text:
 radiation, the space usually is filled at least in part with radiation shields, a powder or a matrix of solids and voids. A high degree of evacuation is still typically necessary to achieve tolerable rates of heat transmission across the space. The matrix or powder usually contributes somewhat to the heat transmission rate across the space by conduction through the solid portion of the matrix or powder.
What is needed is a system for containing or guiding fluids at cryogenic temperatures wherein low heat leak is attained without a high degree of evacuation and without a high strength structure. This invention satisfies these needs. The invention employs a coherent aerogel to achieve low rates of heat transmission, preferably with gaseous environment pressures higher than used with other materials in the prior art. The coherent aerogel is in a fixed form capable of bearing and transmitting load so that the structure surrounding the aerogel preferably need not support fully the pressure loading imposed by the ambient atmosphere, but can transmit the pressure loading from one external face of the enclosure, through the aerogel, to the other face of the enclosure, thereby balancing the pressure loading of the ambient atmosphere.
Aerogels are water-free gels dried in such a way that the solid matter in the gel remains intact. The resulting solid is an amorphous lattice structure with ultrafine open cells typically consisting of 1 to 5% solid matter. Aerogels have continuous porosity and a microstructure of interconnected colloidal-like particles or polymeric chains with characteristic diameters of 0.01 micrometers. Abundant pores of nanometer size through out the aerogel comprise most of the aerogel's volume.
Inorganic aerogels which have been prepared in coherent form include silica, alumina, zirconia, tungsten, and titanium aerogels, made via the hydrolysis and condensation of the metal alkoxide, for example, tetramethoxy silane, in an alcohol to form an alcogel. The alcogel is dried at supercritical conditions for the alcohol, or at supercritical conditions for a solvent substituted for the alcohol, so as to form a coherent matrix, that is, a coherent aerogel. Alternatively, the alcohol may be replaced with a solvent which is extracted at supercritical conditions for the solvent. Coherent aerogel based on carbon has also been prepared.
Organic aerogels include resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels formed by the sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol with formaldehyde under alkaline conditions. A typical process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,927 issued Sep. 6, 1983 to G. von Dardel, hereby incorporated by reference. Another organic aerogel is produced by the sol-gel polymerization of melamine with formaldehyde, introducing a PH change, and following with supercritical extraction, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,086,085 issued Feb. 5, 1992 to R. W. Pekala, and hereby incorporated by reference. Representative densities are from about 100 to about 800 kilograms per cubic meter.
All of the aerogels mentioned are capable of being produced in a coherent form, are capable of compressive load bearing, have low densities and display low transmission of heat at atmospheric pressure, and at subatmospheric pressures, notably at low vacuum.<|endoftext|>Month: June 2016

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dataset_name: pile

text:
 \}.
  \end{aligned}$$ It follows that $A_{1}
   \le
   C_{4}
   \sum_{l=1}^{N_{G}}
   \bar{\ell}_{G+1,l}(\mathcal{K},\theta)
  $.

We now consider $A_{2}$ and $A_{3}$. Note that $
  \Delta \beta_{t, \mathcal{K}}
  =
  \sum_{g=1}^{G}
  \Delta
  \beta_{g, t, \mathcal{K}}
  $, and $$\begin{aligned}
    \label{eq:I-1}
    A_{2}
    =
    \sum_{g=1}^{G}
    \sum_{t=1}^{T}
    \Delta
    \beta_{g, t, \mathcal{K}}'
    X_{tT}\Sigma_{t, \mathcal{K}}^{-1}u_{t}.
  \end{aligned}$$ Also, given $
  X_{tT}\Sigma_{t, \mathcal{K}}^{-1}X_{tT}^{\prime }
  = S' (x_{tT}x_{tT}^{\prime }\otimes \Sigma_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}^{-1} )S
  $ for $\tau_{l-1} +1 \le t \le \tau_{l}$, we can show that $$\begin{aligned}
    A_{3}
    =
    \sum_{l=1}^{N}
    \bigg \{
    -
    \frac{1}{2}
    \bigg \|
    \bigg (
    \sum_{t=\tau_{l-1}+1}^{\tau_{l}}x_{tT}x_{tT}^{\prime}
    \otimes
    \Sigma_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}^{-1}
    \bigg )^{1/2}
    S
    \Delta
    \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \bigg \|^{2}
    \bigg \}
    =:
    \sum_{l=1}^{N}
    A_{3,l}.
  \end{aligned}$$ Under Assumption A1, there exists a finite integer $k_{0}$ such that the minimum eigenvalue of $
  (\tau_{l} - \tau_{l-1})^{-1}
  \sum_{t=\tau_{l-1}+1}^{\tau_{l}}x_{tT}x_{tT}^{\prime}
  $ is strictly positive for every $(\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1})\ge k_{0}$ and also the eigenvalues of $\Sigma_{\tau_{l},\mathcal{K}}$ take finite positive values in ${\Theta}$ from Assumption A5. Thus, an application of the result that $\min_{1 \le i \le n}\lambda_{i}(A) \| b\|^2\leq b^{\prime }Ab
  \leq \max_{1 \le i\le n}\lambda _{i}(A) \|b\|^2$ for an $n \times 1$ vector $b$ and an $n \times n$ symmetric matrix $A$ with eigenvalues $\{\lambda _{i}(A)\}_{i=1}^{n}$ yields that, when $\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1} \ge k_{0}$, $$\begin{aligned}
    \label{eq:I3-1}
    A_{3,l}
    \le
    -
    C_{5}
    (\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1})
    \|
    S
    \Delta
    \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \|^2
    \le
    -
    C_{6}
    (\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1})
    \|
    \Delta
    \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \|^2,
  \end{aligned}$$ where the last inequality is due to the fact that $S'S$ is positive definite.[^17] When $\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1} < k_{0}$, we have that $ (\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1})
    \|
    \Delta \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \|^2
    \le
    C_{7}
    \|
    \Delta \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \|^2
  $, which yields $$\begin{aligned}
    \label{eq:I3-2}
    A_{3,l}
    \le
    0
    \le
    -
    C_{8}
    (\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1})
    \|
    \Delta \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \|^2
    +
    C_{9}
    \|
    \Delta \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \|^2.
  \end{aligned}$$ It follows from (\[eq:I3-1\]) and (\[eq:I3-2\]) that $
    A_{3}
    \le
    -
    C_{10}
    \sum_{l=1}^{N}
    (\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1})
    \big \|
    \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}} -\beta _{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}^{0}}^{0}
    \big \|^2
    +
    C_{11}
    \Delta_{T}(\mathcal{K}, \theta)
  $. Also, we can show that $
    \sum_{l=1}^{N}
    (\tau_{l}- \tau_{l-1})
    \big \|
    \Delta \beta_{\tau_{l}, \mathcal{K}}
    \big \|^2
    =
    \sum_{t=1}^{T}
    \big \|
    \Delta \beta_{t, \mathcal{K}}
    \big \|^2
  $ and that $
  \big \|
    \Delta \beta_{t, \mathcal{K}}
  \big \|^2
  =
  \sum_{g=1}^{G}
  \big \|
    \Delta
    \beta_{g, t, \mathcal{K}}
  \big \|^2
  $ because $
  (
  \Delta
  \beta_{g_{1}, t, \mathcal{K}}
  )'
  \Delta
  \beta_{g_{2}, t, \mathcal{K}}
  = 0
  $ for all $g_{1}, g_{2}
   {\in}
   \{1, \dots, G\}
  $ with $g_{1} \not = g_{2}$. Thus, $$\begin{aligned}
    \label{eq:I-2}
    A_{3}
    \le
    -
    C_{12}
    \sum_{g=1}^{G}
    \sum_{t=1}^{T}
    \big \|
    \Delta \beta_{g, t, \mathcal{K}}
    \big \|^2
    +
    C_{13}
    \Delta_{T}(\mathcal{K}, \theta).
  \end{aligned}$$ For each $g = 1, \dots, G$, we have partitions $\{ [\tau_{g, l-1}+1,\tau_{gl}]\}$ of an interval $[1, T]$. From, (\[eq:I-1\]) and (\[eq:I-2\]), $ A_{2} + A_{3}
    \le
    C_{14}
    \{
    \sum_{g=1}^{G}
    \sum_{l=1}^{N_{g}}
    \bar{\ell}_{g,l}(\mathcal{K},\theta)
    +
    \Delta_{T}(\mathcal{K}, \theta)
    \}
  $. Hence, the result follows.

We shall establish several properties of the terms $\{\bar{\ell}_{g, l}(\mathcal{K}, \theta)\}_{g=1}^{G+1}$ based on subsamples free from structural changes. To this end, we consider a sequence $\{\xi_{t}\}_{t=1}^{T}$ of some random vectors or matrices satisfying the condition under which the Hajek-Renyi inequality in Lemma \[lemma:HRI\] holds. Let $\gamma$ be a parameter vector or matrix as an element of the bounded parameter space $\Gamma:= \{\gamma: \|\gamma \| \le C\}$. We define an object depending on a subsample of $k$ observations free from structural changes in $\gamma$, namely for $k=1, \dots, T$, $$\begin{aligned}
  \ell_{k}^{(0)}(\gamma):=
  \bigg (
  \bigg \|
  \sum_{t=1}^{k}
  \xi_{t}
  \bigg \|
  -
  k
  \|\gamma \|
  \bigg )
  \|\gamma \|.  \end{aligned}$$

We now establish a series of properties related to the likelihood function that


text:
untenable or unreasonable, nor was its action clearly against
justice or conscience, reason, and evidence.
                      CONCLUSION
  Based on the findings above, we affirm the district court’s
decision.
                                                 A ffirmed.

