text:
 was this: Ali thought he could induce the Minister of Finance and Petroleum to sign the production-sharing agreement; but to insure this Carver would be required to pay $1.5 million into the Swiss bank account of Ali's brother Kassem. T. 743f. Ali gave Carver a slip of paper bearing the name of Kassem M. Jaidah, account No. 352 723, Swiss Credit Bank, Place Bel Air, Geneva. Ex. 300. Carver protestedthe amount demanded was $500,000 higher than he had most recently been expecting to pay in "front money"[37]and went to the car to discuss the matter with Amos and Holley. Amos's advice was simple: If that's what you have to pay to get the concession, that's what you have to pay. Amos did suggest *288 that the payment might perhaps be put off until oil was flowing and for sale. Holley also advised payment. Carver returned to the house and told Ali he was willing to pay the $1.5 million as directed; apparently it was agreed that payment would be delayed at least until the production-sharing agreement was signed by the government. This was done on January 1, 1976. The full $1.5 million, which Carver admitted at trial was "payment for services" purportedly rendered by Ali in connection with the award of the concession, T. 948-49, was paid into Kassem's account on January 6. Carver had been hoping the payment might be put off until oil was flowing, as Amos had suggested, but Ali was apparently not willing to wait that long: on January 5 Amos called to relay the message that the payment had to be made immediately, or the project would "not go forth." Carver deposited the money in Kassem's Swiss account by straightforward wire transfer from his account at the Harris Trust Bank in Chicago, and the project went forth.
There is little doubt that the $1.5 million payment was influence money paid to Ali Jaidah by Carver, with Kassem and Amos acting as intermediaries, and was as such illegal under the laws of Qatar and against the public policy of the United States. The consequences for present purposes of this improper payment turn in part on the following considerations.
Carver has implied that he thought the payment demanded by Ali was merely the usual official and perfectly proper front-end bonus that had always been contemplated. The Court believes that Carver's innocence in the matter was maintained intactup until the evening of December 2, 1975. At that point the squeeze was applied: Carver was faced, at the last minute, with losing what he believed to be an extremely valuable right that was almost in hand, unless he acquiesced in Jaidah's demand. There appears to have been no discussion of the propriety of demanded payment on December 2 or thereafter; certainly no such question was raised by Amos. Carver may well have continued to believe, in view of past discussions and Amos's and Holley's present advice favoring acquiescence in the demand, that there would be nothing wrong with making the payment. That he did so believe is borne out by the facts that he refused to go along with Amos's 1977 attempt to cover up the character of the payment, see n. 39, infra; that in 1978 he openly mentioned to the United States' ambassador to Qatar that he had paid "front money" for the concession and was willing to pay more to keep it; and that in the subsequent investigation by the Justice Department Carver made no attempt to conceal any of the facts or circumstances of the payment.[38] Still, however new Carver may have been to the oil business in particular, he was an experienced international businessman; and the difference between an official payment to the government of Qatar in return for the concession, and a private payment to a government official in return for his help in securing the concession, should have been apparent to him, particularly in view of the extremely suspicious circumstances under which the payment was demanded and was to be made. The Court finds that Carver should have known the payment to Ali was improper.
On the other hand, it must be remembered that Carver made the payment because he believed it was necessary to do so to secure a rightthe concessionwhose value, the Court has already found, was deliberately misrepresented to him by Sedco, through Amos Carter and Robert Smith. Moreover, Amos's complicity in the payment itself was close. He unquestionably knew that what Ali was proposing was improper. Yet he did not advise Carver of this fact; he never suggested that Carver insist on paying only an open and legitimate bonus to the government; on the contrary, *289 he encouraged Carver to agree to pay the $1.5 million bribe and later demanded payment on behalf of Ali; and in 1977 he took stepswith which Carver refused to go alongto cover up the shady character of the payment.[39] Amos's motives in all this appear to have been complex. Certainly he had an interest on behalf of Sedco in the furtherance of the Holcar venture, namely, the employment of Rig 75 and of the personnel of TerraMar; and the improper payment, if necessary at all, was necessary to secure Sedco's interests as well as Holcar's. Beyond that, Amos had a variety of personal interests in the payment (and later in the concealment of its character) deriving in large part from his friendship with the Jaidahs and his business partnership with Kassem. It is not necessary to go into these matters in further detail.[40] Suffice it to say that through Amos, Sedco's complicity in the improper payment was at least as great as Carver's.
Finally, it may after all be doubted whether the improper payment was in any way necessary to the furtherance of the Holcar venture. The whole problem could probably have been dealt with to no ill effect by square confrontation, Carver insisting on paying at most a legitimate front-end bonus to the government. In any case, the production-sharing agreement was signed by the Qatar Minister of Finance and Petroleum before the payment was made; and there is no evidence that the Minister knew anything about it, benefited from it in any way, or considered the proposed agreement otherwise than on its merits as written. These considerations do not mitigate the fact that the improper payment was made; but they do bear in some measure on the severability of this fact and of its consequences from Carver's main causes of action against Sedco.

IV.
Holcar's operations began in late January 1976. Bernie Carter arrived in Doha on around January 18, as did Robert Smith. Bernie began assembling men and materials and making other necessary arrangements; on January 24 he telexed Carver's headquarters in Muscatine to report that with the addition of one extra person whom he requested (and was granted) permission to hire, "our staff will be lean but fit and completely adequate to operate efficiently through coming months." Ex. 596. Smith again examined the QOC records at the Department of Petroleum Affairs. On February 5, Amos telexed Muscatine "to advise I am in Doha reviewing work program with Bernie and Smith. They have *290 everything ready to start work on well A-2 when possible to move rig." Ex. 22. Rig 75 arrived at A2 on February 8. Things went downhill from there.

A.
Rig 75 was to be used to reenter and "rework" wells A1, A2, and A4. The two wells capped at the ocean floor were to be "tied back" to the surface; cement plugs put in by QOC were to be drilled out and the wells cleaned out; casings were to be tested, and production tests done; and the wells were generally to be left in such condition that oil would flow from them into any production equipment it might prove necessary to install at the surface. Much of the worke. g., cementing, acidizing, testingwas to be done by third party contractors, but always under the supervision of Bernie Carter and of Holcar's rig supervisors, the persons in charge of operations at the well site. Holcar's technical staff, which planned the work programs and supervised their execution, was supplied for the most part by TerraMar. See Ex. 440.
One expert who reviewed Holcar's reentry and workover operations called them "a comedy of errors," Carver-Freeze Ex. 1; and this view was also taken by other experts who testified at trial. Part of the problem was that Holcar rushed into the workover program without adequate planning or preparation. Despite Bernie's January 24 telex to Muscatine, Holcar's staff in Qatar was probably inadequate. Similarly, operations were begun without proper and complete equipment. Certain required tools and tubing were not on hand and proved difficult to obtain quickly; sufficient spare parts had not been assembled; and some equipment used was not properly treated to withstand destruction by the high quantities of H2S in the wells, which was clearly known to Holcar's technical staff before work began. The services of third party contractors were sometimes badly scheduled and themselves of poor quality. These sorts of problems, which plagued and delayed operations throughout, were at the heart of Bernie's despairing telex to Robert Smith of April 8, 1976, when Rig 75 had already been over A2 for two months:
DUE TO REPEATED FAILURES OF OTIS GS (GOLF SIERRA) WIRELINE PULLING TOOLS IN H-2-S THE OPERATIONS HAS NOW BEEN SHUT DOWN FOR OVER 36 HOURS AND I DON'T KNOW WHEN IT CAN RESUME THE OPERATIONS.
*   *   *   *   *   *
OTIS/BA


dataset_name: pile

text:
 very close to the real value 65%. Let’s plot all the values we got:

What you see here is an histogram of all the values we got in all the samples, a very nice property of this histogram is that it very similar to the normal distribution. As I said I don’t want to use too much statistics terms here, but let’s just say that if we do this process a very large number of times (infinite number of times) we will get an histogram that is very close to the normal distribution and we can know the parameters of this distribution. In more simple words, we’ll know the shape of this histogram, so we’ll be able to tell exactly how many samples can get any range of values.

Here’s an example, we’ll run this simulation ever more times (trying to reach infinity):

First of all, we can see that the center (the mean) of the histogram is near 65%, exactly as we expected, but we are able to say much more just by looking at the histogram, for example, we can say, that half of the samples are larger than 65%, or, we can say that roughly 25% are larger than 67%, or even, we can say that (roughly) only 2.5% of the samples are larger than 68%.

At this point, many people might ask two important questions, “How can I take infinite number of samples?” and “How does it helps me?”.

Let’s go back to our example, we took a sample of 1000 people and got 63%, we wanted to know, what is the chance that a random sample of 1000 people will have 63% soccer lovers. Using this histogram, we can say that there’s a chance of (roughly) 25% that we’ll get a value that is smaller or equal to 63%. We don’t actually need to do the infinite samples, the theory says us, that it is somewhat probable that if we choose randomly 1000 people, only 63% of them will love soccer.

Side note #2: Actually, in order to all that (find the chance of range of values), we need to know, or at least estimate, the standard deviation of the population. As I want to keep things simple, I’ll leave it for now.

Let’s go back to the reality and the real question, I don’t know the actual percentage of soccer lovers in the U.S. I just took a sample and got 63%, how does it help me?

So we don’t know the actual percentage of people who love soccer in the U.S. What we do know, that if we took infinite number of samples it will look like this:

Here μ is the population mean (real percentage of soccer lovers in our example), and σ is the standard deviation of the population.

If we know this (and we know the standard deviation) we are able to say that ~64% of the samples will fall in the red area or, more than 95% of the samples will fall outside the green area in this plot:

If we use the plots before when we assumed that the actual percentage is 65%, than 95% of the samples will fall between 62% and 68% (+- 3)

Of course the distance is symmetric, so if the sample percentage will fall 95% of the time between real percentage-3 and real percentage +3, then the real percentage will be 95% of the times between sample percentage -3 and sample percentage +3.

If we took a sample and got 63%, we can say that we 95% confident that the real percentage is between 60% (63 -3) and 66% (63+3).

This is the Confidence Interval, the interval is 63+-3 and the confidence is 95%.

I hope confidence intervals make more sense now, as I said before, this introduction misses some technical but important parts. There are plenty of articles that do contain these parts, and I hope that now it will be much easier to follow them.<|endoftext|>Q:

Multithreaded Windows service in MingW

I am trying to build a Windows service with MingW. It need thread safe exceptions, so I added the linker flag -mthreads. The application works fine from the command-line, but when I try to start it from services.msc, the 1054 error ("The service did not respond to the start or control request in a timely fashion") is raised. The service starts if I re-build it without the -mthreads flag. How can I get this working with -mthreads?

