# pair_style lj/cut/dipole/cut command

Accelerator Variants: *lj/cut/dipole/cut/gpu*, *lj/cut/dipole/cut/kk*,
*lj/cut/dipole/cut/omp*

# pair_style lj/sf/dipole/sf command

Accelerator Variants: *lj/sf/dipole/sf/gpu*, *lj/sf/dipole/sf/omp*

# pair_style lj/cut/dipole/long command

Accelerator Variants: *lj/cut/dipole/long/gpu*

# pair_style lj/long/dipole/long command

## Syntax

``` LAMMPS
pair_style lj/cut/dipole/cut cutoff (cutoff2)
pair_style lj/sf/dipole/sf cutoff (cutoff2)
pair_style lj/cut/dipole/long cutoff (cutoff2)
pair_style lj/long/dipole/long flag_lj flag_coul cutoff (cutoff2)
```

-   cutoff = global cutoff LJ (and Coulombic if only 1 arg) (distance
    units)

-   cutoff2 = global cutoff for Coulombic and dipole (optional)
    (distance units)

-   flag_lj = *long* or *cut* or *off*

        *long* = use long-range damping on dispersion 1/r\^6 term
        *cut* = use a cutoff on dispersion 1/r\^6 term
        *off* = omit disperion 1/r\^6 term entirely

-   flag_coul = *long* or *off*

        *long* = use long-range damping on Coulombic 1/r and point-dipole terms
        *off* = omit Coulombic and point-dipole terms entirely

## Examples

``` LAMMPS
pair_style lj/cut/dipole/cut 2.5 5.0
pair_coeff * * 1.0 1.0
pair_coeff 2 3 0.8 1.0 2.5 4.0

pair_style lj/sf/dipole/sf 9.0
pair_coeff * * 1.0 1.0
pair_coeff 2 3 1.0 1.0 2.5 4.0 scale 0.5
pair_coeff 2 3 0.8 1.0 2.5 4.0

pair_style lj/cut/dipole/long 2.5 3.5
pair_coeff * * 1.0 1.0
pair_coeff 2 3 0.8 1.0 3.0

pair_style lj/long/dipole/long long long 3.5
pair_coeff * * 1.0 1.0
pair_coeff 2 3 0.8 1.0

pair_style lj/long/dipole/long cut long 2.5 3.5
pair_coeff * * 1.0 1.0
pair_coeff 2 3 0.8 1.0 3.0
```

## Description

Style *lj/cut/dipole/cut* computes interactions between pairs of
particles that each have a charge and/or a point dipole moment. In
addition to the usual Lennard-Jones interaction between the particles
(Elj) the charge-charge (Eqq), charge-dipole (Eqp), and dipole-dipole
(Epp) interactions are computed by these formulas for the energy (E),
force (F), and torque (T) between particles I and J.

$$\begin{aligned}
E_{LJ}  = & 4 \epsilon \left[ \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^{12} -
                     \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^6 \right] \\
E_{qq}  = & \frac{q_i q_j}{r} \\
E_{qp}  = & \frac{q}{r^3} (p \bullet \vec{r}) \\
E_{pp}  = & \frac{1}{r^3} (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{p}_j) -
          \frac{3}{r^5} (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r}) (\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r}) \\
          & \\
F_{qq}  = & \frac{q_i q_j}{r^3} \vec{r} \\
F_{qp}  = & -\frac{q}{r^3} \vec{p} + \frac{3q}{r^5}
          (\vec{p} \bullet \vec{r}) \vec{r} \\
F_{pp}  = & \frac{3}{r^5} (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{p}_j) \vec{r} -
          \frac{15}{r^7} (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r})
          (\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r}) \vec{r} +
          \frac{3}{r^5} \left[ (\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r}) \vec{p}_i +
          (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r}) \vec{p}_j \right] \\
          & \\
T_{pq} = T_{ij}  = & \frac{q_j}{r^3} (\vec{p}_i \times \vec{r}) \\
T_{qp} = T_{ji}  = & - \frac{q_i}{r^3} (\vec{p}_j \times \vec{r}) \\
T_{pp} = T_{ij}  = & -\frac{1}{r^3} (\vec{p}_i \times \vec{p}_j) +
                   \frac{3}{r^5} (\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r})
                   (\vec{p}_i \times \vec{r}) \\
T_{pp} = T_{ji}  = & -\frac{1}{r^3} (\vec{p}_j \times \vec{p}_i) +
                   \frac{3}{r^5} (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r})
                   (\vec{p}_j \times \vec{r})
\end{aligned}$$

where $q_i$ and $q_j$ are the charges on the two particles, $\vec{p}_i$
and $\vec{p}_j$ are the dipole moment vectors of the two particles, r is
their separation distance, and the vector r = Ri - Rj is the separation
vector between the two particles. Note that Eqq and Fqq are simply
Coulombic energy and force, Fij = -Fji as symmetric forces, and Tij !=
-Tji since the torques do not act symmetrically. These formulas are
discussed in [(Allen)](Allen2) and in [(Toukmaji)](Toukmaji2).

