUEgzjm0Campamppg=PA219ampampdq=Caligula+Gnaeus+Sentius+Saturninus#v=onepageampampq=Caligula%20Gnaeus%20Sentius%20Saturninusampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41", "description": "Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.ampref name=ampquotCaligulaampquotamp{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Anthony A.|title=Caligula: The Corruption of Power|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-13776-5|page=170|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=H1paoJ_BN28Campamppg=PA170ampampdq=Caligula+assassinated+January+24#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=H1paoJ_BN28Campamppg=PA170ampampdq=Caligula+assassinated+January+24#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41", "description": "Claudius succeeds his nephew Caligula as Emperor.ampref name=ampquotClaudiusampquotamp{{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lesley|last2=Adkins|first2=Roy A.|title=Handbook to life in ancient Rome|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5026-0|page=21|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA21ampampdq=Claudius+emperor+January+25#v=onepageampampq=Claudius%20emperor%20January%2025ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA21ampampdq=Claudius+emperor+January+25#v=onepageampampq=Claudius%20emperor%20January%2025ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": " After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Emperor by the Senate.ref name=quotClaudiusquot \/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.ampamp{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=William Hepworth|title=The holy land|year=1865|publisher=B. Tauchnitz|page=222|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=r7EWAAAAQAAJampamppg=PA222ampampdq=Agrippa+king+of+Judea+41#v=onepageampampq=Agrippa%20king%20of%20Judea%2041ampampf=false|volume=2}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=r7EWAAAAQAAJampamppg=PA222ampampdq=Agrippa+king+of+Judea+41#v=onepageampampq=Agrippa%20king%20of%20Judea%2041ampampf=false|volume=2}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla.ampamp{{cite book|last=Moran|first=Michael G.|editor=Ballif, Michelle|title=Classical rhetorics and rhetoricians: critical studies and sources|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32178-8|page=343|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=CYykAGVyqvwCampamppg=PA343ampampdq=Seneca+the+Younger+banished+41#v=onepageampampq=Seneca%20the%20Younger%20banished%2041ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=CYykAGVyqvwCampamppg=PA343ampampdq=Seneca+the+Younger+banished+41#v=onepageampampq=Seneca%20the%20Younger%20banished%2041ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire,ampamp{{cite book|editor=Freedman, David Noel|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|year=2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-503-2|page=262|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkCampamppg=PA262ampampdq=Claudius+restores+religious+freedom+to+Jews+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkCampamppg=PA262ampampdq=Claudius+restores+religious+freedom+to+Jews+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a> but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.ampamp{{cite book|last=Scullard|first=H. H.|title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68|year=2010|publisher=Taylor ampamp Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58488-3|page=249|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=vMzvAXjq1uECampamppg=PA249ampampdq=Claudius+Jews+proselytising+Rome+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=vMzvAXjq1uECampamppg=PA249ampampdq=Claudius+Jews+proselytising+Rome+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shentong, as empress, and creates his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.ampamp{{cite book|editor1-last=Xiao Hong Lee|editor1-first=Lily|editor2-last=Stefanowska|editor2-first=A. D.|title=Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.\u2013618 C.E.|year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1750-7|pages=146\u2013147|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoCampamppg=PA147ampampdq=Emperor+Guangwu+empress+41#v=onepageampampq=Emperor%20Guangwu%20empress%2041ampampf=false|volume=3}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoCampamppg=PA147ampampdq=Emperor+Guangwu+empress+41#v=onepageampampq=Emperor%20Guangwu%20empress%2041ampampf=false|volume=3}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "The disciples of Jesus form communities after the Diaspora, especially in Damascus and Antioch.  For the first time they are called Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "The death of Caligula saves the Jewish people from being punished for resisting orders to worship his statue in the Temple of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Consuls are Emperor Claudius and Gaius Caecina Largus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "The territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "The Dalmatian legate, Furius Camillus Scribonianus, revolts but his troops defect and his rebellion quickly withers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Claudius begins construction of Portus, the harbour bears a lighthouse and is sited on the right bank of the Tiber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "The Chinese General Ma Yuan represses the rebellions of the Trung sisters in Tonkin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "25 January ampampndash Conversion of the Apostle Paul to Christianity. In reality, the exact date is unknown, but the Roman Catholic Church has chosen to commemorate this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The Roman conquest of Britain begins. Aulus Plautius lands with four legions (20,000 men) and the same number of auxiliaries at Rutupiae (modern Richborough, on the east coast of Kent) and defeats the Britons, led by Caratacus and Togodumnus, in battles on the rivers Medway and Thames. He halts at the Thames and sends for emperor Claudius, who leads the march on Camulodunum. Eleven British kings, probably including those of the Iceni and Brigantes, submit without a fight. Meanwhile, the future emperor Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west. The Romans begin to construct forts, such as at Peterborough, and a road that later becomes Ermine Street.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The Romans capture a Brythonic settlement at Kent, and rename it ''Durovernum Cantiacorum'' (modern Canterbury). They establish a Roman fort to guard the crossing of the River Stour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Consuls are the emperor Claudius (his second consulship as emperor, third in total) and Lucius Vitellius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The Romans now have complete control of the Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Warfare begins between the northern and southern Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The warrior Trung Sisters commit suicide after their resistance is defeated at Nam Viet in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Vietnam is designated a province of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Vardanes I of Parthia forces the city of Seleucia on the Tigris to surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "In Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Mark the Evangelist becomes the first Pope of Alexandria, thus establishing the Christian Church in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Pomponius Mela, Roman geographer, writes ''De situ orbis libri'' (probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus and Titus Statilius Taurus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "The emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Boudicca marries Prasutagus, king of the British Celtic tribe the Iceni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Mauretania becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "The Isle of Rhodes returns to the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Judaea is controlled by Roman governors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Cuspius Fadus, governor of Judea (44ampampndash46), suppress the revolt of Theudas who is decapitated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Pomponius Mela writes ''De situ orbis'', a geography of the Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Marcus Vinicius and Titus Flavius Sabinus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Galba becomes the commander of Legio III ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Salzburg (Juvavum) is awarded the status of a Roman ''municipium''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "The emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Emperor Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "The wealthy freedman C. Lusius Storax dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Expedition of Chinese general Ma Yuan against the Xiongnu and the Xianbei (in Manchuria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Paul of Tarsus begins his missionary travels, according to one traditional dating scheme.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "Consuls are Decimus Valerius Asiaticus and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "The settlement at Celje gets municipal rights and is named ''municipium Claudia Celeia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "A census shows that there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "Rome and its northeast border are reunited by the Danube Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "A drought and an invasion of locusts hit the Mongolian steppes, causing a famine and a revolt at Xiongnu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Consuls are the emperor Claudius and Lucius Vitellius. Claudius revives the censorship and ''ludi saeculares'' and organises the order of the Haruspices with sixty members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Cauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Publius Ostorius Scapula becomes governor of Britain, in place of Aulus Plautius. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Romans build the ''Traiectum'' fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Claudius founds the city Forum Claudii Vallensium (modern Martigny) in the Alpes Poeninae (Switzerland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Musselburgh is founded in Roman Britain (Scotland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Pliny the Elder sees military service in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Ananias becomes high priest in Judaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Paul starts his evangelistic work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Consuls are Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "The emperor Claudius invests Agrippa II with the office of superintendent of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "After the execution of his wife Messalina, Claudius gets senatorial approval to marry his niece, Agrippina the Younger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Vitellius is a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "The Hsiung-nu empire dissolves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "The emperor of China, Guang Wudi (Kouang Wou-Ti), restores Chinese domination of Inner Mongolia.  The Xiongnu are made confederates and guard the Northern border of the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Probable date of the Apostolic Council. Paul of Tarsus begins his first mission (approximate date, see 47).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "According to Christian legend, Martha travels to Avignon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Emperor Claudius marries his niece Agrippina the Younger (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Seneca the Younger becomes Nero's tutor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Melankomas is the boxing champion at the 207th Olympic Games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Nero becomes engaged to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fianc\u00e9 Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus with incest. He is brought before the Senate and sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a ''colonia'' for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium (St Albans) is probably established as a ''municipium'' the same year. A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "New Testament book Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is probably written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Christianity spreads into Europe, especially at Rome and at Philippi (probable date according to chronology derived from the ''Acts of the Apostles'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Cologne is raised to the status of a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Romans learn the use of soap from the Gauls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Utrecht is founded, a Roman fortification (''castellum'') is constructed at the Rhine border in the present-day Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Claudius adopts Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "In Judea a Roman soldier seized and burned a Torah-scroll. Procurator Cumanus had the culprit beheaded, calming down the Jews and delaying for two decades the outbreak of their  revoltampampFlavius Josephus, ampquotAnt.ampquot xx. 5, \u00a7 4 ampquotB. J.ampquot ii. 12, \u00a7 2.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula begins his campaign against the recalcitrant Silures of south Wales, who are led by the former Catuvellaunian prince Caratacus. London (''Londinium''), Exeter (''Isca Dumnoniorum''), Tripontium (near modern Rugby) and the fort of Manduessedum (near modern Atherstone) are founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Roman emperor Claudius appoints Agrippa II governor of Chalcis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Romans built a wooden bridge across the Thames in the London area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Iazyges settle in the Hungarian plain to the east of the Tisza River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Tocharian or Yue-Chi tribes are united under the Kushan leader Kujula Kadphises, thus creating the Kushan Empire in Afghanistan and northern India. (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Christianity is introduced throughout Nubia by a high official of Queen Judith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Epistle to the Romans is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Apostles hold the Council of Jerusalem (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Hero of Alexandria invents a steam turbine (possible date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Pamphilus of Alexandria writes a poetic lexicon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Pedanius Dioscorides describes the medical applications of plants in ''De Materia Medica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Diogenes, the Greek explorer, discovers the African Great Lakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The distinction between chronic maladies and acute illnesses is made by Thessalos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Emperor Claudius and Titus Flavius Vespasianus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Burrus, praetorian prefect (51\u201362 AD), is charged by Seneca with the education of Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula defeats Caratacus and the Silures in the territory of the Ordovices in central Wales. Caratacus seeks sanctuary with Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes in northern England, but she is a Roman ally and hands him over to Ostorius. Despite the defeat, the Silures continue to fight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "The captured Caratacus is exhibited in chains in Claudius' triumph in Rome, but his dignified demeanour persuades the emperor to spare his life and allow his family to live free in the capital for short period of time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Vonones II died after a few months he ascended to the throne, his son Vologases I of Parthia becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Paul of Tarsus begins his second mission (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "The New Testament book 1 Thessalonians is written (possible date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul supports the separation of Christianity and Judaism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Emperor Claudius attempts to control the Fucine Lake by digging a 5,6 km tunnel through ''Monte Salviano'', requiring 30,000 workers and eleven years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "In Rome a law prohibits the execution of old and crippled slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Ananias, a high priest in Jerusalem, is sent to Rome after being accused of violence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Barea Soranus is ''consul suffectus'' in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Pliny the Elder writes his account of the German wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Tiridates I, brother of Vologases I, comes to power in Armenia as an adversary of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula dies while campaigning against the Silures of south Wales. Following his death, the Roman Second Legion are heavily defeated by the Silures. His replacement is Aulus Didius Gallus, who quells the rebellion and consolidates the gains the Romans have so far made, but does not seek new ones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "The ''Yuejue Shu'', the first known gazetteer of China, is written during the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel the Marthoma Church, the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, the Indian Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East claim descent from him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Roman emperor Claudius removes Agrippa II from the tetrarchy of Chalcis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus and Quintus Haterius Antoninus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Claudius secures a senatorial decree that gives jurisdiction in financial cases to imperial procurators.  This marks a significant strengthening of imperial powers at the expense of the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Nero marries Claudia Octavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Claudius accepts Nero as his successor, to the detriment of Britannicus, his son by his first wife, Valeria Messalina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Distinct fellowships within the reign of centricles fall to the dominion of Gaulic barbarians, which provoked an enclave uprising in the foothills of what are now the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Evodius succeeds Saint Peter as Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Seneca writes the tragedy ''Agamemnon'', which he intends to be read as the last chapter of a trilogy including two of his other tragedies, ''Medea'' and ''Edipus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": " Roman emperor Claudius dies, possibly after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece, and is succeeded by Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Nero attempts to prohibit the gladiatorial games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Under Nero, Rome annexes Aden to protect the maritime route between Alexandria and Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Two centurions are sent to the south of Egypt to find the sources of the Nile, and possible new provinces. They report that while there are many cities in the desert, the area seems too poor to be worthy of conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo arrives in the East and take up an assignment as governor of Asia, with a secret brief from Nero and his chief ministers Seneca and Burrus to return Armenia to the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Corbulo inspects in Syria a base of Legio X Fretensis at Cyrrhus, the Roman legionnaires are demoralized by a ampquotlong peaceampquot. Many soldiers have sold their helmets and shields.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Corbulo recruits Syrian auxiliary units in the region and stationed them in border forts, with orders from Nero not to provoke the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Violence erupts in Caesarea regarding the a local ordinance restricting the civil rights of Jews, creating clashes between Jews and pagans. The Roman garrison, made up of Syrians, takes the side of the pagans. The Jews, armed with clubs and swords, meet in the marketplace. The governor of Judea, Antonius Felix, orders his troops to charge. The violence continues and Felix asks Nero to arbitrate.  Nero, sides with the pagans and relegates the Jews to second-class citizens. This decision does nothing but increase the Jews' anger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "In Britain, Venutius leads a revolt against his ex-wife Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes and a Roman ally. Governor Aulus Didius Gallus sends her military aid, and after some indecisive fighting a legion commanded by Caesius Nasica defeats the rebels (approximate date \u2013 some time between 52 and 57).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Winter ampampndash Domitius Corbulo marched his legions (Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X) into the mountains of Cappadocia and made camp. He gives the men a harsh training, twenty-five-mile marches and weapons drills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Judea is returned piecemeal to Agrippa I's son Marcus Julius Agrippa between 48 and 54.