List of mathematical symbols by subject

Symbol	Unicode character	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\mathbb {A}$	𝔸	Algebraic number	`\mathbb{A}`	`&Aopf;`	`U+1D538`
$\mathbb {C}$	ℂ	Complex number	`\mathbb{C}`, `\Complex`	`&Copf;`	`U+2102`
$\mathbb {H}$	ℍ	Quaternion	`\mathbb{H}`	`&quaternions;`	`U+210D`
$\mathbb {N}$	ℕ	Natural number	`\mathbb{N}`, `\N`	`&Nopf;`	`U+2115`
$\mathbb {O}$	𝕆	Octonion	`\mathbb{O}`	`&Oopf;`	`U+1D546`
$\mathbb {Q}$	ℚ	Rational number	`\mathbb{Q}`, `\Q`	`&Qopf;`	`U+211A`
$\mathbb {R}$	ℝ	Real number	`\mathbb{R}`, `\R`, `\Reals`	`&Ropf;`	`U+211D`
$\mathbb {S}$	𝕊	Sedenion	`\mathbb{S}`	`&Sopf;`	`U+1D54A`
$\mathbb {Z}$	ℤ	Integer	`\mathbb{Z}`, `\Z`	`&Zopf;`	`U+2124`

Mathematical constants[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Template	Unicode Hex	Note
$\pi$	π	Pi	`\pi`	`π`	`{{pi}}`	`U+03C0`
$e$ or $\mathrm {e}$	e	e (mathematics)	`e` or `\mathrm{e}`	`e`		`U+0065`	Recommend `{{mvar\|e}}` or `{{math\|e}}` over `e`
$\phi$	ϕ	Golden ratio	`\phi`	`φ`	`{{phi}}`	`U+03C6`
$\varphi$	φ	Golden ratio	`\varphi`	`&straightphi;`	`{{varphi}}`	`U+03D5`
$i$ or $\mathrm {i}$	i	Imaginary unit	`i` or `\mathrm{i}`	`i`		`U+0069`	Recommend `{{mvar\|i}}` or `{{math\|i}}` over `i`
$\gamma$	γ	Euler–Mascheroni constant	`\gamma`	`γ`	`{{gamma}}`	`U+03B3`
$\epsilon$	ε	Vacuum permittivity	`\epsilon`	`&epsi;`	`{{epsilon}}`	`U+03B5`
$\varepsilon$	ϵ	Dual number	`\varepsilon`	`ϵ`	`{{varepsilon}}`	`U+03F5`
$\theta$	θ	Mills' constant	`\theta`	`θ`	`{{theta}}`	`U+03B8`
$\vartheta$	ϑ	Mills' constant	`\vartheta`	`ϑ`	`{{vartheta}}`	`U+03D1`
$\sigma$	σ	Somos' quadratic recurrence constant	`\sigma`	`σ`	`{{sigma}}`	`U+03C3`
$\varsigma$	ς	Somos' quadratic recurrence constant	`\varsigma`	`ς`	`{{varsigma}}`	`U+03C2`
$\kappa$	κ	Einstein gravitational constant	`\kappa`	`κ`	`{{kappa}}`	`U+03BA`
$\lambda$	λ	Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant	`\lambda`	`λ`	`{{lambda}}`	`U+03BB`
$\mu$	μ	Ramanujan–Soldner constant	`\mu`	`μ`	`{{mu}}`	`U+03BC`
$\tau$	τ	Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant	`\tau`	`τ`	`{{tau}}`	`U+03C4`

Complex numbers[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\Im$	ℑ	$\Im (2+i)=1$	Complex number	`\Im`	`&image;`	`U+2111`
$\operatorname {Im}$	Im	$\operatorname {Im} (2+i)=1$		`\operatorname{Im}`	`Im`
$\Re$	ℜ	$\Re (2+i)=2$		`\Re`	`&Rfr;`	`U+211C`
$\operatorname {Re}$	Re	$\operatorname {Re} (2+i)=2$		`\operatorname{Re}`	`Re`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {z}}$	Complex conjugate	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\bar {\bar {~}}}$	◌̄̄	${\bar {\bar {z}}}$		`\bar{\bar{}}`	`̄̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {z}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
${\overline {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅̅	${\overline {\overline {z}}}$		`\overline{\overline{}}`	`̅̅`	`U+0305`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$z^{\ast }$		`{}^\ast`	`&ast;`	`U+002A`
$\|~~\|$	\|	$\|z\|$	Absolute value	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\arg {}$		$\arg(z)$	Polar coordinate system	`\arg`

Remark: real and imaginary parts of a complex number are often also denoted by

\operatorname {Re}

and

\operatorname {Im}

Elementary arithmetic operations[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex	Notes
$+$	+	$a+b$	Addition	`+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$-$	−	$a-b$	Subtraction	`-`	`−`	`U+2212`
$\cdot$	⋅	$a\cdot b$	Multiplication	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
$\times$	⨯	$a\times b$	Multiplication	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$:$	∶ or :	$a:b$	Division (mathematics)	`:`, `\colon`	`&ratio;` or `&colon;`	`U+003A` or `U+2236`	In LaTeX, `:` added space around the colon $a:b$ that `\colon` does not $a\colon b$ .
$/$	∕	$a/b$		`/`	`∕`	`U+2215`
$\div$	÷	$a\div b$		`\div`	`÷`	`U+00F7`
${\frac {~~}{~~}}$	⁄	${\frac {a}{b}}$		`\frac{a}{b}` `\tfrac{a}{b}` (inline) `\dfrac{a}{b}` (display) `\cfrac{a}{b}` (continued fraction)	`&frasl;`	`U+2044`	`<sup>a</sup>⁄<sub>b</sub>` renders as: ^a⁄_b
${}^{-1}$	⁻	$a^{-1}$	Multiplicative inverse	`^{-1}`		`U+207B`
$-$	−	$-a$	Additive inverse	`-`	`−`	`U+2212`
$\pm$	±	$\pm a$	Plus or minus sign	`\pm`	`±`	`U+00B1`
$\mp$	∓	$\mp a$	Plus or minus sign	`\mp`	`&mnplus;`	`U+2213`