Also note, that in the code, all of these terms (except Elj) have a
$C/\epsilon$ prefactor, the same as the Coulombic term in the LJ +
Coulombic pair styles discussed [here](pair_lj). C is an
energy-conversion constant and epsilon is the dielectric constant which
can be set by the [dielectric](dielectric) command. The same is true of
the equations that follow for other dipole pair styles.

Style *lj/sf/dipole/sf* computes \"shifted-force\" interactions between
pairs of particles that each have a charge and/or a point dipole moment.
In general, a shifted-force potential is a (slightly) modified potential
containing extra terms that make both the energy and its derivative go
to zero at the cutoff distance; this removes (cutoff-related) problems
in energy conservation and any numerical instability in the equations of
motion [(Allen)](Allen2). Shifted-force interactions for the
Lennard-Jones (E_LJ), charge-charge (Eqq), charge-dipole (Eqp),
dipole-charge (Epq) and dipole-dipole (Epp) potentials are computed by
these formulas for the energy (E), force (F), and torque (T) between
particles I and J:

$$\begin{aligned}
E_{LJ}  = &  4\epsilon \left\{ \left[ \left( \frac{\sigma}{r} \right)^{\!12} -
\left( \frac{\sigma}{r} \right)^{\!6}  \right] +
\left[ 6\left( \frac{\sigma}{r_c} \right)^{\!12} -
3\left(\frac{\sigma}{r_c}\right)^{\!6}\right]\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2}
- 7\left( \frac{\sigma}{r_c} \right)^{\!12} +
4\left( \frac{\sigma}{r_c} \right)^{\!6}\right\} \\
E_{qq}  = & \frac{q_i q_j}{r}\left(1-\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2} \\
E_{pq}  = & E_{ji} = -\frac{q}{r^3} \left[ 1 -
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2} +
2\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3}\right] (\vec{p}\bullet\vec{r}) \\
E_{qp}  = & E_{ij} = \frac{q}{r^3} \left[ 1 -
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2} +
2\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3}\right] (\vec{p}\bullet\vec{r}) \\
E_{pp} = & \left[1-4\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3} +
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!4}\right]\left[\frac{1}{r^3}
(\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{p}_j) - \frac{3}{r^5}
(\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r}) (\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r})\right] \\
        & \\
\end{aligned}$$$$\begin{aligned}
F_{LJ}  = & \left\{\left[48\epsilon \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^{\!12} -
24\epsilon \left(\frac{\sigma}{r}\right)^{\!6} \right]\frac{1}{r^2} -
\left[48\epsilon \left(\frac{\sigma}{r_c}\right)^{\!12} - 24\epsilon
\left(\frac{\sigma}{r_c}\right)^{\!6} \right]\frac{1}{r_c^2}\right\}\vec{r}\\
F_{qq}  = & \frac{q_i q_j}{r}\left(\frac{1}{r^2} -
\frac{1}{r_c^2}\right)\vec{r} \\
F_{pq} = & F_{ij } =  -\frac{3q}{r^5} \left[ 1 -
\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2}\right](\vec{p}\bullet\vec{r})\vec{r} +
\frac{q}{r^3}\left[1-3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2} +
2\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3}\right] \vec{p} \\
F_{qp} = & F_{ij}  = \frac{3q}{r^5} \left[ 1 -
\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2}\right] (\vec{p}\bullet\vec{r})\vec{r} -
\frac{q}{r^3}\left[1-3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2} +
2\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3}\right] \vec{p} \\
F_{pp}  = &\frac{3}{r^5}\Bigg\{\left[1-\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!4}\right]
\left[(\vec{p}_i\bullet\vec{p}_j) - \frac{3}{r^2} (\vec{p}_i\bullet\vec{r})
(\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r})\right] \vec{r} + \\
 & \left[1 -
4\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3}+3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!4}\right]
\left[ (\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r}) \vec{p}_i + (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r})
\vec{p}_j -\frac{2}{r^2} (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r})
(\vec{p}_j \bullet \vec{r})\vec{r}\right] \Bigg\}
\end{aligned}$$