30
      State v. Collins, 292 Neb. 602, 873 N.W.2d 657 (2016).
31
      State v. Huff, supra note 27.
32
      State v. Custer, 292 Neb. 88, 871 N.W.2d 243 (2015).
<|endoftext|>Heshan

__NOTOC__
Heshan may refer to the following places in China:

County-level
 Heshan, Guangdong (鹤山市), county-level city of Jiangmen
 Heshan, Guangxi (合山市), county-level city of Laibin
 Heshan District, Hebi (鹤山区), Henan
 Heshan District, Yiyang (赫山区), Hunan

Towns
 Heshan, Yangdong County (合山镇), Guangdong
 Heshan, Rizhao (河山镇), in Donggang District, Rizhao, Shandong
 Heshan, Tongxiang (河山镇), Zhejiang

Townships
 Heshan Township, Longjiang County (合山乡), Heilongjiang
 Heshan Township, Lishu County (河山乡), Jilin
 Heshan Township, Ningyang County (鹤山乡), Shandong

Subdistricts
 Heshan Subdistrict (赫山街道), a subdistrict of Heshan District, Yiyang, Hunan
 Heshan Subdistrict, Xiamen (禾山街道), a subdistrict of Huli District in Xiamen, Fujian
 Heshan Subdistrict, Pujiang (鹤山街道), a subdistrict in Pujiang County, Sichuan

Village
 Heshan (合山村), Liuji, Dawu County, Xiaogan, Hubei<|endoftext|>Costello syndrome: report of an 8-month-old marasmic boy.
An 8-month-old boy having multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) and mental retardation (MR) as part of the Costello syndrome is described. This observation emphasizes once more the severe and early-onset postnatal growth failure as the first, major clinical sign of this MCA/MR syndrome.<|endoftext|>Orthodontic treatment is effected by fixing small appliances often referred to as orthodontic brackets to a patient's teeth in an appropriate manner so as to correct malaligned teeth by applying an external force thereto through an archwire extending between the generally fixed orthodontic brackets. Directions mesial and distal mean generally left to right. Labial is the front surface, while lingual is defined as anything toward the direction of the tongue and it thereby stands to reason the word lingual is definitively and additionally defined as behind the labial surface. As to the structure of these orthodontic brackets, they are constructed of a body having a main archwire slot and other horizontally, vertically, diagonally oriented slots used to house a clip and are adhered directly on the labial or lingual sides of the teeth or welded to metal bands attached to the teeth by cementing or by some other method, as is generally known in the art.
As the form of use of the orthodontic bracket constructed as described above, a flexible archwire, which is curved so as to conform to a dental arch, is placed in an archwire slot in the bracket, and the tooth can be aligned over time by the restoring force of the generally flexible archwire so that the teeth become well aligned. With the orthodontic bracket, a force can be applied to the tooth in a desired direction to change the direction in which the tooth is aligned, rotated, tipped or torqued. This is effected by the three-dimensional inclination of the slot formed in the bracket body or by the desired bending of the archwire. Light, continuous forces are desirable for ideal biological movement that also reduce the risk of root resorption (root shortening).
Orthodontic treatment is accomplished by transmitting the restoring force of the archwires through brackets to the tooth roots. Generally, in an early period of the treatment, a thin, highly flexible round archwire is used, and an operation is required to loosen the ligature wire after ligating it such that the round wire freely slides within the slot (on a very low frictional basis). As treatment progresses, a thicker wire, a square or rectangular wire, and a more highly rigid wire eventually is used. When the alignment is nearly completed, the teeth are retained for a period of several months to prevent relapse. At this time, there are circumstances where the tooth is strongly fastened by a ligature wire so that it practically does not shift.
Various types and designs of self-ligating brackets are known in the art that provide different advantages, or solve particular problems that can also depend on the patient's oral physiology. One type of self-ligating bracket uses a slider mechanism, such as a flat cap or plate that slides in a linear direction within grooves or guides, to retain the archwire in the archwire slot. At one end of the slider mechanism's range, the archwire slot is closed and at the other, it is open. Any of a variety of structures can be used to bias or retain the slider mechanism in its open or its closed position. The invention provides an improvement to this type of passive self-ligating bracket.
One example of this type of bracket is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,168,428 to Dr. John Voudouris issued Jan. 2, 2001, and specifically at FIGS. 48 to 52. In this bracket, a spring member in the form of a resilient shim 720 located lingually to the labial face of the bracket, projects gingivally and has a jog directed lingually toward the archwire slot 3240d and presents a generally convex surface 722 towards the archwire slot 3240d. The gingival edge 724 of the shim 720 recurves gingivally after being directed lingually.
As the arms 3540 slide within the slots 3530 to move the clip 3538 to a closed position as shown in FIG. 49, the convex surface 722 of the shim 720 engages the archwire 3242d and provides a continuous biasing action against the archwire. As may be seen in FIG. 51, the resilience of the shim 720 allows the orthodontic bracket 3220d to accommodate different sizes and configurations of archwires 3242d while maintaining a continuous action against the archwire.
One of the problems associated with this passive, straight clip design is that the archwire is loose within the archwire slot and does not fully provide precise tooth positioning.
One modification of the Voudouris patent, to aid in the problem the passive clip resulting in looseness of the archwire in the slot mentioned above is addressed by United States Patent Publication No. 2011/0076633 published Mar. 31, 2011 to Bryant et al. This application provides for a slidable shim member (referred to therein as clip or shutter 20 shown in FIG. 1 of Bryant) slidable into two outer tracks extending in an occlusal-gingival direction on the outer lateral surfaces of the bracket, with a vertical trough extending in an occlusal-gingival direction between the outer tracks. The shim has two parallel outer arms and a central tongue between the outer arms. The outer tracks of the bracket slidably engage the outer arms of the clip and the central tongue is slidably engaged by the vertical trough of the bracket, thereby allowing the clip to slidably move between an open position in which the outer arms of the clip are retracted and a closed position in which the outer arms of the clip extend across the archwire slot to retain the archwire in the archwire slot.
One problem associated with the Bryant et al. disclosure is that the shim prevents movement of the archwire out of the archwire slot, but, depending on the size of the archwire being used, the shim generally is not in contact with the archwire and thus there is still movement or looseness of the archwire within the archwire slot, as is illustrated in FIG. 4 of this disclosure. This results in generally lower tooth rotation control and lower torque being applied to the archwire by the bracket overall as there is typically no contact between the shim and the archwire.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,621,743 to Orthodontic Research and Development discloses an orthodontic bracket including a mounting base for attachment to a tooth surface, an archwire slot formed on the base and sized for receiving an orthodontic archwire. A channel formed upon the base and transversely oriented to the archwire slot slideably retains a ligating slide member within the channel and closeable over the archwire slot for retaining the orthodontic archwire therein. The ligating slide member includes at least one coplanar resilient retention mechanism for exerting retention forces coplanar with the ligating slide member for holding the ligating slide member in a closed position. The orthodontic bracket has a bracket with a ligating slide member slideably retained within a dovetail shaped channel.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,414,292 to Lopes discloses a self ligating orthodontic bracket system includes a bracket, a slidable ligating member and at least one wedge locking ramp. The bracket includes an arch


text:
The rocking Südtribüne, a charismatic coach with his shoestring team, spearheaded by their cherubic talisman. Borussia Dortmund had well and truly shaken Bavaria, in a time where oligarchs and billionaire investors are dictating the<|endoftext|>Kim Cheong-gi

Kim Cheong-gi (born April 4, 1941) is a South Korean director of animated, fantasy, and science fiction films.

His work, Space Gundam V (1983), is considered one of the milestones of Korean animation of the 1980s. With actor Shim Hyung-rae, he created the Ureme series, one of the more popular Korean children's series of the late 1980s.

Partial filmography
Robot Taekwon V (animated) (1976)
Robot Taekwon V 3 (로보트 태권 V 3탄: 수중특공대) (animated) (1977)
Golden Wing 123 (황금날개 123) (animated) (1978)
Run, Wonder Princess! (날아라 원더공주) (1978)
Tale of Three Kingdoms (삼국지) (animated) (1980)
Super Taekwon V (수퍼 태권브이) (animated) (1982)
Wuroemae from the Outside (우뢰매 = 'Wuroemae,' or 'Ureme,' 'Uremae,' 'Uroi-mae,' etc.) (외계에서 온 우뢰매) (1986)
Space Gundam V (animated) (1983)
Wuroemae from the Outside, Part II (1986)
Operation of Alien Uremae  (1987)
Wuroemae 4: Thunder V Operation  (1987)
Robot Taekwon V and Golden Wing 123  (animated)
Super Hong Gil-Dong (슈퍼 홍길동) (1987)
New Machine Uremae 5 (1988)
Guru Kong-cho and Super Hong Kil-Dong 2 (공초도사와 슈퍼 홍길동 제2탄) (1988)
Bioman (바이오맨) (1989)
The Third Generation Uremae 6 (1989)
Super Hong Kil-Dong 3 (슈퍼 홍길동 3) (1989)
Samtos and Daengki Ddoli (삼토스와 댕기똘이) (1990)
Robot Tae Kwon V 90 (로보트 태권브이 90) (1990)
Ureme 7: The Return of Ureme Ulemae 7: Dolaon Ulemae (1992)
Gag Unit Robot Twins (개그특공대 로봇트윈스) (1993)
Ureme 8 (1993)
Queen Esther (왕후 에스더) (1996)
Lim Keok Jeon, Korean Robin Hood (의적 임꺽정) (1997)
Kwanggeto Taewang (The Great Emperor) (animated) (2004)

References
'Hangook Manhwa' (한국 만화) at Korean Wikipedia
Kim Cheong-Gi at Asiandb
김청기 at Yahoo! Korea (in Korean)

External links
The Great Emperor website

 Extensive interview can be found at www.korazy.com.au korazy.com.au
Kim Cheong-Gi's The Great Emperor at www.twitchfilm.net
  General information about 김청기 at the KMDb

Category:1941 births
Category:Living people
Category:South Korean film directors
Category:South Korean animated film directors
Category:South Korean animators<|endoftext|>Sexual orientation and suicidal behaviour in young people.
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) young people have been found to be at greater risk of suicidal behaviour. National prevention strategies have identified the need to reduce suicide risk in this population. However, research on specific risk factors for LGB young people that might inform suicide prevention programmes are at an early stage of development.<|endoftext|>Introduction {#Sec1}
============

The early endosome (EE) is an organelle in the endocytic pathway in filamentous fungi that is constantly moved along the microtubule (MT) by two motor proteins, kinesin and dynein^[@CR1]^. The molecular mechanisms underlying how EEs exhibit motility have been intensely investigated in the model filamentous fungi *Ustilago maydis* and *Aspergillus nidulans* ^[@CR2],[@CR3]^. The motility of filamentous fungal EEs was first visualized in *U. maydis* with Yup1, a soluble *N*-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE), in cells that were also stained with the endocytic marker dye FM4-64^[@CR4]^. Subsequent studies have characterized the EE-specific small GTPase Rab5 in several filamentous fungi^[@CR5]--[@CR7]^. Rab5-positive EEs move along bipolar MT arrays: movement to the plus-ends is mediated by kinesin-3, whereas that to the minus-ends is mediated by dynein, which enables long-range EE motility throughout the hyphal cell^[@CR8]^.