Elementary functions[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\sqrt {\,}}$	√	${\sqrt {x}}$	Square root	`\sqrt{}`	`√`	`U+221A`
${\sqrt[{3}]{\,}}$	∛	${\sqrt[{3}]{x}}$	Cube root	`\sqrt[3]{x}`	`&x221B;`	`U+221B`
${\sqrt[{4}]{\,}}$	∜	${\sqrt[{4}]{x}}$	Fourth root	`\sqrt[4]{x}`	`&x221C;`	`U+221C`
${\sqrt[{n}]{\,}}$		${\sqrt[{n}]{x}}$	nth root	`\sqrt[n]{}`
$\%$	%	$x\,\%$	Percentage	`\%`	`&percnt;`	`U+0025`
$(~~)$	( )	$(x)$	Order of operations	`(` `)`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$(~~)$	( )	$\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)$	Order of operations	`\left( \right)`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[x]$	Bracket	`[` `]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|x\|$	Absolute value	`\|`, `\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\left\{~~\right\}$	{ }	$\left\{x\right\}$	Fractional part	`\{` `\}` `\lbrace` `\rbrace`	`{` `}`	`U+007B/D`
$\lceil ~~\rceil$	⌈ ⌉	$\lceil x\rceil$	Floor and ceiling functions	`\lceil` `\rceil`	`&lceil;` `&rceil;`	`U+2308/9`
$\lfloor ~~\rfloor$	⌊ ⌋	$\lfloor x\rfloor$		`\lfloor` `\rfloor`	`&lfloor;` `&rfloor;`	`U+230A/B`
$\ulcorner ~~\urcorner$	⌜ ⌝	$\ulcorner x\urcorner$		`\ulcorner` `\urcorner`	`&ulcorner;` `&urcorner;`	`U+231C/D`
$\llcorner ~~\lrcorner$	⌞ ⌟	$\llcorner x\lrcorner$		`\llcorner` `\lrcorner`	`&llcorner;` `&lrcorner;`	`U+231E/F`
$\frown$	⌢	${\stackrel {\frown }{x}}$	Cap product	`\frown`	`&frown;`	`U+2322`
$\smile$	⌣	${\stackrel {\smile }{x}}$	Cup product	`\smile`	`&smile;`	`U+2323`
$\exp$	exp	$\exp x$	Exponential function	`\exp`	`exp`
$\log$	log	$\log _{b}x$	Logarithm	`\log` or `\log_{}`	`log` or `log<sub></sub>`
$\ln$	ln	$\ln x$	Natural logarithm	`\ln`	`ln`
$\lg$	lg	$\lg x$	Binary logarithm	`\lg`	`lg`
$\min$	min	$\min\{1,2\}$	Maxima and minima	`\min`	`min`
$\max$	max	$\max\{1,2\}$	Maxima and minima	`\max`	`max`
$\inf$	inf	$\inf\{1,2\}$	Infimum and supremum	`\inf`	`inf`
$\sup$	sup	$\sup\{1,2\}$	Infimum and supremum	`\sup`	`sup`
$\liminf$	liminf	$\liminf _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$	Limit inferior and limit superior	`\liminf`	`liminf`
$\varliminf$	lim	$\varliminf x_{n}$		`\varliminf`	`<u>lim</u>`
$\limsup$	limsup	$\limsup _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$		`\limsup`	`limsup`
$\varlimsup$	lim	$\varlimsup x_{n}$		`\varlimsup`	`<span style="text-decoration:overline;">lim</span>`
$\gcd$	gcd	$\gcd(1,2)$	Greatest common divisor	`\gcd`	`gcd`

Note: the power function is not represented by its own icon, but by the positioning of the exponent as a superscript.

Trigonometric functions[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML
$\sin$	sin	$\sin x$	Sine and cosine	`\sin`	`sin`
$\cos$	cos	$\cos x$	Sine and cosine	`\cos`	`cos`
$\tan$	tan	$\tan x$	Tangent	`\tan`	`tan`
$\sec$	sec	$\sec x$	Trigonometric functions	`\sec`	`sec`
$\csc$	csc	$\csc x$		`\csc`	`csc`
$\cot$	cot	$\cot x$		`\cot`	`cot`
$\arcsin$	sin	$\arcsin x$	Inverse trigonometric functions	`\arcsin`	`arcsin`
$\arccos$	arccos	$\arccos x$		`\arccos`	`arccos`
$\arctan$	arctan	$\arctan x$		`\arctan`	`arctan`
$\operatorname {arcsec}$	arcsec	$\operatorname {arcsec} x$		`\arcsec`	`arcsec`
$\operatorname {arccsc}$	arccsc	$\operatorname {arccsc} x$		`\arccsc`	`arccsc`
$\operatorname {arccot}$	arccot	$\operatorname {arccot} x$		`\arccot`	`arccot`
$\sinh$	sinh	$\sinh x$	Hyperbolic functions	`\sinh`	`sinh`
$\cosh$	cosh	$\cosh x$		`\cosh`	`cosh`
$\tanh$	tanh	$\tanh x$		`\tanh`	`tanh`
$\coth$	coth	$\coth x$		`\coth`	`coth`

Arithmetic comparison[edit]

See also: Order relations, Set relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$<$	<	$a<b$	`<`	`<`	`U+003C`
$>$	>	$a>b$	`>`	`>`	`U+003E`
$\leq$	≤	$a\leq b$	`\le`, `\leq`	`≤`	`U+2264`
$\geq$	≥	$a\geq b$	`\ge`, `\geq`	`≥`	`U+2265`
$\leqq$	≦	$a\leqq b$	`\leqq`	`&LessFullEqual;`	`U+2266`
$\geqq$	≧	$a\geqq b$	`\geqq`	`&GreaterFullEqual;`	`U+2267`
$\leqslant$	⩽	$a\leqslant b$	`\leqslant`	`&LessSlantEqual`	`U+2A7D`
$\geqslant$	⩾	$a\geqslant b$	`\geqslant`	`&GreaterSlantEqual`	`U+2A7E`
$\ll$	≪	$a\ll b$	`\ll`	`&NestedLessLess;`	`U+226A`
$\gg$	≫	$a\gg b$	`\gg`	`&NestedGreaterGreater;`	`U+226B`
$\lesssim$	≲	$a\lesssim b$	`\lesssim`	`&lsim;`	`U+2272`
$\gtrsim$	≳	$a\gtrsim b$	`\gtrsim`	`&GreaterTilde;`	`U+2273`
$\lessapprox$	⪅	$a\lessapprox b$	`\lessapprox`	`&lessapprox;`	`U+2A85`
$\gtrapprox$	⪆	$a\gtrapprox b$	`\gtrapprox`	`&gap;`	`U+2A86`

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\lessgtr$	≶	$a\lessgtr b$	`\lessgtr`	`&LessGreater`	`U+2276`
$\gtrless$	≷	$a\gtrless b$	`\gtrless`	`&GreaterLess;`	`U+2277`
$\lesseqgtr$	⋚	$a\lesseqgtr b$	`\lesseqgtr`	`&LessEqualGreater;`	`U+22DA`
$\gtreqless$	⋛	$a\gtreqless b$	`\gtreqless`	`&GreaterEqualLess;`	`U+22DB`
$\lesseqqgtr$	⪋	$a\lesseqqgtr b$	`\lesseqqgtr`	`&lesseqqgtr;`	`U+2A8B`
$\gtreqqless$	⪌	$a\gtreqqless b$	`\gtreqqless`	`&gtreqqless;`	`U+2A8C`

Number theory[edit]

Divisibility and modulo[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\mid$	∣	$a\mid b$	`\mid`	`&VerticalBar;`	`U+2223`
$\nmid$	∤	$a\nmid b$	`\nmid`	`&NotVerticalBar;`	`U+2224`
$\perp$	⊥	$a\perp b$	`\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+22A5`
$\sqcap$	⊓	$a\sqcap b$	`\sqcap`	`&SquareIntersection;`	`U+2293`
$\wedge$	∧	$a\wedge b$	`\wedge`	`&and;`	`U+2227`
$\sqcup$	⊔	$a\sqcup b$	`\sqcup`	`&SquareUnion;`	`U+2294`
$\vee$	∨	$a\vee b$	`\vee`	`&or;`	`U+2228`

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex	Other information
$\equiv$	≡	$a\equiv b$	Modulo operation	`\equiv`	`&equiv;`	`U+2261`
$\mod m$	mod	$a\mod m$		`\mod m`	`mod`		`<math>\mod</math>` without a trailing symbol (e.g. $m$ ) will produce an error.
${\pmod {m}}$	(mod)	$a{\pmod {m}}$		`\pmod m`	`(mod)`		`<math>\pmod</math>` without a trailing symbol (e.g. $m$ ) will produce an error.
$\gcd$	gcd	$\gcd(1,2)$	Greatest common divisor	`\gcd`	`gcd`