$$\begin{aligned}
T_{pq} = T_{ij}  = & \frac{q_j}{r^3} \left[ 1 -
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2} +
2\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3}\right] (\vec{p}_i\times\vec{r}) \\
T_{qp} = T_{ji}  = & - \frac{q_i}{r^3} \left[ 1 -
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!2} +
2\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3} \right] (\vec{p}_j\times\vec{r}) \\
T_{pp} = T_{ij}  = & -\frac{1}{r^3}\left[1-4\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3} +
e3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!4}\right] (\vec{p}_i \times \vec{p}_j) + \\
                  & \frac{3}{r^5}\left[1-4\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3} +
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!4}\right] (\vec{p}_j\bullet\vec{r})
(\vec{p}_i \times \vec{r}) \\
T_{pp} = T_{ji} = & -\frac{1}{r^3}\left[1-4\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3} +
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!4}\right](\vec{p}_j \times \vec{p}_i) + \\
                  & \frac{3}{r^5}\left[1-4\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!3} +
3\left(\frac{r}{r_c}\right)^{\!4}\right] (\vec{p}_i \bullet \vec{r})
(\vec{p}_j \times \vec{r})
\end{aligned}$$

where $\epsilon$ and $\sigma$ are the standard LJ parameters, $r_c$ is
the cutoff, $q_i$ and $q_j$ are the charges on the two particles,
$\vec{p}_i$ and $\vec{p}_j$ are the dipole moment vectors of the two
particles, r is their separation distance, and the vector r = Ri - Rj is
the separation vector between the two particles. Note that Eqq and Fqq
are simply Coulombic energy and force, Fij = -Fji as symmetric forces,
and Tij != -Tji since the torques do not act symmetrically. The
shifted-force formula for the Lennard-Jones potential is reported in
[(Stoddard)](Stoddard). The original (non-shifted) formulas for the
electrostatic potentials, forces and torques can be found in
[(Price)](Price2). The shifted-force electrostatic potentials have been
obtained by applying equation 5.13 of [(Allen)](Allen2). The formulas
for the corresponding forces and torques have been obtained by applying
the \'chain rule\' as in appendix C.3 of [(Allen)](Allen2).

If one cutoff is specified in the pair_style command, it is used for
both the LJ and Coulombic (q,p) terms. If two cutoffs are specified,
they are used as cutoffs for the LJ and Coulombic (q,p) terms
respectively. This pair style also supports an optional *scale* keyword
as part of a pair_coeff statement, where the interactions can be scaled
according to this factor. This scale factor is also made available for
use with fix adapt.

Style *lj/cut/dipole/long* computes the short-range portion of
point-dipole interactions as discussed in [(Toukmaji)](Toukmaji2).
Dipole-dipole, dipole-charge, and charge-charge interactions are all
supported, along with the standard 12/6 Lennard-Jones interactions,
which are computed with a cutoff. A [kspace_style](kspace_style) must be
defined to use this pair style. If only dipoles (not point charges) are
included in the model, the kspace style can be one of these 3 options,
all of which compute the long-range portion of dipole-dipole
interactions. If the model includes point charges (in addition to
dipoles), then only the first of these kspace styles can be used:

-   [kspace_style ewald/disp](kspace_style)
-   [kspace_style ewald/dipole](kspace_style)
-   [kspace_style pppm/dipole](kspace_style)

Style *lj/long/dipole/long* has the same functionality as style
*lj/cut/dipole/long*, except it also has an option to compute 12/6
Lennard-Jones interactions for use with a long-range dispersion kspace
style. This is done by setting its *flag_lj* argument to *long*. For
long-range LJ interactions, the [kspace_style ewald/disp](kspace_style)
command must be used.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

The following coefficients must be defined for each pair of atoms types
via the [pair_coeff](pair_coeff) command as in the examples above, or in
the data file or restart files read by the [read_data](read_data) or
[read_restart](read_restart) commands, or by mixing as described below:

-   $\epsilon$ (energy units)
-   $\sigma$ (distance units)
-   cutoff1 (distance units)
-   cutoff2 (distance units)

The latter 2 coefficients are optional. If not specified, the global LJ
and Coulombic cutoffs specified in the pair_style command are used. If
only one cutoff is specified, it is used as the cutoff for both LJ and
Coulombic interactions for this type pair. If both coefficients are
specified, they are used as the LJ and Coulombic cutoffs for this type
pair. When using a long-rang Coulomb solver, only a global Coulomb
cutoff may be used and only the LJ cutoff may be changed with the
[pair_coeff](pair_coeff) command. When using the *lj/long/dipole/long*
pair style with *long* *long* setting, only a single global cutoff may
be provided and no cutoff for the [pair_coeff](pair_coeff) command.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Note that for systems using these pair styles, typically particles
should be able to exert torque on each other via their dipole moments so
that the particle and its dipole moment can rotate. This requires they
not be point particles, but finite-size spheres. Thus you should use a
command like [atom_style hybrid sphere dipole](atom_style) to use
particles with both attributes.