Because motor proteins driven by ATPase activity support constant EE motility, cells constitutively consume an abundance of energy. Therefore, it has been speculated that EE motility is likely to have versatile physiological roles in living cells. Analyses in *U. maydis* have revealed that EE motility supports the "hitchhiking" of certain molecules, such as septin mRNAs and ribosomes^[@CR9],[@CR10]^. Moreover, not only molecules but also organelles, such as peroxisomes (POs) and lipid droplets (LDs), can hitchhike via EE motility^[@CR11],[@CR12]^. Furthermore, it has been suggested that EEs can transduce pathogenic cues from the infecting hyphal tip to the nucleus^[@CR13]^. Thus, constantly moving EEs indeed have several biological roles. As a result, there might be as yet unidentified roles of EE motility in other filamentous fungi.

Recently, Hook, a linker protein between EEs and motor proteins, has been identified together with accessory proteins FHIP and FTS in both *U. maydis* and *A. nidulans* ^[@CR14]--[@CR16]^. When Hook is deleted, EE motility is abolished and the distribution of other organelles is also impaired: for example, POs and LDs accumulate at the hyphal tip, whereas endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is partially retracted to the basal region^[@CR11]^. In *A. nidulans*, a linker protein, PxdA, that connects EEs and POs has also been identified^[@CR17]^. The apical accumulation of POs and LDs in the absence of Hook can be explained by polar drift caused by the myosin motor^[@CR18]^; however, the reason for ER retraction in the absence of EE motility is not clear. Furthermore, there are no detailed analyses of whether protein secretion is related to EE motility.

In this study, we have investigated the physiological roles of EE motility in *Aspergillus oryzae*, an industrially important fungus due to its property of abundant enzymatic protein secretion. By analyzing the disruptant of *Aohok1*, which encodes an ortholog of Hook, we confirmed that Δ*Aohok1* cells showed the same phenotypes of EE and PO distribution as observed in disruptants of *U. maydis* and *A. nidulans*. We further revealed that, without EE motility, formation of the apical secretory vesicle cluster Spitzenkörper was impaired, although the distributions of two other secretory organelles (ER and Golgi) were not affected. Moreover, we found that the transcript and protein levels of the *A. oryzae* major secretory protein α-amylase were significantly reduced in the absence of EE motility. Lastly, a lack of EE motility induced perturbation of conidial and sclerotial formations. Taken together, these results suggest that EE motility is crucial for abundant α-amylase production and proper cell differentiation in *A. oryzae*.

Results {#Sec2}
=======

Characterization of *A. oryzae* EEs {#Sec3}
-----------------------------------

To visualize the motility of EEs in *A. oryzae*, we first tried to establish an EE marker protein. In other model filamentous fungi, homologs of the small GTPase Rab5, which preferentially binds to EE membrane in its GTP form, have been characterized^[@CR5]--[@CR7]^. Thus, we conducted a BLAST search using these Rab5 homologs and identified a sole Rab5 homolog in *A. oryzae*, named AoRab5 (AO090003000619; Fig. [1A](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). An


text:
 the black allele is active and so the fur is black. In cell lineages in which the X chromosome with the black allele is inactivated, the orange allele in the active X chromosome results in orange fur. (The white patches are due to an unrelated autosomal dominant mutation.)

FIGURE 5.8 Ginger is a female cat heterozygous for the orange and black coat color alleles. She shows the classic "calico" pattern of patches of orange and black.

###   STOP & THINK 5.1

In this pedigree, the woman I-1 is heterozygous for X-linked hemophilia A, which results from inadequate levels of blood clotting factor VIII. The normal level of factor VIII in the plasma is 120 nanomolar (nM), but any level greater than 60 nM is still associated with normal blood clotting.

In the pedigree chart, circle 1 and square 2 in the first generation are indicated with the numbers 0.76 and 1.15, respectively. Both of them form circle 1 (numbered 1.29), circle 2 (numbered 0.85), circle 3 (numbered 0.67), circle 4 (numbered 1.59), square 5 (numbered 1.43), circle 6 (numbered 0.72), and square 7 (numbered 0.10) in the second generation. Square 7 is highlighted in a different color.

The number inside each symbol in the pedigree is the level of factor VIII observed in the plasma of that individual. Which of the females in the pedigree are likely to be heterozygous for the mutation? How can you tell? Why is there a difference between homozygous and heterozygous females?

#### Some genes in the X chromosome are also present in the Y chromosome.

The silencing of genes in the inactive X chromosome evolved gradually as the X and Y chromosomes progressively diverged from their ancestral chromosomes and the Y chromosome began to lose the function of most of its genes. The gene inactivation in the inactive X chromosome therefore affects individual genes and blocks of genes, and some genes in the inactive X are not silenced. Some of the genes that escape X inactivation have functional homologs in the Y chromosome, whereas others do not.

Two continuous regions that escape X inactivation are found at the tips of the arms. These are regions in which the Y chromosome does retain homologous genes that are functional. These regions of homology enable the X and Y chromosomes to synapse in spermatogenesis, and a crossover takes place that holds the chromosomes together to ensure their proper segregation during anaphase I. The regions of shared X–Y homology define the pseudoautosomal regions: PARp is a 2.7-Mb region at the terminus of the short arms and PARq is a 0.3-Mb region at the terminus of the long arms. Because crossing-over regularly takes place at least in PARp, the rate of recombination per nucleotide pair is at least 20-fold greater in the PARp than in the autosomes.

The pedigree patterns of inheritance of genes in the pseudoautosomal regions are indistinguishable from patterns characteristic of autosomal inheritance. The reason is that a mutant allele in a pseudoautosomal region is neither completely X linked nor completely Y linked but can move back and forth between the X and Y chromosomes because of recombination in the pseudoautosomal region. A gene that shows an autosome-like pattern of inheritance, but that is known from molecular studies to reside in a pseudoautosomal region, is said to show pseudoautosomal inheritance.

#### The pseudoautosomal region of the X and Y chromosomes has gotten progressively shorter in evolutionary time.

Comparative cytogenetic and molecular studies suggest that the X and Y chromosomes began their existence as a pair of ordinary autosomes in the common ancestor of modern mammals and birds. They started to diverge in DNA sequence and gene content at about the same time that the evolutionary lineage of mammals diverged from that of birds, some 300–350 million years (MY) ago. One must assume that prior to this time, recombination took place at normal levels throughout the entire proto-X and proto-Y chromosomes and that their gene contents were identical.

In the human genome as it exists today, the Y chromosome includes a small number of genes that are important for male fertility. The Y chromosome is also populated with many repeat sequences, some extremely long, which can undergo gene conversion and serve as sites for homologous recombination. One of the key genes in the Y chromosome is the master sex-determining gene SRY, located in the short arm near, but not included in, the pseudoautosomal region. The gene SRY codes for a protein transcription factor, the testis-determining factor (TDF). When TDF is present, it stimulates transcription of its target genes, and their products in turn direct embryonic development toward the male sex by inducing the undifferentiated embryonic genital ridge (the precursor of the gonad) to develop as a testis.

Once SRY had evolved as a sex-determining mechanism, the Y chromosome began to diverge in DNA sequence from the X chromosome, and the region of possible X–Y recombination became progressively restricted to the telomeric regions. In regions with no X–Y recombination, there is a steady selection pressure for genes in the Y chromosome to undergo mutational degeneration into nonfunctional states. This results from the forced heterozygosity of the Y chromosome, which allows multiple deleterious mutations to accumulate through time because there is no opportunity for recombination to regenerate Y chromosomes that are free of deleterious mutations. Hence any Y-linked gene whose function is nonessential will tend to degenerate gradually because of the accumulation of mutations, and at the same time there will be selection pressure for dosage compensation of the homologous gene in the X chromosome. Eventually, only the dosage-compensated X-linked gene will remain functional.

Apparently blocks of genes were removed from the region of X–Y recombination in large chunks. Molecular evidence for this conclusion is summarized in FIGURE 5.9. Shown at the left are the locations of some protein-coding sequences in the short arm of the modern X chromosome from band Xp11 to the telo-mere. All of these genes have homologous sequences in the modern Y chromosome, as shown at the right. The amount of sequence divergence between the X and Y homologs shows a remarkable pattern. In the positions of the codons where a nucleotide substitution can occur without changing the encoded amino acid, the proportion of nucleotide differences between the X and Y homologs for the genes GYG2–AMELX is 0.07–0.11, for TB4X–UTX it is 0.23–0.36, for SMCX it is 0.52, and for other genes outside the region shown it is >0.94. Because the evolutionary rate of nucleotide substitutions at synonymous sites in mammalian genes is known, we can say that these levels of divergence correspond to divergence times of 30–50 MY for GYG2–AMELX, 80–130 MY for TB4X UTX, 130–170 MY for SMCX, and 300–350 MY for other genes outside the region shown. The simplest explanation is that these were the times when successive blocks of genes were removed from the region of X–Y recombination by chromosome rearrangements—namely, inversions—in which a region somewhere in the interior of the Y chromosome becomes reversed in orientation. One way in which such an inversion can take place is by means of homologous recombination between two repeated DNA sequences that are present in opposite orientations at different locations in the Y chromosome, a mechanism that is examined in greater detail later in this chapter. Whether the inversions actually took place via homologous recombination or were generated by some other process of breakage and reunion is not known. However the inversions happened, the evolutionary reconstruction in Figure 5.9 shows that the 130–170 MY inversion breakpoint was adjacent to UTY, the 80–130 MY inversion breakpoint adjacent to AMELY, and the 30–50 MY year breakpoint adjacent to the present-day pseudoautosomal region on the short arm. As each of these inversions was fixed in the evolving Y chromosome, it removed the corresponding block of genes from the region of X–Y recombination, so that the rate of sequence divergence between the X and Y homologs accelerated. Other rearrangements in the Y chromosome, which it is not possible to trace from these data, led to some additional scrambling of the gene order in the Y chromosome.