Combinatorics[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$!$	!	$n!$	Factorial	`!`	`&excl;`	`U+0021`
		$!n$	Derangement
		$n!!$	Double factorial
${\tbinom {~}{~}}$	( )	${\tbinom {n}{k}}$	Combination	`\binom`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
${\tbinom {~}{~}}$	( )	${\tbinom {n}{k_{1},\ldots ,k_{r}}}$	Multinomial coefficient	`\binom`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\left(\!{\tbinom {~}{~}}\!\right)$	(( ))	$\left(\!{\tbinom {n}{k}}\!\right)$	Multiset	(( ))	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
${\overline {~}}$	◌̄	$n^{\bar {m}}$	Pochhammer symbol	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
	◌̅	$n^{\overline {m}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
	◌̲	$n^{\underline {m}}$		`\underline`	`̲`	`U+0332`
$\#$	#	$n\#$	Primorial	`\#`	`&num;`	`U+0023`

Stochastics[edit]

Probability theory[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$P$		$P(A)$	Probability measure	`P`		`U+2119`
$\mid$		$P(A\mid B)$	Conditional probability	`\mid`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$/$		$P(A/B)$	Conditional probability	`/`		`U+2215`
$E$	𝔼	$E(X)$	Expected value	`E`	`&Eopf;`	`U+1D53C`
$V$	𝕍	$V(X)$	Variance	`V`	`&Vopf;`	`U+1D54D`
$\sigma$	σ	$\sigma (X)$	Standard deviation	`\sigma`	`σ`	`U+03C3`
$\sigma$	σ	$\sigma (X,Y)$	Covariance	`\sigma`	`σ`	`U+03C3`
$\rho$	ρ	$\rho (X,Y)$	Correlation	`\rho`	`ρ`	`U+03C1`
$\sim$	∼	$X\sim F$	Probability distribution	`\sim`	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
$\approx$	≈	$X\approx F$	Probability distribution	`\approx`	`≈`	`U+2248`
${\displaystyle \perp }$	⊥	$A\perp B$	Independence (probability theory)	`\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+22A5`

Remark: for operators there are several notational variants; instead of round brackets also square brackets are used

Statistics[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\bar {~}}$	◌̅	${\bar {x}}$	Average	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {m}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle X\rangle$		`\langle \rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`
${\hat {~}}$	◌̂	${\hat {p}}$	Estimator	`\hat`	`̂`	`U+0302`

Calculus[edit]

Sequences and series[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\sum$	∑	$\sum _{i=1}^{n},\sum _{i\in I}$	Summation	`\sum`	`∑`	`U+2211`
$\prod$	∏	$\prod _{i=1}^{n},\prod _{i\in I}$	Multiplication	`\prod`	`∏`	`U+220F`
$\coprod$	∐	$\coprod _{i=1}^{n},\coprod _{i\in I}$	Coproduct	`\coprod`	`&Coproduct;`	`U+2210`
$(~~)$	( )	$(a_{n})$	Sequence	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\to$	→	$a_{n}\to a$	Limit of a sequence	`\to` `\rarr`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\infty$	∞	$n\to \infty$	Infinity	`\infty`	`∞`	`U+221E`

Limits[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\to$	→	$\lim _{x\to a}f(x)$	Limit of a function	`\to` `\rightarrow`	`→` `&rightarrow;`	`U+2192`
$\longrightarrow$	⟶	$x\longrightarrow a$		`\longrightarrow`	`&LongRightArrow;`	`U+27F6`
$\uparrow$	↑	$\lim _{x\uparrow a}f(x)$		`\uparrow`	`↑` `&ShortUpArrow;`	`U+2191`
$\nearrow$	↗	$\lim _{x\nearrow a}f(x)$		`\nearrow`	`&UpperRightArrow;`	`U+2197`
$\searrow$	↘	$\lim _{x\searrow a}f(x)$		`\searrow`	`&LowerRightArrow;`	`U+2198`
$\downarrow$	↓	$\lim _{x\downarrow a}f(x)$		`\downarrow`	`↓` `&ShortDownArrow;`	`U+2193`
$\swarrow$	↙	$a\swarrow x$		`\swarrow`	`&LowerLeftArrow;`	`U+2199`
$\leftarrow$	←	$a\leftarrow x$		`\leftarrow`	`←` `&ShortLeftArrow;`	`U+2190`
$\longleftarrow$	⟵	$a\longleftarrow x$		`\longleftarrow`	`&longleftarrow;`	`U+27F5`
$\nwarrow$	↖	$a\nwarrow x$		`\nwarrow`	`&UpperLeftArrow;`	`U+2196`
$^{+}$	⁺	$\lim _{x\to a^{+}}f(x)$		`^+`	`⁺`	`U+207A`
$^{-}$	⁻	$\lim _{x\to a^{-}}f(x)$		`^-`	`⁻`	`U+207B`
$\lim$		$\lim _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$		`\lim`
$\liminf$		$\liminf _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$	Limit inferior and limit superior	`\liminf`
$\limsup$		$\limsup _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$	Limit inferior and limit superior	`\limsup`

Differential calculus[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${}'$ ${}^{\prime }$	′	$f'$ $f^{\prime }$	Lagrange's notation Prime (symbol)	`'` `^\prime`	`′`	`U+2032`
${}''$ ${}^{\prime \prime }$	″	$f''$ $f^{\prime \prime }$		`''` `^{\prime\prime}`	`″`	`U+2033`
${}'''$ ${}^{\prime \prime \prime }$	‴	$f'''$ $f^{\prime \prime \prime }$		`'''` `^{\prime\prime\prime}`	`‴`	`U+2034`
${}''''$ ${}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }$	⁗	$f''''$ $f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }$		`''''` `^{\prime\prime\prime\prime}`	`&qprime;`	`U+2057`
$^{IV}\;{}^{V}\;{}^{VI}$		$f^{IV},f^{V},f^{VI}$		`^{IV}` `^V` `^{VI}`	`<sup>IV</sup>`
$^{iv}\;{}^{v}\;{}^{vi}$		$f^{iv},f^{v},f^{vi}$		`^{iv}` `^v` `^{vi}`	`<sup>iv</sup>`
${}^{(~)}$	⁽ ⁾	$f^{(4)},f^{(5)},f^{(n)}$		`^{( )}`	`<sup>( )</sup>`	`U+207D/E`
${\dot {~~}}$	◌̇	${\dot {f}}$	Newton's notation	`\dot`	`̇`	`U+0307`
${\ddot {~~}}$	◌̈	${\ddot {f}}$	Newton's notation	`\ddot`	`̈`	`U+0308`
$d$	d	$dx$	Leibniz's notation	`d`	`d`	`U+0064`
		$df$
		${\frac {df}{dx}}$
		${\frac {d}{dx}}f$
		${\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}f$
$\partial$	∂	$\partial _{x}f$	Partial derivative	`\partial`	`∂`	`U+2202`
$\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\right\vert _{x}$	∂ and \|	$\left.{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}\right\vert _{x=x_{0}}$	Partial derivative	`\left. \frac{\partial }{\partial x} \right\vert_x`	`∂` and `&VerticalLine;`	`U+2202` and `U+007C`