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Patriarch Onesimus succeeds Stachys the Apostle as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Paul of Tarsus begins his third mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Apollos, a later assistant of Paul, is converted to Christianity in  Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "Roman emperor Nero is also a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "Agrippina the Younger is expelled from the imperial palace by her son Nero, who installs her in Villa Antonia in Misenum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "The Roman jurist Sabinus writes three books on the rights of citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "The apostle Paul writes his First Epistle to the Corinthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "56", "description": "War between Rome and Parthia breaks out due to the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I, who had replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "56", "description": "Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "56", "description": "The ''Jianwu'' era of the Eastern Han Dynasty changes to the ''Jianwuzhongyuan'' era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Envoys from Cilicia come to Rome to accuse their late governor, Cossutianus Captio, of extortion the Roman Senate is supported in the case by Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Roman emperor Nero is also a Roman consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "In Britain, Quintus Veranius Nepos becomes governor in place of Aulus Didius Gallus. He begins a campaign against the Silures of south Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Also in Britain Venutius begins his rebellion against his wife Cartimandua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Oldest evidence of writing in Japan (see Hanko).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Accession of Chinese emperor Han Mingdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Accession of the Silla king Talhae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "A Japanese king sends an ambassador to China.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Paul of Tarsus writes his Second Epistle to the Corinthians and his Epistle to the Romans (probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Roman emperor Nero and Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "The friendship between Nero and Marcus Salvius Otho ends when they both fall in love with Poppea Sabina, and Otho is sent to Lusitania as governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Roman-Parthian War: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, commander in the East, launched his Armenian offensive against Parthia. He led a Roman army (four legions) through the mountainous country of Armenia, against the fortress at '''Volandum''', to the southwest of Artaxata. After a siege of eight hours Corbulo takes the city, the legionnaires massacred the defenders and plunder Volandum to their hearts' content.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Corbulo marched to Artaxata crossing the Aras River, along the valley he is shadowed by tens of thousands of mounted Parthian archers led by king Tiridates I. The city opened its gates to Corbulo, just as it had to Germanicus four decades before. When he takes the 250-year-old Armenian capital, Corbulo gives the residents a few hours to collect their valuables and burns the city to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "The Ficus Ruminalis begins to die (see Rumina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "In Thuringia conflict between two Germanic tribes erupts over access to water.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola, age 18-year old, is serving as a military tribune in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and is attached to Legio II ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Start of ''Yongping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Ming-Ti, new emperor of China, introduces Buddhism to China and the West Indus Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "In China, sacrifices to Confucius are ordered in all government schools.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "The apostle Paul is arrested in Jerusalem, and is imprisoned in Caesarea. He then invokes his Roman citizenship and is sent to Rome to be judged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "St. Paul writes his Epistle to the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus retires from the Roman Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Emperor Nero ordered the murder of his mother Agrippina the Younger. He tries to kill her through a planned shipwreck, but when Agrippina survived Nero has her executed and frames it as a suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman commander in the east, captures Tigranocerta in Mesopotamia. He installed Tigranes VI, a Cappadocian prince, as ruler of Armenia. For the next four years, a cohort from Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis is stationed in the capital as bodyguard to the king, supported by fifteen hundred auxiliaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "In the Satyricon, Petronius pokes fun at Roman immorality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Paul the Apostle pleads his case and testifies of Christianity before king Agrippa II.  It was at this event when Agrippa gave his famous response to Paul's testimony, ampquot''You almost persuade me to be a Christian''.ampquot ampampNew Testament, Acts 26ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "In the Satyricon, Petronius pokes fun at Roman immorality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Romans build the first London Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made a will and left his kingdom to his two daughters and emperor Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The Icenian chiefs are deprived of their hereditary estates, the Roman army annexed East Anglia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Boudica, widow of Prasutagus, is flogged and then forced to witness the public rape of her daughters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads a campaign on the island of Mona (Anglesey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Boudica joins the British Celtic tribes in revolt, along with the Cornovii, Durotriges and Trinovantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The rebels defeat Legio IX Hispana and destroyed the capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Boudica sacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Thousands of civilians are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Nero send an expedition to explore the historical city Mero\u00eb (Sudan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The Rhoxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The First Epistle of Peter, if by Saint Peter, is probably written between this year and c. 64.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Paul of Tarsus journeys to Rome, but is shipwrecked at Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first Bishop of Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Hero of Alexandria writes ''Metrica'', ''Mechanics'', and ''Pneumatics''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "60\u201379 ampampndash House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Publius Petronius Turpilianus and Lucius Caesennius Paetus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "The Druidic stronghold of Anglesey in north Wales is attacked and destroyed by Suetonius Paulinus (Tacitus, Annals xiv 30).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Verulamium (St Alban) is sacked and burnt by the Britons. Roman citizens are molested and killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, leads a Celtic revolt in Britain. She is defeated in the Battle of Watling Street by a Roman wedge formation. According to the First Century Roman historian Tacitus, she died by poisoning herself so she would not be enslaved by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus. Cassius Dio, on the other hand, tells an alternative version of Boudica's death, simply saying that she ampquotfell sick and died.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "After defeating the Iceni, the Romans continue the process of Romanizing Britain.  They create Roman-style cities, install a Roman administration and build roads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Galba becomes governor of Hispania Tarraconensis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Emperor Nero marries for the second time, to Poppaea Sabina, ex-wife of Marcus Salvius Otho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "After the death of Burrus and the disgrace of Seneca, Nero, free from their influence, becomes a megalomaniacal artist fascinated by Hellenism and the Orient. Tigellinus becomes Nero's counselor. From this time onward his rule becomes highly abusive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "A great earthquake damages cities in Campania, including Pompeii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "The Parthians invade Armenia and lay siege to Tigranocerta. The city is well-fortified and garrisoned by the Romans. The assault fails and king Vologases I retreats. Instead, he makes preparations to invade Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo strengthens the fortifications on the Euphrates frontier. He builds a strong flotilla of ships equipped with catapults and a wooden bridge across the river, which allows him to establish a foothold on the Parthian shore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Lucius Caesennius Paetus advances towards Tigranocerta, but by lack of supplies he makes camp for the winter in the fortress at Rhandeia in northwestern Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Vologases I leads the Parthian army in a full-scale assault on the Euphrates, Legio X Fretensis and men of the other two legions (Legio III Gallica and Legio VI Ferrata) defending the eastern bank of the river, fighting off a desperate attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Battle of Rhandeia: The Roman army (two legions) is defeated by the Parthians under king Tiridates I. Paetus surrenders and withdraws his disheveled army to Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "A violent storm destroys 200 ships in the port of Portus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Lucan writes a history of the conflict between Julius Caesar and Pompey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "The making of ''Still Life'', a detail of a wall painting from Herculaneum, begins (finished in 79). It is now kept at Museo Nazionale in Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Paul of Tarsus is imprisoned in Rome (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Vespasian becomes governor of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia he invaded Armenia and defeated Tiridates I, who accepted Roman sovereignty Parthia withdrew from the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Pompeii the city at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, is heavily damaged by a strong earthquake. Fearing an eruption of the volcano, many of the 20,000 inhabitants leave their homes in a panicked flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "According to history, Joseph of Arimathea goes to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Aulus Cornelius Celsus writes a dictionary (encyclopedia) on the arts and sciences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": " Great fire of Rome: A fire begins in the merchant area of Rome and soon burns completely out of control, while emperor Nero allegedly plays his lyre and sings as he watches the blaze from a safe distance. There is no hard evidence to support this claim: fires were very common in Rome at the time. The fire destroys close to one-half of the city and it is officially blamed on the Christians, a small but growing religious movement. Nero is accused of being the arsonist by popular rumour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "In Rome, persecution of early Christians begins under Roman Emperor Nero. Saint Peter is among those executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Nero proposes a new urban planning program based the creation of buildings decorated with ornate porticos, the widening of the streets and the use of open spaces. This plan will not be applied until after his death in 68.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Lyon sends a large sum of money to Rome to aid in the reconstruction. However, during the winter of 64\u201365, Lyon suffers a catastrophic fire itself, and Nero reciprocates by sending money to Lyon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Phoenicia becomes part of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "The Kushan sack the town of Taxila (in present-day Pakistan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "The year the First Epistle of Peter is traditionally believed to be written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Seneca proclaims the equality of all men, including slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Gaius Calpurnius Piso conspires against Roman emperor Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Cestius Gallus becomes legate of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class considerably, Nero engages in a series of reprisals against Seneca, Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Nero kills his pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, with a kick to the stomach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "The Gospel of Matthew is probably written between 60 and this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. Mark begins to write his gospel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Thaddeus, also called Saint Jude in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Simon the Canaanite in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": " Emperor Nero creates the legion I ''Italica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Jewish Revolt (66\u201370 AD) commences against the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Zealots lay siege on Jerusalem and annihilate the Roman garrison (a cohort of Legio III).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Sicarii capture the fortress of Masada overlooking the Dead Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 28,000 soldiers to put down the Jewish rebellion. Among the units are Legio III Gallica, Legio XII Fulminata and Legio XXII Primigenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "November ampampndash Gallus succeeds in conquering Beit She'arim ampquotthe new cityampquot, but is unable to take the Temple in Jerusalem. He retreats to the coast, but is surrounded at Beth-Horon and nearly wiped out by the Zealots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Gallus arrives in Caesarea, with six thousand men and numerous standards, including the eagle of Legio XII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Roman Legion II ''Augusta'' is stationed at Gloucester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Suetonius Paullinus becomes a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Baekje invades Silla in the Korean peninsula, and captures Castle Ugok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The First Epistle to Timothy is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Dioscorides writes his ''De Materia Medica'', a treatise on the methodical treatment of disease by use of medicine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Halley's Comet is visible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Vindex revolts, first in a series of revolts that lead to Nero's downfall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Gaius Licinius Mucianus replaces Cestius Gallus as governor of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Province of Iudaea (Judea): Titus Flavius Vespasianus arrives in Ptolemais, along with Legio X Fretensis and Legio V Macedonica to put down the Jewish Revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Vespasian is joined by his son Titus, who brings Legio XV Apollinaris from Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxiliaries and troops of king Agrippa II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Jewish leaders at Jerusalem are divided through a power struggle, a brutal civil war erupts, the Zealots and the Sicarii execute anyone who tries to leave the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Siege of Jotapata and massacre of its 40,000 Jewish inhabitants. The historian Josephus, leader of the rebels in Galilee, is captured by the Romans. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Fall of the Jewish fortress of Gamla in the Golan to the Romans and massacre of its inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Nero travels to Greece, where he participates in the Olympic Games and other festivals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Sardinia becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Nero, jealous of the success of Corbulo in Armenia, orders that he be put to death. Corbulo literally ampquotfalls on his swordampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Martyrdom of apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Pope Linus succeeds Saint Peter as the second pope (in Catholic reckoning).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68", "description": "Final year that Tacitus records ''Annals'', a written history of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/08", "description": " The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": " Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide four miles outside Rome. He is deserted by the Praetorian Guard and then stabs himself in the throat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Legio I ''Macriana liberatrix'' and Legio I ''Adiutrix'' are created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Lucius Clodius Macer revolts against emperor Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, father of Trajan, becomes consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Trajan moves to Scythopolis and crosses the Jordan River with Legio X Fretensis. He lays siege to Jericho and destroys the monastery of Qumran, where the Dead Sea Scrolls are originated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "The Roman Senate declares Nero as a ''persona non grata''.  In the line of succession, Galba follows Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Winter ampampndash Titus sets up camp at Jericho and the Romans cut off escape routes toward Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Venutius successfully deposes his wife Cartimandua and becomes the ruler of the Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "An iron chain suspension bridge is constructed in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Buddhism officially arrives in China with the building of the White Horse Temple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Ignatius of Antioch becomes the third bishop of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "The Gospel of Mark is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "The Essenes place the Dead Sea Scrolls in the caves at Qumran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69", "description": "The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian succeed each other as emperor during the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/01", "description": " The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuses to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebelled and proclaims Vitellius as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/10", "description": " Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is adopted by Galba and appointed to deputy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/15", "description": " Galba and his adopted son Piso are murdered by the Praetorian Guard on the Roman Forum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/15", "description": "Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaims himself emperor, and reigns for three months before committing suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/15", "description": "Marcus Trebellius Maximus, governor of Britannia, is forced the flee to Gaul after a mutiny of Legio XX ''Valeria Victrix'' at Deva Victrix (Chester).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/04/14", "description": " First Battle of Bedriacum: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions Otho commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/04/17", "description": " After the Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/04/17", "description": "Marcus Vettius Bolanus becomes the new governor of Britain and faced a second insurrection of Venutius, king of the Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/07/01", "description": " Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": " Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under the leadership of Gaius Julius Civilis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "German warbands cross over to join the revolt and attack the fortress at Mainz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier Fectio and Traiectum (modern Utrecht) are destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "In Gallia Belgica ''cohors II Tungrorum'', raised from the inhabitants of Atuatuca Tungrorum in the north-west of the Ardennes Forest revolt against the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "The Danubian legions of Raetia and Moesia proclaims Vespasian as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/10/24", "description": " Second Battle of Bedriacum: Flavians under Antonius Primus defeat the Vitellians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": " Vitellius is captured and murdered by the Gemonian stairs. Vespasian becomes emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "Judea: The Jewish Revoltampampnbsp\u2013 Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem, the city is captured the following year by his son Titus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "Josephus, Jewish rebel leader, is dragged before Vespasian and becomes his historian. He ampquotprophesiedampquot him his elevation to the purple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "Legio I ''Macriana liberatrix'' is disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "The Flavian dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus Caesar Vespasian become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Vespasian starts the building of the Colosseum the amphitheatre is used for gladiatorial games and public spectacles, such as sea battles, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas of Classical mythology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Panic strikes Rome as adverse winds delay grain shipments  from Africa and Egypt, producing a bread shortage. Ships laden with wheat from North Africa sail 300 miles to Rome's port of Ostia in 3 days, and the 1,000 mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Sextus Julius Frontinus is praetor of Rome. Legio II ''Adiutrix'' is created from marines of Classis Ravennatis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in ''Gallia Narbonensis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/04/14", "description": " Siege of Jerusalem: Titus surrounds the Jewish capital, with three legions (V ''Macedonica'', XII ''Fulminata'' and XV ''Apollinaris'') on the western side and a fourth (X ''Fretensis'') on the Mount of Olives to the east. He puts pressure on the food and water supplies of the inhabitants by allowing pilgrims to enter the city to celebrate Passover and then refusing them egress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/05/10", "description": " Titus opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem, he concentrates his attack on the city's Third Wall (HaHoma HaShlishit) to the northwest. The Roman army tries to breach the wall using ''testudos'', mantlets, siege towers, and battering rams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/05/25", "description": " The Third Wall of Jerusalem collapses and the Jews withdraw from Bezetha to the Second Wall, where the defences are unorganized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/05/30", "description": " Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. The Jewish defenders retreats to the First Wall. The Romans built a circumvallation, all trees within fifteen kilometres of the city are cut down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/07/20", "description": " Titus storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Romans are drawn into street fighting with the Zealots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": " Titus destroys the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Roman troops are stationed in Jerusalem and abolish the Jewish high priesthood and Sanhedrin. This becomes known as the Fall of Jerusalem, a conclusive event in the First Jewish-Roman War (the Jewish Revolt), which began in 66 AD. Following this event, the Jewish religious leadership moves from Jerusalem to Jamnia (present day Yavne), and this date is mourned annually as the Jewish fast of Tisha B'Av.