Modern X chromosome, ancient Y chromosome, inversions of the Y chromosome, and modern Y chromosome are shown from left to right. On the left, modern X chromosome is shown from the band Xp11 to the telomere. P A R p represents the telomere region followed by the sequences G Y G 2, A R S D, A R S E, P R K X, S T S, K A L 1, A M E L X, T B 4 X, E l F 1 A X, and Z F X. A shading region is near Z F X followed by D F F R X, D B X, C A S K, U T X, and S M C X in the Xp11 band. Ancient Y chromosome (300 to 350 million years ago) shows P A R p in the telomere region followed by the sequences G Y G 2 P, A R S D P, A R S E P, P R K Y, S T S P, K A L P, A M E L Y, T B 4 Y, E l F 1 A Y, and Z F Y. A shading region is near Z F X followed by D F F R Y, D B Y, C A S K P, U T Y, and S M C Y. The 130- to 170-million-year inversion breakpoint is adjacent to U T Y, the 80- to 130-million-year inversion breakpoint is adjacent to A M E L Y, and the 30- to 50-million-


text:
 unhappiness. So having a coherent picture of the world, as far as you can, is a good thing. But logic doesn't help in that, except in as much as it helps you think through various philosophical issues and get them straight. But it has nothing to do with ordering your life logically.

A lot of philosophy has nothing to do with logic. Philosophy involves not only thinking about ideas but also having them in the first place. There's nothing logical about the creative side of philosophy, about thinking up new ideas. Even when you've got new ideas and you're trying to think about them, I don't think most philosophers are as logical as they would like to claim. You have ideas that you are attracted to and then you run with them to see where they go. You might still hang on to them despite contrary evidence, just because you're interested in developing them and seeing where they go. Sometimes you don't believe things because you've got reasons for them; rather, you believe something or you have a gut feeling, and then you look for the arguments. Despite what they might say, most philosophers work in this fashion.

MI: It seems to me that creativity is indispensable in philosophy, and yet it is rarely discussed.

GP: I agree. This is because no-one really knows what to say about it. It's difficult to teach creativity. I'm not saying it can't be taught, but we certainly don't do anything to teach it in a classroom, other than prompting students by asking, 'Why do you think that?'

MI: Two areas in which you have made a significant and somewhat controversial contribution are 'paraconsistency' and 'dialetheism'. Can you say something about each of these?

GP: Paraconsistent logic has to do with validity. Let's assume, for example, that it were the case that it is raining and not raining here. Would it then follow that the moon is made of blue cheese? This sounds completely unintuitive; but in fact, the standard answer in the received logic of our time — which everyone learns in their first logic class — is: yes, it would follow. The principle in question is sometimes called ex falso quodlibet, or the principle of explosion: everything follows from a contradiction. Paraconsistent logics are those logics where this apparently strange principle does not hold. Now, how does this affect theorising? It affects theorising because, if you endorse this principle, and if you ever reach a contradiction in your thinking or in your theory, then your theory 'explodes'. This puts any inconsistent theory entirely off-limits, whereas if you employ a paraconsistent logic you can tolerate a limited amount of inconsistency because the inconsistencies can be quarantined — they don't blow up and ruin everything.

MI: So paraconsistent logic is something like an instrumental tool?

GP: It's a tool and it's also an account of validity. There are different accounts of validity, and what renders an account of validity paraconsistent is that it rejects the principle of explosion. Paraconsistency should be clearly distinguished from 'dialetheism', which is the view that some contradictions are true. That is a further step. Dialetheism is heresy in most places. Aristotle wrote a classical tract where he defended the law of non-contradiction, which rules out contradictions, and has been high orthodoxy in the West for about 2,500 years. There are a few great philosophers who fly in the face of it, and who reject it, the obvious example being Hegel. However, generally speaking, the thought that some contradictions can be accepted as true has been high heresy for a long time.

MI: Why exactly has it been resisted? Did it unravel everything?

GP: The idea that no contradiction can be true has been so much an unquestioned assumption that people have only recently started to question what goes on when it fails. What are the consequences of rejecting it? One of the surprises is that a lot of things don't unravel. People had assumed that rejecting contradictions is a cornerstone of truth, validity, rationality, and the ability to revise your beliefs. Once you start to see how these things operate, this assumption just isn't true. One thing that's starting to come out now is the fact that the possibility of accepting some contradictions isn't quite as radical as people had thought.

MI: It seems to me that in our individual lives we hold lots of contradictions. I don't know whether we think they are true, but we're certainly not fully consistent human beings.

GP: I think that's entirely true. One application of paraconsistent logic concerns people's cognitive processes, how they handle their beliefs, and revise their beliefs. This is an area of paraconsistent logic that tends to be pursued in Computer Science departments where people worry about things like managing sets of data and beliefs, and revising them. But you're right: we all have inconsistent beliefs — but it's quite another step to say that we think those inconsistencies are true.

MI: When did you become interested in this and why?

GP: My interest goes back to when I was a research student. I was in the Maths Department writing on mathematical logic and I was worrying about Gödel's incompleteness theorem. This comes in various forms. In certain theories which have a consistent bunch of axioms, there are, it would seem, always going to be things which you can prove to be true but which you can't prove within the system itself. So it appears that we have the ability to transcend any axiom system and work outside it. When we do mathematics, we think of ourselves as doing something unitary, as pursuing a singular enquiry, and so the thought that something forces you to transcend things appears unnatural. How is it even possible if we have a sufficiently general system? If things are inconsistent, this transcendence is not forced on you. I started to play with the idea that things were actually inconsistent, and so you didn't need this transcending move. So I started to think about what things would have to be like if you weren't forced into that transcendence but could operate on an inconsistent basis. Obviously this leads to paraconsistent logic, and the rest flowed from that.

MI: What gave you the confidence to pursue something that wasn't well accepted and well regarded?

GP: At the time I was working in the UK, but I soon moved to Australia, and Australian philosophy is much less conservative than the UK and US. The logicians in Australia are very open-minded. I met Richard Sylvan (Richard Routley, as he was known then), who was also working on paraconsistency, and he introduced me to the ideas of other people who had worked, or were working, in this area, such as da Costa in Brazil and Jaskowski in Poland. I found an open-minded community here where people were already starting to think in these terms. It gave me the kind of support I needed, and after that I never worried about what was going on in the UK or US. Had I not moved here, then I have absolutely no idea what would have happened.

MI: Do you think the Australian philosophical community tends to be more open than other philosophical communities?

GP: Australia has always been on the fringes of Western culture. If you look at places that regard themselves as the centre of culture, you will see how much orthodoxy dominates. People there think that essentially they've got it right, or they are on the right lines, and so they are less prepared to consider unorthodox views. If you're on the fringes, everything is much more uncertain. It is notable, for example, that paraconsistent logic has not developed in the centres of power, such as Oxford and Harvard, but in places like Brazil and Australia.

There is also something very distinctive about Australian culture, and its attitude of 'the fair go'. Let's see what this guy has to say and let's think about it. This is balanced by the 'tall poppy' syndrome, but that's actually good philosophically because it's saying: 'If you've got an idea then let's hear it, let's think about it, let's criticise it, let's throw it away if it's no good, and let's develop it if it looks like it might have some promise.' I like to think that that remains something fairly distinctive about Australian philosophy.

MI: It's interesting the way you describe this because most social movements start at the fringe and then move to the centre.

GP: Some famous philosophers work in centres of power. For example, Wittgenstein spent his academic life in Cambridge, David Lewis was at Princeton, and so on. But lots of philosophers have not come from a centre of power, and lots of ideas have evolved in the periphery, and then they get taken to the centres of power where they become more orthodox.

MI: What, then, is the philosophical centre of power and how does that work in a context where ideas are up for grabs? What is this notion of power?

GP: Where you think the centre of power resides will depend very much on the culture in which you were brought up. In English-speaking philosophy, the centre of power — at least in the nineteenth and early twentieth century — has been Oxford and Cambridge. Then it shifted across the Atlantic in the second-half of the twentieth century and was taken over by either the old, established, American universities (such as Yale, Harvard, and Princeton) or the ones prepared to pay to build a reputation in philosophy, like Pittsburgh and New York University. Thus, the centre of power also has something to do with wealth.


text:
. She hoped it remained in its socket.

She stood with him at the door and reached down to pat his head, getting his attention. He looked up with big brown eyes, as if to say; "What's wrong now?"

Marian touched his nose and said; "Prince." He kept looking and she repeated the procedure. He liked the sound. She opened the door and he bolted out of it, stopping near a close-by cottonwood tree, squatted and thought; "Whew, just made it."

Now that he had eaten, answered nature's call and was substantially free, Prince stood still and gazed at his new world. Marian began a steadily paced walk after he was through with his "business," and as a result, Prince had to curtail his visual, wide ranging inspection of the great outdoors. To avoid being unpleasantly yanked by the collar, he bounded to get at Marian's side, happy to be here with her. He raised his head and saw her hazel eyes concentrating not on him, but focused diligently on the road ahead. His feelings were momentarily hurt, but he acknowledged that pragmatism had its place on a road with no shortage of obstacles. He didn't realize that he was ahead of most hominids in this regard.