Integral calculus[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\int$	∫	$\int _{a}^{b}$ , $\int _{G}$	Integral	`\int`	`∫`	`U+222B`
$\iint$	∬	$\iint _{\mathcal {F}}$	Surface integral	`\iint`	`&Int;`	`U+222C`
$\iiint$	∭	$\iiint _{V}$	Volume integral	`\iiint`	`&tint;`	`U+222D`
$\oint$	∮	$\oint _{\gamma }$	Curve integral	`\oint`	`&ContourIntegral;`	`U+222E`
$\oiint$	∯	$\oiint$ $\gamma$	Surface integral	`\oiint`	`&DoubleContourIntegral;`	`U+222F`
$\oiiint$	∰	$\oiiint$ $\gamma$	Volume integral	`\oiiint`	`&Cconint;`	`U+2230`

Vector calculus[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\nabla$	∇	$\nabla f$	Gradient	`\nabla`	`∇`	`U+2207`
		$\nabla \cdot F$	Divergence
		$\nabla \times F$	Curl (mathematics)
$\Delta$	∆	$\Delta f$	Laplace operator	`\Delta`	`Δ`	`U+2206`
$\square$	□	$\square f$	D'Alembert operator	`\square`	`□`	`U+25A1`

Asymptotic behaviour[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\sim$	∼	$f\sim$	Asymptotic analysis	`\sim`	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
$o$	o	$f\in o(g)$	Big O notation	`o`		`U+006F`
${\mathcal {O}}$	𝒪	$f\in {\mathcal {O}}(g)$		`\mathcal{O}`	`&Oscr;`	`U+1D4AA`
$\Theta$	Θ	$f\in \Theta (g)$		`\Theta`	`Θ`	`U+0398`
$\Omega$	Ω	$f\in \Omega (g)$		`\Omega`	`Ω`	`U+03A9`
$\omega$	ω	$f\in \omega (g)$		`\omega`	`ω`	`U+03C9`

Linear algebra[edit]

Vector operations[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\cdot$	⋅	$v\cdot w$	Dot product Inner product space	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
$(~~)$	( )	$(v,w)$		`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle v,w\rangle$ $\langle v\,\|\,w\rangle$		`\langle \rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`
$\times$	⨯	$v\times w$	Cross product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[v,w]$	Cross product	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$(~~)$	( )	$(u,v,w)$	Triple product	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\otimes$	⊗	$v\otimes w$	Dyadic product	`\otimes`	`&otimes;`	`U+2297`
$\wedge$	∧	$v\wedge w$	Exterior algebra	`\wedge`	`&and;`	`U+2227`
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|v\|$	Euclidean norm	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\\|~~\\|$	‖	$\\|v\\|$ $\lVert v\rVert$	Norm (mathematics)	`\Vert`, `\\|` `\lVert` `\rVert`	`&Vert;`	`U+2016`
${\hat {~}}$	̂	${\hat {v}}$	Unit vector	`\hat{}`	`̂`	`U+0302`

Matrix operations[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\cdot$	⋅	$A\cdot B$	Matrix multiplication	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
$\circ$	∘	$A\circ B$	Hadamard product	`\circ`	`&SmallCircle;`	`U+2218`
$\oslash$	⊘	$A\oslash B$	Hadamard division	`\oslash`	`&osol;`	`U+2298`
$*$	*	$A*B$	Khatri-Rao product	`*`	`&ast;`	`U+002A`
$\otimes$	⊗	$A\otimes B$	Kronecker product	`\otimes`	`&otimes;`	`U+2297`
${}^{\intercal }$	⊺	$A^{\intercal }$	Transposed matrix	`^\intercal`	`&intercal;`	`U+22BA`
${}^{\top }$	⊤	$A^{\top }$		`^\top`	`&top;`	`U+22A4`
${}^{\mathrm {T} }$	T	$A^{\mathrm {T} }$		`^{\mathrm T}`		`U+0054`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$A^{\ast }$	Conjugate transpose	`^\ast`	`&ast;`	`U+002A`
${}^{\dagger }$	†	$A^{\dagger }$		`^\dagger`	`&dagger;`	`U+2020`
${}^{\mathrm {H} }$	H	$A^{\mathrm {H} }$		`^H`		`U+0048`
${}^{-1}$	⁻	$A^{-1}$	Inverse matrix	`^{-1}`		`U+207B`
${}^{+}$	+	$A^{+}$	Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse	`^+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$\|~~\|$	\| A \|	$\|A\|$	Determinant	`\|`, `\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\det$	det	$\det A$	Determinant	`\det`	`det`
$\\|~~\\|$	‖	$\\|A\\|$	Matrix norm	`\\|`, `\Vert`	`&Vert;`	`U+2016`

Vector spaces[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$+$	+	$V+W$	Direct sum of modules Linear subspace	`+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$\oplus$	⊕	$V\oplus W$	Direct sum of modules Linear subspace	`\oplus`	`&oplus;`	`U+2295`
$\times$	⨯	$V\times W$	Direct product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$\otimes$	⊗	$V\otimes W$	Tensor product	`\otimes`	`&otimes;`	`U+2297`
$/$	/	$V\,/\,U$	Quotient space (linear algebra)	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
${}^{\perp }$	⟂	$U^{\perp }$	Orthogonal complement	`^\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+27C2`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$V^{\ast }$	Dual space	`^\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+002A`
${}^{0}$	0	$X^{0}$	Dual space	`^0`		`U+0030`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle X\rangle$	Linear hull	`\langle` `\rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`
$\dim$	dim	$\dim X$	Dimension (linear algebra)	`\dim`	`dim`
$\ker$	ker	$\ker L$	Kernel (linear algebra)	`\ker`	`ker`
$\Pr$	Pr	$\Pr {}_{1}(x,y)$	Projection (linear algebra)	`\Pr`	`Pr`

Functional analysis[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${}'$	′	$V'$	Dual space	`^\prime`	`′`	`U+2032/3`
${}''$	″	$V''$	Dual space	`^\prime`	`′`	`U+2032/3`
${\hat {~}}$	◌̂	${\hat {X}}$	Complete metric space	`\hat{}`		`U+0302`
$\hookrightarrow$	↪	$X\hookrightarrow Y$	Embedding	`\hookrightarrow`		`U+21AA`

Logic[edit]

The current Wikipedia guidelines advise against unnecessary use of ∀, ∃, and ⇔ and instead recommend writing out "for all", "there exists", and "if and only if." The same is true of abbreviations such as "iff", "s.t.", and "WLOG".

