/* vector/test_complex_source.c * * Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2010 Gerard Jungman, Brian Gough * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at * your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU * General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. */ void FUNCTION (test, func) (size_t stride, size_t N); void FUNCTION (test, ops) (size_t stride1, size_t stride2, size_t N); void FUNCTION (test, file) (size_t stride, size_t N); void FUNCTION (test, text) (size_t stride, size_t N); void FUNCTION (test, trap) (size_t stride, size_t N); TYPE (gsl_vector) * FUNCTION(create, vector) (size_t stride, size_t N); #define TEST(expr,desc) gsl_test((expr), NAME(gsl_vector) desc " stride=%d, N=%d", stride, N) #define TEST2(expr,desc) gsl_test((expr), NAME(gsl_vector) desc " stride1=%d, stride2=%d, N=%d", stride1, stride2, N) TYPE (gsl_vector) * FUNCTION(create, vector) (size_t stride, size_t N) { TYPE (gsl_vector) * v = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, calloc) (N*stride); v->stride = stride; v->size = N; return v; } void FUNCTION (test, func) (size_t stride, size_t N) { TYPE (gsl_vector) * v0; TYPE (gsl_vector) * v; QUALIFIED_VIEW(gsl_vector,view) view; size_t i, j; if (stride == 1) { v = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, calloc) (N); TEST(v->data == 0, "_calloc pointer"); TEST(v->size != N, "_calloc size"); TEST(v->stride != 1, "_calloc stride"); { int status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,isnull)(v) != 1); TEST (status, "_isnull" DESC " on calloc vector"); status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,ispos)(v) != 0); TEST (status, "_ispos" DESC " on calloc vector"); status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,isneg)(v) != 0); TEST (status, "_isneg" DESC " on calloc vector"); } FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (v); /* free whatever is in v */ } if (stride == 1) { v = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, alloc) (N); TEST(v->data == 0, "_alloc pointer"); TEST(v->size != N, "_alloc size"); TEST(v->stride != 1, "_alloc stride"); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (v); /* free whatever is in v */ } if (stride == 1) { v0 = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, alloc) (N); view = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, subvector) (v0, 0, N); v = &view.vector; } else { v0 = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, alloc) (N * stride); for (i = 0; i < N*stride; i++) { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)i; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(i + 1234); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v0, i, x); } view = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, subvector_with_stride) (v0, 0, stride, N); v = &view.vector; } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)i; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(i + 1234); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v, i, x); } for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { if (v->data[2*i*stride] != (ATOMIC) (i) || v->data[2 * i * stride + 1] != (ATOMIC) (i + 1234)) status = 1; }; TEST(status,"_set" DESC " writes into array"); } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x, y; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)i; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(i + 1234); y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ (x, y)) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_get" DESC " reads from array"); } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { if (FUNCTION (gsl_vector, ptr) (v, i) != (BASE *)v->data + i*stride) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_ptr" DESC " access to array"); } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { if (FUNCTION (gsl_vector, const_ptr) (v, i) != (BASE *)v->data + i*stride) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_const_ptr" DESC " access to array"); } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = ZERO; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v, i, x); } status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,isnull)(v) != 1); TEST (status, "_isnull" DESC " on null vector") ; status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,ispos)(v) != 0); TEST (status, "_ispos" DESC " on null vector") ; status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,isneg)(v) != 0); TEST (status, "_isneg" DESC " on null vector") ; } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)i; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(i + 1234); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v, i, x); } status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,isnull)(v) != 0); TEST (status, "_isnull" DESC " on non-null vector") ; status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,ispos)(v) != 0); TEST (status, "_ispos" DESC " on non-null vector") ; status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,ispos)(v) != 0); TEST (status, "_isneg" DESC " on non-null vector") ; } { int status = 0; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set_zero) (v); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x, y = ZERO; x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ (x, y)) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_setzero" DESC " on non-null vector") ; } { int status = 0; BASE x; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)27; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(27 + 1234); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set_all) (v, x); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ (x, y)) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_setall" DESC " to non-zero value") ; } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set_basis) (v, i); for (j = 0; j < N; j++) { BASE x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, j); BASE one = ONE; BASE zero = ZERO; if (i == j) { if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ (x, one)) status = 1 ; } else { if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ (x, zero)) status = 1; } }; } TEST (status, "_setbasis" DESC " over range") ; } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)i; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(i + 1234); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v, i, x); } { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL(x) = 2.0; GSL_IMAG(x) = 3.0; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, scale) (v, x); } for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v,i); ATOMIC real = -(ATOMIC)i-(ATOMIC)3702; ATOMIC imag = 5*(ATOMIC)i+(ATOMIC)2468; if (GSL_REAL(r) != real || GSL_IMAG(r) != imag) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_scale" DESC " by 2") ; } { int status = 0; { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL(x) = 7.0; GSL_IMAG(x) = 13.0; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, add_constant) (v, x); } for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v,i); ATOMIC real = -(ATOMIC)i-(ATOMIC)3695; ATOMIC imag = 5*(ATOMIC)i+(ATOMIC)2481; if (GSL_REAL(r) != real || GSL_IMAG(r) != imag) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_add_constant" DESC) ; } for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)i; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(i + 1234); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v, i, x); } { int status; BASE x, y, r, s ; GSL_REAL(x) = 2 ; GSL_IMAG(x) = 2 + 1234; GSL_REAL(y) = 5 ; GSL_IMAG(y) = 5 + 1234; FUNCTION (gsl_vector,swap_elements) (v, 2, 5) ; r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get)(v,2); s = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get)(v,5); status = ! GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(r,y) ; status |= ! GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(s,x) ; FUNCTION (gsl_vector,swap_elements) (v, 2, 5) ; r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get)(v,2); s = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get)(v,5); status |= ! GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(r,x) ; status |= ! GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(s,y) ; TEST (status, "_swap_elements" DESC " exchanges elements") ; } { int status = 0; FUNCTION (gsl_vector,reverse) (v) ; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x,r ; GSL_REAL(x) = (ATOMIC)(N - i - 1) ; GSL_IMAG(x) = (ATOMIC)(N - i - 1 + 1234); r = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); status |= !GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(r,x); } gsl_test (status, NAME(gsl_vector) "_reverse" DESC " reverses elements") ; } { int status = 0; QUALIFIED_VIEW(gsl_vector,view) v1 = FUNCTION(gsl_vector, view_array) (v->data, N*stride); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (&v1.vector, i*stride) ; BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(x,y)) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_view_array" DESC); } { int status = 0; QUALIFIED_VIEW(gsl_vector,view) v1 = FUNCTION(gsl_vector, view_array_with_stride) (v->data, stride, N*stride); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (&v1.vector, i) ; BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(x,y)) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_view_array_with_stride" DESC); } { int status = 0; QUALIFIED_VIEW(gsl_vector,view) v1 = FUNCTION(gsl_vector, subvector) (v, N/3, N/2); for (i = 0; i < N/2; i++) { BASE x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (&v1.vector, i) ; BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, (N/3)+i); if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(x,y)) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_view_subvector" DESC); } { int status = 0; QUALIFIED_VIEW(gsl_vector,view) v1 = FUNCTION(gsl_vector, subvector_with_stride) (v, N/5, 3, N/4); for (i = 0; i < N/4; i++) { BASE x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (&v1.vector, i) ; BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, (N/5)+3*i); if (!GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(x,y)) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_view_subvector_with_stride" DESC); } { int status = 0; QUALIFIED_REAL_VIEW(gsl_vector,view) vv = FUNCTION(gsl_vector, real) (v); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { ATOMIC xr = REAL_VIEW (gsl_vector, get) (&vv.vector, i) ; BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); ATOMIC yr = GSL_REAL(y); if (xr != yr) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_real" DESC); } { int status = 0; QUALIFIED_REAL_VIEW(gsl_vector,view) vv = FUNCTION(gsl_vector, imag) (v); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { ATOMIC xr = REAL_VIEW (gsl_vector, get) (&vv.vector, i) ; BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (v, i); ATOMIC yr = GSL_IMAG(y); if (xr != yr) status = 1; }; TEST (status, "_imag" DESC); } FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (v0); /* free whatever is in v */ } void FUNCTION (test, ops) (size_t stride1, size_t stride2, size_t N) { size_t i; TYPE (gsl_vector) * a = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride1, N); TYPE (gsl_vector) * b = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride2, N); TYPE (gsl_vector) * v = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride1, N); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE z, z1; GSL_REAL (z) = (ATOMIC) 3+i; GSL_IMAG (z) = (ATOMIC) (3+i + 10); GSL_REAL (z1) = (ATOMIC) (3 + 2*i + 5); GSL_IMAG (z1) = (ATOMIC) (3 + 2*i + 20); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (a, i, z); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (b, i, z1); } { int status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,equal) (a,b) != 0); TEST2 (status, "_equal vectors unequal"); } FUNCTION(gsl_vector, memcpy) (v, a); { int status = (FUNCTION(gsl_vector,equal) (a,v) != 1); TEST2 (status, "_equal vectors equal"); } FUNCTION(gsl_vector, add) (v, b); { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v,i); if (GSL_REAL(r) != (ATOMIC) (3*i+11) || GSL_IMAG(r) != (ATOMIC) (3*i+36)) status = 1; } TEST2 (status, "_add vector addition"); } { int status = 0; FUNCTION(gsl_vector, swap) (a, b); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE z, z1; BASE x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (a, i); BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (b, i); GSL_REAL (z) = (ATOMIC) 3+i; GSL_IMAG (z) = (ATOMIC) (3+i + 10); GSL_REAL (z1) = (ATOMIC) (3 + 2*i + 5); GSL_IMAG (z1) = (ATOMIC) (3 + 2*i + 20); status |= !GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(z,y); status |= !GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(z1,x); } FUNCTION(gsl_vector, swap) (a, b); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE z, z1; BASE x = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (a, i); BASE y = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (b, i); GSL_REAL (z) = (ATOMIC) 3+i; GSL_IMAG (z) = (ATOMIC) (3+i + 10); GSL_REAL (z1) = (ATOMIC) (3 + 2*i + 5); GSL_IMAG (z1) = (ATOMIC) (3 + 2*i + 20); status |= !GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(z,x); status |= !GSL_COMPLEX_EQ(z1,y); } TEST2 (status, "_swap exchange vectors"); } FUNCTION(gsl_vector, memcpy) (v, a); FUNCTION(gsl_vector, sub) (v, b); { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v,i); if (GSL_REAL(r) != (-(ATOMIC)i-(ATOMIC)5) || GSL_IMAG(r) != (-(ATOMIC)i-(ATOMIC)10)) status = 1; } TEST2 (status, "_sub vector subtraction"); } FUNCTION(gsl_vector, memcpy) (v, a); FUNCTION(gsl_vector, mul) (v, b); { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v,i); ATOMIC real = (-35*(ATOMIC)i-275); ATOMIC imag = (173+((ATOMIC)i)*(63+4*(ATOMIC)i)); if (fabs(GSL_REAL(r) - real) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON || fabs(GSL_IMAG(r) - imag) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON) status = 1; } TEST2 (status, "_mul multiplication"); } FUNCTION(gsl_vector, memcpy) (v, a); FUNCTION(gsl_vector, div) (v, b); { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v,i); ATOMIC denom = 593 + ((ATOMIC)i)*(124+((ATOMIC)i)*8); ATOMIC real = (323+((ATOMIC)i)*(63+4*((ATOMIC)i))) / denom; ATOMIC imag = (35 +((ATOMIC)i)*5) / denom; if (fabs(GSL_REAL(r) - real) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON) status = 1; if (fabs(GSL_IMAG(r) - imag) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON) status = 1; } TEST2 (status, "_div division"); } { BASE alpha, beta; GSL_REAL(alpha) = (ATOMIC) 1; GSL_IMAG(alpha) = (ATOMIC) 2; GSL_REAL(beta) = (ATOMIC) 3; GSL_IMAG(beta) = (ATOMIC) 4; FUNCTION(gsl_vector, memcpy) (v, a); FUNCTION(gsl_vector, axpby) (alpha, b, beta, v); } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v, i); ATOMIC real = (-3*(ATOMIC)i-81); ATOMIC imag = (90+13*(ATOMIC)i); if (fabs(GSL_REAL(r) - real) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON || fabs(GSL_IMAG(r) - imag) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON) status = 1; } TEST2 (status, "_axpby first"); } { BASE alpha, beta; GSL_REAL(alpha) = (ATOMIC) 1; GSL_IMAG(alpha) = (ATOMIC) 2; GSL_REAL(beta) = (ATOMIC) 0; GSL_IMAG(beta) = (ATOMIC) 0; FUNCTION(gsl_vector, memcpy) (v, a); FUNCTION(gsl_vector, axpby) (alpha, b, beta, v); } { int status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE r = FUNCTION(gsl_vector,get) (v, i); ATOMIC real = (-2*(ATOMIC)i-38); ATOMIC imag = (39+6*(ATOMIC)i); if (fabs(GSL_REAL(r) - real) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON || fabs(GSL_IMAG(r) - imag) > 100 * BASE_EPSILON) status = 1; } TEST2 (status, "_axpby second"); } FUNCTION(gsl_vector, free) (a); FUNCTION(gsl_vector, free) (b); FUNCTION(gsl_vector, free) (v); } void FUNCTION (test, file) (size_t stride, size_t N) { TYPE (gsl_vector) * v = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride, N); TYPE (gsl_vector) * w = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride, N); size_t i; #ifdef NO_INLINE char filename[] = "test_static.dat"; #else char filename[] = "test.dat"; #endif { /* write file */ FILE *f = fopen(filename, "wb"); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x = ZERO; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)(N - i); GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(N - i + 1); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v, i, x); }; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, fwrite) (f, v); fclose(f); } { /* read file */ FILE *f = fopen(filename, "rb"); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, fread) (f, w); status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { if (w->data[2 * i * stride] != (ATOMIC) (N - i) || w->data[2 * i * stride + 1] != (ATOMIC) (N - i + 1)) status = 1; }; gsl_test (status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_write and read work"); fclose (f); } FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (v); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (w); } #if USES_LONGDOUBLE && ! HAVE_PRINTF_LONGDOUBLE /* skip this test */ #else void FUNCTION (test, text) (size_t stride, size_t N) { TYPE (gsl_vector) * v = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride, N); TYPE (gsl_vector) * w = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride, N); size_t i; #ifdef NO_INLINE char filename[] = "test_static.dat"; #else char filename[] = "test.dat"; #endif { /* write file */ FILE *f = fopen(filename, "w"); for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { BASE x; GSL_REAL (x) = (ATOMIC)i; GSL_IMAG (x) = (ATOMIC)(i + 1); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (v, i, x); }; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, fprintf) (f, v, OUT_FORMAT); fclose(f); } { /* read file */ FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r"); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, fscanf) (f, w); status = 0; for (i = 0; i < N; i++) { if (w->data[2 * i * stride] != (ATOMIC) i || w->data[2 * i * stride + 1] != (ATOMIC) (i + 1)) status = 1; }; gsl_test (status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_fprintf and fscanf"); fclose (f); } FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (v); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (w); } #endif void FUNCTION (test, trap) (size_t stride, size_t N) { TYPE (gsl_vector) * vc = FUNCTION (create, vector) (stride, N); BASE z = {{(ATOMIC)1.2, (ATOMIC)3.4}}; BASE z1 = {{(ATOMIC)4.5, (ATOMIC)6.7}}; size_t j = 0; status = 0; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (vc, j - 1, z); gsl_test (!status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_set traps index below lower bound"); status = 0; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (vc, N + 1, z); gsl_test (!status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_set traps index above upper bound"); status = 0; FUNCTION (gsl_vector, set) (vc, N, z); gsl_test (!status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_set traps index at upper bound"); status = 0; z1 = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (vc, j - 1); gsl_test (!status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get traps index below lower bound"); gsl_test (GSL_REAL (z1) != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get returns zero real below lower bound"); gsl_test (GSL_IMAG (z1) != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get returns zero imag below lower bound"); status = 0; z1 = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (vc, N + 1); gsl_test (!status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get traps index above upper bound"); gsl_test (GSL_REAL (z1) != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get returns zero real above upper bound"); gsl_test (GSL_IMAG (z1) != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get returns zero imag above upper bound"); status = 0; z1 = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, get) (vc, N); gsl_test (!status, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get traps index at upper bound"); gsl_test (GSL_REAL (z1) != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get returns zero real at upper bound"); gsl_test (GSL_IMAG (z1) != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_get returns zero imag at upper bound"); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (vc); } void FUNCTION (test, alloc_zero_length) (void) { TYPE (gsl_vector) * b = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, alloc) (0); gsl_test (b == 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_alloc permits zero length"); gsl_test (b->size != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_alloc reflects zero length"); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (b); } void FUNCTION (test, calloc_zero_length) (void) { TYPE (gsl_vector) * b = FUNCTION (gsl_vector, calloc) (0); gsl_test (b == 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_calloc permits zero length"); gsl_test (b->size != 0, NAME (gsl_vector) "_calloc reflects zero length"); FUNCTION (gsl_vector, free) (b); }