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "AugustampampndashSeptember ampampndash Titus assaults the Temple Mount and detroys Herod's Palace in the Upper City of Jerusalem. Jewish resistance ends on September 26.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Neapolis (present day Nablus) is founded in Iudaea Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Naval clashes on the Rhine during the Batavian Revo crew of a captured Roman flagship is imprisoned at Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Roman legions V ''Alaudae'' and XV ''Primigenia'' are destroyed by the Batavi. Later, Quintus Petillius Cerialis puts down the Batavian rebellion of Gaius Julius Civilis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Vespasian disbanded four Rhine legions (I ''Germanica'', IIII ''Macedonica'', XV ''Primigenia'' and XVI ''Gallica''), disgraced for having surrendered or lost their eagles during the revolt of Julius Civilis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Later Roman Emperor Domitian marries Domitia Longina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Romans make a punitive expedition against the Garamantes \u2013 they are forced to have an official relationship with the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Annexation of the island of Samothrace by the Empire under Vespasian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "India sees the end of the Hellenistic dynasties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Expedition by the Roman Septimius Flaccus to southern Egypt. He probably reaches Sudan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Ze-Hak\u00e8l\u00e9 (Zoscales in Greek) becomes king of Aksum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Avignon becomes the seat of a bishopric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Members of The Oneida Community, a now non-existent religious group formed in the Nineteenth Century, believed this was the year Jesus Christ returned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "The Romans establish a fortress at York (Eboracum), as a base for their northern forces. Initially established solely for ''Legio IX Hispana'', expansion later includes public housing, baths and temples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Battle of Stanwick: Quintus Petillius Cerialis, governor of Britain, puts down a revolt by the Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Emperor Vespasian and Marcus Cocceius Nerva are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Cerialis defeats Claudius Civilis at the Battle of Treves, thus quelling the Batavian rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Titus is made praetorian prefect of the Praetorian Guard and receives pro-consular command and also tribunician power, all of which indicates that Vespasian will follow the hereditary tradition of succession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Herodium, Jewish fortress south of Jerusalem, is conquered and destroyed by ''Legio X Fretensis'' on their way to Masada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Reign of Rabel II, king of Nabataea. He makes Bostra, Syria, his scond capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Use of locks with keys of clever design begins in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Mithraism begins to spread throughout the Dari0 Empire .", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Antiochus IV of Syria is deposed by emperor Vespasian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Vespasian and Titus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "First Jewish-Roman War: The Roman army (''Legio X Fretensis'') under Lucilius Bassus lay siege to the Jewish garrison of Machaerus at the Dead Sea. After they capitulate the Zealots are allowed to leave the fortress, before it is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "The Romans lay siege to Masada, a desert fortress held by Jewish victims of the Sicarii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Foundation of ''Flavia Neapolis'' (Nablus).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Construction on the Colosseum in Rome begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Spring ampampndash The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end in 70 of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (''Legio X Fretensis)'' surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and built a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in Hispania Tarraconensis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Titus Flavius Domitianus becomes Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Emperor Vespasian begins conquest of territory east of the upper Rhine and south of the Main. In addition, he reorganizes the defenses of the upper and lower Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "February ampampndash The Chinese Han Dynasty launches a major campaign against the Xiongnu, whom they confront in the Battle of Yiwulu in the Kumul oasis, an ultimate Han military victory led by General Dou Gu (d. 88).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Ban Chao (Pan-Ch\u2019ao), competing with the Xiongnu, imposes a Chinese protectorate on the kings of Lop Nor and Khotan in the Tarim basin, with the aim of controlling the Silk Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Martial writes a satire on ampquotmilitary cowardiceampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "Emperor Vespasianus and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "The Black Forest region is reattached to the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "The Chinese reestablish a protectorate of the Western Regions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "Chinese generals Dou Gu (Teou Kou) and Geng Bing (Keng Ping) take control of Turpan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "Mesopotamia: The last known cuneiform text is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Emperor Vespasianus and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Temple of Peace, also known as the ''Forum of Vespasian'', is built in Rome. The tempel celebrates the conquest of Jerusalem (in 70) and  houses the Menorah from Herod's Temple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Vespasian fortified Armazi (Georgia) for the Iberian king Mithridates I. The Alans raid the Roman frontier in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Sextus  Julius Frontinus becomes governor of Britannia and make his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Frontinus begins his conquest of Wales, ''Legio II Augusta'' is moved to the border of the River Usk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Caerwent is founded by the Romans as the market town of ''Venta Silurum'', a settlement of the Silures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Accession of Han Zhangdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Revolt against the Chinese in Tarim: Cachera and Turpan are besieged. Luoyang orders the evacuation of Tarim. Ban Chao makes the rebels retreat towards Khotan. At the same time, the Chinese army of Ganzhou reconquers Turpan in Northern Xiongnu. Ban Chao convinces the emperor of the need to control Central Asia in the fight against Xiongnu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Emperor Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Governor Sextus Julius Frontinus subdues the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a fortress at Caerleon or Isca Augusta for Legio II ''Augusta'' and makes a network of smaller forts for his auxiliary forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "First year of ''Jianchu'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Chinese historian Ban Gu develops a theory of the origins of the universe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Pope Anacletus I succeeds Pope Linus as the third pope (according to the official Vatican list).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola is named governor of Britannia, a post he occupies until 84. He extends the Roman influence to the mouth of the River Clyde (Scotland) and built fortifications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Agricola subdues the Ordovices in Wales and pursues the remnants of the tribe to Anglesey, the holy island of the Druids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "The Caledonian tribes in Scotland are formed in a confederacy of 30,000 warriors under the leadership of Calgacus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "A Roman squadron, sent by Agricola, explores the north of Scotland for the first time, discovering the Orkney and Shetland Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Winter ampampndash Agricola conquers Anglesey and disperses his army to their winter quarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "King Giru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Pliny the Elder publishes the first ten books of ''Naturalis Historia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "The Romans develop a simple method of distillation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Romans conquer the Ordovices, located in present-day northern Wales, as well as the Silures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola replaces Sextus Julius Frontinus as governor of Roman Britain which leads to the eventual taming of the Welsh tribes of Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces the Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscribe Javanese words and phrases, to the Indonesian islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Emperor Kadphises of the Kushan Empire, sends a delegation to Rome for seeking support against the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "This is the base year (year zero) of the '''Saka era''' used by some Hindu calendars, the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar. It begins near the vernal equinox for the civil solar calendar, but begins opposite the star Spica for the traditional solar calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Kanishka, reigns over the Tocharian Empire of Kusana (Afghanistan and Northern India). He is a renowned conqueror and wise administrator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Pacorus II is king of Parthia (78\u2013115).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "The philosopher Wang Chong (Wang-Tchoung) claims all phenomena have material causes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Philosophy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79", "description": "Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/06/23", "description": " Vespasian dies of fever from diarrhea, his last words on his deathbed are: ''quotI think I'm turning into a god.quot'' Titus succeeds his father as Roman emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": " Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae and Oplontis. The Roman fleet based at Misenum, commanded by Pliny the Elder, evacuates refugees but he dies after inhaling volcanic fumes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Emperor Titus dedicates the famous Roman Colosseum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Chester is founded as a ''castrum'' or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix. The fortress is built by Legio II Adiutrix and contains barracks, granaries, military baths and headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola enters Caledonia (modern Scotland) but is resisted by the Caledonians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Agricola founds Mamucium, a frontier fort and settlement in the North West of England.  This was the first Manchester, a distance to the east of Chester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "To please the Senate, Titus exiles his Jewish mistress, Berenice of Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "A commission of scholars canonizes the text of works of Confucius and his school.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Emperor Titus inaugurates the Colosseum with 100 days of games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The earliest stage of Lullingstone Roman villa is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The Roman occupation of Britain reaches the River Tyne\u2013Solway Firth frontier area. Gnaeus Julius Agricola creates a fleet for conquest of Caledonia, he finally proves that Britannia is an island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Legio II Adiutrix is stationed at Lindum Colonia (modern Lincoln). The city is an important settlement for retired Roman legionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The original Roman Pantheon is destroyed in a fire, together with many other buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The Eifel Aqueduct is constructed to bring water {{convert|95|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Eifel region to Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensum (modern Cologne).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola begins his invasion of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Some 30,000 Asian tribespeople migrate from the steppes to the west with 40,000 horses and 100,000 cattle, joining with Iranian tribespeople and with Mongols from the Siberian forests to form a group that will be known in Europe as the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The aeolipile, the first steam engine, is described by Hero of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles are written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "Domitian succeeds his brother Titus as emperor. Domitian is not a soldier like his two predecessors, and his administration is directed towards the reinforcement of a monarchy.  By taking the title of Dominus (ampquotlordampquot), he scandalizes the senatorial aristocracy. Romanisation progresses in the provinces, and life in the cities is greatly improved.  Many provincials ampampndash Spanish, Gallic, and African ampampndash become Senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "The Arch of Titus is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "Pliny the Younger is ''flamen Divi Augusti'' (priest in the cult of the Emperor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius rises to 92 percent under emperor Domitian, up from 81 percent in the reign of Vitellius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Roman emperor Domitian becomes Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth, the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX ''Hispana'' at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in and put them to flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Calgacus unites the Picts (30,000 men) in Scotland and is made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Dio Chrysostom is banished from Rome, Italy, and Bithynia after advising one of the Emperor's conspiring relatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Domitian levies Legio I ''Minervia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (83 or 84).  According to Tacitus, 10,000 Britons and 360 Romans are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Roman emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe.  His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Inchtuthil, Roman fort built in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Domitian is again also a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Possible date that Demetrius of Tarsus visited an island in the Hebrides populated by holy men, possibly druids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "In Rome, the castration of slaves is prohibited.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (83 or 84), in which Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Emperor Domitian recalls Agricola back to Rome, where he is rewarded with a triumph and the governorship of the Roman province Africa, but he declines it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Pliny the Younger is ''sevir equitum Romanorum'' (commander of a cavalry squadron).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "The construction of the Limes, a line of Roman fortifications from the Rhine to the Danube, is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Through his election as consul for ten years and censor for life, Domitian openly subordinates the republican aspect of the state to the monarchical.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Domitian increases the troops' pay by one third, thus securing their loyalty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Change of ''Jianchu'' era to ''Yuanhe'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Dacians under Decebalus engage in two wars against the Romans from this year to 88 or 89.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Emperor Domitian repulses a Dacian invasion of Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Domitian appoints himself censor for life, which gives him the right to control the Senate.  His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy firmly in opposition to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Baekje invades the outskirts of Silla in the Korean peninsula. The war continues till the peace treaty of 105.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Emperor Domitian introduces the Capitoline Games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "The Roman General Trajan, future emperor, begins a campaign to crush an uprising in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Germany is divided into two provinces, Upper Germany and Lower Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Roman legions face disaster in Dacia in the First Battle of Tapae, when Cornelius Fuscus, Praetorian prefect, launches a powerful offensive that becomes a failure.  Encircled in the valley of Timi, he dies along with his entire army. Rome must pay tribute to the Dacians in exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Dacia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Ban Gu (Pan Kou) and his sister Ban Zhao (Pan Tchao) compose a History of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "The Roman Maternus arrives in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "Lyon, a city in Gaul, has a population of over 100,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "Sextus gains power in the senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "Decebalus becomes king of Dacia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Two Egyptian obelisks are erected in Benevento in front of the Temple of Isis, in honour of emperor Domitian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Quintilian retires from teaching and from pleading, to compose his great work on the training of the orator (''Institutio Oratoria'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "The First Dacian War ends: Decebalus becomes a client king of Rome, he receives money, craftsmen and war machines to protect the borders (Limes) of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Emperor Han Zhangdi dies at age 31 after a 13-year reign in which Chinese military forces have become powerful enough to march against tribes who threaten their northern and western borders. Having used intrigue as well as armed might to achieve his ends. Zhangdi and his General Pan Chao have reestablished Chinese influence in Inner Asia, but court eunuchs have increased their power during the emperor's reign. Zhangdi is succeeded by his 9-year old son Zhao, who will reign until 105 as emperor Han Hedi, but he will be a virtual pawn of Empress Dou (adoptive mother) and scheming courtiers who will effectively rule the Chinese Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Last year (4th) of ''yuanhe'' era and start of ''zhanghe'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Pope Clement I succeeds Pope Anacletus I as the fourth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Legio XIII ''Gemina'' is transferred to Dacia to help in the war against Decebalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Aquincum (old Budapest, \u00d3buda) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "First year of ''Yongyuan'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "June ampampndash The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian (d. 92), allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu in the Battle of Ikh Bayan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Polycarpus to Plutarch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Publication in Syria or Phoenicia{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} of the Gospel of Matthew by a converted Jewish scholar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "The Romans build a small garrison in the suburbs of modern Regensburg (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Pliny the Younger's appointment as urban quaestor ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Emperor Domitian and Nerva are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Cologne becomes the capital of Germania Inferior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "A humiliating peace is bought by Domitian from Decebalus of Dacia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Artabanus III king of Parthia dies after a 10-year period in which he has challenged the suzerainty of Pacorus II, who will continue his reign until 105 AD", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Continuing his conquest of the Tarim basin, Chinese General Ban Chao defeats the Kushan led by Kanishka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Young Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at Musei Capitolini, Rome (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "The Roman epic poet Gaius Valerius Flaccus dies, having written works that include the ''Argonautica'', describing the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Drafting of The Gospel of John and the Acts of the Apostles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Traianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "Pliny the Younger is named a ''tribunus plebis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "The Chinese government reestablishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "Rome is described by Statius in his poems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "Roman emperor Domitian becomes a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "The Marcomanni are defeated by the Romans at the Danube. However, they are not entirely subdued.