Equality signs[edit]

Look up Appendix:Variations of "=", Appendix:Variations of "≡", or Appendix:Variations of the number sign in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$=$	=	$a=b$	Equality	`=`	`=`	`U+003D`
$\#$	#	$a\,\#\,b$	Apartness relation	`\#`	`&num;`	`U+0023`
$\neq$	≠	$a\neq b$	Inequality	`\neq` `\ne` `\not=`	`≠`	`U+2260`
$\equiv$	≡	$a\equiv b$	Identity	`\equiv`	`&equiv;`	`U+2261`
$\approx$	≈	$a\approx b$	Approximation	`\approx`	`≈`	`U+2248`
$\sim$	∼	$a\sim b$	Equivalence class	`\sim`	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
$\propto$	∝	$a\propto b$	Proportionality	`\propto`	`&prop;`	`U+221D`
${\widehat {=}}$	≙	$a\,{\widehat {=}}\,b$	Bijection	`\widehat{=}`	`&wedgeq;`	`U+2259`
${\overset {?}{=}}$	≟	$a\,{\overset {?}{=}}\,b$	Asks "is it equal to"	`\overset{?}{=}`	`&questeq;`	`U+225F`
${\overset {\operatorname {def} }{=}}$	≝	$a\,{\overset {\operatorname {def} }{=}}\,b$	Equal to by definition	`\overset{\operatorname{def}}{=}`	`≝`	`U+225D`
$\triangleq$	≜	$a\,\triangleq \,b$	Equal to by definition	`\triangleq`	`&trie;`	`U+225C`
$:=$	≔	$a\,:=\,b$	Assignment	`:=`	`&coloneq;`	`U+2254`
$=:$	≕	$a\,=:\,b$	Assignment	`=:`	`&eqcolon;`	`U+2255`
$\doteq$	≐	$x_{n}\doteq \,b$	Approaches the limit	`\doteq`	`&esdot;`	`U+2250`
$==$	⩵	$x\,==\,y$	Relational operator	`==`	`&Equal;`	`U+2A75`

Logical operators[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\land$	∧	$A\land B$	Logical conjunction	`\land`	`&and;`	`U+2227`
$\lor$	∨	$A\lor B$	Logical disjunction	`\lor`	`&or;`	`U+2228`
$\Leftrightarrow$	⇔	$A\Leftrightarrow B$	Logical equivalence	`\Leftrightarrow`	`⇔`	`U+21D4`
$\leftrightarrow$	↔	$A\leftrightarrow B$		`\leftrightarrow`	`↔`	`U+2194`
$\iff$	⟺	$A\iff B$		`\iff`	`&Longleftrightarrow;`	`U+27FA`
$\Rightarrow$	⇒	$A\Rightarrow B$	Logical consequence	`\Rightarrow`	`⇒`	`U+21D2`
$\rightarrow$	→	$A\rightarrow B$		`\rightarrow`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\implies$	⟹	$A\implies B$		`\implies`	`&DoubleLongRightArrow;`	`U+27F9`
$\Longrightarrow$	⟹	$A\Longrightarrow B$		`\Longrightarrow`	`&DoubleLongRightArrow;`	`U+27F9`
$\oplus$	⊕	$A\oplus B$	Exclusive or	`\oplus`	`&oplus;`	`U+2295`
$\veebar$	⊻	$A\,\veebar \,B$		`\veebar`	`&veebar;`	`U+22BB`
${\dot {\lor }}$	⩒	$A\,{\dot {\lor }}\,B$		`\dot\lor`		`U+2A52`
$\lnot$	¬	$\lnot A$	Logical negation	`\lnot`	`¬`	`U+00AC`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {A}}$		`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	̅	${\overline {A}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
$\not$	◌̸	$\not =$ $\not \in$		`\not` (ex: `\not=` `\not\in`)	`̸` (ex: `≠` `∉`)	`U+0338`
$\leftarrow$	←	$A\leftarrow B$	Converse implication	`\leftarrow`	`&ShortLeftArrow;`	`U+2190`
$\multimap$	⊸	$A\multimap B$	Linear logic	`\multimap`	`&mumap;`	`U+22B8`
⅋	⅋	A ⅋ B	Linear logic	`\upand` (No Wikipedia support)	`&x214B;`	`U+214B`

Quantifiers[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\forall$	∀	$\forall \,x$	Universal quantification	`\forall`	`∀`	`U+2200`
$\bigwedge$	⋀	$\bigwedge _{x}$	Universal quantification	`\bigwedge`	`&Wedge;`	`U+22C0`
$\exists$	∃	$\exists \,x$	Existential quantification	`\exists`	`∃`	`U+2203`
$\bigvee$	⋁	$\bigvee _{x}$	Existential quantification	`\bigvee`	`&xvee;`	`U+22C1`
$\exists !$	∃!	$\exists !\,x$	Uniqueness quantification	`\exists!`	`∃!`	`U+2203`!
$\bigvee ^{\centerdot }$	⩒	$\bigvee _{x}^{\centerdot }$	Uniqueness quantification	`\dot\bigvee`		`U+2A52`
$\nexists$	∄	$\nexists \,x$	Existential quantification	`\nexists`	`&NotExists;`	`U+2204`

Deduction symbols[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\vdash$	⊢	$A\vdash B$	Logical consequence, Propositional calculus	`\vdash`	`&vdash;`	`U+22A2`
$\models$	⊨	$A\models B$	Logical consequence, Inference	`\models`	`&DoubleRightTee;`	`U+22A8`
$\models$	⊨	$\models A$	Tautology (logic)	`\models`	`&DoubleRightTee;`	`U+22A8`
$\top$	⊤	$A\top$	Tautology (logic)	`\top`	`&top;`	`U+22A4`
$\bot$	⊥	$A\bot$	Contradiction	`\bot`	`&perp;`	`U+22A5`
$\therefore$	∴	$A\therefore B$	Deductive reasoning	`\therefore`	`&therefore;`	`U+2234`
$\because$	∵	$A\because B$	Deductive reasoning	`\because`	`&because;`	`U+2235`

End of proof symbols[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\blacksquare$	■	...as desired. $\blacksquare$	Q.E.D.	`\blacksquare`	`■`	`U+25A0`
$\Box$	□		Q.E.D.	`\Box`	`&squ;`	`U+25A1`
	∎		Tombstone		`∎`	`U+220E`

Formal language and strings[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\varepsilon$	ε	$\varepsilon s=s$	Empty string	`\varepsilon`	`&epsi;`	`U+03B5`
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|s\|$	String length	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$+$	+	$s+t$	Concatenation	`+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$\cdot$	⋅	$s\cdot t$	Concatenation	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
$\lnot$	¬	$\lnot L$	Formal language	`\lnot`	`¬`	`U+00AC`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$V^{\ast }$	Kleene star	`^\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+002A`
${}^{+}$	+	$V^{+}$	Free monoid	`^+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$\sim$	∼	$a\sim b$	Squiggle operator	`\sim`	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
$[\![~~]\!]$	⟦⟧	$[\![s]\!]$	Squiggle operator	`[\![` `]\!]`	`&LeftDoubleBracket;` `&RightDoubleBracket;`	`U+27E6/7`

Functions and category theory[edit]

Functions[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\to$	→	$f\colon A\to B$	Function (mathematics)	`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\to$	→	$A\,{\stackrel {f}{\to }}\,B$		`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\mapsto$	↦	$f\colon x\mapsto y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
$\mapsto$	↦	$x\,{\stackrel {f}{\mapsto }}\,y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
$(~~)$	( )	$f(x)$	Image (mathematics)	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$(~~)$	( )	$f(X)$		`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$f[X]$		`[ ]`	`[` or `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\vert$	\|	$f\vert _{X}$	Restriction (mathematics)	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\cdot$	⋅	$f(\cdot )$	Free variable	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
${}^{-1}$	⁻	$f^{-1}$	Inverse function	`-1`		`U+207B`
$\circ$	∘	$f\circ g$	Function composition	`\circ`	`∘`	`U+2218`
$\ast$	∗	$f\ast g$	Convolution	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+2217`
${\hat {~}}$	◌̂	${\hat {f}}$	Fourier transform	`\hat`		`U+0302`
$\multimap$	⊸	$f:X\multimap Y$	Multimap	`\multimap`	`&mumap;`	`U+22B8`

