No vertices: directed: false vcount: 0 edges: { } No edges: directed: false vcount: 5 edges: { } Prefer more edges to make a star of double edges: directed: false vcount: 5 edges: { 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 4 } Prefer older edges to make a star: directed: false vcount: 7 edges: { 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 6 } Checking if adding one edge per step makes a tree. Checking if these errors are properly handled: Negative number of vertices. Negative number of edges. Negative aging bin. Negative zero appeal.