A:

I suspect -mthreads is bringing in a dependency on a DLL, and that DLL is not on the path when it's running as a service.  In my cygwin environment, if I compile a trivial program with "-mno-cygwin -mthreads", I get a dependency on MINGWM10.DLL, which certainly wouldn't be on the path when running as a service.  If I try running it with no PATH set, it crashes as it starts to load (and leaves a turd in the Application event log).
I'd be bringing up your exe in Dependency Walker (http://www.dependencywalker.com) to see what you're loading at load-time, and check your Windows Event Log to see if there are any hints there.  You're probably going to need to put a copy of the DLLs it needs alongside the executable.

<|endoftext|>Maria del Rosario de San Nicolas

Movimiento Mariano de San Nicolas. (1884).

Maria Del Rosario De San Nicolas. University

of
Dayton, Dayton, Ohio.

Country

Argentina

Description

On September 25th, 1983, Gladys Herminia Quiroga de Motta was praying the rosary

when the Blessed Mary appeared to her. Gladys was described as an ordinary housewife, who did not have a formal education nor expertise in theology. Gladys did not tell anyone about what she saw, instead she simply wrote the words, “ I saw the Blessed Virgin for the first time.” According to Gladys, the Blessed Mary resembled classic images: a blue gown and veil, a child in her arms, and a rosary in hand. However, she continued to see the apparition of the Blessed Virgin and began communicating with the apparition.

A few months later, the Virgin reveals to Gladys that she wanted her to build a church and showed her where the church should be built. In 1986, after an investigation of the phenomenon, the bishop approved devotions. Further, he ordered the construction of a sanctuary which was requested by the Virgin. On the 25th of each month, a procession is held for Maria del Rosario de San Nicolas in which up to one thousand people are present. It should also be noted that Gladys received stigmatas. She especially noted their renewal and reappearance on Thursday and Friday during Lent each year. Additionally, she also received a stigmata on her feet, which only occur on Good Friday, after 3 in the afternoon (the hour of the death of Christ). Following the first stigmata, Gladys was also requested by the Virgin Mary to undergo a fasting period. Although the Lenten fast usually lasts 40 days, Gladys only lost three and a half pounds during the requested 30 day period. She also viewed this request as a “purification” rather than “penance.”

Additionally, Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolas has cured numerous individuals. The most well known cure being that of Gonzalo Miguel Godoy, who was diagnosed with a brain tumor in 1984. While on his deathbed, his parents requested for Gonzalo to receive Extreme Unction and First Communion. During this, the attending father placed the child under the care of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolas. He began to improve just 45 minutes later. On November 19th 1984, he was found to be tumorless and had shown complete improvement. Gonzalo is just one example of the claimed cures by the Virgin of San Nicolas.

Laurentin, R. (1990). An appeal from Mary in Argentina: The apparitions of San Nicolás.

Milford, Ohio: Edited and published by Faith Pub. Co.

Link to Text: https://flyers.udayton.edu:443/record=b1300554

Researched by Abby Sturgill

Popular Devotions

Santa Maria, Madre nuestra

Que en cada misterio del Santo Rosario

Nos brindas al Salvador.

Acudimos a ti necesitados.

Nos alegramos que desde la cruz

El Señor te haya encomendado la misión

De acercarnos a Él y su Iglesia

Por la conversión y la penitencia.

Alentados por la confianza que nos inspiras

Ponemos en tus manos maternales

Nuestras preocupaciones y temores.

Pero, deseamos imitar tu fidelidad a Dios

Aceptando con amor y humildad

Todas las pruebas

¡Madre nuestra del Rosario de San Nicolás!

Que tu presencia renueve nuestra vida,

Alivie nuestro ser agobiado por

el sufrimiento y la enfermedad,

sostenga nuestra docilidad a la gracia

Y fortalezca nuestro amor


text:
 formulation for a period of 4 h under constant stirring; Enamel loss was measured by profilometry every hour. Enamel loss was in situ progressive over time with the 3 rinses and orange juice but negligible with water. ASC produced similar erosion to orange juice and significantly more than the two proprietary rinses and water. The essential oil and hexetidine rinses produced similar erosion and significantly more than water. Enamel loss in vitro was progressive over time, and the order from low to high erosion was reduced acid ASC, ASC, Essential oil, and hexetidine mouthrinses and orange juice. Based on the study in situ, it is recommended that low pH mouthrinses should not be considered for long term or continuous use and never as pre-brushing rinses. In view of the plaque inhibitory efficacy of ASC, short- to medium-term applications similar to those of chlorhexidine would be envisaged.<|endoftext|>Your mind may be wholly engaged in the formulation of ideas and the acquisition of information today. The intense curiosity and mental clarity you feel can drive you to seek out intelligent or charming individuals in order to engage them in open dialogues. As you exchange ideas with others, you may discover that you gain the ability to see your topics of conversation from your discussion partnerís perspective. Previously unformed notions may become fully realized ideas as people whose backgrounds and expertise differ from your own consider your thoughts. The dialogues you take part in can open your eyes to new concepts that stimulate your mind. With each new fact and figure you absorb today, your appetite for conversation will likely increase.

Sharing ideas with others is one of the simplest ways of attracting new knowledge and wisdom into your life. We may be hesitant to articulate our thoughts, even among loved ones, for fear of being judged harshly. But an exchange of ideas can be the spark that ignites the flame of thoughtful conversation. When you put musings into words, your thoughts stimulate the minds of those with whom you share, encouraging them to convey ideas of their own. Your collective thoughts can become the seed from which a collaborative learning experience grows. As you exchange ideas, each of you will benefit from the experience and attunement of the other. The thoughts and ideas you share with others today will awaken your mind to new worlds of information that stimulate your intellect.

For more information visit dailyom.com

This article is printed from DailyOM - Inspirational thoughts for a happy, healthy and fulfilling day.Register for free at www.dailyom.com<|endoftext|>Kasaba Natu

Kasaba Natu is a small village in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state in Western India. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 595 residents in the village. Kasaba Natu's geographical area is approximately.

References

Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district<|endoftext|>Join Alison Pebworth as she pedals around San Francisco gathering data about modern day Americanitis. Meet at SoEx at noon for a brief introduction and training session. Participants are encouraged to ride with Alison or pair off and collect data on their own. The research gathered on this day and over the course of this 6-week project will be used to fashion an elixir specific to a San Franciscan notion of Americanitis. Bring your bicycle if you'd like to join in the ride.<|endoftext|>History of rugby union matches between Ireland and New Zealand

The New Zealand All Blacks first played against Ireland in 1905, during the historic 1905–1906 All Blacks tour of Europe and North America, beating Ireland 15–0 at Lansdowne Road, Dublin. The two teams have played a total of 31 Test matches, with the All Blacks winning 28, losing two, and ending in a draw was in a 1973 test match.

During the 2012 Irish Tour of New Zealand, New Zealand won all three tests, scoring 124 points to Ireland's 29. This tour also saw New Zealand post the biggest winning margin against Ireland in their history, with a score of 60-0 on 23 June 2012.
On 24 November 2013, New Zealand were trailing 22-17 against Ireland in the final minute of the match, and on the verge of their first ever loss to Ireland. Ireland gave up a penalty with under 30 seconds remaining, which ultimately led to New Zealand working their way up the field, ending in the match tying try. The try was converted at the second time of asking, handing New Zealand their perfect season.

Ireland ended a 111-year wait for a victory at Soldier Field, Chicago with a 40-29 win on  5 November 2016.
On 17 November 2018 Ireland beat New Zealand 16-9 at the Aviva Stadium, Dublin to record their first ever home win against the All Blacks.

Summary

Overall

Records
Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

Results

List of series

See also
 History of rugby union matches between Munster and New Zealand
 The Original All Blacks
 The Invincibles (rugby union)

References

External links

Complete List of Results at ESPN

Category:New Zealand national rugby union team matches
Category:Ireland national rugby union team matches
Category:Irish-New Zealand culture
Category:Rugby union rivalries in New Zealand
Category:Rugby union rivalries in Ireland<|endoftext|>List of shipwrecks of California

This is a list of shipwrecks located in Californian waters.

Del Norte County

Humboldt County

Los Angeles County

Marin County

Mendocino County

Orange County

San Diego County

San Francisco County

San Luis Obispo County

San Mateo County

Santa Barbara County

Santa Cruz County

Sonoma County

Ventura County

References

Further reading

California
Shipwrecks

Shipwrecks<|endoftext|>If this is your first visit, be sure to
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Dwyer and Redman are going to see a lot of work regardless of who starts. I'm not worried about our OL for once, at least not to start out. Colon at Guard is awesome, Max is back and Foster has experience.<|endoftext|>% standard macros for CWEB listings (in addition to plain.tex)
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text:
 some weak positive residuals around the zero and weak symmetric negative peaks at about $v \pm 250$ km s$^{-1}$ (see lower panel of Fig. \[fig:residuals\_2\].b) [^6].

![image](residuals_2){width="90.00000%"}

![ Similar to the central panel of Fig. \[fig:residuals\_2\].b, the 25 km s$^{-1}$-binned stacked \[C II\] residuals of the high-SFR group are shown. However, here, for the five rotators in the subsample, $R_{i, k}$ (see Eq. \[eq:stack\_res\]) is calculated by subtracting a kinematic model to the observed spectra. We color in green the channels where the residuals left by the tilted-ring fit are non-null, specifically in the velocity range $v \sim [-225 : + 275]$ km s$^{-1}$, marked by the gray shaded region. []{data-label="fig:residuals_3"}](residuals_3){width="1\columnwidth"}

Therefore, the most star-forming galaxies in our sample contribute more to the deviation from a single-Gaussian profile, indicating a possible connection (on average) between the amount of SFR and the observed deviation from a single-component Gaussian profile in the \[C II\] spectra of high-$z$ normal galaxies. Altogether, these findings suggest that star formation (or, more appropriately, star-formation-driven mechanisms) is likely to be responsible for producing the observed flux excess at the high-velocity tails of the stacked residuals.