Morphisms[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\to$	→	$f\colon X\to Y$	Morphism	`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\to$	→	$X\,{\stackrel {f}{\to }}\,Y$		`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\mapsto$	↦	$f\colon x\mapsto y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
$\mapsto$	↦	$x\,{\stackrel {f}{\mapsto }}\,y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
${\overset {\sim }{\rightarrow }}$	⥲	$f\colon X{\overset {\sim }{\rightarrow }}Y$	Isomorphism	`\tilde{\rightarrow}`		`U+2972`
$\hookrightarrow$	↪	$f\colon X\hookrightarrow Y$	Monomorphism	`\hookrightarrow`	`&#8618`	`U+21AA`
$\hookrightarrow$	↪	$X\,{\stackrel {f}{\hookrightarrow }}\,Y$	Monomorphism	`\hookrightarrow`	`&#8618`	`U+21AA`
$\twoheadrightarrow$	↠	$f\colon X\twoheadrightarrow Y$	Epimorphism	`\twoheadrightarrow`	`&#8608`	`U+21A0`
$\twoheadrightarrow$	↠	$X\,{\stackrel {f}{\twoheadrightarrow }}\ Y$	Epimorphism	`\twoheadrightarrow`	`&#8608`	`U+21A0`
$\hom$	hom	$\hom _{C}(X,Y)$	Morphism	`\hom`	`hom`

Constructions[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\prod$	∏	$\prod X_{i}$	Product (category theory)	`\prod`	`∏`	`U+220F`
$\coprod$	∐	$\coprod X_{i}$	Coproduct	`\coprod`	`&Coproduct;`	`U+2210`
$\oplus$	⊕	$\oplus X_{i}$	Biproduct	`\oplus`	`&CirclePlus;`	`U+2295`
$\times$	×	$A\times _{C}B$	Pullback (category theory)	`\times`	`×`	`U+00D7`
$\lim$	lim	$\lim F$	Limit (category theory)	`\lim`	`lim`
$\projlim$	projlim	$\projlim F$	Inverse limit	`\projlim`	`projlim`
$\varprojlim$		$\varprojlim F$	Inverse limit	`\varprojlim`
$\injlim$	injlim	$\injlim F$	Direct limit	`\injlim`	`injlim`
$\varinjlim$		$\varinjlim F$	Direct limit	`\varinjlim`

Set theory[edit]

Definition symbols[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\colon$	:	$A\colon B$	Definition	`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
		$A\colon =B$
		$A\colon \Leftrightarrow B$

Set construction[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\varnothing$	∅	$\varnothing =\{\;\}$	Empty set	`\varnothing`	`&varnothing;` `∅`	`U+2205`
$\emptyset$			Empty set	`\emptyset`
$\{~\}$	{ }	$\{a,b,\ldots \}$	Set (mathematics)	`\{` `\}` `\lbrace` `\rbrace`	`{` `}`	`U+007B/D`
$\mid$	\|	$\{a\mid T(a)\}$		`\mid`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\colon$	:	$\{a\colon T(a)\}$		`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
$:$	:	$\{a:T(a)\}$		`:`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\cap$	∩	$A\cap B$	Intersection (set theory)	`\cap`	`∩`	`U+2229`
$\bigcap$	⋂	$\bigcap _{S\in P}S$	Intersection (set theory)	`\bigcap`	`&xcap;` `&Intersection;`	`U+22C2`
$\cup$	∪	$A\cup B$	Union (set theory)	`\cup`	`∪`	`U+222A`
$\bigcup$	⋃	$\bigcup _{S\in P}S$	Union (set theory)	`\bigcup`	`&xcup;` `&Union;`	`U+22C3`
$\setminus$	∖	$A\setminus B$	Difference (set theory)	`\setminus`	`&setminus;` `&smallsetminus;`	`U+2216`
$\smallsetminus$	∖	$A\smallsetminus B$	Difference (set theory)	`\smallsetminus`	`&setminus;` `&smallsetminus;`	`U+2216`
$\triangle$	∆	$A\,\triangle \,B$	Symmetric difference	`\triangle`	`Δ`	`U+2206`
$\ominus$	⊖	$A\ominus B$	Symmetric difference	`\ominus`	`&CircleMinus;`	`U+2296`
$\times$	⨯	$A\times B$	Cartesian product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
${\dot {\cap }}$	⩀	$A\,{\dot {\cap }}\,B$	Intersection (set theory)	`\dot\cap`	`&capdot;`	`U+2A40`
$\sqcap$	⊓	$A\sqcap B$		`\sqcap`	`&SquareIntersection;`	`U+2293`
	⩄			`\capwedge`	`&capand;`	`U+2A44`
${\dot {\cup }}$	⊍	$A\,{\dot {\cup }}\,B$	Disjoint union	`\dot\cup`	`&cupdot;`	`U+228D`
$\uplus$	⊎	$A\uplus B$		`\uplus`	`&uplus;`	`U+228E`
$\sqcup$	⊔	$A\sqcup B$		`\sqcup`	`&SquareUnion;`	`U+2294`
	⫛		Transversal intersection	`\mlcp`	`&mlcp;`	`U+2ADB`
${}^{\complement }$	∁	$A^{\complement }$	Complement (set theory)	`^\complement`	`&complement;`	`U+2201`
${}^{\mathrm {C} }$	C	$A^{\mathrm {C} }$		`^{\mathrm C}`	`&complement;`	`U+2201`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {z}}$		`\bar{}`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {A}}$		`\overline{}`		`U+0305`
$\wp$	℘	$\wp (A)$	Power set	`\wp`	`&wp;`	`U+2118`
${\mathcal {P}}$	𝒫	${\mathcal {P}}(A)$		`\mathcal{P}`	`&Pscr;`	`U+1D4AB`
${\mathfrak {P}}$	𝔓	${\mathfrak {P}}(A)$		`\mathfrak{P}`	`&Pfr;`	`U+1D513`
$\bigwedge$	⋀	$\bigwedge \limits _{x\in A}$	Infimum and supremum	`\bigwedge` `\bigwedge\limits_{}`	`&Wedge;`	`U+22C0`
$\bigvee$	⋁	$\bigvee \limits _{x\in A}$	Infimum and supremum	`\bigvee` `\bigvee\limits_{}`	`&xvee;`	`U+22C1`