They were on a thin dirt path in well-mowed grass, just beginning to display its first signs of seasonal greening. At times he was on the tiny trail created by other canine escapees from the "Rapidtown Humane Shelter," and at times she was. In a very short time they reached a wider dirt path bordering a ditch, which contained slow moving, muddy water and they made a right turn. Prince desperately needed a drink and started to descend the bank. Marian remained on the higher ground, but stopped to allow him his requirement. He drank heartily, with his front paws in the edge mire and entertained the notion of getting totally soaked, but decided not to, at least not yet, only a few minutes since walk commencement. He glanced at the sun's position, still so close to the eastern horizon and thought; "There's still a long day ahead of me."

Marian walking Prince; property of the author.

He knew that he would have to shake off any water that was retained by his thick coat and might get some on her. The sunny April morning was warm enough for him to get wet, but Marian still needed a jacket and probably would not appreciate moisture on her unprotected face or blue denim pants. Warmer weather would steadily be coming and Prince didn't want to risk offending his companion before the heat's arrival.

He tried to elevate, but quickly discovered that the bank was steeper than his thirsty, non-inspection first indicated. It was easy to go down, but impossible to get back up. He tried a few times, each one resulting in a quick slide back down. With wide, worried eyes he looked up at Marian. She was watching his antics and also keeping an eye out for other dog-walkers. She was concerned that the little trained fighter might attack an unsuspecting human or canine approach. She tried to lead him away from his successful point of descent to a successful point of ascent, but he stubbornly stayed there and kept trying, despite messy failure after messy failure. After he was exhausted and hopeless, he followed her lead and soon came to a spot where the bank was more graduated. He easily climbed up and felt enormously relieved. He looked up at her face as she kindly laughed at him. As smart a dog as he thought he was, in a matter of minutes Marian, without speaking had gently taught him two big lessons. The first was; "Trust your companion." And the second bit of previously unknown wisdom was that; "You don't have to come up the same way you go down."

They continued walking and Prince stayed on the path for the most part, but made frequent short excursions into the brush when his nostrils detected something of interest. Marian was glad to accommodate his willfulness.

Finished, Rufus stopped reading from Pablo's manuscript and looked up. Pablo sheepishly said; "Well, that's as far as I've gotten. Have any reaction?"

Rufus said; "It's interesting so far. I'd like to read more to see where you're going with this. At this point, all options seem open. This could never have been placed here in Poochville. I like how you seem to be viewing Rapidtown as having some good aspects. Most only see the bad."

Pablo said; "Thanks. It's nice that you construe it that way and you ought to know best."

Rufus said; "Sure thing. I've trying some poetry myself. It needs some fixing. But, do you wanna hear what I have so far?"

Pablo said; "Sure thing."

Rufus said; "Here goes........ Just remember it still needs some work."

Pablo nodded.

Rufus read.

"Adavanada"

Pose the arrows

Two out of twelve

Every Tom, Dick, and Harry knows

That you've been reflecting

Verdecchio possessed yet conceded

And Mario governed like a rake

The stir in your windbreak

A dusting

On your egg cream

Flyer fallen from the mailbox

Numb bird in the snow

Horizon clear

Verizon veneer

A style no one wishes

To be with any more

They say

Do over the shot

Agit-prop

Blurred in contempt

Fade away and vegetate

Flower in sidewalk crack

Quebecois home rule

Sign on the fence

She wants to be convinced

As words have five significants

Center unhinged

Vortex of pooches

Unleashed by the courts

First perform a hesitation

The dazzled insurgent

Chases the gash

And we just need

That provocation

It's not what you think

Synesthete

Two aureolin

One black

Swallowtail

What else could it be

Persuasion?

Impetus

Adopted

Adapted

Adaptation

Retained/rejected

Adaptation

Impetus

Adopted

Adapted

Adaptation

Retained/rejected

Adaptation

Start over

Swallowtail; property of the author.

"How was that? Keep in mind that it needs more work," mumbled Rufus in speedy staccato, suddenly seeming more shy than ever with his head down and then more bold than ever with it up.

Pablo stumbled over something which wasn't there. Before he could find the decorous clandestine words for his unknown and tentative complement, both he and Rufus were distracted from their ubiquitously hidden chorus. It was a cat!

They had not previously seen the kitten, but there it was, back against the wall. It was warily, but staunchly reaching out for something.

Sneaky cat; property of the author.

Apparently forgetting whatever fear it might have had, the defenseless kitten reached out, not knowing to what.

Pablo said; "How did you sneak in here Sunshine?"

The kitten said; "Puff-Puff. Don't you know?"

Aureolin Quinta Sole- 9

Genevieve and Dillon departed or escaped from the legal limits of Hominidville without a physical scar, a meta version of one, or even a minor case of nasal congestion. There was no exit or you-have-just-left sort of sign on the outskirts to establish the precise boundary; but they knew they had survived their potentially treacherous, visual and pooch-enhanced-olfactory ordeal when the belching cars faded into the distance. They had no more need to continue with their "safety trespassing" and without an exchanged word, both instinctively and in an Athenian chorus hopped the lowest rail of the easy fence, and were again back onto the main road.

Another sign appeared which said; "Welcome to Adavanada."

Street sign; property of the author.

The wind was still howling, but had at least one positive aspect. Fortunately for them it carried the auto fumes in the other direction. The whole thing was merely snow and sleet short of entirely outrageous in both senses of the term. Genevieve and Dillon staunchly braced, as if any attempt to stand upright would result in a fall back. They then saw that the gale was emanating from what looked like an oversized cannon and they were heading straight for it. The area it's discharge covered widened with distance from the source, thereby being smaller and smaller, though increasingly intense, the closer they came.

Being rather intelligent pooches, they instinctively and simultaneously stepped to the left, thereby getting out of the line of wind fire. Now undisturbed, they continued to approach this boorish, continuous squall burping machine. They came in on a roundabout path of their own design, essentially circling the rude windbag, and purposely getting behind it.

Suddenly, it was 1961 and Audrey Hepburn must have been breakfasting at Capote's Tiffany.

Moon river and "Moon River"


text:
 own group or for the wider network you are working within -- so that the evaluations currently going on at NLM and Thomson Reuters, as described above, may eventually turn out to the journal\'s advantage.

Then I want to share some new ideas with you:

There is still a lot of turbulence around the word "probiotics". Regulatory rules vary considerably worldwide, thus creating problems for researchers as well as producers. In the months to come -- and before the next SOMED conference in Kosice in September 2013 -- letters from you describing your experiences and/or opinion of this subject are highly appreciated.

I also want to receive proposals for new thematic clusters. The cluster of articles around the topic "Autism Spectrum Disorders" turned out to be a great success and has encouraged me to embark on new special issues -- it could be either proceedings from a conference as was the case with the Autism collection of papers, or simply by inviting researchers in a particular field to contribute a paper on a clearly defined theme. "Probiotics" and/or "Fecal transplantation" might be two suitable topics. Ideas for other special issues are very welcome.

I also want to encourage you to re-view any old documents with "unpublished results" that you have jotted down over the years. I am sure many of you will find some interesting notes revolving around problems that still are not solved. Surely, your experiments may have been done by "yesterday\'s technology" and may not deserve to be published *in toto* any longer; but your old work might turn out to be of interest when applying today\'s technology to these as yet unsolved problems. Therefore, I kindly ask you to submit letters or notes to be published under the heading "Notes from the past for the future". I will try to put them into a proper historical perspective if and when they are published.

To conclude, I want to thank you for your continued interest in *Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease*. I hope you will submit one or more papers soon, and perhaps even respond to one or more of the above suggestions to make the journal an even more interesting and lively forum for research and debate in our field of expertise. Only together can we make 2013 the best year ever for *Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease*.

Karolinska Institute, November 2012

Tore Midtvedt

Editor-in-Chief
<|endoftext|>Cross Reference to Related Applications
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/004,815, filed Oct. 5, 1995.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to spark ignition systems for internal combustion engines; and more particularly to a spark ignition system which improves performance of the engine system and reduces the size of the magnetic components in the spark ignition transformer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, a flyback transformer is commonly used to generate the high voltage needed to create an arc across the gap of the spark plug igniting the fuel and air mixture. The timing of this ignition spark event is critical for best fuel economy and low exhaust emission of environmentally hazardous gases. A spark event which is too late leads to loss of engine power and loss of efficiency. A spark event which is too early leads to detonation, often called "ping" or "knock", which can, in turn, lead to detrimental pre-ignition and subsequent engine damage. Correct spark timing is dependent on engine speed and load. Each cylinder of an engine often requires different timing for optimum performance. Different spark timing for each cylinder can be obtained by providing a spark ignition transformer for each spark plug.
To improve engine efficiency and alleviate some of the problems associated with inappropriate ignition spark timing, some engines have been equipped with microprocessor-controlled systems which include sensors for engine speed, intake air temperature and pressure, engine temperature, exhaust gas oxygen content, and sensors to detect "ping" or "knock". A knock sensor is essentially an electro-mechanical transducer whose sensitivity is not sufficient to detect knock over the whole range of engine speed and load. The microprocessor's determination of proper ignition spark timing does not always provide optimum engine performance. A better sensing of "knock" is needed.
A disproportionately greater amount of exhaust emission of hazardous gases is created during the initial operation of a cold engine and during idle and off-idle operation. Studies have shown that rapid multi-sparking of the spark plug for each ignition event during these two regimes of engine operation reduces hazardous exhaust emissions. Accordingly, it is desirable to have a spark ignition transformer which can be charged and discharged very rapidly.
A coil-per-spark plug (CPP) ignition arrangement in which the spark ignition transformer is mounted directly to the spark plug terminal, eliminating a high voltage wire, is gaining acceptance as a method for improving the spark ignition timing of internal combustion engines. One example of a CPP ignition arrangement is that disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,129 dated Jul. 11, 1989 (hereinafter "the Noble patent"). The physical diameter of the spark ignition transformer must fit into the same engine tube in which the spark plug is mounted. To achieve the engine diagnostic goals envisioned in the Noble patent, the patentee discloses an indirect method utilizing a ferrite core. Ideally the magnetic performance of the spark ignition transformer is sufficient throughout the engine operation to sense the sparking condition in the combustion chamber. Clearly, a new type of ignition transformer is needed for accurate engine diagnosis.
Engine misfiring increases hazardous exhaust emissions. Numerous cold starts without adequate heat in the spark plug insulator in the combustion chamber can lead to misfires, due to deposition of soot on the insulator. The electrically conductive soot reduces the voltage increase available for a spark event. A spark ignition transformer which provides an extremely rapid rise in voltage can minimize the misfires due to soot fouling.
To achieve the spark ignition performance needed for successful operation of the ignition and engine diagnostic system disclosed by Noble and, at the same time, reduce the incidence of engine misfire due to spark plug soot fouling, the spark ignition transformer's core material must have certain magnetic permeability, must not magnetically saturate during operation, and must have low magnetic losses. The combination of these required properties narrows the availability of suitable core materials. Considering the target cost of an automotive spark ignition system, possible candidates for the core material include silicon steel, ferrite, and iron-based amorphous metal. Conventional silicon steel routinely used in utility transformer cores is inexpensive, but its magnetic losses are too high. Thinner gauge silicon steel with lower magnetic losses is too costly. Ferrites are inexpensive, but their saturation inductions are normally less than 0.5 T and Curie temperatures at which the core's magnetic induction becomes close to zero are near 200.degree. C. This temperature is too low considering that the spark ignition transformer's upper operating temperature is assumed to be about 180.degree. C. Iron-based amorphous metal has low magnetic loss and high saturation induction exceeding 1.5 T, however it shows relatively high permeability. An iron-based amorphous metal capable of achieving a level of magnetic permeability suitable for a spark ignition transformer is needed.<|endoftext|>It has been revealed that BTOB’s Lee Minhyuk will be returning to his roots as rapper ‘Heota’ in his first-ever featuring since debut.