![image](spectrum_1){width="100.00000%"}

### Any contribution from rotating galaxies? {#any-contribution-from-rotating-galaxies.unnumbered}

While dispersion-dominated galaxies exhibit single-peak spectra, the double-horned profiles of rotating disks (see e.g., [@Begeman1989; @Daddi2010; @deBlok2016; @Kohandel2019]) are not well described by a single Gaussian. In addition, evidence for rotating disks has been found at high redshift (e.g., [@DeBreuck2014; @Jones2017; @Talia2018; @Smit2018]). Therefore, it is conceivable that the presence of rotating disks in our sample may contribute to the deviation from a single-Gaussian (see e.g., [@Kohandel2019]) and to the production of the symmetric residuals seen in Fig. \[fig:residuals\_2\]. However, we note that large rotational velocities of $|v|\sim500$ km s$^{-1}$ have been observed only in bright submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) and AGN-host galaxies, with intense SFRs $\gtrsim 1000 ~ {\rm M_{\odot}}$ yr$^{-1}$ and very broad FWHMs $\gtrsim 800$ km s$^{-1}$ (see e.g., [@Carniani2013; @Jones2017; @Talia2018]), and are unlikely to be produced by normal star-forming rotating galaxies (the median FWHM of \[C II\] profiles in our high-SFR galaxies is $\sim 250$ km s$^{-1}$). To further explore this argument, we use $^{\rm 3D}$`BAROLO` (a tool for fitting 3D tilted-ring models to emission-line datacubes that takes into account the effect of beam smearing; see [@DiTeodoro2015]) to build kinematic models of five galaxies classified as rotators in the high-SFR group, for which we have enough independent spatial elements to obtain robust fits (Jones et al., in prep.). The criteria adopted to classify rotators in ALPINE are discussed in detail in [@LeFevre2019a] (see also Sect. \[sec:contaminants\]), and mainly require (i) smooth transitions between intensity channel maps, (ii) clear gradients in velocity field maps, (iii) tilted (straight) position–velocity diagrams projected along the major (minor) axis, (iv) possible double-horned profiles in the spectra and, (v) single components in ancillary photometric data. We then repeat the residuals stack of our high-SFR galaxies, but now, for the five ALPINE rotators modeled with $^{\rm 3D}$`BAROLO`, we calculate $R_{i, k}$ (see Eq. \[eq:stack\_res\]) by subtracting the tilted-ring fit from the observed spectra rather than the Gaussian model. The result is shown in Fig. \[fig:residuals\_3\]: while residuals resulting from the kinematic modeling (limited by our $\sim$1$''$ spatial resolution) are indeed visible (see green channels), these are more concentrated toward the common reference center, only affecting the velocity range $v \sim [-225 : + 275]$ km s$^{-1}$ (see gray shaded region). This test suggests that the effect of unresolved kinematics in the spectra of our normal rotating galaxies should not have a significant impact on the residuals observed at $|v| \lesssim 500$ km s$^{-1}$, whose origin should be ascribed to other mechanisms, as discussed below.

**Stacking the spectra** {#sec:spectra}
------------------------

![image](spectrum_2){width="100.00000%"}

In Sect. \[sec:residuals\] we discussed that a single-Gaussian component is not sufficient to correctly model (on average) the \[C II\] spectra of a representative (see $M_{\star}$ and SFR distributions in Fig. \[fig:physical\_properties\]) population of high-$z$ normal galaxies (Fig. \[fig:residuals\_1\]). In particular, we found that the deviation from a single-Gaussian model is related to the SFR, with high(low)-significance flux excess found in the stacked residuals of high(low)-SFR galaxies (Fig. \[fig:residuals\_2\]). Interestingly, in line with previous similar works (e.g., [@Gallerani2018]), most of the positive signal revealed in the stacked residuals of highly star-forming galaxies arises from almost symmetric high-velocity tails (see Fig. \[fig:residuals\_2\].b), specifically at velocities consistent with those observed through UV spectroscopy in the outflowing gas accelerated by stellar feedback at similar redshifts (e.g., [@Sugahara2019]; see a discussion in Sect. \[sec:introduction\]). This suggests that the observed flux excess can be ascribed to SFR-driven outflows. However, to corroborate this hypothesis, we need to test whether a two-component Gaussian model, that is, a combination of a narrow and a broad component (with the latter tracing the outflowing gas; see Sect. \[sec:Results\]), can better describe our observations. We therefore performed a variance-weighted stacking of the \[C II\] spectra of galaxies in our sample to compute (and compare) the residuals of single-Gaussian and two-component Gaussian best fits. In analogy with Eq. \[eq:stack\_res\], each $i$-th channel of the stacked spectrum $S^{\rm{stack}}_i $ is defined as: $$\label{eq:stack_spec}
        %
        S^{\rm{stack}}_i = \dfrac{\sum_{k=1}^{N} S_{i, k} \cdot w_k}{\sum_{k=1}^{N} w_k},
        %$$ where $S_{i, k}$ is the \[C II\] spectrum of the $k$-th galaxy, and the weighting factor $w_k=1/\sigma^2_k$ is calculated as described in Sect. \[sec:residuals\]. In Fig. \[fig:spectrum\_1\].a we show the \[C II\] spectrum resulting from the stacking of our full sample (with a spectral element binning of 25 km s$^{-1}$) along with the single- and two-component Gaussian best fits. As for the figures in Sect. \[sec:residuals\], a histogram reporting the number of objects per channel contributing to the corresponding flux is shown on the top panel. The stacked \[C II\] spectrum appears to be clearly characterized by weak (less than 10% of the line peak-flux) broad wings at velocities of a few hundred kilometers per second (see inset in Fig. \[fig:spectrum\_1\].a). We find that while a single-Gaussian fit produces significant positive residuals at $v  \sim \pm [300 : 500]$ km s$^{-1}$ (in agreement with results from Sect. \[sec:residuals\]), a two-component Gaussian fit can accurately describe the stacked spectrum, leaving residuals that are reasonably consistent with simple noise (no peaks exist at $>2\sigma$; see Fig. \[fig:spectrum\_1\].b). Our best fit with a two-Gaussian model results in a combination of a narrow component and a relatively less prominent broad component, in agreement with typical line profiles observed in the presence of outflows at low-$z$ or in galaxies hosting an AGN (see a discussion in Sect. \[sec:introduction\]). Both the narrow and broad Gaussian components are centered at the stacked \[C II\] line peak ($v_{\rm cen} \sim 0 \pm 10$ km s$^{-1}$). We measure a FWHM = $233 \pm 15$ km s$^{-1}$ for the narrow component, and a FWHM = $531 \pm 90$ km s$^{-1}$ for the broad component[^7], where the uncertainties are estimated through a bootstrap analysis, as described in the following paragraphs. As done with the stacked residuals, we test the dependence of the average \[C II\] spectral line shape on the SFR, dividing our sample into two SFR bins as described in Sect. \[sec:residuals\], and repeating the analysis in


text:
 in that letter is wrong. I don't think there needs to be any action taken. It's completely and utterly wrong."

Ferrari has not actually appealed the result, just asked for clarification as to why the move was legal. Nevertheless, Ecclestone was not impressed with the Italian team.

"Personally I think it's not really like Ferrari to do this. I think they badly wanted to win. But if you want to go back and see what Ferrari have done down the years … But nothing will happen. What can they do? Take civil action? Maybe. But the case is flawed before it starts. Nothing is going to happen."

Following the Rugby Football Union's announcement on Sunday that England Sevens coach Ben Ryan is set to relinquish his role, various past, present and future England internationals have taken to Twitter to praise him<|endoftext|>The linkage between the four-step binding of oxygen and the binding of heterotropic anionic ligands in hemoglobin.
The linkage between the four-step binding of oxygen and the binding of heterotropic anionic ligands in hemoglobin was investigated by accurately measuring and analyzing the oxygen equilibrium curves of human adult hemoglobin in the presence and absence of various concentrations of one or two of the following materials: chloride (Cl-), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). Each equilibrium curve was analyzed according to the Adair equation to evaluate the four-step oxygen equilibrium constants (Adair constants) and the median oxygen pressure. The binding constants of the anions for the molecular species of hemoglobin carrying j oxygen molecules, Hb(O2)j(j=0,1,...,4), were evaluated from the dependences of the Adair constants and the median oxygen pressure on the anion concentration by introducing a model which takes the competitive binding of Cl- and DPG or IHP into account. Assumptions made in the model are: (a) the hemoglobin molecule has two oxygen-linked binding sites for Cl- which are equivalent and independent and (b) no Cl- can be bound to hemoglobin to which DPG or IHP is already bound and vice versa. Thus, we could obtain values for the intrinsic binding constants of Cl- and DPG, i.e., the constants in the absence of other competitive anions. For IHP, only the binding constants and apparent binding constants for Hb and Hb(O2)2 were obtained. Values of the Cl- binding constants and apparent binding constants for DPG and IHP, i.e., the binding constants in the presence of Cl- for Hb and Hb(O2)4, were in reasonable agreement with literature values. From the binding constants we calculated anion binding curves for Hb(O2)j(J=0,1,...,4), the number of anions bound to Hb(O2)J, And the relationship between fractional anion saturation of hemoglobin and fractional oxygen saturation. The numbers of released anions are not uniform with respect to oxygenation step. This non-uniformity is the reason for the changes in the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve with anion concentration changes and for the non-uniform dependences of the Adair constants on anion concentration, and also results in non-linear relations between anion saturation and oxygen saturation. The anion binding constants and various binding properties of the anions derived from those constants are consistent with those observed by other investigators using different techniques, indicating that the present model describes the oxygen-linked competitive anion binding well.<|endoftext|>Countdown to 5th June #2

By eairving, May 28 2014 07:49PM

Continuing with the Author tour in the run-up to so many fantastic MG & YA books being published on Thursday 5th June, I was paired with Jenny from Wondrous Reads, who asked me a series of questions about my writing process for THE MUTE BUTTON. And here it is:<|endoftext|>Q:

Sharepoint 2010 Lists, is value specific formatting of columns or rows possible?

I would like to format columns or rows that contain certain values, without any client side javascript hacks. I'm looking for an OOB solution.
For example - if 1 column in my list being of type boolean (yes/no) contains a no valid - I would like to change the background color of the row.
Or if a column contains a text field, and let's say with the value of "Not updated" - I would like to change the font in that column to #ff0000;
Last example would be to check a date range, and if a column in the list (date column) has a value that meets certain criteria then so some or other styling to the row or a specific column.
Is any of this possible?

A:

Since list views in SharePoint 2010 are XSL list views, you can apply conditional formatting to them through SharePoint Designer, just like you can with Data View Web Parts.