Set relations[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\subset$	⊂	$A\subset B$	Subset	`\subset`	`⊂`	`U+2282`
$\subsetneq$	⊊	$A\subsetneq B$		`\subsetneq`	`&subne;`	`U+228A`
$\subseteq$	⊆	$A\subseteq B$		`\subseteq`	`&sube;`	`U+2286`
	⟃	$A ⟃ B$		`\subsetcirc`	`⟃`	`U+27C3`
$\supset$	⊃	$A\supset B$	Superset	`\supset`	`⊃`	`U+2283`
$\supsetneq$	⊋	$A\supsetneq B$		`\supsetneq`	`&supne;`	`U+228B`
$\supseteq$	⊇	$A\supseteq B$		`\supseteq`	`&supe;`	`U+2287`
	⟄	$A ⟄ B$		`\supsetcirc`	`⟄`	`U+27C4`
$\not \subset$	⊄	$A\not \subset B$		`\not\subset`	`&nsub;`	`U+2284`
$\not \supset$	⊅	$A\not \supset B$	Superset	`\not\supset`	`&nsup;`	`U+2285`
$\not \subseteq$	⊈	$A\not \subseteq B$		`\not\subseteq`	`&NotSubsetEqual;`	`U+2288`
$\not \supseteq$	⊉	$A\not \supseteq B$	Superset	`\not\supseteq`	`&NotSupersetEqual;`	`U+2289`
$\in$	∈	$a\in A$	Element (mathematics)	`\in`	`∈`	`U+2208`
$\ni$	∋	$A\ni a$		`\ni`, `\owns`	`&ni;`	`U+220B`
$\notin$	∉	$a\notin A$		`\notin`, `\not\in`	`∉`	`U+2209`
$\not \ni$	∌	$A\not \ni a$		`\not\ni`	`&NotReverseElement;`	`U+220C`
$\sqsubset$	⊏	$A\sqsubset B$	Substring	`\sqsubset`	`&SquareSubset;`	`U+228F`
$\sqsupset$	⊐	$A\sqsupset B$		`\sqsupset`	`&SquareSuperset;`	`U+2290`
$\sqsubseteq$	⊑	$A\sqsubseteq B$		`\sqsubseteq`	`&sqsubseteq;`	`U+2291`
$\sqsupseteq$	⊒	$A\sqsupseteq B$		`\sqsupseteq`	`&SquareSupersetEqual;`	`U+2292`

Note: The symbols $\subset$ and $\supset$ are used inconsistently and often do not exclude the equality of the two quantities.

Cardinality[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|A\|$	Cardinality	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\#$	#	$\#A$	Cardinality	`\#`	`&num;`	`U+0023`
${\mathfrak {c}}$	𝔠		Cardinality of the continuum	`\mathfrak{c}`	`&cfr;`	`U+1D520`
$\aleph$	ℵ	$\aleph _{0}$ , $\aleph _{1}$ , ...	Aleph number	`\aleph`	`&aleph;`	`U+2135`
$\beth$	ℶ	$\beth _{0}$ , $\beth _{1}$ , ...	Beth number	`\beth`	`&beth;`	`U+2136`

Equivalence classes/relations[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[a]$	Equivalence class	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$/$	/	$M/\!\sim$	Quotient set	`/`	`/`	`U+002F`
$\sim$	∼	$a\sim b$	Equivalence relation	`\sim`	`&sim;`, `&Tilde;`	`U+223C`
$\backsim$	∽	$a\backsim b$		`\backsim`	`&bsim;`	`U+223D`
$\nsim$	≁	$a\nsim b$		`\not\sim`, `\nsim`	`&nsim;`	`U+2241`
$\eqsim$	≂	$a\eqsim b$		`\eqsim`	`&EqualTilde;`	`U+2242`
$\simeq$	≃	$a\simeq b$		`\simeq`	`&TildeEqual;`	`U+2243`
$\cong$	≅	$a\cong b$		`\cong`	`&TildeFullEqual;`	`U+2245`
$\ncong$	≇	$a\ncong b$		`\not\cong`, `\ncong`	`&NotTildeFullEqual;`	`U+2247`

Order theory[edit]

Comparisons[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\leq$	≤	$a\leq b$	Order relation	`\leq`, `\le`	`&leq;`, `≤`	`U+2264`
$\geq$	≥	$a\geq b$		`\geq`, `\ge`	`&geq;`, `≥`	`U+2265`
$\nless$	≮	$a\nless b$		`\nless`	`&nlt;`, `&NotLess;`	`U+226E`
$\ngtr$	≯	$a\ngtr b$		`\ngtr`	`&ngt;`, `&NotGreater;`	`U+226F`
$\nleq$	≰	$a\nleq b$		`\not\leq`, `\nleq`	`&nle;`, `&NotLessEqual;`	`U+2270`
$\ngeq$	≱	$a\ngeq b$		`\not\geq`, `\ngeq`	`&nge;`, `&NotGreaterEqual;`	`U+2271`
$\lesssim$	≲	$a\lesssim b$	Inequality (mathematics)	`\lesssim`	`&lsim;`, `&LessTilde;`	`U+2272`
$\gtrsim$	≳	$a\gtrsim b$		`\gtrsim`	`&gsim;`, `&GreaterTilde;`	`U+2273`
$\not \lesssim$	≴	$a\not \lesssim b$		`\not\lesssim`	`&NotLessTilde;`	`U+2274`
$\not \gtrsim$	≵	$a\not \gtrsim b$		`\not\gtrsim`	`&NotGreaterTilde;`	`U+2275`
$\prec$	≺	$a\prec b$	Successor ordinal	`\prec`	`&prec;`	`U+227A`
$\succ$	≻	$a\succ b$		`\succ`	`&succ;`	`U+227B`
$\preccurlyeq$	≼	$a\preccurlyeq b$		`\preccurlyeq`	`&PrecedesSlantEqual;`	`U+227C`
$\succcurlyeq$	≽	$a\succcurlyeq b$		`\succcurlyeq`	`&SucceedsSlantEqual;`	`U+227D`
$\precsim$	≾	$a\precsim b$		`\precsim`	`&PrecedesTilde;`	`U+227E`
$\succsim$	≿	$a\succsim b$		`\succsim`	`&SucceedsTilde;`	`U+227F`
$\preceq$	⪯	$a\preceq b$		`\preceq`	`&PrecedesEqual;`	`U+2AAF`
$\succeq$	⪰	$a\succeq b$		`\succeq`	`&SucceedsEqual;`	`U+2AB0`
$\curlyeqprec$	⋞	$a\curlyeqprec b$		`\curlyeqprec`	`&curlyeqprec;`	`U+22DE`
$\curlyeqsucc$	⋟	$a\curlyeqsucc b$		`\curlyeqsucc`	`&curlyeqsucc;`	`U+22DF`
$\sqsubset$	⊏	$a\sqsubset b$	Partially ordered set	`\sqsubset`	`&sqsubset;` `&SquareSubset;`	`U+228F`
$\sqsupset$	⊐	$a\sqsupset b$		`\sqsupset`	`&sqsupset;` `&SquareSuperset;`	`U+2290`
$\sqsubseteq$	⊑	$a\sqsubseteq b$		`\sqsubseteq`	`&sqsubseteq;` `&SquareSubsetEqual;`	`U+2291`
$\sqsupseteq$	⊒	$a\sqsupseteq b$		`\sqsupseteq`	`&sqsupseteq;` `&SquareSupersetEqual;`	`U+2292`
$\not \sqsubseteq$	⋢	$a\not \sqsubseteq b$		`\not\sqsubseteq`	`&NotSquareSubsetEqual;`	`U+22E2`
$\not \sqsupseteq$	⋣	$a\not \sqsupseteq b$		`\not\sqsupseteq`	`&NotSquareSupersetEqual;`	`U+22E3`

Binary relations[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
;	;	$R;S$	Composition of relations	`;`	`&semi;`	`U+003B`
$\bullet$	•	$a\bullet b$	Operation (mathematics)	`\bullet`	`•`	`U+2219`
$\ast$	∗	$a\ast b$	Operation (mathematics)	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+2217`
${}^{T}$	⁻	$R^{T}$	Converse relation	`T`
${\bar {}}$	⁻	${\bar {R}}$	Complementary relation	`\bar{R}`
${}^{+}$	+	$R^{+}$	Transitive closure	`+`		`U+002B`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$R^{\ast }$	Reflexive closure	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+002A`