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "A coalition of Dacians and Rhoxolani Sarmatians completely slaughtered the Legio XXI ''Rapax'' at Tropaeum Traiani, modern Romania, in the First Battle of Adamclisi", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Dacia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "Pliny the Younger is named a ''Praetor''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "Josephus completes his ''Jewish Antiquities'' (or in 94).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "Emperor Domitian persecutes the Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "The Xianbei incorporates 100,000 Xiongnu in Mongolian steppe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia (meeting place of the Roman Senate), which had burned down in 64.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "Domitian bans philosophers from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "The Chinese General Ban Chao completes his conquest of the Tarim Basin by taking Yanqi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "The Roman poet Statius retires to Naples from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Domitian execute senators out of paranoiac fears that they are plotting to kill him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Manius Acilius Glabrio is commanded by Domitian to descend into the arena of the Colosseum to fight a lion. After he kills the animal, the crowd greets him with applause, but the emperor banished and put him to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Sextus Julius Frontinus is appointed superintendent of the aqueducts (''curator aquarum'') in Rome. At least 10 aqueducts supply the city with {{convert|250|e6USgal|m3}} of water per day, the public baths used half the supply.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "In Rome a severe form of malaria appears in the farm districts and will continue for the next 500 years, taking out of cultivation the fertile land of the Campagna, whose market gardens supply the city with fresh products. The fever drives small farmers into the crowded city, they bring the malaria with them, and lowers Rome's live-birth rate while rates elsewhere in the empire rising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Latest date for the writing of The Book of Revelation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": " Emperor Domitian is stabbed to death by a freedman at age 44 after a 15-year reign in a palace conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard. The Flavian dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Nerva is declared emperor by the Senate as the new ruler of the Roman Empire. He recalls citizens exiled by Domitian, this is the beginning of the Era of the Five Good Emperors. The Antonines dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Under Nerva, the Roman Senate regains much of the power usurped by Domitian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Marcus Ulpius Traianus becomes governor of Upper Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Construction begins on the Forum of Nerva in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "The Arch of Titus is completed in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "End of the period covered by Tacitus in his ''Histories''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "The Book of Revelation is written (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "A schism in Buddhism creates a new, popular religion in India, mah\u00e2y\u00e2na (Grand Vehicle).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": " Emperor Nerva recalls his general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, age 44, from the German frontier and is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt him as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Tacitus advances to consulship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "The Roman colony of Cuicul is started in Numidia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official governmental body of the Jews, and the patriarch or ''nasi'' is designated as the representative of the Jewish people in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Chinese general Ban Chao orders his lieutenant, Gan Ying, to establish regular relations with the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Pope Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope (according to Catholic tradition none of the Popes until the mid second century is certain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98", "description": "Emperor Nerva suffers a stroke during a private audience. Shortly after he dies of a fever at his villa in the Gardens of Sallust.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": " Nerva is succeeded by his adopted son Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "Trajan is the first Roman Emperor born in Italica, near Seville. A brilliant soldier and administrator, he enters Rome without ceremony and wins over the public.  Continuing the policies of Augustus, Vespasian and Nerva, he restores the Senate to its full status in the government.  He has a specific vision of the Empire, and keeps a close watch on finances. Taxes, without any increase, are sufficient during his reign to pay the considerable costs of the budget.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "The informers used by Domitian to support his tyranny are expelled from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "In order to maintain the Port of Alexandria, Trajan reopens the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "Carrying out an idea of Nerva's, Trajan begins a form of state welfare aimed at assuring that poor children are fed and taken care of.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "Tacitus finishes his ''Germania'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius rises to 93 percent under emperor Trajan, up from 92 percent under Domitian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "99", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Emperor Trajan and Sextus Julius Frontinus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Bricks become the primary building material in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Pliny the Younger advances to consulship, giving his panegyric on Trajan in the process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Tiberius Avidius Quietus' rule as governor of Roman Britain ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Timgad (Thamugas), a Roman colonial town in North Africa is founded by Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Trajan creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Lions have become extinct in the Balkans by this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Pakores (last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom) takes the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Paper is used by the general populace in China, starting around this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Hopewell tradition begins in what is now Ohio circa this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Teotihuacan, at the center of Mexico, reaches a population of 50,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Moche civilization emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "In China, the wheelbarrow makes its first appearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Main hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, is made (until 112).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Appearance of the first Christian dogma and formulas regarding morality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written around this date.ampamp''Asimov's Guide to the Bible'', page 954.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The compilation of the Kama sutra begins in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Fourth Buddhist Council is convened circa this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "Emperor Trajan starts an expedition against Dacia, exceeding the limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "The Second Battle of Tapae is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "Epictetus writes and publishes ''The Discourses''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "The Tibetans introduce their Buddhist Religion into Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "Plutarch writes his ''Parallel Lives of Famous Men'' (in Greek \u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9) containing fifty biographies, of which 46 are presented as pairs comparing Greek and Roman celebrities\u2014for example Theseus and Romulus, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, Demosthenes and Cicero.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Lucius Licinius Sura become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Emperor Trajan returns to Rome after a successful campaign against Dacia, through which he reestablishes clear Roman sovereignty over king Decebalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Trajan divides Pannonia into two provinces sometime between this year and 107.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "The port of Portus is enlarged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Having organised the territories of the Tarim basin, Chinese general Ban Chao retires to Luoyang, and dies shortly thereafter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "The presence of sugar in the urine is interpreted as a sign of illness in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "Emperor Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "Pliny the Younger becomes a member of the college of Augurs (103\u2013104).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "Legio X ''Gemina'' moves to Vienna, where it remains until the 5th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "In Palmyra, Syria, a Temple of the Sun is erected to the god Baal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Pliny the Younger is a member of the college of Augurs (103\u2013104).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Nijmegen is renamed ''Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "A fire breaks out in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Trajan gives the order to have the Alc\u00e1ntara Bridge built over the Tagus River at Alc\u00e1ntara (Hispania), constructed by the architect '''Lacer'''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Apollodorus of Damascus builds a stone bridge over the Danube more than 1,000 meters (3,280 ft) long, almost 20 meters high (65 ft) and 15 meters wide (49 ft). The bridge connects what is now Serbia with Romania (at the time known as Dacia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "In India, figures of Buddha replace abstract motifs on decorative items.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Emperor Trajan starts the second expedition against Dacia, he leaves with the Imperial Roman fleet from Brundusium. Permanent ''castrum'' of Legio II Adiutrix at Aquincum (modern Budapest) in Pannonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Legio XXX ''Ulpia Victrix'' and II ''Traiana Fortis'' are created by Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "The Romans conquer Kerak from the Nabateans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Pacorus II of Parthia dies after a 27-year reign in which he has reclaimed all of his empire. His successor Vologases III reigns until 147 AD, suppressing brief rebellions as he battles against the Kushan and Alani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence. Empress Deng Sui placed her son Shang Di (barely 3 months old) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Last year (17th) of ''yongyuan'' era and start of ''yuanxing'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "A peace treaty is signed between Baekje and Silla in the Korean peninsula (the war started in 85).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Papermaking is refined by the Chinese eunuch Cai Lun, who receives official praise from the emperor for his methods of making paper from tree bark, hemp, remnant rags and fishnets. Paper had been made in China from the 2nd century BC, but Cai Lun's paper provides a far superior writing surface than pure silk and is much less costly to produce. Bamboo and wooden slips, will remain the usual materials for books and scrolls in most of the world for another 200 years, and paper will remain a Chinese secret for 500 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "The Trajan Bridge is finished. For more than a thousand years, it is the longest arch bridge in the world to have been built, in terms of both total and span length.ampampIn terms of overall length, the bridge seems to have been surpassed by another Roman bridge across the Danube, Constantine's Bridge, a little-known structure whose length is given with 2437 m ({{harvnb|Tudor|1974b|p=139}} {{harvnb|Galliazzo|1994|p=319}}).ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Pope Alexander I succeeds Pope Evaristus as the sixth pope \u2013 traditionally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Plutarch to Patriarch Sedecion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Ignatius writes a letter to Christians in Smyrna (around this year) where the term Catholic Church is used. This is the earliest surviving witness to the use of the term ampquotCatholic Churchampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Emperor Trajan conquers the Dacian Fortresses of the Or\u0103\u015ftie Mountains and surrounds the capital, Sarmizegetusa. The Dacians are defeated in the Battle of Sarmizegetusa, the city is encircled with a circumvallation line. When the Romans destroyed the water pipes, king Decebalus flees and commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "In August 11, the south-eastern part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. The veterans of the legions are given land in the new province for their service in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Trajan annexes Nabataean Arabia (with its capital Petra) as a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Aelian writes his ''Taktike Theoria'' (probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Change of Han Hedi to Han Shangdi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. First and the only year of ''yanping'' era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Change of Han Shangdi to Han Andi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Emperor Trajan divides Pannonia into two portions sometime between 102 and this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "An Indian ambassador is received by Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "First year of ''yongchu'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Han Andi (An-ti, Ngan-ti), a young man, becomes emperor of China, giving power to Empress Deng Sui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Suish\u014d, King of Wa (Japan), sends 160 slaves as presents to the Emperor An of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Bagan (in present-day Burma) is founded by Thamudarit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "108", "description": "Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Appius Bradua become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "108", "description": "In Rome, the opening of ampquotDoctor's officesampquot replaces ampquothouse callsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "108", "description": "Tacitus writes ''Histories'', which covers the period from 69 to 96.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109", "description": "The Baths of Trajan built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus are dedicated during the ''Kalends''. The ''thermae'' are constructed on the platform of the Palace of Nero (Domus Aurea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": " The Aqua Traiana is inaugurated by emperor Trajan, the aqueduct channels water from Lake Bracciano, {{convert|40|km|mi|sp=us}} north-west of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": "Osroes I of Parthia succeeds his brother Pacorus II and rules over the western Parthian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": "Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": "The Christian Church proclaims itself to be universal (catholic).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "The Roman Empire has more than {{convert|75,000|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "The Forum of Trajan is constructed in Rome by the Syrian architect Apollodorus of Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "Tacitus is named proconsul of the province of Asia (110\u2013113).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "Caravans make regular departures from Luoyang with Chinese ginger, cassia (a type of cinnamon), and silk to be bartered in Central Asia for gold, silver, glassware, pottery, cloth, and intaglio gems from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "Suetonius publishes ''Of illustrious men (De viris illustribus)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "111", "description": "Emperor Trajan sends Pliny the Younger as governor (''legatus Augusti'') to Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "111", "description": "The Indian Emperor Cenguttuvan invades the Kushan Empire and defeats Kanishka and his brother Vijaya at Quilaluvam (near Mathura).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Emperor Trajan and Titus Sextius Africanus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Publius Cornelius Tacitus is Governor of the Roman province of Asia, Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Hadrian succeeds Gaius Julius Cassius Steirieus as archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Salonina Matidia receives the title of Augusta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "King Jima succeeds King Pasa as ruler of Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Emperor Trajan sails from Rome to begin his expedition against Parthia. He arrives in Athens where Parthian envoys greets him with olive branches, a sign of peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Trajan builds Trajan's Column near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate his victory over the Dacians in the Second Dacian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Osroes I of Parthia violates the treaty with Rome by installing a puppet ruler in Armenia. The 60 year old emperor, Trajan, marches east without first attempting to use diplomacy to resolve the disagreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Trajan declares Armenia to be annexed and becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Basilica Ulpia is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Last (7th) year of ''Yongchu'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "ampquotPattini dheivamampquot worship is inaugurated in Kannagi Temple in Chera Kingdom in South India, by Emperor Cenkuttuvan the function is attended by GajaBahu, king of Central Srilanka (Mahavamso).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "The Arch of Trajan is erected in Benevento.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "The kingdom of Osroene becomes a vassal kingdom of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia and northern Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "A monument to Philopappos, prince-in-exile of old Commagene (a buffer-state between Rome and Parthia) is erected in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "First year of ''Yuanchu'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Sedecion to Patriarch Diogenes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Emperor Trajan is cut off in southern Mesopotamia after his invasion of that region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Trajan captures the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Jews in Egypt and Cyrene ignite a revolt (Kitos War) against the rule of the Roman Empire, which spreads to Cyprus, Judea, and the Roman province of Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Alexandria in Egypt is destroyed during the Jewish-Greek civil wars. Marcus Rutilius Lupus, the Roman governor, sends Legio XXII Deiotariana to protect the inhabitants of Memphis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "A revolt breaks out in Britain the garrison at Eboracum (York) is massacred.