# nodit ![License](https://img.shields.io/github/license/ripytide/nodit) [![Docs](https://docs.rs/nodit/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/nodit) [![Maintained](https://img.shields.io/maintenance/yes/2024)](https://github.com/ripytide) [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/nodit)](https://crates.io/crates/nodit)

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This crate provides Discrete Interval Tree Data-Structures, which are based off [`BTreeMap`]. `no_std` is supported and should work with the default features. Several Discrete Interval Tree data-structures have been implemented, here is a brief summary of each of them and why you might use them: | Struct|Abbreviation|Use-Case| |-----|------|------| |[`NoditMap`]|Non-Overlapping Discrete Interval Tree Map| General purpose way of associating data with intervals that do not overlap| |[`NoditSet`]|Non-Overlapping Discrete Interval Tree Set| Useful for when you want to store intervals but don't want/need to associate data with each interval| |[`ZosditMap`]|Zero-Overlap Sequential Discrete Interval Tree Map| Useful for time-graph traversal algorithms and possibly other things| |[`Gqdit`]|Gap-Query Discrete Interval Tree| Useful for when you have a set of different non-overlapping intervals and want to perform efficient gap-query searches over all the sets of intervals| ## `Copy` is partially required Due to implementation complications with non-`Copy` types the data-structures currently require both the interval type and the points the intervals are over to be `Copy`. However, the value type used when using the [`NoditMap`] does not have to be `Copy`. In fact the only required traits on the value type are sometimes `Clone` or `Eq` but only for some methods so if in doubt check a methods trait bounds. ## Example using an Inclusive-Exclusive interval ```rust use nodit::interval::ie; use nodit::NoditMap; let mut map = NoditMap::new(); map.insert_strict(ie(0, 5), true); map.insert_strict(ie(5, 10), false); assert_eq!(map.overlaps(ie(-2, 12)), true); assert_eq!(map.contains_point(20), false); assert_eq!(map.contains_point(5), true); ``` ## Example using a custom interval type ```rust use std::ops::{Bound, RangeBounds}; use nodit::interval::ie; use nodit::{ DiscreteFinite, InclusiveInterval, Interval, NoditMap, }; #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)] enum Reservation { // Start, End (Inclusive-Inclusive) Finite(i8, i8), // Start (Inclusive-Infinity) Infinite(i8), } // First, we need to implement InclusiveInterval impl InclusiveInterval for Reservation { fn start(&self) -> i8 { match self { Reservation::Finite(start, _) => *start, Reservation::Infinite(start) => *start, } } fn end(&self) -> i8 { match self { Reservation::Finite(_, end) => *end, Reservation::Infinite(_) => i8::MAX, } } } // Second, we need to implement From> impl From> for Reservation { fn from(value: Interval) -> Self { if value.end() == i8::MAX { Reservation::Infinite(value.start()) } else { Reservation::Finite( value.start(), value.end().up().unwrap(), ) } } } // Next we can create a custom typed NoditMap let reservation_map = NoditMap::from_slice_strict([ (Reservation::Finite(10, 20), "Ferris".to_string()), (Reservation::Infinite(21), "Corro".to_string()), ]) .unwrap(); for (reservation, name) in reservation_map.overlapping(ie(16, 17)) { println!( "{name} has reserved {reservation:?} inside the interval 16..17" ); } for (reservation, name) in reservation_map.iter() { println!("{name} has reserved {reservation:?}"); } assert_eq!( reservation_map.overlaps(Reservation::Infinite(0)), true ); ``` ## Key Understandings and Philosophies ### Discrete-ness This crate is designed to work with [`Discrete`] types as compared to [`Continuous`] types. For example, `u8` is a `Discrete` type, but `String` is a `Continuous` if you try to parse it as a decimal value. The reason for this is that common [`interval-Mathematics`] operations differ depending on whether the underlying type is `Discrete` or `Continuous`. For example `5..=6` touches `7..=8` since integers are `Discrete` but `5.0..=6.0` does **not** touch `7.0..=8.0` since the value `6.5` exists. Importantly, this also makes Inclusive/Exclusive ended intervals really easy to work with as they can be losslessly converted between one another. For example, `3..6` is equivalent to `3..=5`. ### Finite-ness At the moment this crate is also designed to work only with [`Finite`] types such as `u8` or `i128`, but not with `Infinite` types such as [`BigInt`] from the [`num_bigint`] crate. This is because the [`get_key_value_at_point()`] method would not be able to return anything from an empty map if the type was an infinite type such as `BigInt` since it has no maximum value. A handy trick you can use to pretend to have infinite types when you don't expect to reach to top end of your type is to use [`Actual Infinity`] to pretend you have an `Infinity`. For example, if you were using `u8` as your point type then you could create a wrapper type such as this: ```rust use std::cmp::Ordering; use nodit::DiscreteFinite; #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)] enum WithInfinity { Finite(T), Infinity, } impl Ord for WithInfinity where T: Ord, { fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering { match (self, other) { ( WithInfinity::Finite(x), WithInfinity::Finite(y), ) => x.cmp(y), (WithInfinity::Finite(_), WithInfinity::Infinity) => { Ordering::Less } (WithInfinity::Infinity, WithInfinity::Finite(_)) => { Ordering::Greater } (WithInfinity::Infinity, WithInfinity::Infinity) => { Ordering::Equal } } } } impl PartialOrd for WithInfinity where T: Ord, { fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option { Some(self.cmp(other)) } } impl DiscreteFinite for WithInfinity where T: DiscreteFinite, { const MIN: Self = WithInfinity::Finite(T::MIN); const MAX: Self = WithInfinity::Infinity; fn up(self) -> Option where Self: Sized, { match self { WithInfinity::Finite(x) => match x.up() { Some(y) => Some(WithInfinity::Finite(y)), None => Some(WithInfinity::Infinity), }, WithInfinity::Infinity => None, } } fn down(self) -> Option where Self: Sized, { match self { WithInfinity::Finite(x) => { Some(WithInfinity::Finite(x.down()?)) } WithInfinity::Infinity => { Some(WithInfinity::Finite(T::MAX)) } } } } // And then you this means you can be explicit with when // Infinity is encountered such as when it might be // returned by `get_key_value_at_point()`, for example: use nodit::interval::uu; use nodit::{Interval, NoditMap}; let map: NoditMap< WithInfinity, Interval>, bool, > = NoditMap::new(); let mut gap = map.get_key_value_at_point(WithInfinity::Finite(4)); assert_eq!