A:

As Lori says, because this is XSL-based you have several options. I can think of three ways to get your XSL in place off the top of my head:

Edit in SharePoint Designer 2010 and do some 'conditional formatting'. This will in effect embed the XSL in the web part.
Put your XSL in a separate file and use the XSL Link property to add it to the web part. One advantage of this is that it can be re-used across several web parts. I've blogged on this XLV Override Technique previously, including an example based on a out of the box tasks list.
Deploy some XSL to the file system, making use of the extensibility of the fldtypes_*.xsl technique - similar to as if making a completely custom field type. This is a useful approach if you'd like your formatting to be applied universally without having to worry about configuring specific web parts - and can even be targeted at specific columns and/ or lists.

HTH

<|endoftext|>Former Meeker resident brings autobiography to Meeker

MEEKER I Danny Campbell was a resident of Meeker from 1958 until 1991. He was graduated from Meeker High School with the class of 1966. From his nearly half a century in the White River valley, Campbell has compiled an autobiographical work, titled “A Wet Ass and a Hungry Gut.” Accompanied by long-time friend Mary Hartwig, Campbell will be at Avis’ Village Floral this Saturday, Oct. 8 from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. for a book signing.

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Thanks to all for your help in locating my husband and for the care that he received, from the ExxonMobil pumper to the Rio Blanco County Sheriff’s Office/EMS personnel, to Pioneers Medical Center and the […]<|endoftext|>---
author:
- |
    Baishun Lai$^{1,2}$, Zhengxiang Yan, Yinghui Zhang\
    \
    \
    \
    \
    \
    \
title: 'Singularity of the extremal solution for supercritical biharmonic equations with power-type nonlinearity [^1] [^2] '
---

   Let $\lambda^{*}>0$ denote the largest possible value of $\lambda$ such that $$\left\{
\begin{array}{lllllll}
\Delta^{2}u=\lambda(1+u)^{p} &  \mbox{in}\ \ {\mathbb B}, \\
u=\frac{\partial u}{\partial n} =0 &  \mbox{on}\  \  \partial {\mathbb B}\\
\end{array}
\right.$$ has a solution, where ${\mathbb B}$ is the unit ball in $R^{n}$ centered at the origin, $p>\frac{n+4}{n-4}$ and $n$ is the exterior unit normal vector. We show that for $\lambda=\lambda^{*}$ this problem possesses a unique weak solution $u^{*}$, called the extremal solution. We prove that $u^{*}$ is singular when $n\geq 13$ for $p$ large enough, in which case $u^{*}(x)\leq r^{-\frac{4}{p-1}}-1$ on the unit ball and actually solve part of the open problem which [@D] left.0.1in

[**1. Introduction and results**]{}

In the previous two decades, positive solutions to the second order semilinear elliptic problem $$\left\{
\begin{array}{lllllll}
-\Delta u=\lambda g(u) &\ \ \mbox{in}\  \Omega,\\
u=0& \ \ \mbox{on}\ \Omega,
\end{array}
\right.
\eqno(1.1)$$ have attracted a lot of interest, see e.g. [@Cr; @Jo; @Lion; @Ma; @Mi] and references therein. Here, we only mention the work by Joseph and Lundgren [@Jo]. In their well known work, Joseph and Lundgren gave a complete characterization of all positive solutions of (1.1) in the case $g(u)=e^{u}$ or $g(u)=(1+au)^{p}, ap>


text:
21 coach. He made his debut as the Italy under-21 coach on 14 August 2013, in a friendly match against Slovakia, which was won 4–1 by Italy. He eventually helped the u-21 side to qualify for the upcoming 2015 Under-21 European Championship in the Czech Republic, as Italy defeated Slovakia once again in the play-offs.

In the final tournament, Italy were placed in a group containing England and eventual finalists Portugal and Sweden, the latter of whom would go on to win the tournament. Italy finished third in their group, and were eliminated in the first round with 4 points.

Di Biagio led the Italy under-21 side to the semi-finals of the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, where they were eliminated by Spain on 27 June, following a 3–1 defeat.

On 5 February 2018, Di Biagio was confirmed to be the caretaker manager of the senior Italy team for their two friendlies on 23 March and 27 March 2018 against Argentina and England respectively. On 17 March 2018, Di Biagio called up veteran goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon for the two friendlies, despite his initial decision to retire. Di Biagio's first match as Italy coach ended in a 2–0 defeat to Argentina. His second, and final match as caretaker manager, ended in a 1–1 draw to England. On 15 May, it was announced Di Biagio would return to the under-21 side following the hire of Roberto Mancini to the senior side.

Following the Italy U21 side's first-round elimination in the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, held on home soil, Di Biagio announced his resignation as the under-21 side's manager on 25 June 2019.

On 10 February 2020 he was officially nominated as the new coach of Serie A team S.P.A.L. following the sacking of Leonardo Semplici. With fifteen matches still to be played, the Ferrara club were at the bottom of Serie A at the time of his nomination.

Managerial statistics

Honours

Player

Club
F.C. Internazionale Milano
 Serie A: runner-up 2002–03
 Coppa Italia: runner-up 2000
 Supercoppa Italiana: runner-up 2000

Monza
 Coppa Italia Serie C1: 1990–91

International
Italy
 UEFA European Championship: runner-up 2000

Italy U-23
 Mediterranean Games: 4th place 1993

Individual
 A.C. Monza Hall of Fame

Orders
 5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: (2000)

References

External links

 FIGC Profile

Category:Living people
Category:1971 births
Category:Sportspeople from Rome
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Italian footballers
Category:Italy international footballers
Category:S.S. Lazio players
Category:A.C. Monza players
Category:Calcio Foggia 1920 S.S.D. players
Category:A.S. Roma players
Category:Inter Milan players
Category:Brescia Calcio players
Category:Ascoli Calcio 1898 F.C. players
Category:Serie A players
Category:Serie B players
Category:Serie C players
Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players
Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players
Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players
Category:Italy national football team managers
Category:Italian football managers
Category:S.P.A.L. managers
Category:Serie A managers<|endoftext|>Stocks edge higher in midday on Wall Street

NEW YORK (AP) — Encouraging news about the U.S. economy is helping push stock prices higher on Wall Street.

A gauge of future economic activity rose more than analysts had expected, as did a measure of consumer confidence, adding to evidence that the economy is steadily recovering.

The Dow Jones industrial average was up 63 points at 15,296 at noon Eastern Daylight Time Friday, an increase of 0.4 percent.

The Standard & Poor's 500 was up eight points at 1,658, or 0.5 percent.

The Nasdaq composite rose 16 points to 3,481, or 0.5 percent.

Northrop Grumman rose 5 percent after the defense contractor approved the repurchase of another $4 billion of its own stock. The company said it plans to buy back a quarter of its outstanding stock by the end of 2015.<|endoftext|>The Corbett Report community held a vigorous discussion on the future of Artificial Intelligence this past summer, and the results are in: No one understands the question (myself included). Now, to be fair, I didn’t do a very good job of framing the debate so, as is typical with this particular topic, it quickly became the standard AI argument about whether or not toasters have souls (“I toast therefore I am!”). I exaggerate only slightly.

I understand why the conversation inevitably steers in this direction. The nature of consciousness and the question of the soul are topics that have fascinated us as a species for thousands of years, and the advent of robotic consciousness threatens to upend the deeply-held beliefs of billions of people.

Perhaps inevitably, the prophets of the technological singularity have brought this issue directly to the fore by creating their own religion with “a Godhead based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) developed through computer hardware and software.” It’s called “Way of the Future” and was founded (with a large degree of MSM fanfare from the usual suspects) by…wait for it…an ex-Google engineer. That’s right, after developing our modern-day, real-life Big Brother‘s self-driving car, this Silicon Valley dropout has started a church for people to worship our coming robot overlords.

You can’t make this stuff up.

But, generally speaking, this is not the kind of thing that people researching in the field think about. So what do they think about? Oh, things like “What will the financial world be like when Skynet runs the markets?”

Think that sounds crazy? Well take that up with our good friends over at the shadowy Bank for International Settlements’ even shadowier little brother, the Financial Stability Board. They just published a white paper on that very subject.

Read about the FSB’s vision for our artificial intelligence-run economic future in this week’s subscriber editorial, and stick around for this month’s subscriber video where Vinnie Caggiano joins James for an in-depth breakdown of the musicality of The Beatles‘ “You Won’t See Me.”

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<|endoftext|>Q:

Is there any set of numbers that, when muliplied with anything from \mathbb{N}$, results in an uneven number?

I noticed the (very easy to see) fact that, whenever you multiply any natural number $n$ with anything having a prime factor of $2$, you get an even number.
For example:
$ 3 \times 2 = 6$, even
$5 \times 6 = 30 $, even
and so on. It's easy to see that this is true because everytime you multiply, you add prime factors to the set of the resulting set of prime factors. E.g.
$ 3 \times (2 \times 3) = 3 \times 6 = 18$, prime factors are $2, 3, 3$. And whenever you have a prime factor of 2, the number is even.
Now I ask myself: is it possible to construct a set $\mathbb{G}$ of numbers in a way that $\forall x \in \mathbb{G}: \forall n \in  \mathbb{N}: \lfloor x \times n\rfloor = $ uneven? Maybe even without flooring them? $\mathbb{G}$ may be in $\mathbb{R}$, but it would be even more interesting without rounding and with $\mathbb{G} \subset \mathbb{N}$, but is this even possible?
It seems way easier to create even numbers than to create odd numbers from any set of natural numbers. Is this true?