On July 13, a representative of Cube Entertainment shared with Star News, “Lee Minhyuk has taken part in the rap featuring of the new song by Postmen, which will be released tomorrow (July 14), under the name ‘Heota.’”

This is said to be Minhyuk’s very first time featuring his voice on another artist’s track since debuting in 2012. Moreover, Minhyuk is reported to have personally written the rap lyrics for his featured part. He came to feature on Postmen (Sung Tae and Shin Ji Hoo)’s brand new track due to his relations with the band.

Instead of using his real name, Lee Min Hyuk, the BTOB member has decided to go by the stage name Heota, which he used while promoting as an underground rapper prior to his official debut.

Following this announcement, Minhyuk shared a photo with Postmen member Shin Ji Hoo on his personal Twitter account.

Are you excited to hear the new song?

Source (1) (2)<|endoftext|>Organization and evolution of an alpha satellite DNA subset shared by human chromosomes 13 and 21.
The structure of the alpha satellite DNA higher-order repeat (HOR) unit from a subset shared by human chromosomes 13 and 21 (D13Z1 and D21Z1) has been examined in detail. By using a panel of hybrids possessing either a chromosome 13 or a chromosome 21, different HOR unit genotypes on chromosomes 13 and 21 have been distinguished. We have also determined the basis for a variant HOR unit structure found on approximately 8% of chromosomes 13 but not at all on chromosomes 21. Genomic restriction maps of the HOR units found on the two chromosome 13 genotypes and on the chromosome 21 genotype are constructed and compared. The nucleotide sequence of a predominant 1.9-kilobasepair HOR unit from the D13Z1/D21Z1 subset has been determined. The DNA sequences of different alpha satellite monomers comprising the HOR are compared, and the data are used to develop a model, based on unequal crossing-over, for the evolution of the current HOR unit found at the centromeres of both these chromosomes.<|endoftext|>Q:

opening an app without internet connection and showing alert on iOS

I am creating a "no internet connection". This is for opening an app without internet connection. So first I added this code to my bridge.h
import "Reachability.h"
Then add following method to reach


text:
)  \label{rigidbodymotion}$$ so the rigid body motion naturally enters the elastic gradient, whereas the plastic gradient remains unaltered. A much debated issue is the uniqueness of the intermediate configuration arising from ${\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}$ since any arbitrary rotation tensor ${\mbox{\boldmath $Q$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}$ with its inverse may be inserted such that ${\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}=\left(  {\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $Q$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\right)  ({\mbox{\boldmath $Q$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}^{T}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p})$, so the decomposition of Eq. (\[LeeDecomposition\]) is unique up to a rigid body rotation of the intermediate configuration. However, in practice, since ${\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}$ *is path dependent* and is integrated step-by-step in an incremental fashion in computational elastoplasticity algorithms [@CamineroMontansBathe11; @MontansBenitezCaminero12], we consider that it is uniquely determined at all times.

*Trial* and *corrector* elastic deformation rate tensors
--------------------------------------------------------

Consider the following additive decomposition of the spatial velocity gradient tensor$${\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}:={\mbox{\boldmath $\dot{X}X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}^{-1}={\mbox{\boldmath $\dot{X}$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}^{-1}+{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $\dot{X}$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}^{-1}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}^{-1}={\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}+{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}^{-1}
\label{l=le+lp}$$ where we define the elastic and plastic velocity gradients as$${\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}:={\mbox{\boldmath $\dot{X}$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}^{-1}\text{\quad and\quad
}{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}:={\mbox{\boldmath $\dot{X}$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}^{-1}$$ We note that ${\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}$ lies in the spatial configuration, whereas ${\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}$ operates in the intermediate configuration. The deformation rate tensor (the symmetric part of ${\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}$) and the spin tensor (its skew-symmetric part) are$${\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}=sym\left(  {\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\right)  \text{\quad and\quad}{\mbox{\boldmath $w$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}=skw\left(  {\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\right)$$ The elastic and plastic velocity gradient tensors also admit the corresponding decomposition into deformation rate and spin counterparts, ${\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}={\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}+{\mbox{\boldmath $w$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}$ and ${\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}={\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}+{\mbox{\boldmath $w$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}$, thereby from Eq. (\[l=le+lp\])$${\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}={\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}+sym\left(  {\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}^{-1}\right)  \label{d=de+lp}$$$${\mbox{\boldmath $w$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}={\mbox{\boldmath $w$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}+skw\left(  {\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}^{-1}\right)$$

In general, from Eq. (\[d=de+lp\]) we can consider the elastic deformation rate tensor as a two-variable function of the deformation rate tensor and the plastic velocity gradient tensor (including the plastic spin ${\mbox{\boldmath $w$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}$) through$${\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}({\mbox{\boldmath $d,l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p})={\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}-sym\left(  {\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}{\mbox{\boldmath $X$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}^{-1}\right)  \label{de d lp}$$ which can be expressed in the following rate-form formats—compare with Eqs. (\[epsedot\]) and (\[epsedot tr ct\])$${\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}=\left.  \mathbb{M}_{d}^{d_{e}}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_p = {\mbox{\boldmath $0$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\normalsize{\mbox{\boldmath $$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}}}:{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}+\left.  \mathbb{M}_{l_{p}}^{d_{e}}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!} = {\mbox{\boldmath $0$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\normalsize{\mbox{\boldmath $$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}}}:{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{p}=\left.  {\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_p = {\mbox{\boldmath $0$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\normalsize{\mbox{\boldmath $$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}}}+\left.  {\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!} = {\mbox{\boldmath $0$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\normalsize{\mbox{\boldmath $$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}}}=\,^{tr}{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}+\,^{ct}{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e} \label{de tr ct}$$ where $\left.  \mathbb{M}_{d}^{d_{e}}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_p = {\mbox{\boldmath $0$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\normalsize{\mbox{\boldmath $$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}}}$ and $\left.  \mathbb{M}_{l_{p}}^{d_{e}}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!} = {\mbox{\boldmath $0$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\normalsize{\mbox{\boldmath $$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}}}$ are mapping tensors [@CamineroMontansBathe11; @LatMonAPM2016] which allow us to define the following *partial* contributions to the elastic deformation rate tensor ${\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}$$$\,^{tr}{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}:=\left.  \mathbb{M}_{d}^{d_{e}}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $l$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_p = {\mbox{\boldmath $0$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}\normalsize{\mbox{\boldmath $$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}}}:{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}=\mathbb{I}^{S}:{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}={\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!} \label{de tr}$$ and$$^{ct}{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!}_{e}=\left.  \mathbb{M}_{l_{p}}^{d_{e}}\right\vert _{{\scriptsize{\mbox{\boldmath $d$ \unboldmath}  \!\!} = {\mbox


text:
 is prob of sequence nhhn?
1/36
Four letters picked without replacement from eeeavqveaeavevaeqa. Give prob of sequence veve.
7/1020
Calculate prob of sequence ggg when three letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, g: 11}.
3/4
What is prob of sequence ytyr when four letters picked without replacement from {w: 7, l: 1, r: 2, y: 3, t: 1}?
1/2002
Three letters picked without replacement from {g: 2, h: 13, f: 5}. What is prob of sequence ghf?
13/684
Calculate prob of sequence jdd when three letters picked without replacement from pjdjjdjjdpppjjdpjd.
5/153
Calculate prob of sequence lb when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, b: 10}.
5/33
What is prob of sequence ffg when three letters picked without replacement from ggggfgfgffggggfgggf?
65/969
Calculate prob of sequence thi when three letters picked without replacement from itththihtti.
1/22
Calculate prob of sequence tctt when four letters picked without replacement from {c: 6, t: 4}.
1/35
What is prob of sequence nnqk when four letters picked without replacement from nnnknnnnqnnnnnnn?
1/240
Four letters picked without replacement from {s: 1, n: 1, c: 5, l: 4, h: 3}. Give prob of sequence lshc.
5/2002
Two letters picked without replacement from leypymppmyyymym. Give prob of sequence mp.
2/35
What is prob of sequence gy when two letters picked without replacement from agaaashsgargsaasggys?
1/76
What is prob of sequence jun when three letters picked without replacement from jjjiiiujqniuinnjiij?
2/323
Calculate prob of sequence wccc when four letters picked without replacement from {c: 6, w: 2}.
1/7
Four letters picked without replacement from upwuuouobouooucc. Give prob of sequence pwoc.
1/4368
What is prob of sequence ooo when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 1, o: 3}?
1/4
Calculate prob of sequence cczh when four letters picked without replacement from zccqhdv.
1/420
Three letters picked without replacement from {g: 9,<|endoftext|>We have a nosey at the first Scottish Drinks Festival

Yesterday saw us visit the Scottish Drinks Festival at The Briggait and if you are thinking of going to see it today, here’s a taste of what you’ll get.