(gap, Err(uu())); ``` ### Invalid Intervals Within this crate, not all intervals are considered valid intervals. The definition of the validity of a interval used within this crate is that a interval is only valid if it contains at least one value of the underlying domain. For example, `4..6` is considered valid as it contains the values `4` and `5`, however, `4..4` is considered invalid as it contains no values. Another example of invalid interval are those whose start values are greater than their end values. such as `5..2` or `100..=40`. Here are a few examples of intervals and whether they are valid: | interval | valid | | -------------------------------------- | ----- | | 0..=0 | YES | | 0..0 | NO | | 0..1 | YES | | 9..8 | NO | | (Bound::Excluded(3), Bound::Excluded(4)) | NO | | 400..=400 | YES | ### Overlap Two intervals are "overlapping" if there exists a point that is contained within both intervals. For example, `2..4` and `2..6` overlap but `2..4` and `4..8` do not. ### Touching Two intervals are "touching" if they do not overlap and there exists no value between them. For example, `2..4` and `4..6` are touching but `2..4` and `6..8` are not, neither are `2..6` and `4..8`. ### Further Reading See Wikipedia's article on mathematical Intervals: ## Features |Feature Name| Description| |-----------|-----| |`default`|The implicit default feature enabled by default which currently does not activate any other features| |`serde`|Enables the optional `serde` dependency and implements `serde::Serialize` and `serde::Deserialize` on all the types in this crate| ## Credit Lots of my inspiration came from the [`rangemap`] crate. The BTreeMap implementation ([`btree_monstrousity`]) used under the hood was inspired and forked from the [`copse`] crate. ## Name Changes This crate was previously named [`range_bounds_map`] it was renamed around about 2023-04-24 to [`discrete_range_map`] due to it no longer being an accurate name. This crate was renamed again on 2023-01-02 from [`discrete_range_map`] to [`nodit`] for a similar reason, hopefully given the abstractness of the new name it will never need to change again. ## Similar Crates Here are some relevant crates I found whilst searching around the topic area, beware my biases when reading: - Very similar to this crate but can only use std [`Range`]s and [`RangeInclusive`]s as keys in it's `map` and `set` structs (separately). - - Cool library for fully-generic ranges (unlike std::ops ranges), along with a `Ranges` data-structure for storing them (Vec-based unfortunately) - Allows overlapping intervals but is immutable unfortunately - Very similar to `rangemap` except without a `gaps()` function and only for [`Range`]s and not [`RangeInclusive`]s. And also no fancy merging functions. - A data structure based off of a 2007 published paper! It supports any range as keys, unfortunately, it is implemented with a non-balancing `Box` based tree, however it also supports overlapping ranges which my library does not. - I'm not entirely sure what this library is or isn't, but it looks like a custom red-black tree/BTree implementation used specifically for a Range Tree. Interesting but also quite old (5 years) and uses unsafe. - Another sort-of immutable (can insert but its very expensive) interval data-structure optimised for lots of intervals of the same size such as their staple use-case of genomic datasets. - An interval tree very similar to this crate and `rangemap` with many of the same methods (and lots of doc examples!) except using a custom in-house self-balancing tree implementation. It is not exactly clear from my reading of the docs whether they support overlapping intervals or not. On the one hand their examples show overlapping intervals but then their `insert()` method says "if interval already exists, interval will be ignored", so perhaps it allows overlapping but not duplicate intervals? A bit of an odd choice in my opinion. - and Both essentially identical to `store-interval-tree` as it looks like `store-interval-tree` is a fork of `rudac`'s interval tree. `bio` in particular seems targeted at bio-infographics. [`actual infinity`]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_infinity [`bigint`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint/latest/num_bigint/struct.BigInt.html [`btreemap`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.BTreeMap.html [`btree_monstrousity`]: https://github.com/ripytide/btree_monstrousity [`continuous`]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_continuity-related_mathematical_topics [`copse`]: https://github.com/eggyal/copse [`discrete_range_map`]: https://docs.rs/discrete_range_map [`discrete`]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics [`finite`]: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/finite#Adjective [`get_key_value_at_point()`]: https://docs.rs/nodit/latest/nodit/nodit/map/struct.NoditMap.html#method.get_key_value_at_point [`gqdit`]: https://docs.rs/nodit/latest/nodit/gqdit/struct.Gqdit.html [`interval-mathematics`]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics) [`noditmap`]: https://docs.rs/nodit/latest/nodit/nodit/map/struct.NoditMap.html [`noditset`]: https://docs.rs/nodit/latest/nodit/nodit/set/struct.NoditSet.html [`nodit`]: https://docs.rs/nodit [`num_bigint`]: https://docs.rs/num-bigint [`rangeinclusive`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.RangeInclusive.html [`rangemap`]: https://docs.rs/rangemap/latest/rangemap/ [`range_bounds_map`]: https://docs.rs/range_bounds_map [`range`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/struct.Range.html [`zosditmap`]: https://docs.rs/nodit/latest/nodit/zosdit/map/struct.ZosditMap.html