A:

There is no real number $x$ such that $\lfloor x\times n\rfloor$ is odd for all positive integers $n$.
Proof by contradiction: Suppose $x$ were such  number. Then $x\pm2$ would also be such numbers, since $\lfloor x\times n\rfloor$ changes by an even amount, $\pm2n$, when we change $x$ by $2$. So by repeatedly adding or subtracting $2$, we can arrange that $0\leq x<2$.  Now let $z=2-x$, so $0<z\leq2$ and
$$
\lceil nz\rceil=2n-\lfloor nx\rfloor
$$
is odd for all positive integers $n$.
In particular, taking $n=1$, we see that $\lceil z\rceil$, previously known to be $1$ or $2$, is in fact $1$, i.e., $0<z\leq1$. Therefore, in the progression $z,2z,3z,4z,\dots$, each term exceeds


text:
 biggest value in k, 1, w?
k
Let j(c) = -c - 13. Let r be j(-11). Let s be 4/r - (-28)/4. Let l = 202 + -1013/5. What is the third biggest value in s, l, 1/6?
l
Let i be (-4)/(-8)*12/(-9). What is the second smallest value in 2/7, i, 0?
0
Let a = 0.23 - 0.05. Let x = 0.08 - a. What is the biggest value in 0.4, -3, x?
0.4
Let b = 0.1 - 0. Let k = 2 - 1. Let r = -2 + k. What is the biggest value in r, -2, b?
b
Let r = -4 - -5. Let x = r + -3. Let g(u) = u**3 - 5*u**2 - 7*u + 1. Let k be g(6). What is the second biggest value in k, x, 0.2?
x
Let o = -0.21 + -0.09. What is the second smallest value in o, 0.5, -2/5, -1/10?
o
Let c be 1*(-37)/(-7) + -5. Let x = 0.8 - 1.4. Let f = 0.1 + x. What is the third biggest value in c, -1/3, f?
f
Let j = -10 - -13. What is the smallest value in 2, -6, j?
-6
Suppose -q = -4 + 1. Let j be (-5)/14 - (-5)/10. Which is the second biggest value?  (a) 0  (b) j  (c) q
b
Let z = -16 - -31/2. Let i = -0.1 - 3.9. Suppose 4*p + 0 - 4 = 0. Which is the smallest value?  (a) i  (b) p  (c) z
a
Let m = 49 + -146/3. Which is the second biggest value?  (a) m  (b) 0.03  (c) 1
a
Let u = -2 + 4. Let g = -1.5 - -1. Let p = g + 0.4. What is the third biggest value in u, p, 2/17?
p
Let h = 2 + -6. Let k = -21 - -22. Let f = 1 + -3. Which is the third smallest value?  (a) k  (b) f  (c) h
a
Let s(y) = -y**2 + 4*y**3 + 16*y**3 - 2 + 3. Let q be s(1). Suppose 6*a - a + 16 = -4*m, 5*a = -q. What is the third biggest value in m, 2/11, -0.4?
-0.4
Let k = -0.7 + 0.4. Let z = 2.8 - 0.8. What is the biggest value in z, k, 2/19?
z
Let h = -1.5 - -1.64. Let x = h - -0.16. Which is the second biggest value?  (a) -5  (b) x  (c) -0.4
c
Let r = 0.1 + -3.1. Which is the second smallest value?  (a) r  (b) 5  (c) 1
c
Suppose 4*f - 6 - 6 = 5*z, z = 0. Let l be 50/(-45)*f/4. Which is the biggest value?  (a) l  (b) -2/7  (c) 0
c
Let u = -6 - -6.4. Let x = -0.1 + -0.3. Which is the smallest value?  (a) u  (b) x  (c) 0
b
Let t = 3.8 - -0.2. Let k be (-412)/(-26) - 34/(-221). Let c be k/(-12)*1/6. What is the third smallest value in -0.3, c, t?
t
Let f be (-210)/66 + 3/1. Which is the smallest value?  (a) -2  (b) 2/3  (c) f
a
Let h be -6*6/(-252) - 9/(-35). Which is the second smallest value?  (a) h  (b) 2  (c) -3
a
Suppose v - 3 = -0*v. Suppose 2*l + 4*i + 2 = 0, -v*l - i = -2*l. Which is the third smallest value?  (a) l  (b) 2/7  (c) -3
a
Let n = -1.9 - -0.9. Suppose 2*j - 24 = -2*s, j - s - s = 12. Suppose -4*x + 0*x = -j. What is the biggest value in 5, x, n?
5
Let y be 2/6*(12/16 + 0). What is the third biggest value in y, -3, -9?
-9
Let k = -15 + 18. What is the biggest value in k, 1, 0.2?
k
Let f = -145 - -1017/7. Let n = 0.8 + -3.8. Which is the second biggest value?  (a) -0.4  (b) f  (c) n
a
Let i be (-4)/(-14) - (-416)/14. Let s be (-24)/(-8)*28/(-3). Let q be (-2)/(-6) + s/i. What is the second smallest value in -0.1, q, 3?
-0.1
Let j = 0.01 - -0.29. Let p = -1.3 + j. Let u = -21/16 - 3/16. Which is the second smallest value?  (a) -4  (b) p  (c) u
c
Let m = -0.02 + 3.02. Let x be (-3)/7 - (-12)/42. What is the second smallest value in x, 2/17, m?
2/17
Let r = 0.56 - -4.44. What is the fourth biggest value in r, -1/3, 2, 0.3?
-1/3
Let n be 1*((-2)/2 - -4). Let b = -0.7 + 1. What is the second smallest value in b, 4, n?
n
Let q = -19 + 20. Which is the second biggest value?  (a) 0.1  (b) q  (c) 5
b
Let y = 0.22 + -0.39. Let f = y - -0.37. What is the biggest value in -2/9, -0.4, f?
f
Let m = -66740 - -202777/3. Let y = m - 887. Let h = 36 + y. Which is the third biggest value?  (a) 5  (b) 1/3  (c) h
b
Let f = -118 - -584/5. Which is the smallest value?  (a) f  (b) -0.5  (c) -5
c
Let q = 2 - -3. What is the smallest value in q, -3/2, 1/6?
-3/2
Let y be (-7 - -3 - -4) + 1/6. What is the fourth biggest value in 5, 0.3, -0.4, y?
-0.4
Suppose -k + 4*f + 53 = 2*k, 1 = f. Suppose k = 4*u - 1. Let x = -956/9 - -106. Which is the biggest value?  (a) 3/2  (b) x  (c) u
c
Let q = -703 + 501. Let g = q - -4644/23. Let w be ((-5)/10)/(1/1). Which is the third smallest value?  (a) -5  (b) w  (c) g
c
Let v = -21 + 26. Which is the biggest value?  (a) v  (b) -3  (c) 2/9
a
Suppose n - 2 = -3<|endoftext|>Who threw that blue shell?!

I was in first place you FUCK<|endoftext|>Almost two years ago, I woke up in a hotel room, groggy and dehydrated, with my clothes all over the room and my nightstand filled with mini bottles of liquor. I had spent the previous two days drinking all the alcohol in my mini bar. I'm not sure why I didn't call the hotel and ask them to remove that mini-fridge when I got to my room — I had entered rehab just nine months earlier and was still figuring out my sob


text:
 aSelBL is strikingly similar to aSelB and patterns of sequence conservation suggest that all aSelBLs are capable of binding the ribosome and aminoacyl-tRNAs. However, the major disruptions in the GTPase domain raise the question of whether aSelBL can function as a classical GTPase. Additional differences in the G domains *within*the aSelBL group also suggest that its function has diverged to some extent between conservative and divergent aSelBLs.

Although the aSelBLs arose from a selenocysteine-specific elongation factor, they are unlikely to have retained this role. Firstly, there is no C terminal extension with which to recognize the SECIS or SECIS-binding proteins. Secondly and more importantly, other components of the incorporation machinery are not present in most of the aSelBL-containing taxa (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, \[[@B10]\]), and neither are selenoproteins \[[@B33]\]. aSelBL has previously been proposed to be a pyrrolysine-specific elongation factor in Methanosarcinales \[[@B14]\]. However, in archaea, only Methanosarcinales utilise pyrrolysine and encode the pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase gene (*pylS*, Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Thus, as with the selenocysteine usage distribution, the pyrrolysine distribution is only a subset of the full aSelBL distribution.

Despite the weight of evidence suggesting that aSelBL is not a selenocysteine-tRNA elongation factor, the amino acids responsible for selenocystine specificity are well conserved in aSelBL. This suggests that aSelBL is still specific for a single amino acid, with the most likely candidate being cysteine, given its structural similarity to selenocysteine. The conserved, positively charged residues that line the aminoacyl binding pocket of aSelBL could potentially accommodate the negative thiol group of cysteine, just as they accommodate the negative selenol group in classical SelBs. Indeed, bacterial SelB cannot entirely distinguish sulfur from selenium, and is able to bind Cys-tRNASec tightly enough to allow for Cys-tRNASec delivery to the ribosome \[[@B34]\]. This raises the possibility that after duplication of the ancestral aSelB/aSelBL protein, aSelBL was recruited for a process requiring Cys-tRNA recognition, losing its SECIS or SBP-binding domain in the process. Following loss of selenium utilization, aSelB was lost from many archaea, but aSelBL was maintained in many lineages, and horizontally transferred to others.

This raises the question of what cysteine-associated mechanisms(s) aSelBL may be involved with. Cysteine is overrepresented in methanogenic archaea, which contain many iron sulfur cluster proteins, coordinating iron via cysteine-rich motifs \[[@B35]\]. Some methanogenic archaea lack the canonical class I cysteine-tRNA synthetase (CysRS). In these archaea, Cysteine is synthesized via a recently discovered tRNA-dependent pathway. O-phosphoseryl-tRNA synthetase (SepRS) ligates O-phosphoserine to tRNACys, which is converted to Cys-tRNACys by Sep-tRNA:Cys-tRNA synthase (SepCysC) \[[@B36],[@B37]\]. It has been suggested that the tRNA-dependent cysteine biosynthesis pathway is a strategy to protect cysteine from thermal degradation, by limiting the amount of free cysteine \[[@B38]\]. Indeed, there is a correlation between the presence of SepRS and high cysteine content proteomes \[[@B39]\]. Potentially any cysteinyl-tRNA binding protein may aid in this protective function. Therefore the role of aSelBL may be primarily to bind and protect the highly labile cysteine from degredation. Consistent with this, the protective hydrophobic \"lid\" of the aminoacyl-binding pocket of aSelB that could protect selenocysteine/cysteine from oxidation also appears to be present in aSelBL. There is an association of aSelBL with high cysteine methanogens (Additional files [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, this clustering may simply be due to the common ancestry of methanogens, as the non-methanogens (Thermoplasmatales, Sulfolobales and Thaumarchaeota) that also encode aSelBL do not show a similar enrichment in cysteine (Additional file [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).

With its conservation of ribosome, tRNA and aminoacyl-binding sites, aSelBL may be a specialized elongation factor for incorporation of cysteine or another amino acid. Classical EF1 family elongation and initiation factors bind to the ribosome in complex with aa-tRNA and GTP, with complex formation between the GTPase and aa-tRNA strongly promoted in the presence of GTP \[[@B40]-[@B42]\]. In accordance with this paradigm, formation of the bacterial SelB\*Sec-tRNA^Sec^\*GTP ternary complex is strongly promoted by GTP \[[@B5]\]. However, when tRNA^Sec^is charged with an amino acid other than selenocysteine, i.e. serine, which acts as a precursor in selenocysteine biosynthesis \[[@B43]\], the interaction becomes insensitive to G nucleotides, effectively decoupling the GTPase function from the tRNA binding function \[[@B5]\].