There was a huge selection of drinks to sample. Some we knew about and some we didn’t. So even if you are a gin fanatic or know your way around a good rum, there’s bound to be something new here you haven’t tried.

Drinks were supplied from lots of different companies including Makar Glasgow Gin, Strathearn, Deanston, Bunnahabhain, Old J Rums, Fallen Beer, Elephant Gin, Fraiser of Scotland, Poleta wine, Shetland Reel and One Gin…. phew! Would we survive making our way through the samples? It was a hard challenge, but one we accepted, all for the blog of course!😂

There was a queue at the door and we were all eager to get inside and see what was on offer.

Inside there were lots of different stalls with everything from prosecco to flavoured rum on offer. Each stall had a selection of samples to try, and you could find out more about each drink. No pressure to buy at the stalls, as you can buy from the bottle shop when leaving.

The Frasier cocktail was so tasty. It’s a whisky/strawberry mix but don’t let that put you off! It was delicious on its own – a bit like drinking strawberry chocolate box chocolates. Mixed with ginger ale it tasted just like Pimms. 😍👌

A leisurely afternoon trying samples and getting to find out more about different suppliers surrounded by some music and food. If you are thinking of going along remember to use our “matesrates” code when ordering online Ticket link below!

Where

The first ever Scottish Drinks Festival Is at The Briggait, 147 Bridgegate, Glasgow, G1 5HZ

Tickets

GlasgowLiving has offered us ‘mates rates’ on discounted tickets at £20 per person.

Click here: http://www.scottishdrinksfestival.com/book and quote “matesrates” in the promo code box!

Come say hello<|endoftext|>1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to vehicle heating systems and more particularly pertains to a new vehicle heating system for heating a vehicle to melt snow and ice from an exterior of the vehicle.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of vehicle heating systems is known in the prior art. While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the need remains for a system that has certain improved features that warm the exterior surface of a vehicle to melt snow and ice from the vehicle. Additionally, the system should recharge itself through solar power to avoid draining the vehicle's power supply.<|endoftext|>Q:

IOS: Can I use ABAddressBook to store contact information outside the iPhones Contacts?

I'm wanting to store some contact information and allow the user to call/email the person instead of just looking up the info.  I don't want the contacts stored in the user's Address Book in their contacts though.  I want to keep it within the app only.  Can I use ABAddressBook for this or do I need to create my own classes to accomplish this?

A:

I'll address both your questions:

Can I use ABAddressBook for this?

You cannot use ABAddressBook to store a separate contacts database. Here's an excerpt from the ABAddressBook Class Reference:

The ABAddressBook class provides a programming interface to the Address Book—a centralized database used by multiple applications to store contact and other personal information about people.

The database referred to here is a pre-specified database; there is no method or class to create a new one, as the whole Address Book framework provides access to a single database accessible to the user through the Contacts application.

Do I need to create my own classes to accomplish this?

You would need to create a custom class for this. If you plan on supporting users with many, many contacts (in the thousands/high hundreds range), you probably would use an SQLite database. If you plan on supporting users with few contacts, you should probably use a.plist.
Usually, Objective-C programmers use the C library for SQLite directly, but now there is a great wrapper that you can find here called FMDB.
For info on the syntax and basics of SQLite, see the SQLite Language Guide.
Lastly, here are a couple books on SQLite and database programming for iOS:

(Apress) Using SQLite
(Wrox) Professional iPhone and iPad Database Application Programming

Hope this helps!

<|endoftext|>The life of a constant explorer

A Dream of Olympic Proportions

The Bird’s Nest: Visiting the Olympic Stadium in Beijing China in 2013

Tomorrow I leave for the Olympics. The Olympics!!! Where do I begin to convey the powerful emotions this word conjures in my heart, my soul and my imagination? Since I was young I watched for and counted down to the Olympic Games in an anchored anticipation that borders on clinical obsession….(Really, Truly, I am obsessed. Check out this video I made for Ellen four years ago during the London Games. It shows just a fraction of my excitement and love for the Olympics.) And now, four years later, I am on my way to the OLYMPICS in RIO! While I have visited most of the Olympic stadiums and villages of the past. I have never actually been in a city during the Olympics!

Munich’s Olympic Village

My fascination with the Olympics begins with my love for discovering the world. When I was young I loved learning about all of the elusive Olympic Host Cities. I became enthralled with cities like Barcelona, Lillehammer, Sydney, Nagano, Athens, Torino and Beijing. I grew up in rural Indiana and when I fell in love with the Olympic games I was actually falling in love with the world and its diverse cities.

I may have been stuck in farmland Indiana, but every two years I would get to visit these places through the eyes of the games. Bob Costas and his NBC team took me to Barcelona, Athens, Beijing and Sydney before I was able to go for myself. I got to see these elusive locations and was filled with wonder and curiosity. I looked forward to these games with the same passion and intensity as the athletes themselves.

How could all of these fantastic cities be real? They were bursting with so much history and beauty. And they all had their own unique zest for life. I was amazed at how different they were from the farmlands of Indiana where I grew up.

Visiting the Olympic Village and Torch in Barcelona

I sat there looking at these places wondering about the people who lived there and those who were brave and fortunate enough


text:
l'\ he coIntinued, ate,' i;ne
11 ed at a!al-ge lithigi'raph in seven
colors that Ihu ag over his desk,
''llega'rding the advances mi!ade
in lithographlic art, the introluc
tioil of steam presses did much to II
help,lon g the )business. There
was a tLie when all the preI s
work was done biy hand, and this
Clabor made ti'graplhs so high
thalt they wore!}laceel bcvo;aid the
Sreoach of manly people. Steam
10 presses came. howevecr, about.fif
teen years aTo, and the art of en- 1
graving picturties upon.tine re
ceived a new imn)petus. We were
then enabled to make terms with
showmcn and made losters for t
less money than wood cuts could
be made. Theatrical managers
came to us, and we not only made,
:portraits for them, but even their a
bills that were posted on boards <
were made by lithographic ~,ro
cess. Then Barnum and Fore
paugh took advantage of the su
perior quality of pictures that
could be produced by engravings
on stone, and circus managers I
were our best customers.
"Nearly all the pictures you now
see on bill-boards and in windows
are lithographs. Fifteen years
ago hardly a merchant in the
United States thought he could
advertise by means oflithographs,
but now there ale hundreds who
have costly pictures made. Espe
chally is this true of tobacco firms
and patent medicine men, who 1
give us large orders for advertis
I'S ing pictures.
fa1 "In regard to the fature of the
business, there are no fears that
men any othci process will supplant
the making of pictures on stone.
We make in Chicago some of thle
finest lithographs in America, be
cause we have the highest talent.
Tlhe duplication of colors has
reached a high state of perfection,
and we are enabled to produ:-e the
same effects with two colors that
were originally produced with
six.
'-This matter of getting the'
stones from Bavaria is expensive,
as they cost from three cents to
forty cents a pound. -Now 1 am
inclined to believe. ;that there is
good lithograph stone near HIamil
ton, Mo., that can be utilized. I
went there myself about a year
ago and I am satisfied that this
stone is equal to the Bavarian. If
this is true we can produce litho
A. graphs at one half their present
cost."-Chicago News.
What a Child Did.
Only a few days ago a mother
and her daughter, on their way
from Philadelphia to Omaha, were
changing trains at one of our pas
ser stations. Suddenly the girl
caught sight of her father, a San
Franciscan, on his return journey
friom Nel York. IHe had parted
fills from his wife six years ago on ac
count of some domestic infelicity.
is. The child called his name-"O
papa!ie There's papa!"-and ran
tron to him. He clasped her in his
arms. But her work as peacema
kr -was only begun. "Now come
over to mamma," she continued
eagerly. "Do speak to mamma.
She has cried so much, and has
told me often how good papa al
ways was." The appeal was irre
sistible. She husband and father
looked at the wife and mother, he
stepped quickly to her, they dasp
ed hands, and the unlooked-for
reconciliation was an accomplished
fact. The west-bound train bore
away a re-united f4mily.--lnteri
or.
X'oo Personal.
They were goingto have compa
ny and she suggested the menu.
S 'We can have oysters on tongue
for one course," she observed.
"I never heariof such.a dish,"/
he-remarked.
"Didn't you? It's a very good one
all theeame," she said.,
'I suppose if I get the oysters
y nyou ca:trniph the tonguer:' he
The day of the \wi'l, unltael.i cow
loy of the iiuness West is,slow
Sly hut sulreiy ( 'awin I, to a close.
'f it is (,', n ie.stion,1 sh t i" i
ti. ue.! ih 1 :e will he as i Qi, us Ci
!"a 'a, r's lad. In days na 'o l: '
n the wi
and( th!e,o.l'1'er settthu'ents were be
wildcer, the ow-i('-enti wats in his l- l
nmeut, and Iletween his Wi iches ster
n. 1 reo1\,l\er lie made it pret :t.ty
Sli\ve'!\ for the citizens of "n' bur i nr
thlroul:ih w1 liclh he lhapipened t:! 1)''
' rile. 1W it!! a sala'ry of $c10 per
e tlmont, an 1 a gaol horse. aecoa m- I.
h p nied with the e' t;t:'aay 1r}nl '
il, he could 1!ut a,tri.pe ol red
I aro:n.d a small town in very short.
le rder, n:l Ia!urail y he wa:s lotk
n ed.pon a.s very haI medicine. to
1 lhis ),yous whoop" was 1,,l,!e to be (
i heard at,nyv time, and a man tl
eknew not how soon lie would re to
c 'iCe a bullet in hos body, but as Ul
h1 above state.d, the cow-boy is on th
(ri the wane. To begin with, his sal- at
ld ary has been reduced to $35 per se
rs montl, and this alone would be R
e sulficient to cause him to go into it
ira decline, but there are still other
1s causes that have made hiun mrek
0- and manageable. The people itn
e- the border settlements have hle- h
u come civilized, looking upon a ye:l
,t ling, snorting, shooting cowboy "r.?
a nuisance. Sheriffs we.re l.ut in 11
is power to enforce the law; not :
weak, timid sheriffs, but men who, ',
wwhen called on to quell a cowbloy ti
VS would wade out into the fracas, eS
rs grab the olffender by the hair and
be make him walk turkev. R,eluced
Id pay, plucky ofliccrs anl ei\liizia.
iS, tion. have had the de(sired ci:'ct
Ilo Upol the we.,:cr of the big" hat ti
e and many guns, and now when lie i
ns enters a tovn it i3 in a quiet, ien
11o tlemanly manner, knowing fll
is well that at.he sound of the first L"
gun, or yell, lie will be yanfle:d oi hl
he his horse and thrust into jail.
at Thus have the mighty fallen, anl '
Lit as sure as a day will come when t(
he. the lion tand the lamb will go to 4i
he housekeeping, so sure will the day t
be- come when a snorting cowboy will nI
nt. be a dime museum freak.--.E. c.
as ----- -
in, Increase of Deer in Maine.
he -
fat Maine historians say that over tl
ith one hundred years ago wolves g
came down from the north and e.
he' devouied most of the deer in the 0
ve. colony. Some of bL. deer swam to $'
to the islands along the coast and at
in remnant was saved. The wolves, d
is havin'g no deer to eat, turn1l- to a
i the domestic animals oi thecoun- a
I try, and gave the settlers great
ta rouble. TheIndians, too, robbed P
his of their meat supply by wolves, t
were for a long Lime in a starving t
Scondition, and often those in the t
interior went miles to the sea
shore for food. The wolves at o
length went northnwood, and little 1l
by little the deer increased until V
er 1840, when there was another wo!f t
raid, and for two years