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "The Pantheon of Agrippa is reconstructed in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Lusius Quietus, Trajan's governor of Judea, begins a brutal campaign to maintain the peace in the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "An earthquake destroys Apamea and Antioch in Syria. The local bishop is held responsible (he will be martyred and remembered as St. Ignatius).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Pope Sixtus I succeeds Pope Alexander I as the seventh pope according to Catholic biographies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan makes Syria a province of Rome and crosses the Tigris to annex Adiabene. He proceeds with his army to the Persian Gulf and conquers territory that becomes the province of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place. Parthamaspates Romanizes his name to ''Parthicus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan sends two expeditionary forces. One, consisting of elements of Legio III Cyrenaica, to suppress the revolt in Judea and the other Legio VII Claudia to restore order on Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan sends ''laureatae'' to the Roman Senate on account of his victories and being  conqueror of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Quintus Marcius Turbo sailes to Alexandria and defeates the Jews in several pitched battles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Jewish uprising against Rome fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117", "description": "Trajan subdues a Jewish revolt (the Kitos War), then falls seriously ill, leaving Hadrian in command of the east.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117", "description": "On his death bed, Trajan adopts Hadrian and designates him as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": " Emperor Trajan dies of a stroke at Selinus in Cilicia, age 63, while en route from Mesopotamia to Italy. Leaving the Roman Empire at its maximal territorial extent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Hadrian, who will reign until 138, succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Hadrian, a Spaniard like Trajan, is an excellent officer who has had a brilliant career.  He is well-cultured man, who as Emperor inaugurates a civil government,{{citation needed|date=March 2010}} giving up the policy of conquest of his predecessor in order to consolidate the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Hadrian returns large parts of Mesopotamia to the Parthians as part of a peace settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Construction begins on the Pantheon in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 87 percent under emperor Hadrian, down from 93 percent in the reign of Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "John I becomes the 7th Bishop of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "The Roman Forum commissioned by the late Emperor Trajan is completed with triumphal arches, columns, a market complex, and an enormous basilica that all of which replace hundreds of dwellings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Emperor Hadrian is also a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Rome has a population exceeding 1 million, making it the largest city in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Osroene is returned to native rule by the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Plot of the consuls:  Hadrian executes four senators, all former consuls, who had been shown to have plotted against him.  His relations with the Senate are strained.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Pantheon, in Rome, is started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "118ampampndash128 ampampndash Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts, from Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is made (approximate date). It may be a copy of painting done by the late 5th century BC Greek artist Zeuxis. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "The north-south feud between the Hun dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "The oldest known painted depiction of a wheelbarrow is found in a Chinese tomb of Chengde, Sichuan province, dated to this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Emperor Hadrian stations Legio VI ''Victrix'' in Roman Britain, to assist in quelling the resistance of a local rebellion. The legion is a key in securing the victory, and eventually replaced Legio IX ''Hispana'' at Eboracum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Hadrian also visits Britain in this year at the request of Governor of Britain Quintus Pompeius Falco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Salonina Matidia, a niece of Trajan dies, Hadrian delivers her a funeral oration and granted her a temple in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Reign in Northern India by Nahapana, Scythian king. He attacks the kingdom of Andhra and annexes Southern Rajputana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ''ab epistolis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yuanchu'' (7th year) to ''Yongning'' of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Roman settlement in present-day Wiesbaden, Germany is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Construction of the Temple of Venus and Roma begins in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Era name changes from ''Yongning'' (2nd year) to ''Jianguang'' in the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122", "description": "Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122", "description": "Vindolanda a Roman auxiliary fort (''castrum'') in northern England is garrisoned by cohort VIIII ''Batavorum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122/09/13", "description": " The building of Hadrian's Wall begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122/09/13", "description": "Hadrian gives up the territories conquered in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122/09/13", "description": "Change of era name from ''Jianguang'' (2nd year) to ''Yanguang'' of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Housesteads Fort is constructed on Hadrian's Wall north of Bardon Mill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Mug Nuadat defeats the High King of Ireland, Conn of the Hundred Battles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "In China, Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao, reestablishes the Chinese control over the Tarim Basin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "The Chinese government establishes Aide of the Western Regions over the Tarim Basin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Chinese scientist Zhang Heng corrects the calendar to bring it into line with the four seasons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "Antinous becomes Hadrian's beloved companion on his journeys through the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "During a voyage to Greece, Hadrian is initiated in the ancient rites known as the  Eleusinian Mysteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "In northern India, Nahapana, king of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Andhra Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of Ksahar\u00e2tas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "The Pantheon is constructed in (Rome) as it stands today by Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Emperor Hadrian establishes the Panhellenion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Hadrian distributes imperial lands to small farmers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Plague sweeps North Africa in the wake of a locust invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Last (4th) year of the ''Yanguang'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Change of emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from Han Andi to Marquis of Beixiang, then to Han Shundi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, destroys the kingdom of Maharashtra near Bombay. He now controls central India from coast to coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Zhang Heng of Han Dynasty China invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "The Satires of Juvenal intimate that bread and circuses (''panem et circenses'') keep the Roman people happy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Pope Telesphorus succeeds Pope Sixtus I as the eighth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "126", "description": "First year of the ''Yongjian'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome after a seven year voyage to the Roman provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Minucius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "Kanishka I starts to rule in Kushan Empire (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "The philosopher Carpocrates rejects ownership of private property as being un-Christian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III ''Augusta'' stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons the legionnaires are located in the Aur\u00e8s Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden  palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Roman agriculture declines as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm and forcing many farmers off the land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Roman bakeries produce dozens of bread varieties, and the Romans distribute free bread for the poor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "King Gaeru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "The fossils of large prehistoric animals are discovered in Dalmatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Pantheon, Rome is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "129", "description": "A defense for Numidia is constructed at Lambaesis by Legio III ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "129", "description": "Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "129", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "A law is passed in Rome banning the execution of slaves without a trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Emperor Hadrian visits the cities Petra and Gerasa (Jerash).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "A Triumphal Arch for Hadrian is built in Gerasa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is started to be built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Hadrian's Gate in Antalya (Turkey) is constructed, Hadrian visits the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Huviska becomes king of the Kushan Empire in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Scythian king Rudradaman I reconquers from the Andhra the lands annexed by Gautamiputra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Basra becomes the capital of Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Claudius Ptolemaeus tabulates angles of refraction for several media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Antinous Mondragone is sculpted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "c. 130\u2013138 ampampndash Hadrian Hunting Boar and Sacrificing to Apollo, sculptural reliefs on the Arch of Constantine, Rome, are made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "c. 130\u2013138 ampampndash Antinous, from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Italy, is made. It is now kept at Museo Gregoriano Egizio, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Emperor Hadrian builds the city Aelia Capitolina on the location of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "The Praetor's Edict is definitively codifed by Salvius Julianus on Hadrian's orders.  This change means that senatorial decrees become a mere confirmation of the imperial speech (''oratio principis'') which initiated them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Reorganization of the Imperial Council: Central administration is reinforced, and administrative positions are entrusted to Knights according to a very strict hierarchy. Under the reorganization, the Roman Senate is excluded from controlling the business of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Hadrian restores the monarchist policy of Claudius and Domitian.  The equestrian order is given full legal status and attains the second order of the state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Italy is divided into legal districts managed by consuls, a direct blow to the power and prestige of the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Edict of Hadrian prohibiting the practice of circumcision. Additionally, Hadrian prohibits public reading of the Torah under penalty of death, as well as observance of festivals and the Sabbath, the teaching of ''Judaic Law'', and the ordination of rabbis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "The Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens) is completed using Cossutius' design.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea (Bar Kokhba revolt) against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by emperor Hadrian. Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "The legion X ''Fretensis'' must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. 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The legion XXII ''Deiotariana'', which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Merchants in Britain build structures outside the forts of Hadrian's Wall and offer goods and services (including brothels) to Roman soldiers, who receive salaries in a region that otherwise has virtually no ready money.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Construction begins on the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome, today known as Castel Sant'Angelo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yongjian'' (7th year) to ''Yangjia'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer for determining the exact cardinal direction of earthquakes hundreds of miles away the device employs a series of complex gears around a central swinging pendulum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "133", "description": "Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (from 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell a revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "133", "description": "Roman Empire. The Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea (132\u2013135).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing events", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "A law improving the lot of free workers is passed in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "Arrianus, Roman governor of Cappadocia, repulses an attack of the Alani, a nomadic tribe from southeastern Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Judea, begins in the summer a campaign against the Jewish rebel strongholds in the mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "The Romans retake Jerusalem. The largely destroyed city is renamed Aelia Capitolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "A university of rhetoric, law and philosophy, the Athenaeum, opens in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Architecture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "A Jewish ''diaspora'' begins as emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roman Empire. Many join Mediterranean ports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Jerusalem is renamed ''Colonia Aelia Capitolina'', in honor of Hadrian. Legio VI ''Ferrata'' rebuilds the legionary fortress in the city and constructs a Roman temple at Golgotha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "An altar to Jupiter is erected on the site of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Last (4th) year of ''Yangjia'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Epictetus writes the ''Enchiridion'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "The war against the Suebi begins.  They will be defeated by the senator Tiberius Haterius Nepos Atinas, governor of Pannonia, in 138.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Emperor Hadrian chases the Jews from Galilee and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina, the first use of the name Palestine as a designation for Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Hadrian dictates his memoirs at his villa near Tivoli (Tibur) outside Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Hadrian uncovers a new conspiracy among certain senators.  He adopts Lucius Ceionius Commodus as his heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "First year of ''Yonghe'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Eleutherius to Patriarch Felix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "137", "description": "Tax laws are passed for trade in Palmyra.ampamp{{cite book|last=Asakura|first=Hironori|title=World history of the customs and tariffs|year=2003|publisher=World Customs Organization|isbn=978-2-87492-021-9|page=90|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qlD0zOupzOUCampamppg=PT45ampampdq=tax+laws+passed+in+Palmyra+137#v=onepageampampq=world%20first%20Customs%20tariff%20of%20137%20ADampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qlD0zOupzOUCampamppg=PT45ampampdq=tax+laws+passed+in+Palmyra+137#v=onepageampampq=world%20first%20Customs%20tariff%20of%20137%20ADampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>  The caravan city grows rich by importing rare products from the Persian Gulf, and by exporting items manufactured by the Mediterranean world to the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/02/25", "description": " Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, on condition that he adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": " Hadrian dies after a heart failure at Baiae, he is buried at Rome in the Gardens of Domitia beside his wife, Vibia Sabina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "Antoninus Pius succeeds Hadrian as Roman Emperor and asks the Senate to confer divine honors for Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "Construction begins on the Theater of Philadelphia (Amman).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 75 percent under emperor Antoninus Pius, down from 87 percent under the reign of Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "139", "description": "The Tomb of Hadrian in Rome is completed, emperor Antoninus Pius cremates the body of Hadrian and placed his ashes together with that of his wife Vibia Sabina and his adopted son, Lucius Aelius in the mausoleum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "139", "description": "Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar. He marries Faustina the Younger, daughter of Antoninus Pius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "139", "description": "Antoninus Augustus Pius and Caius Bruttius Praesens become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Emperor Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Antoninus Pius recognizes the king of the Quadi, who becomes an ally of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "King Mithridates IV dies, Vologases III claims the throne and extened his rule through the Parthian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "The export of olive oil from Hispania Baetica to Rome peaks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Pope Pius I succeeds Pope Hyginus as the tenth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Marcion arrives in Rome, bringing Evangelikon and Apostolikon to the Christian community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Ptolemy completes his Almagest (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is constructed in Rome, the temple is dedicated to Faustina the Elder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "Last (6th) year of ''Yonghe'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Felix to Patriarch Polycarpus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "6th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "Emperor Antoninus Pius  orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretch 39 miles (63 km) from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans built nineteen forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "Municipal doctors are named throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "First year of the ''Hanan'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "The Chinese Taoist alchemist Wei Boyang, author of the ''Kinship of the Three'', is the first to describe an early form of gunpowder solution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "Marcion proclaims that the Old Testament is incompatible with Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "143", "description": "Antoninus Pius as Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "143", "description": "A revolt of the Brigantes tribe in Britannia is suppressed by Quintus Lollius Urbicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "143", "description": "The Roman doctor Antyllus performs the first arteriotomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "The Roman campaigns in Mauretania begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Change of era name from ''Hanan'' (3rd year) to Jiankang era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Change of emperor from Han Shundi to Han Chongdi of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Reign of Kanishka, emperor of the Kushan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Polycarpus II to Patriarch Athendodorus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Marcion of Sinope is excommunicated a sect, Marcionism, grows out of his beliefs.", 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"event": {"date": "148", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Athendodorus to Patriarch Euzois.ampamp{{cite book|last=Eder|first=Walter|last2=Renger|first2=Johannes|last3=Henkelman|first3Wouter=|title=Brill's chronologies of the ancient world New Pauly names, dates and dynasties|year=2007|publisher=Brill|page=319|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=QXcqT6rFGMqViQe88v31Dgampampsqi=2ampampid=3KpmAAAAMAAJampampdq=Euzois+Patriarch+of+Constantinople+148ampampq=Euzois#search_anchor|isbn=978-90-04-15320-2}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=QXcqT6rFGMqViQe88v31Dgampampsqi=2ampampid=3KpmAAAAMAAJampampdq=Euzois+Patriarch+of+Constantinople+148ampampq=Euzois#search_anchor|isbn=978-90-04-15320-2}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "149", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "150", "description": "The Roman town Forum Hadriani (Voorburg) receives the title of ''Municipium Aelium Cananefatium'', ampquotthe town of the Cananefatesampquot (modern Netherlands). 