This behaviour of bacterial SelB invites us to speculate on possible scenarios for the functional evolution of aSelBL. Following duplication of aSelB, the redundant aSelBL may have acquired a new aa-tRNA partner. This would have led to loss of the GTP-dependence of ternary complex formation, due to the absolute selenocysteine specificity of the parental SelB \[[@B5]\]. Loss of the functionality of the GTPase cycle would have led to a relaxation of selective pressure on the G domain in terms of GTP/GDP discrimination, but continued selection for aa-tRNA-binding capabilities, resulting in an aSelBL that retains the classical GTPase fold (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). The conserved motifs G1-5 of the G domain are poorly conserved in aSelBL, including the histidine of switch II that is critical for GTP hydrolysis \[[@B24]\]. Thus aSelBL appears unlikely to hydrolyse GTP on the ribosome via the same mechanism as other proteins of the translational GTPase superfamily. However, the functionality of the aSelBL G domain needs to be addressed experimentally, as these proteins may still hydrolyse GTP or another nucleotide via a hitherto unknown mechanism. Alternatively, they may be non-enzymatically delivering aa-tRNA to the ribosome. This would not be without precedent, as a eukaryotic factor has recently been discovered that delivers aa-tRNA to the ribosome independently of GTP \[[@B44]\]. We also can not exclude the possibility that aSelBL may be involved in an aspect of tRNA biochemistry not directly related to protein synthesis. There is a wide variety of tRNA processing mechanisms in archaea \[[@B45]\]. For example, tRNA splicing, reassembly of split tRNA genes, the addition of a G-1 residue in tRNA^His^and adding the 3\' CCA end, the three bases required for aminoacylation.

Conclusions
===========

Although the function of aSelBL remains obscure, the wide distribution of these proteins among diverse archaea suggests that they have functions of some significance. This important enzyme has so far been overlooked experimentally, but future characterization may reveal important mechanisms of translational control in archaea.

Methods
=======

Sequences were retrieved by BLASTP searches against archaeal genomes in NCBI genomes (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). *Methanosarcina Mazei*(\"EF-Pyl\"), *Methanospirillum hungatei*and *Vulcanisaeta distributa*aSelBLs were used as queries, with an E value cut-off of 1e-8. Additional BLASTP searches were carried out against the NCBI nr database to retrieve any additional archaeal SelB (aSelB) -like sequences from incomplete genome projects. This also confirmed that aSelB-like sequences are only found within archaea. The identity of homologs as close relatives of SelB, rather than other paralogs within the translational GTPase (trGTPase) superfamily was verified by scanning against the translational GTPase database \[[@B46]\]. The resulting \"aSelB\" data set contained 60 sequences from 47 archaea. To root the aSelB phylogeny, 30 additional sequences from bacterial SelB, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and archaeal initiation factor 2γ (aIF2γ) were retrieved from the translational GTPase database \[[@B46]\] and added to the data set.

Sequences were aligned using MAFFT v6.234b with strategy L-INS-I \[[@B47]\] for use in phylogenetic analyses. Poorly aligned and gap-rich regions of the alignment were identified by eye and excluded from the analyses. The 60 sequence aSelB and 90 sequence aSelB plus outgroup datasets consisted of 311 and 298 aligned amino acid columns, respectively. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis was carried out with RAxML v 7.0.4 \[[@B48]\] on the CIPRES portal v2.2 <http://www.phylo.org/sub_sections/portal/>. The program was run with the PROTCATWAG model, with 100 bootstrap replicates. MrBayes v3.1.2 \[[@B49]\], also on the CIPRES portal v2.2, was run


text:
 between these two effects, based on the well-known categorical duality between products and coproducts (or sums).

In order to get these results we use the categorical approach of diagrammatic logics, as introduced in [@Du03] and developed in [@DD10]. For instance, in [@DDR11] this approach is used for studying an issue related to computational effects: controling the order of evaluation of the arguments of a function. This paper provides one more application of diagrammatic logics to computational effects; a preliminary approach can be found in [@DR05].

To our knowledge, the first categorical treatment of computational effects is due to Moggi [@Mo89; @Mo91]; this approach relies on monads, it is implemented in the programming language Haskell [@Wa92; @Haskell]. Although monads are not used in this paper, the basic ideas underlying our approach rely on Moggi’s remarks about notions of computations and monads. In view of comparing Moggi’s approach and ours, let us quote [@Mo91 section 1]. *The basic idea behind the categorical semantics below is that, in order to interpret a programming language in a category ${\mathbf{C}}$, we distinguish the object $A$ of values (of type $A$) from the object $T A$ of computations (of type $A$), and take as denotations of programs (of type $A$) the elements of $T A$. In particular, we identify the type $A$ with the object of values (of type $A$) and obtain the object of computations (of type $A$) by applying an unary type-constructor $T$ to $A$. We call $T$ a notion of computation, since it abstracts away from the type of values computations may produce. There are many choices for $T A$ corresponding to different notions of computations. \[…\] Since the denotation of programs of type $B$ are supposed to be elements of $T B$, programs of type $B$ with a parameter of type $A$ ought to be interpreted by morphisms with codomain $T B$, but for their domain there are two alternatives, either $A$ or $T A$, depending on whether parameters of type $A$ are identified with values or computations of type $A$. We choose the first alternative, because it entails the second. Indeed computations of type $A$ are the same as values of type $T A$.* The examples proposed by Moggi include the side-effects monad $T A = (A\times S)^S$ where $S$ is the set of states and the exceptions monad $T A = A + E$ where $E$ is the set of exceptions.

Later on, using the correspondence between monads and algebraic theories, Plotkin and Power proposed to use Lawvere theories for dealing with the operations and equations related to computational effects [@PP02; @HP07]. The operations *lookup* and *update* are related to states, and the operations *raise* and *handle* are related to exceptions. In this framework, an operation is called *algebraic* when it satisfies some relevant genericity properties. It happens that *lookup*, *update* and *raise* are algebraic, while *handle* is not [@PP03]. It follows that the handling of exceptions is quite difficult to formalize in this framework; several solutions are proposed in [@SM04; @Le06; @PP09]. In these papers, the duality between states and exceptions does not show up. One reason might be that, as we will see in this paper, exceptions catching is encapsulated in several nested conditionals which hide this duality.

Let us look more closely at the monad of exceptions $T A = A + E$. According to the point of view of monads for effects, a morphism from $A$ to $TB$ provides a denotation for a program of type $B$ with a parameter of type $A$. Such a program may raise an exception, by mapping some $a\in A$ to an exception $e\in E$. In order to catch an exception, it should also be possible to map some $e\in E$ to a non-exceptional value $b\in B$. We formalize this property by choosing the second alternative in Moggi’s discussion: programs of type $B$ with a parameter of type $A$ are interpreted by morphisms with codomain $T B$ *and with domain $T A$*, where the elements of $T A$ are seen as computations of type $A$ rather than values of type $T A$. This example enlightens one of the reasons why we generalize Moggi’s approach. What is kept, and even emphasized, is the distinction between several kinds of programs. In fact, for states as well as for exceptions, we distinguish three kinds of programs, and moreover two kinds of equations. A computational effect is seen as an *apparent lack of soundness*: the intended denotational semantics is not sound, in the sense that it does not satisfy the given axioms, however it becomes sound when some additional information is given.

In order to focus on the effects, our study of states and exceptions is based on a very simple logic: the monadic equational logic. First we provide a detailed description of the intended denotational *semantics* of states and exceptions, using explicitly a set of states and a set of exceptions (claims \[claim:states-explicit\] and \[claim:exceptions-explicit\]). The duality between states and exceptions derives in an obvious way from our presentation (proposition \[proposition:duality-explicit\]). It is a duality between the lookup and update operations for states, on one hand, and the *key* throwing and catching operations for exceptions, on the other hand. The key part in throwing an exception is the mapping of some non-exceptional value to an exception, while the key part in catching an exception is the mapping of some exception to a non-exceptional value. Then these key operations have to be encapsulated in order to get the usual raising and handling of exceptions: handling exceptions is obtained by encapsulating the key catching operation inside conditionals. Then we describe the *syntax* of states and exceptions. The computational effects lie in the fact that this syntax does not mention any “type of states” or “type of exceptions”, respectively. There are two variants for this syntax: the intended semantics is not a model of the *apparent syntax*, but this lack of soundness is fixed in the *decorated syntax* by providing some additional information (propositions \[proposition:states\] and \[proposition:exceptions\]). The duality between states and the key part of exceptions holds at the syntax level as a duality of effects (theorem \[theorem:duality\]), from which the duality at the semantics level derives easily. We use three different logics for formalizing each computational effect: the intended semantics is described in the *explicit* logic, the apparent syntax in the *apparent* logic and the decorated syntax in the *decorated* logic. The explicit and apparent logics are “usual” logics; in order to focus on the effects we choose two variants of the monadic equational logic. The framework of *diagrammatic logics* provides a simple description of the three logics, including the “unusual” decorated logic; most importantly, it provides a relevant notion of morphisms for relating these three logics.

The paper is organized as follows. The intended semantics of states and exceptions is given in section \[sec:explicit\], and the duality is described at the semantics level. Then a simplified version of the framework of diagrammatic logics for effects is presented in section \[sec:effects\], together with a motivating example in order to introduce the notion of “decoration”. Section \[sec:states\] is devoted to states and section \[sec:exceptions\] to exceptions. In section \[sec:dual\], the duality is extended to the syntax level. In appendix \[app\], some fundamental properties of states and exceptions are proved in the decorated logic. In this paper, the word “apparent” is used in the sense of “seeming” (“appearing as such but not necessarily so”).

States and exceptions: duality of denotational semantics {#sec:explicit}
========================================================

In this section, the symmetry between states and exceptions is presented as a duality between their intended denotational semantics (proposition \[proposition:duality-explicit\]). The aim of the next sections is to extend this result so as to get a symmetry between the syntax of states and exceptions, considered as computational effects, from which the duality between their semantics can be derived (theorem \[theorem:duality\]). In this section we are dealing with sets and functions; the symbols $\times$ and $\prod$ are used for cartesian products, $+$ and $\sum$ for disjoint unions; cartesian products are *products* in the category of sets and disjoint unions are *sums* or *coproducts* in this category.