The magnitude and orientation of the dipole moment for each particle can
be defined by the [set](set) command or in the \"Atoms\" section of the
data file read in by the [read_data](read_data) command.

Rotating finite-size particles have 6 degrees of freedom (DOFs),
translation and rotational. You can use the [compute
temp/sphere](compute_temp_sphere) command to monitor a temperature which
includes all these DOFs.

Finite-size particles with dipole moments should be integrated using one
of these options:

-   [fix nve/sphere update dipole](fix_nve_sphere)
-   [fix nve/sphere update dipole](fix_nve_sphere) plus [fix langevin
    omega yes](fix_langevin)
-   [fix nvt/sphere update dipole](fix_nvt_sphere)
-   [fix npt/sphere update dipole](fix_npt_sphere)

In all cases the \"update dipole\" setting ensures the dipole moments
are also rotated when the finite-size spheres rotate. The 2nd and 3rd
bullets perform thermostatting; in the case of a Langevin thermostat the
\"omega yes\" option also thermostats the rotational degrees of freedom
(if desired). The 4th bullet performs thermostatting and barostatting.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Styles with a *gpu*, *intel*, *kk*, *omp*, or *opt* suffix are
functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix.
They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available
hardware, as discussed on the [Accelerator packages](Speed_packages)
page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce
the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.

These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, INTEL, KOKKOS, OPENMP, and
OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built
with those packages. See the [Build package](Build_package) page for
more info.

You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script
by including their suffix, or you can use the [-suffix command-line
switch](Run_options) when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the
[suffix](suffix) command in your input script.

See the [Accelerator packages](Speed_packages) page for more
instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

## Mixing, shift, table, tail correction, restart, rRESPA info

For atom type pairs I,J and I != J, the epsilon and sigma coefficients
and cutoff distances for this pair style can be mixed. The default mix
value is *geometric*. See the \"pair_modify\" command for details.

For atom type pairs I,J and I != J, the A, sigma, d1, and d2
coefficients and cutoff distance for this pair style can be mixed. A is
an energy value mixed like a LJ epsilon. D1 and d2 are distance values
and are mixed like sigma. The default mix value is *geometric*. See the
\"pair_modify\" command for details.

This pair style does not support the [pair_modify](pair_modify) shift
option for the energy of the Lennard-Jones portion of the pair
interaction; such energy goes to zero at the cutoff by construction.

The [pair_modify](pair_modify) table option is not relevant for this
pair style.

This pair style does not support the [pair_modify](pair_modify) tail
option for adding long-range tail corrections to energy and pressure.

This pair style writes its information to [binary restart
files](restart), so pair_style and pair_coeff commands do not need to be
specified in an input script that reads a restart file.

This pair style can only be used via the *pair* keyword of the
[run_style respa](run_style) command. It does not support the *inner*,
*middle*, *outer* keywords.

## Restrictions

The *lj/cut/dipole/cut*, *lj/cut/dipole/long*, *lj/long/dipole/long*,
and lj/sf/dipole/sf\* styles are part of the DIPOLE package. They are
only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the [Build
package](Build_package) page for more info.

Using dipole pair styles with *electron* [units](units) is not currently
supported.

## Related commands

[pair_coeff](pair_coeff), [set](set), [read_data](read_data), [fix
nve/sphere](fix_nve_sphere), [fix nvt/sphere](fix_nvt_sphere)

## Default

none

------------------------------------------------------------------------

::: {#Allen2}
**(Allen)** Allen and Tildesley, Computer Simulation of Liquids,
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987.
:::

::: {#Toukmaji2}
**(Toukmaji)** Toukmaji, Sagui, Board, and Darden, J Chem Phys, 113,
10913 (2000).
:::

::: {#Stoddard}
**(Stoddard)** Stoddard and Ford, Phys Rev A, 8, 1504 (1973).
:::

::: {#Price2}
**(Price)** Price, Stone and Alderton, Mol Phys, 52, 987 (1984).
:::