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Han dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "152", "description": "Minor uprisings occur in Mauritania against Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "152", "description": "Regular Roman Army campaigns end in Mauritania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "152", "description": "The Chinese domination of the Tarim Basin weakens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "153", "description": "Minor uprisings occur in Egypt against Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "153", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yuanjia'' (3rd year) to ''Yongxing'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "The king of Bosphorus, Eupator, pays tribute to Rome due to the threat posed by the Alani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "The Antonine Wall is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Last (2nd) year of ''Yongxing'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Anicetus becomes pope (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Anicetus meets with Polycarp of Smyrna to discuss the Computus, the date of Easter in the Christian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Euzois to Patriarch Laurence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "Emperor Antoninus Pius starts a new war against the Parthians who are led by Vologases IV.  The war is brief and results in an inconclusive peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "Rome states that while it will not be recognized as an official religion, Judaism must be tolerated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "To restore peace between the Jews and Romans, Antoninus relegalizes circumcision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "The Romans begin to abandon Hadrian's Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "First year of ''Yongshou'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "Pope Anicetus succeeds Pope Pius I as the eleventh pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "The Christian bishops are in disagreement regarding the date of Easter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "156", "description": "The heresiarch Montanus first appears in Ardaban (Mysia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "157", "description": "n Mesoamerica is produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "158", "description": "The earliest dated use of Sol invictus, in a dedication from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "158", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yongshou'' to ''Yangxi'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "159", "description": "The Antonine Wall is briefly abandoned due to pressure from the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "159", "description": "In India, the reign of Shivashri Satakarni as King Satavahana of Andhra begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "The Antonine Wall is retaken by Roman legions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "In Rome, the manufacturing of soap containing grease, lime and ashes begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "Appian writes \u03a1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, known in English as the ''Roman History'', in which he includes the history of each nation conquered up until the moment of its conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "The first Buddhist monks arrive in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": " Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius who shares imperial power with Lucius Verus, although Marcus retains the title Pontifex Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical, disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action.  He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavours to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favouring women and slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "The weight of a goldpiece, the aureus, is reduced from 7.81 grams under Aurelius to 7.12 grams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "Gaius' ''Institutiones'' are published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 68 percent under emperor Marcus Aurelius, down from 75 percent under Antoninus Pius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "162", "description": "Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by Vologases IV of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "162", "description": "The Antonine Wall is largely decommissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "162", "description": "Arrian publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "163", "description": "Statius Priscus reconquers Armenia Artaxata is ruined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "The governor of Syria, Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthian territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returned to the Parthians after the end of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "The Antonine Wall in Scotland is abandoned by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "A law is passed protecting property brought into a marriage by the wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "Marcus Aurelius gives his daughter Lucilla in marriage to his co-emperor Lucius Verus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "Seleucia on the Tigris is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "A Roman military operation under Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia, capturing Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians sue for peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "A pandemic known as the Antonine Plague breaks out in Rome after the Roman army returns from Parthia. The plague significantly depopulates the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Legio II ''Italica'' is levied by emperor Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Dura-Europos is taken by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "The Romans establish a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates, a control point for the commercial route to the Persian Gulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Avidius Cassius takes Nisibis and conquers the north of Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Marcus Aurelius creates four legal districts (iuridici) in Italy (5 if Rome is included).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "The philosopher Justin of Nablus is executed in Rome as a Christian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Discourse to the Greek (''Oratio ad Graecos''), by the Syrian Tatian, is the first treatise on the evils of paganism in Christian literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Dacia is invaded by barbarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons as Caesars, while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "End of the war with Parthia:  The Parthians leave Armenia and eastern Mesopotamia, which both become Roman protectorates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "A plague (possibly small pox), comes from the East and spreads throughout the Roman Empire, lasting for roughly twenty years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "The Lombards invade Pannonia (modern Hungary). They are quickly dispatched by the Roman Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "King Chogo of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Scholars who have denounced eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital and official life in Han Dynasty China. This was the first of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions, which ended in 184.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery in southern China (central Vietnam). He travels to the Chinese capital Luoyang and is greeted by Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Pope Soter succeeds Pope Anicetus as the twelfth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Laurence succeeds Alypius as  Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "Imperator Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus and Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroyed aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels the invaders, ending the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that kept the Roman Empire free of conflict since the days of emperor Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "The Vandals (Astingi and Lacringi) and the Sarmatian Iazyges invade Dacia. To counter them, Legio V ''Macedonica'', returning from the Parthian War, moved its headquarters from Troesmis in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia Porolissensis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "The Germans devastate the Balkans and ransack the sanctuary of Eleusis, near Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yanxi'' to ''Yongkang'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "King Chogo of Baekje wages war against Silla in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "168", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his stepbrother Lucius Verus leave Rome, and establish their headquarters at Aquileia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "168", "description": "The Roman army crosses the Alps into Pannonia and subdue the Marcomanni at Carnuntum north of the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "168", "description": "Change of Han Huandi to Han Lingdi of Han Dynasty first year of ''Jianning'' era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Marcomannic Wars: Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire, specifically the provinces of Raetia and Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Northern African Moors invade what is now Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Marcus Aurelius becomes sole Roman Emperor upon the death of Lucius Verus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Marcus Aurelius forced his daughter Lucilla into marriage with Claudius Pompeianus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Galen moves back to Rome for good.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Confucian scholars who had denounced the court eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital of Luoyang and official life during the second episode of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions, which did not formally end until 184 with the onslaught of the Yellow Turban Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Pertinax succeeds Alypius as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Theophilus of Antioch becomes Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Lucian demonstrates the absurdity of fatalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The Suebian tribes of the Marcomanni cross the Danube and invade northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The Marcomanni plunder Opitergium (modern Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia. This is the first time hostile forces entered Italy since 101 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in Sirmium (Pannonia) his first of 12 books of the ''Meditations'' in Koine Greek.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reached Eleusina, near Athens, and destroyed the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "An Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is erected in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The fundamental works of Ptolemy on cartography are published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius forms a new military command, the ''praetentura Italiae et Alpium''. Aquileia is relieved, and the Marcomanni are evicted from Roman territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "Armenia and Mesopotamia becomes a protectorate of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reached Eleusis, near Athens, and destroyed the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "In May or June, the orator Aelius Aristides delivered a public speech in Smyrna, lamenting the damage recently inflicted to the sacred site of Eleusis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius crosses the Danube with an expeditionary force, he subdue the Marcomanni and their allies. In a pact signed with the Germanic tribes, he imports them into occupy areas of the Roman Empire that had been depopulated by the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "The Sarmatians attack the lower Danube frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypte and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Last (5th) year of ''Jianning'' era and start of ''Xiping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Tatian produces his Diatessaron, a harmony of the four gospels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Montanism spreads through the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "173", "description": "Gnaeus Claudius Severus and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "173/06/11", "description": " Emperor Marcus Aurelius begins a campaign against the Quadi, who had broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm he defeats and subdues them in the so-called quotmiracle of the rainquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "173/06/11", "description": "Given control of the Eastern Empire, Avidius Cassius, the governor of Syria, crushes an insurrection of shepherds known as the boukoloi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "174", "description": "Empress Faustina the Younger accompanies her husband, Marcus Aurelius, on various military campaigns and enjoys the love of the Roman soldiers. Aurelius gives her the title of ''Mater Castrorum'' (Mother of the Camp).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "174", "description": "Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "174", "description": "''Meditations'' by Marcus Aurelius is written, in Greek, while on military campaigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Marcus Aurelius suppresses a revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, after the latter proclaims himself emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Avidius Cassius fails in seeking support for his rebellion and is assassinated by Roman officers. They send his head to Aurelius, who persuades the Senate to pardon Cassius's family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius and his wife Faustina, is named Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "M. Sattonius Iucundus, decurio in Colonia Ulpia Traiana, restores the Thermae of Coriovallum (modern Heerlenampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3308\">http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3308<\/a> Heerlen.nl ampquotDe Thermenampquot {{nl}}ampamp ) there are sources that state this happened in the 3rd century.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3217\">http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3217<\/a> Heerlen.nl ampquotSattonius Icundusampquot {{nl}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Confucian scholars try to ensure their capacity in the royal court of China.  They are massacred by the eunuchs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Pope Eleuterus succeeds Pope Soter as the thirteenth pope (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "176/11/27", "description": " Marcus Aurelius grants Commodus the rank of ''Imperator'' and makes him Supreme Commander of the Roman legions.{{cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=Marcus Aurelius: warrior, philosopher, emperor|year=2009|publisher=Bodley Head|page=400|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampid=RQ8MAQAAMAAJampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+27+November+176ampq=On+27+November+176#search_anchor}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampid=RQ8MAQAAMAAJampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+27+November+176ampq=On+27+November+176#search_anchor}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "176/12/23", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus enter Rome after a campaign north of the Alps and receive a triumph for their victories over the Germanic tribes.{{cite book|last=Long|first=George|last2=Flint|first2=W. Russell|title=The Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus|year=2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-6410-9|page=xvii|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=nlxIKJBbhqcCamppg=PR17ampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+176#v=onepageampqampf=false}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=nlxIKJBbhqcCamppg=PR17ampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+176#v=onepageampqampf=false}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "176/12/23", "description": "Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is made. It is now kept at Museo Capitolini in Rome (approximate date).ampamp{{cite book|last=Bowman|first=Alan K.|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|last3=Rathbone|first3=Dominic|title=The Cambridge ancient history: The High Empire, A.D. 70\u2013192|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26335-1|page=981|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=mhNUGgG2eacCampamppg=PA981ampampdq=Equestrian+Statue+of+Marcus+Aurelius+176#v=onepageampampq=Equestrian%20Statue%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius%20176ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=mhNUGgG2eacCampamppg=PA981ampampdq=Equestrian+Statue+of+Marcus+Aurelius+176#v=onepageampampq=Equestrian%20Statue%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius%20176ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Lucius Aurelius Commodus Caesar (age 15) and Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Commodus is given the title ''Augustus'' and is made co-emperor with the same status as his father Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Marcus Aurelius begins a systematic persecution of Christians at Rome, the followers take refuge in the catacombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Churches in southern Gaul are destroyed after a crowd accuses the local Christians of practicing cannibalism and incest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Forty-seven Christians are martyred in Lyon (Saint Blandina and Pothinus, bishop of Lyon, are among them).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Second Marcomannic War: Marcus Aurelius and Commodus begin war against the Quadi and the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Chinese troops suffer a crushing defeat against a confederacy of Central Asian tribes led by the Xianbei (see Wu Hu).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "Bruttia Crispina marries Commodus and receive the title of ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus arrive at Carnuntum in Pannonia, and travel to the Danube to fight against the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "Last (7th) year of ''Xiping'' era and start of ''Guanghe'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "In India, the decline of the Kushan Empire begins.  The Sassanides take over Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "The Montanist heresy is condemned for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "The Roman fort Castra Regina (ampquotfortress by the Regen riverampquot) is built at Regensburg, on the right bank of the Danube in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Roman legionaries of Legio II ''Adiutrix'' engrave on the rock of the Tren\u010d\u00edn Castle (Slovakia) the name of the town ''Laugaritio'', marking the northernmost point of Roman presence in that part of Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Marcus Aurelius drives the Marcomanni over the Danube and reinforces the border. To repopulate and rebuild a devastated Pannonia, Rome allows the first German colonists to enter territory controlled by the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Abgar IX the Great becomes King of Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Gogukcheon succeeds his father Shindae as King of Goguryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Han Dynasty China: The full title of the ''Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'' appears on two bronze standard measures dated to this year, yet there is speculation that the same book existed beforehand only under different titles. In the 3rd century, Liu Hui would provide commentary on this important early Chinese mathematical treatise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180", "description": "The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus achieved a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": " Emperor Marcus Aurelius dies after a week's illness at his camp in Vindobona (modern Vienna). He is succeeded by his son Commodus (age 18).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "The Era of the Five Good Emperors ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Rome creates a 4-mile wide buffer zone by the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Work begins in Rome on the building of the Column of Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "180ampampndash395 ampampndash Late Empire in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Porta Nigra is built in Germanian Trier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Northern Brits from beyond Hadrian's Wall invade the North of modern day England causing Emperor Commodus to allow swathes of Northern cities to establish city walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "The Goths reach the banks of the Black Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "This year is often suggested as the first year of the Three Kingdoms period of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Lake Taupo erupts, forming ash clouds as far as China and Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Oceania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "In his ''Methodus Medendo'', Greek physician Galen describes the connection between paralysis and the severing of the spinal cord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Galen's popular work on hygiene is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/07/17", "description": " Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage (also in North Africa) (known as the Scillitan Martyrs) ampndash they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/07/17", "description": "Commodus creates an official cult of the Zoroastrian god Mithra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "181", "description": "Imperator Lucius Aurelius Commodus and Lucius Antistius Burrus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "181", "description": "The Antonine Wall is overrun in Britannia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "181", "description": "The volcano associated with Lake Taupo in New Zealand erupts, one of the largest on Earth in the last 5,000 years. The effects of this eruption are seen as far away as Rome and China.