States {#subsec:explicit-states}
------

Let ${\mathit{St}}$ denote the set of *states*. Let ${\mathit{Loc}}$ denote the set of *locations* (also called *variables* or *identifiers*). For each location $i$, let ${\mathit{Val}}_i$ denote the set of possible *values* for $i$. For each $i\in{\mathit{Loc}}$ there is a *lookup* function ${l}_i:{\mathit{St}}\to{\mathit{Val}}_i$ for reading the value of location $i$ in the given state. In addition, for each $i\in


text:
right) \,\delta^{(2+2\epsilon)}\left({\bf k}_a-{\bf k}\right) + \mathcal{K}_r\left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}\right).\end{aligned}$$ It is convenient to split the kernel $\mathcal{K}_r$ into two parts: a $\epsilon$–dependent, $\mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)}$, and a $\epsilon$–independent, $\widetilde{\mathcal{K}}_r$. In the integral over real emission we also perform a shift in the variable of integration over transverse degrees of freedom of the form ${\bf k} = {\bf k}' - {\bf k}_a$ to write $$\begin{aligned}
\omega f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_b\right) &=& \delta^{(2+2\epsilon)}
\left({\bf k}_a-{\bf k}_b\right) + \int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, 2 \,
\omega^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf k}_a^2\right) \delta^{(2+2\epsilon)}
\left({\bf k}_a-{\bf k}\right) f_\omega \left({\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right) \\
&&\hspace{-3.2cm}+ \int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, \mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_a+{\bf k}\right) f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a+{\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right)+
\int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, \widetilde{\mathcal{K}}_r \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_a+{\bf k}\right) f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a+{\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right).\nonumber\end{aligned}$$

In order to explicitly show the cancellation of the poles at $\epsilon = 0$ we split the integral over transverse phase space for $\mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)}$ into two regions separated by a cut–off $\lambda$, i.e. $$\begin{aligned}
\label{cut--off}
\omega f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_b\right) &=& \delta^{(2+2\epsilon)}
\left({\bf k}_a-{\bf k}_b\right) + \int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, 2 \,
\omega^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf k}_a^2\right) \delta^{(2+2\epsilon)}
\left({\bf k}_a-{\bf k}\right) f_\omega \left({\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right) \nonumber\\
&&\hspace{-1cm}+ \int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, \mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_a+{\bf k}\right) \left(\theta\left({\bf k}^2-\lambda^2\right)+\theta\left(\lambda^2-{\bf k}^2 \right)\right)f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a+{\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right)\nonumber\\
&&\hspace{-1cm} + \int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, \widetilde{\mathcal{K}}_r \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_a+{\bf k}\right) f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a+{\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right).\end{aligned}$$ For any finite $\lambda$ we now introduce an arbitrary dependence of $\mathcal{O}\left(\frac{\lambda^2}{{\bf k}_a^2}\right)$ by using the approximation $f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a+{\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right) \simeq
f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_b\right)$ for $\left|{\bf k}\right| <
\lambda$. This dependence is negligible when the external scale ${\bf k}_a^2$ is large. It is possible to introduce the cut–off in several different ways but all the choices must have the same $\lambda \rightarrow 0$ limit. In this way we can approximate Eq. (\[cut–off\]) by $$\begin{aligned}
\omega f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_b\right) &=& \delta^{(2+2\epsilon)}
\left({\bf k}_a-{\bf k}_b\right) \\
&&\hspace{-2cm}+ \left\{2 \,
\omega^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf k}_a^2\right) + \int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, \mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_a+{\bf k}\right) \theta\left(\lambda^2-{\bf k}^2\right) \right\}f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_b\right)\nonumber\\
&&\hspace{-2cm}+ \int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, \left\{ \mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_a+{\bf k}\right) \theta\left({\bf k}^2-\lambda^2\right) + \widetilde{\mathcal{K}}_r \left({\bf k}_a,{\bf k}_a+{\bf k}\right) \right\} f_\omega \left({\bf k}_a+{\bf k},{\bf k}_b\right).\nonumber\end{aligned}$$

In dimensional regularisation the gluon Regge trajectory can be written as [@Fadin:1998py] $$\begin{aligned}
2 \, \omega^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf q}^2\right) &=& - \bar{\alpha}_s \frac{\Gamma (1-\epsilon)}{(4 \pi)^\epsilon} \left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}+\ln{\frac{q^2}{\mu^2}}\right)
- \frac{\bar{\alpha}_s^2}{8}\frac{\Gamma^2(1-\epsilon)}{(4 \pi)^{2 \epsilon}}
\left\{\frac{\beta_0}{N_c}\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon^2}+\ln^2{\frac{q^2}{\mu^2}}\right)\right.\\
&+& \left.\left(\frac{4}{3}-\frac{\pi^2}{3}+\frac{5}{3}\frac{\beta_0}{N_c}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}+2\ln{\frac{q^2}{\mu^2}}\right)-\frac{32}{9}+2 \zeta(3)-\frac{28}{9}\frac{\beta_0}{N_c}\right\},\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $\beta_0 \equiv \frac{11}{3}N_c-\frac{2}{3}n_f$, $\bar{\alpha}_s \equiv
\frac{\alpha_s (\mu) N_c}{\pi}$ and $\alpha_s (\mu) = \frac{g_\mu^2}{4 \pi}$. $\mu$ is the renormalisation scale in the $\overline{\rm MS}$ scheme.

The $\epsilon$-dependent part of the real emission kernel reads [@Fadin:1998py] $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf q},{\bf q}+{\bf k}\right) &=&
\frac{\bar{\alpha}_s \mu^{-2 \epsilon}}{\pi^{1+\epsilon}(4 \pi)^\epsilon}
\frac{1}{{\bf k}^2} \left\{1+\frac{\bar{\alpha}_s}{4}\frac{\Gamma(1-\epsilon)}{(4 \pi)^\epsilon}\left[\frac{\beta_0}{N_c}\frac{1}{\epsilon}\left(1-\left(\frac{{\bf k}^2}{\mu^2}\right)^\epsilon \left(1-\epsilon^2 \frac{\pi^2}{6}\right) \right) \right.\right.\nonumber\\
&&\hspace{-1cm}+\left.\left.\left(\frac{{\bf k}^2}{\mu^2}\right)^\epsilon \left(\frac{4}{3}-\frac{\pi^2}{3}+\frac{5}{3}\frac{\beta_0}{N_c}+\epsilon\left(-\frac{32}{9}+14\zeta(3)-\frac{28}{9}\frac{\beta_0}{N_c}\right)\right)\right]\right\}.\end{aligned}$$ For our purposes we are interested in the integration of this piece of the kernel over the phase space limited by the cut–off, i.e. $$\begin{aligned}
\int d^{2+2\epsilon}{\bf k} \, \mathcal{K}_r^{(\epsilon)} \left({\bf q},{\bf q}+{\bf k}\right) \theta\left(\lambda^2-{\bf k}^2\right) &=& \\
&&\hspace{-6.6cm}\frac{1}{\Gamma(1+\epsilon)}\frac{\bar{\alpha}_s}{(4 \pi)^\epsilon}
\frac{1}{\epsilon} \left(\frac{\lambda^2}{\mu^2}\right)^\epsilon\left\{1+\frac{\bar{\alpha}_s}{4}\frac{\Gamma(1-\epsilon)}{


text:
, now told him,
that cape Assumption was a part of the "southern coast," or main,--that
there was an island north of the passage to "Honguedo" where they had
been taken the year before, and that "two days journey from the said
cape, and island, began the kingdom of Saguenay."

In consequence of this information, and a wish to revisit "the land he
had before espied," Cartier turned his course towards the north, and
re-entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence, came to the entrance of the river,
which is stated to be "about thirty leagues" across. Here, the two
natives told him, was the commencement of "Saguenay,"--that it was an
inhabited country, and produced "red copper." They further informed him,
that this was the mouth of the "great river of Hochelaga, and ready way
to Canada,"--that it narrowed in the ascent towards Canada, the waters
becoming fresh; that its sources were so remote that they had never
heard of any man who had visited them, and that boats would be required
to complete the ascent.

This information appears to have operated as a disappointment on
Cartier, and he determined to explore northward from the gulf, "because
he would know" to use the quaint language of the narrator, "if between
the lands towards the north any passage might be discovered." No such
passage could however be found, and after devoting ten or twelve days to
re-examinations of points and islands before but imperfectly discovered,
or to the discovery of others, he returned to the river St. Lawrence,
which he began to ascend: and on the 1st Sept. he came to the entrance
of the Saguenay river, which is described as a bold and deep stream,
entering the St. Lawrence, between bare, precipitous rocks, crowned with
trees. Here they encountered four canoes of Indians, who evinced their
characteristic caution and shyness. On being hailed, however, by the two
captive natives, who disclosed to them, their names, they came along
side. But the journal records no further particulars of this interview.
They proceeded up the river next day. The tides are noticed as being
"very swift and dangerous," and the "current" is described as equalling
that at Bordeaux. Many tortoises were seen at the "Isle of Condres," and
a species of fish, which are described of equalling a porpoise in size,
with a head resembling a greyhound's, and of unspotted whiteness. It may
be vague to offer a conjecture from such a description as to the species
of fish intended, but as the natives reported them to be "very savoury
and good to be eaten," it may be inferred, that the sturgeon was meant.
Many of the descriptions of the animal productions of America, given by
Cartier, appear to be drawn up, rather with a view to excite wonder, in
an age when wonders were both industriously sought, and readily
credited, than to convey any accurate idea of their true characters and
properties.

On the 7th of Sept. they reached the island now called Orleans, where,
it is said "the country of Canada beginneth." This island is stated to
be ten leagues long, and five broad, being inhabited by natives who
lived exclusively by fishing. Having anchored his vessels in the
channel, he made a formal landing in his boats, taking the two captives,
Domaigaia, and Taignoagny, as interpreters. The natives at first fled,
but hearing themselves addressed in their own tongue, and finding the
captives to be their own countrymen, friendly intercourse at once
ensued. The natives evinced their joy by dancing, and "showing many
sorts of ceremonies." They presented Cartier, "eels and other sorts of
fishes, with two or three burdens of great millet, wherewith they make
their bread, and many great mush mellons." This "great millet" appears
to have been zea mais, which is here for the first time noticed, amongst
the northern Indians. The report of the arrival of their lost countrymen
D. and T. seemed to have put all the surrounding villages in commotion,
and Cartier found himself thronged with visitors, to whom he gave
presents, trifling in themselves, but of much value in the eyes of the
Indians. The utmost harmony and good feeling appear to have prevailed.