Algebra[edit]

Group theory[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\simeq$	≃	$G\simeq H$	Group isomorphism	`\simeq`		`U+2243`
$\cong$	≅	$G\cong H$	Group isomorphism	`\cong`	`&cong;`	`U+2245`
$\times$	⨯	$G\times H$	Direct product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$\rtimes$	⋊	$G\rtimes H$	Semidirect product	`\rtimes`	`&rtimes;`	`U+22CA`
$\wr$	≀	$G\,\wr \,H$	Wreath product	`\wr`	`&VerticalTilde;`	`U+2240`
$\leq$	≤	$U\leq G$	Subgroup	`\leq`	`≤`	`U+2264`
$<$	<	$U<G$	Subgroup	`\lt`	`<`	`U+003C`
$\vartriangleleft$	⊲	$N\vartriangleleft G$	Normal subgroup	`\vartriangleleft`	`&RightTriangle;`	`U+22B3`
$\trianglelefteq$	⊴	$N\trianglelefteq G$		`\trianglelefteq`	`&LeftTriangleEqual;`	`U+22B4`
$\not \vartriangleleft$	⋪	$N\not \vartriangleleft G$		`\not\vartriangleleft`	`&ntriangleleft;`	`U+22EA`
$\not \trianglelefteq$	⋬	$N\not \trianglelefteq G$		`\not\trianglelefteq`	`&NotLeftTriangleEqual;`	`U+22EC`
$\vartriangleright$	⊳	$G\vartriangleright N$		`\vartriangleright`	`&RightTriangle;`	`U+22B3`
$\trianglerighteq$	⊵	$G\trianglerighteq N$		`\trianglerighteq`	`&RightTriangleEqual;`	`U+22B5`
$\not \vartriangleright$	⋫	$G\not \vartriangleright N$		`\not\vartriangleright`	`&NotRightTriangle;`	`U+22EB`
$\not \trianglerighteq$	⋭	$G\not \trianglerighteq N$		`\not\trianglerighteq`	`&NotRightTriangleEqual;`	`U+22ED`
$/$	/	$G/N$	Quotient group	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
$\colon$	:	$(G\colon U)$	Index of a subgroup	`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle E\rangle$	Generating set of a group	`\langle \rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[g,h]$	Commutator	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`

Field theory[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$/$	/	$L/K$	Field extension	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
$\mid$	\|	$L\mid K$		`\mid`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\colon$	:	$L\colon K$		`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
$\colon$		$[L\colon K]$	Degree of a field extension	`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {K}}$	Algebraic closure	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {K}}$	Algebraic closure	`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
$()$	( )	$K(\alpha )$	Field extension, Algebraic number field	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\mathbb {F}$	𝔽		Finite field	`\mathbb{F}`	`&Fopf;`	`U+1D53D`
$\mathbb {K}$	𝕂		Field (mathematics)	`\mathbb{K}`	`&Kopf;`	`U+1D542`

Ring theory[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${}^{\ast }$	∗	$R^{\ast }$	Group of units	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+2217`
${}^{\times }$	⨯	$R^{\times }$	Group of units	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$\vartriangleleft$	⊲	$I\vartriangleleft R$	Ideal (ring theory)	`\vartriangleleft`	`&LeftTriangle;`	`U+22B2`
$/$	/	$R/I$	Quotient ring	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$R[X]$	Polynomial ring	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$[[~~]]$	[ ]	$R[[X]],R((X))$	Formal power series	`[[ ]]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\deg$	deg	$\deg p(x)$	Degree of a polynomial	`\deg`	`deg;`

Geometry[edit]

Euclidean geometry[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[AB]$	Line segment	`[ ]` `\left[ \right]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|AB\|$		`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
${\overline {~~}}$	̅	${\overline {AB}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
${\underline {~~}}$	̲	${\underline {AB}}$		`\underline`	`̲`	`U+0332`
${\overrightarrow {~~}}$	⃗	${\overrightarrow {AB}}$	Euclidean vector and Affine space	`\vec`	`⃗`	`U+20D7`
$\angle$	∠	$\angle ABC$	Angle	`\angle`	`&ang;`	`U+2220`
	∡	∡ABC	Angle measure		`&measuredangle;`	`U+2221`
	∟	∟ABC	Right angle		`&angrt;`	`U+221F`
	⦜	⦜ABC	Right angle		`&vangrt;`	`U+299C`
	⦟	⦟ABC	Acute angle		`⦟`	`U+299F`
	⦦	⦦ABC	Obtuse angle, Oblique angle		`&dwangle;`	`U+29A6`
	⦞	⦞ABC	Angles		`⦞`	`U+299E`
$\parallel$	∥	$g\parallel h$	Parallel (geometry)	`\parallel`	`&shortparallel;`	`U+2225`
$\nparallel$	∦	$g\nparallel h$	Parallel (geometry)	`\nparallel`	`&NotDoubleVerticalBar;`	`U+2226`
$\perp$	⟂	$g\perp h$	Orthogonality	`\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+27C2`
$\triangle$	△	$\triangle ABC$	Triangle	`\triangle`	`&bigtriangleup;`	`U+25B3`
	⊿	⊿ABC	Right triangle		`&lrtri;`	`U+22BF`
$\square$	□	$\square {\mathit {ABCD}}$	Quadrilateral	`\square`	`&squ;`	`U+25A1`
	▭	▭ABCD	Rectangle		`&rect;`	`U+25AD`
	⏢	⏢ABCD	Trapezium		`&trpezium;`	`U+23E2`
	▱	▱ABCD	Parallelogram		`&fltns;`	`U+25B1`
	◊	◊ABCD	Rhombus, Lozenge		`&loz;`	`U+25CA`
	⬠	⬠ABCDE	Pentagon		`⬠`	`U+2B20`
	⬡	⬡ABCDEF	Hexagon		`⬡`	`U+2B21`
	⬢	⬢ABCDEF	Hexagon		`⬢`	`U+2B22`
	○	○S	Circle		`&cir;`	`U+25CB`
	●	●S	Disc		`●`	`U+25CF`

Differential geometry[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\mathcal {L}}$	ℒ	${\mathcal {L}}_{X}\omega$	Lie derivative	`\mathcal{L}`	`ℒ`	`U+2112`
$\mathbin {\lrcorner }$	⌟	$X\mathbin {\lrcorner } \omega$	Interior product	`\mathbin{\lrcorner}`	`&lrcorner;`	`U+231F`
$\iota$	𝜄	$\iota _{X}\omega$	Interior product	`\iota`	`𝜄`	`U+1D704`
$\wedge$	∧	$\omega \wedge \eta$	Wedge product	`\wedge`	`&wedge;`	`U+2227`
$\bigwedge$	⋀	${\textstyle \bigwedge ^{k}}A$	Wedge product	`\bigwedge`	`&Wedge;`	`U+22C0`

Topology[edit]

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\partial$	∂	$\partial U$	Boundary (topology)	`\partial`	`∂`	`U+2202`
${}^{\circ }$	˚	$U^{\circ }$	Interior (topology)	`\circ`	`°`	`U+02DA`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {z}}$	Closure (topology)	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {z}}$	Closure (topology)	`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
${\dot {~}}$	◌̇	${\dot {U}}(x)$	Punctured neighbourhood	`\dot`		`U+0307`