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.laketauponz.com\/aboutlaketaupo.cfm?method=displaysubsectionampampsectionid=73dea3d0-efad-ba3f-9d50-1c4db6b33ec3\">http:\/\/www.laketauponz.com\/aboutlaketaupo.cfm?method=displaysubsectionampampsectionid=73dea3d0-efad-ba3f-9d50-1c4db6b33ec3<\/a> Lake Taupo Official Siteampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Oceania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "182", "description": "Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus and Quintus Tineius Rufus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "182", "description": "Emperor Commodus escapes death at the hands of assassins, who have attacked him at the instigation of his sister Lucilla and a large group of senators. He puts many distinguished Romans to death on charges of being implicated in the conspiracy, Lucilla is exiled to Capri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "183", "description": "An assassination attempt on Roman Emperor Commodus by members of the Senate fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "The Antonine Wall in Britannia is permanently abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "The Yellow Turban Rebellion and Liang Province Rebellion break out in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Zhang Jue leads the peasant revolt against Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty. Heading for the capital of Luoyang, his massive and undisciplined army (360,000 men), burns and destroys government offices and outposts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "June ampampndash Emperor Ling placed his brother-in-law, He Jin, in command of the imperial army and sends Liu Bei to defeat the rebel forces in Runan. The army surrounds the rebels near the Yellow River and around Nanyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Winter ampampndash The stronghold Wan city is besieged and captured. Zhang Jue dies due to illness, his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang are defeated at Guanzhong. The Yellow Turbans are turned into a scattered bandit force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Last (6th) year of Guanghe era and start of Zhongping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "King Gogukcheon of Goguryeo repels Han Dynasty China's invasion force, sent by the governor of Liaodong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Beolhyu of Silla ascends the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Nobles of Britain demand that Commodus rescind all power given to Tigidius Perennis who was eventually executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Publius Helvius Pertinax is made governor of Britain and quells a mutiny of the British Roman legions who wanted him to become emperor. The disgruntled usurpers went on to attempt to assassinate the governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Tigidius Perennis, his family and many others are executed for conspiring against Commodus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Emperor Commodus drains Rome's treasury to put on gladiatorial spectacles and confiscates property to support his pleasures. He participated as a gladiator and boasts of victory in 1,000 matches in the Circus Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Reign in India of Vasudeva, Kushan emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Zhi Yao, a Kushan Buddhist monk of Yuezhi ethnicity, translates Buddhist texts into the Chinese language during the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "February ampampndash The rebels of the Yellow Turban are defeated by the imperial army, but only two months later, the rebellion breaks out again. It spreads to the Taihang Mountains on the western border of Hebei Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Cleomedes discovers the refraction of light by the Earth's atmosphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "A supernova now known as SN 185 is noted by Chinese astronomers in the ''Astrological Annals of the Houhanshu'', making it the earliest recorded supernova.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Irenaeus writes that there are only four Gospels (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "186", "description": "Peasants in Gaul stage an anti-tax uprising under Maternus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "186", "description": "Attempted assassination of Roman governor Pertinax by British usurpers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "186", "description": "The Hatepe volcanic eruption extends Lake Taupo and makes skies red across the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "New Zealand", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Lucius Septimius Severus, (born in Leptis Magna), is named legate of Lyonnais (Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Septimius Severus marries a Syrian princess Julia Domna (age 17), she is the youngest daughter of high-priest Julius Bassianus, a descendant of the Royal House of Emesa. Her elder sister is Julia Maesa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Another plague hits Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Clodius Albinus defeats the Chatti, a highly organized German tribe that controlled the area that includes the Black Forest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Rebellion of Zhang Chun and Zhang Ju. First case of Wuhuan soldiers within the Chinese army joining a rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Olympians succeeds Pertinax as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "188", "description": "Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes proconsul of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "188", "description": "Queen Himiko (aka, Pimiko) is said to have begun her reign in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "188", "description": "Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun are defeated by Han forces under Liu Yu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Plague (possibly smallpox) kills as many as 2,000 people per day in Rome. Farmers are unable to harvest their crops and food shortages bring riots in the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "The Prince of Hongnong succeeds Emperor Ling as Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Dong Zhuo has the Prince of Hongnong deposed and installs Emperor Xian as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Galen publishes his ''ampquotTreatise on the various temperamentsampquot'' (aka ''On the Elements According to Hippocrates'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Pope Victor I succeeds Pope Eleuterus as the fourteenth pope, the first from Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Demetrius of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "A part of Rome burns, and Emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt under the name ''Colonia Commodiana''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "A Roman road crosses the Alps by the Simplon Pass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "First year of the ''Chuping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "The Campaign against Dong Zhuo begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Luoyang is burned and plundered by the forces of Dong Zhuo. The court is moved to Xi'an.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Osroes II controlling Media claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Cleomedes teaches that the moon does not glow on its own, but rather reflects sunlight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Egypt (under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Economics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "The percentage of silver in the Egyptian denarius is lowered from 90% to 70%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Economics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "King Vologases IV of Parthia dies after a 44-year reign and is succeeded by his son Vologases V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "Chinese warlords formes a coalition force and launches a punitive campaign against Chancellor Dong Zhuo. He forced Emperor Xian to move to Chang'an (modern Xi'an) and burns the capital Luoyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "Dong Zhuo orders L\u00fc Bu to excavate the tombs of the late Han Emperors with royal treasures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "c. 191\u2013192 ampampndash Commodus as Hercules, from Esquiline Hill, Rome, is made. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "Serapion of Antioch becomes Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": " Emperor Commodus alarms the Senate by appearing dressed as a gladiator for his new consulship (January 1). His mistress, Marcia, finds her name on the imperial execution list and hires the champion wrestler named Narcissus to assassinate Commodus. The Antonines dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "Civil war again strikes Rome (192\u2013193).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "L\u00fc Bu murders his stepfather Dong Zhuo, Chancellor of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "A fire destroys Galen's library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "Syrian Christians establish a Christian community in Kerala, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/01/01", "description": " Year of the Five Emperors: The Senate chooses Publius  Helvius Pertinax, against his will to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/01/01", "description": "Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which was wrecked under Commodus, and to reestablish discipline in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/01/01", "description": "Pertinax suspend the food programs established by Trajan, this provokes the ire of the Praetorians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/03/28", "description": " Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is  auctioned off, Marcus Didius Julianus the highest bidder, offers 300 million sesterces for the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/04/09", "description": " Lucius Septimius Severus is proclaimed Emperor by his troops in Illyricum (Balkans). He marches with his army (16 legions) to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/04/09", "description": "The Roman governors Clodius Albinus (Britannia) and Pescennius Niger (Syria) claim with support of their troops the imperial throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": " Septimius Severus enters the capital and has Julianus put to death. He replaces the Praetorian Guard with a 15,000 man force from the Danubian legions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, in Britain Clodius Albinus allies with him and accepted the title of Caesar. The Severan dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "British tribes take advantage of the disorder by the civil war and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius at the Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Counterfeiting workshops begin to appear throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Last (4th) year of ''Chuping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 50 percent under emperor Septimius Severus, down from 68 percent under Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Imperator Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus and Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Battle of Issus: Emperor Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia and defeats Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch and  is executed by Severus' troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Septimius Severus besieged Byzantium (194-196), the city walls suffers extensive damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "First year of ''Xingping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Galen writes his manual on pathology, ''The Art of Curing''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Irenaeus declares Gnostic doctrines to be heretical.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus has the Senate deify Commodus in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "King Vologases V and other eastern princes support the claims of Pescennius Niger. The province of Mesopotamia rises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus travels to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "The province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annexed the Syrian city's Edessa and Nisibis (modern Turkey). Severus re-establishes his headquarters and colonies there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla), age 7, changed his name to ''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus'' to solidify connections with the family of Marcus Aurelius and is given the title Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Clodius Albinus, who had been proclaimed emperor in Britain, crosses into Gaul with his legions, while at the same time recruiting new soldiers. He is soon the head of an army of 150,000 men. Severus, still in Mesopotamia, hastily returns to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "The denarius is devalued by Severus. The coin now contains only 50% precious metal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Last (2nd) year of ''Xingping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "In China, the Xiongnu Federation crosses the Great Wall and establishes itself in Shanxi province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Emperor Septimus Severus attempts to assassinate Clodius Albinus but fails causing Albinus to retaliate militarily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus captures and sacks Byzantium, the city is rebuilt and regains its previous prosperity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "In order to assure the support of the legions in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "First year of the ''Jian'an era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Emperor Xian of Han returns to Luoyang ravaged by war and seeks for protection of warlord Cao Cao. He is advised to move the capital to Xuchang, the Emperor becomes a pawn in the hands of the Chinese warlords.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": " Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats the self-proclaimed emperor Decimus Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). Albinus commits suicide, legionaries sack the town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus returns to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. Soldiers embarked on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Legio I, II, and III ''Parthica'' are levied by Septimius Severus for his Parthian campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "The Roman army marched east to repel a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia, they loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and capture an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus reconstitutes the Province of Mesopotamia under an equestrian governor commanding two legions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling the Roman empire by declaring a military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Galen's major work on medicines, ''Pharmacologia'', is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "A Christian council is held in Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats L\u00fc Bu in the Battle of Xiapi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Mark I succeeds Olympians as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene.ampamp{{cite book|last=Boatwright|first=Mary Taliaferro|last2=Gargola|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Talbert|first3=Richard J. A.|title=The Romans: from village to empire|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511875-9|page=410|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1lBoAAAAMAAJampampq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199ampampdq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1lBoAAAAMAAJampampq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199ampampdq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls.ampamp{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George C.|title=Dictionary of wars|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6577-6|page=451|url=<a 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III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison.ampamp{{cite book|last=Erdkamp|first=Paul|title=A Companion to the Roman Army|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-3921-5|page=272|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1D612o_X2VYCampamppg=PA272ampampdq=Legio+I+Parthica+and+III+Parthica+are+formed#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1D612o_X2VYCampamppg=PA272ampampdq=Legio+I+Parthica+and+III+Parthica+are+formed#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Geodeung succeeds Suro as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Sun Ce and Zhou Yu wed the Qiao sisters.ampamp{{cite book|last=Guanzhong|first=Luo|title=The three kingdoms: teamwork, strategy and wisdom : a compact classic|year=2008|publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-229-452-4|page=64|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_5JimMEaqB4Campamppg=PA64ampampdq=Sun+Ce+and+Zhou+Yu+wed+the+Qiao+sisters+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=3rd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_5JimMEaqB4Campamppg=PA64ampampdq=Sun+Ce+and+Zhou+Yu+wed+the+Qiao+sisters+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=3rd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I as the fifteenth pope.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Matthew|title=OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history|year=2004|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|isbn=978-1-59276-026-8|pages=986\u2013987|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dWpO1--eMrYCampamppg=PA986ampampdq=Pope+Zephyrinus+succeeds+Victor+I+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dWpO1--eMrYCampamppg=PA986ampampdq=Pope+Zephyrinus+succeeds+Victor+I+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Human population reaches about 257 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus visits Syria, Palestine and Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Palestine, benefiting from the benevolent policies of Severus, sees a significant economic revival.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is situated in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Empress Jingu sends a Japanese fleet to invade Korea. The Koreans capitulate at the sight of the huge multi-oared ships and offer tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "The Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end (around this year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi compiles tracts of the Mishnah, beginning the creation of Talmudic law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Clement of Alexandria denounces the use of musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Brahmanism evolves into Hinduism (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "201", "description": "Lucius Annius Fabianus and Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "201", "description": "November ampampndash A flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "201", "description": "Osroene becomes the first state which adopts Christianity as its official religion (per New International Encyclopedia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "202", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus returns to Rome after a five year absence. 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"description": "The Portico of Octavia is reconstructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "203", "description": "Reign in India of Vijaya, Satavahana king of the Andhra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "203", "description": "The Andhra empire is being broken apart into smaller and smaller independent principalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "203", "description": "Origen of Alexandria replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "Lucius Fabius Cilo and Marcus Annius Flavius Libo become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "The Daysan River floods Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "Gongsun Kang, a Chinese warlord of Liaodong, establishes the Daifang Commandery in northern Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "Battle of Ye: Cao Cao lays siege to and captures the Yuan family headquarters of Ye.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "A trade recession in the Leptis Magna region (Africa) is alleviated by emperor Septimius Severus, he buys up the country's olive oil for free distribution in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "205", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta 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"event": {"date": "206", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "206", "description": "Hadrian's Wall is retaken for the first time since the Pictish uprising of 180.