On the following day Donnacona, who is courteously styled the Lord of
Agouhanna, visited the ships, with 12 boats, or canoes--ten of which
however, he directed to stay at a distance, and with the other two and
16 men approached the vessels. A friendly conference ensued. The chief,
when he drew near the headmost vessel began "to frame a long oration,
moving all his body and members after a strange fashion." When he
reached Cartier's ship, the captives entered into free discourse with
him, imparting the observations they had made in France, and the kind
treatment they had experienced. At this recital Donnacona was so much
pleased, that he desired Cartier to reach him his arm, that he might
kiss it. He not only kissed it, but "laid it about his neck, for so they
use to do, when they will make much of one." Cartier then entered into
the chief's boat, "causing bread and wine to be brought," and after
eating and drinking with him and his followers, the interview terminated
in mutual satisfaction.

The advanced state of the season, and the determination to visit
Hochelaga (now Montreal) before the ice formed, admonished Cartier to
look for a harbour, which would afford a safe anchorage for his largest
vessels during the winter. He selected "a little river and haven,"
opposite the head of the island, to which he gave the name of "Santa
Croix," being in the vicinity of Donnacona's village. No time was lost
in bringing up and mooring the vessels, and driving piles into the
harbour for their better security. While engaged in this work, further
acquaintance was made with the natives, and their opinion of Cartier's
visit, began to manifest itself, by which it appeared, that the
friendship established with him was rather apparent, than real. About
this time Taignoagny and Domaigaia were suffered to return to their
villages, and it soon became apparent, that the knowledge they had
acquired of the French, would be wielded to put their countrymen on
their guard against encroachments upon their soil. Taignoagny, in
particular, rendered himself obnoxious to the French, by his sullen and
altered conduct, and the activity he afterwards manifested in thwarting
Cartier's design of visiting the island of Hochelaga, although it
appears, he had, previous to leaving the vessels, promised to serve as a
guide on the expedition.

Donnacona himself opposed the projected visit, by argument, by artifice,
and finally, by the extraordinary resource of human gifts. His aversion
to it first evinced itself by keeping aloof, and adopting a shy and
suspicious demeanour. Cartier finding this chief, with T. and D. and a
numerous retinue in his vicinity, "under a point or nook of land,"
ordered a part of his men to follow him, and suddenly presented himself
in the midst of them. After mutual salutations, Taignoagny got up and
addressed him, in behalf of Donnacona, complaining that they came armed,
to which Cartier replied that, it was the custom of his country, and a
custom he could not dispense with. The bustle and heat of the
introduction being over, Cartier played the part of a politic
diplomatist, and was met by Donnacona and his counsellors on his own
grounds, and the whole interview, though it resulted in what is called
"a marvellous steadfast league of friendship" can only be looked upon,
as a strife, in which it is the object of both parties to observe the
most profound dissimulation. This "league" was ratified by the natives,
with three loud cries, "a most horrible thing to hear" says the
narrator.

On the very next day Donnacona, attended with T. and D. and 10 or 12 "of
the chiefest of the country, with more than 500 persons, men, women and
children," came on board of the vessels, at their moorings, to protest
against the intended voyage of exploration. Taignoagny opened the
conference, by saying to Cartier, that Donnacona regretted his design of
visiting Hochelaga, and had forbid any of his people from accompanying
him, because the river itself "was of no importance." Cartier replied
that his decision was made, and urged the speaker to go with him, as he
had promised, offering to make the voyage every way advantageous to him


text:
 and the other functions, such as PLP and LigScore, were smaller because the master equations that describe the binding free energy used in Ludi are different from those used in the PLP and LigScore functions. In addition, the algorithms vary for the same term in the master equation, such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effect.

Furthermore, there was a higher correlation between G_Score and D_Score (R = 0.771). We were not surprised by this result because both functions are in the same category, both of their algorithms adopted force-field-based methods that estimate the enthalpic contribution upon binding, and both of them use a very similar treatment of the energy terms.

As depicted in [Table 2](#pone-0038086-t002){ref-type="table"}, moderate correlation was exhibited by Surflex_Score and either the D_Score or the G_Score function; between D_Score and the ChemScore, LigScore1, LigScore2, PLP1, or PLP2 function; and between Jain and the LigScore1, LigScore2, or PLP2 function. This is consistent with virtually all of the scoring functions being designed to reflect the basic features in protein-ligand interactions including hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. Moreover, the binding scores computed by these scoring functions are all correlated, to some extent, to the known binding constants. Therefore, some intercorrelation between them is natural.

PMF shared the least with all of the other scoring functions. Its unique knowledge-based algorithm parameterized using crystal complexes is different from the rest of the scoring functions being considered [@pone.0038086-Muegge1], [@pone.0038086-Muegge2].

3. Consensus Scoring {#s3c}
--------------------

The hit-rates observed among the top 1% of the screening set using the "rank-by-number" strategy are shown in [Table 3](#pone-0038086-t003){ref-type="table"}. By comparing the performance of all of the consensus ranking schemes tested, it appears that the consensus ranking does statistically outperform the best of the individual scoring function. The Surflex_Score pose extracted group produced 24 hits in the top 1% of the screening set when the quadruple-scoring scheme was applied. The improvements are not trivial. The best individual scoring function, jainScore, produces only 20 hits in the top 1% of the screening set.

10.1371/journal.pone.0038086.t003

###### Enrichment Rates of Consensus Scoring Schemes in the "Rank-by-Number" Experiments (in the Top 1% of the Ranked list, Surflex_Score pose extracted group).

![](pone.0038086.t003){#pone-0038086-t003-3}

  Scoring function    Enrichmentrate   Double scoring   Enrichmentrate   Triple scoring   Enrichmentrate   Quadruple scoring   Enrichmentrate
  ------------------ ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ------------------- ----------------
  A                         16              A+B               24             A+B+C              23              A+B+C+D              24
  B                         20              A+C               19             A+B+D              23
  C                         20              A+D               18             A+C+D              22
  D                         18              B+C               23             B+C+D              23
                                            B+D               22
                                            C+D               22

A  =  Surflex_Score; B  =  D_Score; C  =  jain; D  =  Ludi_1.

Our results are in agreement with the previous study, which suggested that, in theory, combining multiple scoring functions should always provide improved performance over individual scoring functions in simulated virtual screening experiments [@pone.0038086-Wang3]. According to the present results, we cannot definitively conclude that more scoring functions result in a better performance. For example, application of double-scoring schemes (e.g., Surflex_Score&D_Score) could also obtain 24 hits in the top 1% of the screening set, which is the same result obtained using the quadruple-scoring scheme. However, it is important to note that double-scoring schemes do not outperform the best individual scoring function in all cases. For example, Surflex_Score&jain could obtain only 19 hits, which is slightly less than the 20 hits obtained from the single scoring function, jain. Therefore, it is largely unpredictable which combinations of scoring functions would produce the optimal results. In practice, it is better to test all possible combinations of scoring functions on the appropriate samples.

Some studies have shown that consensus ranking does not outperform the best individual scoring function [@pone.0038086-KonstantinouKirtay1], [@pone.0038086-Xing1]. They argued that if one knew in advance which scoring functions worked best for a given target, the better performance could be achieved using this scoring function alone and by concentrating on only the highest ranking compounds. Given the contradiction between their arguments and our results, we explained as followed:

Firstly, the three scoring functions (D_Score, jain, Ludi_1) that we chose performed the best in single scoring. It is important to consider which scoring functions should be chosen to perform consensus scoring. We used an additional four scoring functions to perform consensus scoring, but the performance was not as good as the four functions that we chose. Due to the variation in the performance of the different scoring functions, blindly choosing scoring functions to perform consensus scoring will decrease the enrichment rates. Secondly, the four scoring functions that we chose were independent of each other. It is reasonable to expect that an effective consensus scoring scheme would combine complementary scoring functions rather than highly correlated ones. As indicated in [Table 2](#pone-0038086-t002){ref-type="table"}, if the consensus scoring schemes contained Ligscore1 and Ligscore2 as well as PLP1 and PLP2, it would perform poorly compared to the other schemes. Thirdly, Verdonk et al. performed a computational experiment on the simulated effect of consensus ranking with an increasing number of scoring functions using the rank-by-number protocol [@pone.0038086-Verdonk1]. They noted that if the first scoring function performs well (standard deviation = 1.0), then adding additional scoring functions (standard deviation = 3.0) to perform consensus ranking can reduce the enrichment rates compared to the most accurate single scoring function. The main reason for this phenomenon was that noise was added to the protocol. However, if all of the scoring functions have a standard deviation of 2.0, then adding extra scoring functions to the consensus ranking protocol always improves the enrichment rates. In our study, all of the binding scores were scaled to unit variance and centered, which was consistent with the results reported by Verdonk et al [@pone.0038086-Verdonk1].

In summary, our present results suggest that application of triple-scoring and quadruple-scoring schemes are more robust and accurate than any single scoring procedure.

4. Principal Component Analysis {#s3d}
-------------------------------

Principal component analysis (PCA) can extract information from large-scale scoring data and decompose multiple scoring functions into one or two scoring functions, which can be used to re-score and re-rank the compound binding poses. As mentioned above, the PLP1&PLP2, ligscore1&ligscore2 and Ludi_1&Ludi_2 have high relative between each other. In addition, PMF_Score failed to rank any sensible docking poses. Thus, we do not use these four scoring functions in the following study. We constructed five 10000×8 matrices using the remaining eight scoring functions as the matrix column and the 10000 compounds as the raws. Then the matrix was transformed such that each column of data had an average of zero and a standard deviation of one.

As observed from [Table 4](#pone-0038086-t004){ref-type="table"}, we can derive eight uncorrelated descriptors (the principal components) from each scoring matrix. The weight of each principal component was determined based on their contribution rate to the variance (eigenvalues, λ). We found that the first three principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) account for \>80% of the total variance for each pose group. The PC4, PC5, PC6, PC7, and PC8 could be omitted in further studies due to their trivial contribution to the total variance. This result is in agreement with the aim of introducing PCA to significantly minimize the number of variables and to omit the principle components with low variance that will not affect the total variance.

10.1371/journal.pone.0038086.t004

###### The eigenvalues and cumulative contribution rate of each five scoring function extracted poses.

![](pone.0038086.t004){#pone-0038086-t004-4}

  Component    Pose extracted
  ----------- ---------------- -------- ------- -------- ------- -------- ------- -------- ------- --------
  PC1              4.551        56.885   4.425   55.316   4.402   55.029   4.466   55.824   4.506   56.322
  PC2               1.25        15.623   1.218   15.221   1.163   14.533   1.187   14.