text:
See you tomorrow, my luscious pal. Boy, that left hand is coming swell. You're gonna be a hummer, pal, and I do mean _a hummer_!" Going out the door, he'd holler back, "And don't forget, my dear pal, who it was that taught you!"

Rex did not know how to dribble a basketball. When Rex left the Y at 4:30, everyone in Watertown knew he trotted across lower Washington Street, crazily zigging in and out of the rush-hour traffic, actually feigning stiffarming the hoods of honking overanxious cars. On gaining the other side of the street, Rex'd turn left at Smith and Percy, take a hard right at Stone Street, thence another hard right into Duffy's Tavern, which was the meeting place for our servicemen on leave. He'd order his first martini of the day and search the bar for faces he recognized, despite the strange uniforms beneath the faces. If Rex saw any, he'd buy a round, there'd be embraces, laughter, tall tales, and they'd be mapping the evening's strategy, all of which Rex would take care of, the drinks, the food, the girls. Although I never asked Rex, there were delicious rumors in town that Jonathan and Hardy's secretaries and nurses had used to arrive at eight to find Rex, his on-leave pals, and various young ladies drunk and passed out all over the posh waiting room, so that on rotating weeks the girls now took turns getting to the office by seven to assure the party was sent on its way and the office stood in comely sedateness for its first patients.

If Jonathan or Hardy ever reprimanded Rex, I'm sure he did so with long-suffering head-wagging good humor. As everyone knew, Rex was the most pampered, coddled, and deferred-to kid brother ever reared in upstate New York, impossibly spoiled not only by his brothers but by everyone in the community. When Rex was eight, either Jonathan or Hardy had become enraged during the course of a children's game and had coshed Rex over the head with a pinch bar, laying his skull open to the gray matter and sending him into a coma where for days he lingered near death. By the time he came round, the X rays had already indicated brain surgery, he was flown to New York City, a metal plate was inserted into his skull (the cause of the army's rejecting him), and forever after his aberrant behavior was explained by our tapping our forefingers gravely at our temples and darkly whispering, "Brain damage." As Rex had been Phi Beta Kappa, the damage hadn't, apparently, impaired his learning or memory.

Although at fourteen I accepted this diagnosis as readily as everyone else did, in retrospect I'm not at all certain Rex's peculiarness would have been markedly different had he not suffered the trauma. Cynicism had only recently, with the onset of puberty (aching, burning nipples, pubic hair, an ashamed need to strangle my cock every twenty seconds), become a part of my being, I wouldn't understand for years that cynicism is nothing more than a mask that represses all enthusiasms for fear that that to which one lends an ungloved willingness of the heart might prove unworthy of one's regard and that Rex's behavior may have been as simply explained by saying he was without cynicism. Assuming that Rex's problem was brain damage, it must have occurred to that area of the brain where the superego resides, for in the loveliest of ways Rex was utterly without the restraints that make for civilized behavior, marvelously oblivious to any sense of suffocating politesse.

Whether in the Y locker room lovingly scratching his balls, whiffing his sneakers, or in his insane cheering and various other shenanigans at the high school games, Rex embarrassed us only to the extent of our inability to unshackle ourselves from our own inhibitions. When Rex stormed rabidly onto the football field or basketball court to confront the officials, his camel hair coat and regimental necktie flowing crazily out behind him, his blond hair in great disarray from his theatrical pulling on it, his vivid blue eyes turned inward with indignant hurt at the obscene unfairness of the officiating, we laughed uproariously at his antics. Our faces red for him, we nonetheless applauded his sticking his nose smack into the face of the referee, à la Billy Martin, by wildly cheering his "cause," knowing even as we did so that the official, like a plate umpire calling a third strike for which he'll brook no quarrel, was even then dropping his right shoulder and contracting his right arm to throw it furiously out toward the nearest exit, signaling Rex was out of the game, which invariably rallied the crowd to one standing, sustained shriek of _Booooooooooooo_. Rex was the only fan in Watertown to be ejected from games more frequently than our coach.

In sports it was all very simple to Rex. There were our guys and there were their guys, never the twain should meet, our guys never committed a penalty or foul, never missed a long gain or twenty-foot jump shot which wasn't the result of the other team's knavery (undetected to everyone save Rex) and woe to the official who didn't view the game through the same magically wondrous lenses as Rex. In the basketball season of 1942–43, our small parochial school, Immaculate Heart Academy, had been loaded with talent and our coach, with the greatest reluctance (everything to lose, nothing to gain), had scheduled them twice. Each time IHA tied the score or went into the lead, Rex, who sat with the town elders at the opposite side of the gym from the student bleachers, would cross his blue eyes, stick his thumbs into his ears, crazily wiggle his fingers at the officials, and let his tongue droop dopily out and blow on it, creating the harshest, wettest, eeriest, most tasteless raspberries imaginable, all of which sent the students into paroxysms of ecstatic hostility.

During the first game the referee, unable to stand it any longer, violently blew his whistle, pointed directly at Rex, and bellowed " _Technical!_ " Onto the court came our coach and though it was too noisy for the crowd to hear, I was the ball boy seated on the bench and heard it all.

"How the hell yuh gonna call a technical on my crowd for something that crazy bastard Bean does?"

"Okay, Bill," the referee said. "I shouldn't have pointed at Bean. But Bean's got this crowd out of control, you're responsible for it, no matter the instigator, and IHA gets a free one."

During the second game poor Rex didn't make it to the buzzer signaling the end of the first quarter before that same referee, detecting Rex's tongue gingerly beginning to dangle with idiotic slack wetness over his chin, blew his whistle, pointed at Rex and screamed, "Okay, Bean, out, out, out, out, OUT!"

The two on-duty cops were detailed, one on each arm, to escort a dignified Rex, shaking his head from side to side in incomprehensible hurt at the majestic injustice of it all, from the premises, while the high school fans screamed bloodcurdling epithets to the effect that the cops were unredeemable "fascists," a word that had of course come into great vogue in those years. People said that Rex could not have gone into an alien community and lasted five minutes without getting himself locked up, the keys thrown away, our way of congratulating ourselves on our tolerance. Like Highwater Louie, who had been shell-shocked in World War I, and Woody, the peanut man at the games who drew pennies and nickels from the ears of pop-eyed little kids, Rex was one of our town's acknowledged and protected eccentrics, Rex was, as it were, _ours_, as familiar as the Roswell P. Fowler Memorial Library at the bottom of Washington Street.

# **5**

#

Ordinarily on Friday nights Rex was the first fan at the gym, accompanied by his latest girl, who was, "Can you believe it?" we'd say, wagging our weak noodles in wonder, even nicer than her predecessor, arriving and taking his seat even before the jayvees had taken the court for their warmups. Hence I expect we should have known something was amiss when he not only showed up unescorted one night, for Rex without a girl was as a mutant camel without its hump, but during the jayvee game seemed abstracted, nervous, and so pensive he only challenged the referee's calls nine times. Then, five minutes into a varsity game which already promised to be a corker, an unearthly stillness permeated the crowd and looking round for the reason I stared, with everyone, across the way and beheld Miss Sally Jane Hannigan dressed in a black Chesterfield coat with black velvet collar, black high-heeled pumps, and dark suggestive silk hose, her incredibly beautiful anthracite-black shimmering hair parted in the middle and flowing luxuriantly down to the small of her back. The hair framed that placid deep olive mask and those great bottle-green eyes covered with even greater great round black hornrimmed glasses. Yes, Miss Sally Jane Hannigan stood there as cold and as calm