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "206", "description": "Emperor Septimus Severus comes Britain with his sons Caracalla and Geta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "207", "description": "Cao Cao defeats the Wuhuan tribes at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain, sending the Wuhuan into decline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "207", "description": "Sun Quan battles Huang Zu at Xiakou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": " Cao Cao writes ''Du\u01cen Ge X\u00edng''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Cao Cao marches south with his army and captures the enemy fleet at Jiangling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Liu Bei escapes from Cao Cao at the Battle of Changban.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Zhou Yu and Liu Bei defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs along with the Battle of Yamen and Battle of Lake Poyang, this is one of the largest naval battles in China's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) in Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Britain is divided in the north, Lower Britain (Britannia Inferior) administered from the fortress at Eburacum (modern York), and in the south, Upper Britain (Britannia Superior) controlled by the legions at Deva Victrix and Isca Augusta, with its capital at Londinium (London).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "King Vologases VI succeeds his father Vologases V to the throne. 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He is later deified by the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211", "description": "Eboracum (modern York) becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/02/04", "description": " Caracalla and his brother Geta succeed their father Septimius Severus as joint Roman Emperors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": " Geta is lured to come without his bodyguards to meet Caracalla, to discuss a possible reconciliation. When he arrives the Praetorian Guard murders him and he dies in the arms of his mother Julia Domna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Caracalla persecutes Geta's supporters and sympathizers, soldiers are allowed to wreak havoc in the streets of Rome. The bloodshed lasts for two weeks, and one contemporary source claims 20,000 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "January ampampndash Cao Cao writes ''R\u00e0ng Xi\u00e0n Z\u00ec M\u00edng B\u011bn Zh\u00ec L\u00ecng'' (\u8b93\u7e23\u81ea\u660e\u672c\u5fd7\u4ee4)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Ardashir I becomes king of part of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Baths of Caracalla are started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Mark is succeeded by Philadelphus as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "The edict of emperor Caracalla (''Constitutio Antoniniana'') extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire with the exception of a limited group that may include Egyptians. The Jewish people are among those who receive citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Roman jurist Aemilius Papinianus, one of the famous jurists who flourished during the reign of the late emperor Septimius Severus, refuse to write a legal defence of the murder of Caracalla's brother, Publius Septimius Geta. He is beheaded in Rome, in Caracalla's presence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Caracalla quietens the objections of the Roman army to Geta's murder by huge donations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Construction begins on the Baths of Caracalla in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Edessa becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "213", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Caracalla) and Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "213", "description": "Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some German marauders from Gaul. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins a victory over the German tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title ampquotGermanicusampquot. It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the ''caracalla'', a Celtic or German tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "213", "description": "Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han dynasty, is titled ''Wei Gong'' (Duke of Wei) and given a fief of ten cities under his domain. This later becomes the Kingdom of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "The kingdom of Osroene becomes a province of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "Caracalla's victories in Germany ensure his popularity within the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "The defences of Rhaetia are reinforced, in the form of an uninterrupted stone wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "The Korean kingdom of Baekje attacks the Mohe tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "Liu Bei takes Yi Province (\u76ca\u5dde) from his clansman Liu Zhang, forming the later basis for Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "Pang Tong dies in the hands of the enemy in an ambush at the Valley of the Fallen Phoenix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Caracalla's troops massacre the population of Alexandria, Egypt, beginning with the leading citizens. The emperor is angry about a satire, produced in Alexandria, mocking his claim that he killed Geta in self-defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Caracalla introduces a new coin, the Antoninianus. The weight of this coin is a mere ampsupamp1amp\/supamp\/ampsubamp50amp\/subamp of a pound.  Copper disappears gradually, and by the middle of the third century, with Rome's economy in crisis, the Antonianus will be the only official currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Zhang Liao holds off Sun Quan's invasion force at the siege of Hefei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Vachagan I becomes king of Caucasian Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are completed with public baths (''Thermae''), reading rooms, auditoriums, running tracks, and public gardens that cover 20 acres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Emperor Caracalla tricks the Parthians by accepting a marriage proposal. He slaughters his bride and the wedding guests after the celebrations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Caracalla provokes a war with Artabanus IV of Parthia to imitate his idol Alexander the Great. He crosses the Tigris, destroyes towns and spoils the tombs of Arbela. The Roman army annexed Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "The basilica of Leptis Magna, ordered by Septimius Severus, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Cao Cao, Chinese warlord, established himself as king of the Kingdom of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Mithraism, which had begun in Persia, is on course to be adopted by many Roman soldiers serving in Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": " Caracalla is assassinated by his legionaries near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus head of the Praetorian Guard, declares himself Roman emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "Summer ampampndash Battle of Nisibis: The Roman army under command of Macrinus, is defeated in a three days battle by the Parthians at Nisibis (southern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "King Artabanus IV signs a peace treaty with Rome after he received 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "Empress Julia, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta, commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire (lightning) which destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/12/20", "description": " The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the  sixteenth pope, but is opposed by the theologian Hippolytus who accuses him of laxity and of being a Modalist, one who denies any distinction between the three persons of the Trinity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/12/20", "description": "Hippolytus begins his ampquotpontificateampquot as antipope and sets up a breakaway church for Christian fowlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/12/20", "description": "Ciriacus succeeds Philadelphus as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/05/16", "description": " Julia Maesa, an aunt of the assassinated Caracalla, is banished to her home in Syria by the self-proclaimed emperor Macrinus and declares her grandson Elagabalus, age 14, emperor of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/06/08", "description": " Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats with support of the Syrian legions the forces of Macrinus. Macrinus flees, but is captured near Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/06/08", "description": "Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court, but is captured at Zeugma and also put to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/06/08", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 43 percent under emperor Elagabalus, down from 50 percent under Septimius Severus, as he empties the treasury with his excesses while his grandmother, Julia Maesa, rules the Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Quintus Tineius Sacerdos become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Julia Maesa arranges for her grandson Elagabalus a marriage with Julia Paula. The wedding is a lavish ceremony and Paula is given the honorific title of Augusta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Legions III ''Gallica'' and IV ''Scythica'' are disbanded by Elagabalus after their leaders, Verus and Gellius Maximus, rebel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Emperor Elagabalus, age 15, is initiated into the worship of the Phrygian gods Cybele and Attis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "The reign of Pulona, Satavahana king of Andhra, begins in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "The Battle of Mount Dingjun ends with Liu Bei emerging victorious. He declares himself king of Hanzhong afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Guan Yu, great general of Shu, floods the city of Fancheng in the Battle of Fancheng, while L\u00fc Meng of Eastern Wu captures his home base. Guan Yu retreats and is defeated at Battle of Maicheng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "General Cao Cao controls the Huang He basin and north of the country. General Sun Quan seizes southernmost China.  Liu Bei controls the province of Sichuan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Tuoba Liwei becomes the first chieftain of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "An Indian delegation visits the Roman emperor Elagabalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Great frost in England is said to have lasted for five months.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Valerius Comazon Eutychianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Elagabalus divorces Julia Paula and marries Aquilia Severa, a Vestal Virgin. The wedding causes a enormous controversy \u2013 traditionally, the punishment for breaking celibacy is death by being buried alive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid Dynasty, gains support from some Parthian sub-kings and revolts against the rule of Vologases VI. Ardashir, a grandson of Sasan, rules Persis since 208 and six years ago gained control of the region surrounding of Persepolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Three Kingdoms: The northern part of China is under the control of Cao Cao, Imperial Chancellor and ruler of the Kingdom of Wei. When he dies his son Cao Pi succeeds to the throne and proclaims himself emperor of Wei. This symbolizing the end of the Han Dynasty, former emperor Han Xiandi is renamed Duke of Shanyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "The Wei Dynasty will give official recognition to Daoism (Taoism) as its religious sect, and the sect's celestial masters will reciprocate by giving spiritual approbation to the Wei as successors to the Han. By the end of the century most powerful families in northern  China will subscribe the Daoist principles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "221/06/26", "description": " Emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and  receives the title of Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "221/06/26", "description": "July ampampndash Elagabalus is forced to divorce Aquilia Severa and marries his third wife Annia Faustina. After five months he returns to Severa and claims that the original divorce is invalid. The marriage is symbolic, because Elagabalus appears to be homosexual or bisexual. According to the historian Cassius Dio, he has a stable relationship with his chariot driver, the slave Hierocles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "221/06/26", "description": "Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and descendant of the royal family of the Han Dynasty, proclaims himself emperor in Sichuan and establish the Kingdom of Shu Han. Three kingdoms arise ampampndash the Wei in the north, the Wu in the south and the Shu Han in the west.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": " Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilated bodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before being thrown into the Tiber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": "Alexander Severus succeeds Elagabalus. He is only 13 years old, his mother, Julia Avita Mamaea, governs the Roman Empire with the help of Domitius Ulpianus and a council composed of 16 senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": "Three Kingdoms: Eastern Wu is established in China. Emperor Liu Bei invades with an army (100,000 men) the border of Eastern Wu in the Battle of Yiling to retake the Jing province. However, because of a tactical mistake, Liu Bei's military camps are destroyed by forces of Sun Quan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 35 percent under emperor Alexander Severus, down from 43 percent under Elagabalus.{{fact|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/10/14", "description": " Pope Callixtus I is killed by a mob in Rome's Trastevere after a 5-year reign in which he has stabilized the Saturday fast three times per year, with no food, oil, or wine to be consumed on those days. Callixtus is succeeded by cardinal Urban I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "223", "description": "Three Kingdoms: Emperor Liu Bei of the Shu Han becomes ill and dies at Baidicheng. He is succeeded by his son, Liu Shan. Imperial Chancellor, Zhuge Liang, makes peace with the Wu Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "223", "description": "Three Kingdoms: The naval battle known as the Battle of Dongkou comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "224", "description": "King Ardashir I defeats Artabanus IV at Hormizdegan (modern Shushtar), destroying the Parthian Empire and establishing the Sassanid dynasty. Artabanus's brother Vologases VI will continue to rule with Armenian and Kushan support over outlying parts of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "225", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus marries Sallustia Orbiana, and possibly raises her father Seius Sallustius to the rank of caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "225", "description": "The first Christian paintings appear in Rome, decorating the Catacombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": " Cao Pi dies after a illness, his son Cao Rui succeeds him as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": "King Ardashir I, ruler of the Sassanid dynasty, defeats Artabanus IV and is crowned ampquotKing of Kingsampquot of the Persian Empire. Beginning of the 400 year-reign of the Sassanid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": "The Empire of Parthia falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": "A merchant from the Roman Empire called ampquotQin Lunampquot by the Chinese, arrives in Jiaozhi (modern Hanoi) and is taken to see Sun Quan, king of Eastern Wu, who requests him to make a report on his native country and people. He is given an escort for the return trip including a present of ten male and ten female ampquotblackish-coloured dwarfs.ampquot However, the officer in charge of the Chinese escort dies and Qin Lun has to continue his journey home alone.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwch\/silkroad\/texts\/weilue\/weilue.html\">http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwch\/silkroad\/texts\/weilue\/weilue.html<\/a> An annotated translation of the ''Weilue''ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "227", "description": "Seius Sallustius is executed for the attempted murder of his son-in-law Emperor Alexander Severus. Sallustius' daughter, as well Alexander's wife, Sallustia Orbiana, is exiled in Libya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "227", "description": "The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "227", "description": "King Ardashir I, ruler of Persia, annexes his new empire from the east to the northwest. He conquers with his army the provinces of Chorasmia, Sistan and the island Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. The kings of the Kushan Empire and Turan recognise Ardashir as their overlord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "228", "description": "The Praetorian Guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their privileges.", "lang": "en", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "228", "description": "Shah Ardashir I, four years after establishing the Sassanid Persian Empire, completes his conquest of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "228", "description": "The Battle of Jieting and the Battle of Shiting are fought in China.", "lang": "en", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Sun Quan formally declares himself emperor of the Kingdom of Wu. Jiankang (modern Nanjing) is founded, the independent kingdoms in Cambodia and Laos become Eastern Wu vassals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Wu merchants reached Vietnam, ocean transport is improved to an extent that sea journeys are made to Manchuria and the island of Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Zhuge Liang embarks on the third of his Northern Expeditions", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Ammonius Saccas renews Greek philosophy by creating Neoplatonism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increased taxes in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids and strengthening the defenses of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230", "description": "King Ardashir I, ruler of the Persia, invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230", "description": "Alexander Severus assembled the Roman army and establish his headquarters at Antioch. He makes an attempt for diplomatic solutions, but the Persians decline and choose for war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230/07/21", "description": " Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I as the eighteenth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230/07/21", "description": "Patriarch Castinus succeeds Patriarch Ciriacus I as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230/07/21", "description": "Seventy Bishops hold the Council of the Christian Church of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "231", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus accompanied his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "231", "description": "Zhuge Liang launches the fourth of his Northern Expeditions against the state of Cao Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "231", "description": "Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is exiled in Caesarea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Roman\u2013Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of king Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the ''status quo'' and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Origen founds a school of Christian theology in Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Pope Heraclas of Alexandria is the first Bishop of Alexandria to use the appellation of ampquotPopeampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "233", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his ampquotvictoryampquot the previous year over the Persians. He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts and plunder the countryside at the ''Limes Germanicus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "234", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "234", "description": "Zhuge Liang, Chancellor of Shu Han, embarks on his last Northern Expedition against Cao Wei. During the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, he falls sick and sends secret orders for his army to retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "234", "description": "Wei Yan is executed for treason after refusing to accept orders from Zhuge Liang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/18", "description": " Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea are murdered by legionaries near Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), Legio XXII ''Primigenia'' mutinied. The Severan dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/20", "description": " Maximinus Thrax, age 62, is proclaimed emperor. He has a Gothic father and an Alan mother. Maximinus a Thracian, is the first foreigner to hold the Roman throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/20", "description": "Crisis of the Third Century: The Roman Empire is under pressure by the Alemanni, Franks, Goths, Quadi and Sassanids (Persia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/20", "description": "Future Emperor of Cao Wei, Cao Fang, is instated as the Prince of Qi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/09/28", "description": " Pope Pontian resigns. He and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/11/21", "description": " Pope Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/11/21", "description": "Origen makes revisions to the Septuagint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236", "description": "Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236", "description": "The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236", "description": "Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236/01/10", "description": " Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236/01/10", "description": "Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}}}