Henry Bradford Endicott (September 11, 1853[1][2] – February 12, 1920[3]) was the founder of the Endicott Johnson Corporation as well as the builder of the Endicott Estate, in Dedham, Massachusetts. During World War I he served in numerous public capacities, including as a labor strike negotiator and as director of the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety.
He was born in Dedham, and died of spinal meningitis at the Brooks Hospital in Brookline.[3][4] He was born poor but died a multimillionaire,[4] one of the richest men in the world,[5] and was called "a typical Horatio Alger type."[2] The village of Endicott, New York was named for him.
Contents
1 Personal life
2 Business career
3 Charities and public service
3.1 World War I
4 Labor disputes
5 Endicott Estate
6 End of life
6.1 Death and funeral
6.2 Legacy
7 Notes
8 References
9 Works cited
10 Further reading
Personal life[edit]
Henry Bradford Endicott was born in the family homestead in Dedham,[2] the son of Augustus Bradford Endicott, a businessman and state and local official, and Sarah Fairbanks.[1][6] He was a descendant of John Endecott, the first governor of Massachusetts, on his father's side[7] and direct descendant of Jonathan Fairbanks on his mother's. He was graduated from Dedham High School after three years.[1]
He had two children, Henry Wendell and Gertrude Adele, with his first wife, Caroline Williams Russell, whom he married on May 23, 1876.[1][2][7][nb 1] They divorced in 1904.[4] He remarried in Rye Beach, New Hampshire to fellow Dedhamite Louise Clapp Colburn, a widow with two children from her first marriage to Isaac Colburn (1853–1914), Samuel Clapp Colburn and Katherine Farwell Colburn.[2][4][7] He adopted the Colburn children in 1916.[2][4]
Endicott liked to hunt and he enjoyed cigars.[4] When about to smoke in the company of a close friend, it was characteristic of him that he would pull a cigar from his vest pocket, clinch it with his teeth and, taking another perfecto from his vest, he would vigorously thrust it into the mouth of his companion.[4]
Business career[edit]
Endicott spent his boyhood on the farm of his father where his first venture into business was to sell the milk of the farm, the profits of which be divided with his mother.[4] He then went to work for a short time in a plumber's shop, but lost his job because he went to the Massachusetts State Fair in Reading after his boss told him he would be fired if he did so.[4]
He was 22 when he went in business for himself.[4] He had obtained work in the leather district and having acquired a little experience and a modest capital he launched the firm of H.B. Endicott & Co.[4] The company, which dealt in sheepskins, was headquartered at 27 High Street in Boston, a few doors down from the offices of the later Endicott Johnson Corporation 10 High Street.[3][4] He became treasurer of the Commonwealth Shoe & Leather Company, and it was through his connection with this firm that he entered the shoe manufacturing business.[4]
Endicott went to the factory of the Lestershire Boot & Shoe Company near Binghamton, New York, to investigate an order of leather his company had made from them.[4] he was their principal creditor, and the company had fallen into financial difficulties in 1890.[10] Recognizing the potential of the company, he bought it.[4] Under his ownership, the renamed Lestershire Manufacturing Company grew to many times its original size.[4]
He sold half of the company to the company's foreman, George F. Johnson, but as Johnson did not have enough any money Endicott loaned him $150,000.[4][10] Their company became the Endicott Johnson Corporation. He operated factories in New York and had tanneries in Maine and Massachusetts.[3][7]
He was one of the largest employers in the country but there was never a strike at any of his factories,[3][7] and he did not hesitate to fraternize with his employees.[4] He once stepped into the lunch room at a factory and, sitting beside a group of his employees, he ate a frugal meal which did not cost more than 15 cents.[4] He chatted with the men at his side and spoke complimentary of the meal.[4]
During World War I he made a million dollars or more in profit.[11] Endicott also served as director of the Chase National Bank of New York,[12] the United Shoe Machinery Corporation, the State Street Trust Company,[13] and of the United States Smelting and Refining Company.[4] He joined the board of Shawmut Bank after the Third National Bank closed merged with it.[14][15] In 1920 he called on workers to speed up production, but said that employers must make "the conditions under which the work is speeded up as bright, sunny, comfortable and attractive as possible in all ways."[16]
When the US Government brought a suit against United Shoe pursuant to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, it named Endicott as a defendant.[17] One of the chief antagonists the case was his fellow Dedhamite, Louis Brandeis.[18]
Charities and public service[edit]
Within 12 hours of the 1917 Halifax Explosion, Endicott organized and sent a relief train to help with the recovery. It was an accomplishment which testified to his remarkable executive ability and power as an organizer for the train left the North Station bearing a large force of doctors and nurses that was assembled in haste from all over the state, as well as supplies.[4] He served as chairman of the Massachusetts–Halifax Relief Commission.[19]
He was also chairman of the Emergency Public Health Committee during the influenza epidemic of 1918.[7] During this epidemic he rallied the forces of the state for combating the disease and it is estimated that the service of this committee saved 10,000 lives.[4] He also regularly gave out free shoes to those in need.[20] He showered gifts upon the little New York town in which his big shoe factory was located and has been generous in providing means for public improvement in his native town of Dedham.[4]
A few years before he died Endicott gave the New York town where his factory was located a $50,000 clubhouse.[4] Every Christmas for many years he gave "a small sized fortune to the poor people of that town."[4] In 1919 it was for $10,000.[4]
World War I[edit]
He was appointed by Governor Samuel W. McCall as food administrator and the executive manager of the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety during World War I.[2][3][4][7] His activities in these two posts kept him constantly in the public eye and it was through his interest in seeing that Massachusetts and New England kept its resources unremittingly behind the government in the prosecution of the war that he first entered the industrial field as an adjuster of disputes.[4] As executive manager of the public safety committee he first directed a general inventory of the state s resources available to aid in the war.[4] As food administrator he laid out a program of food conservation and regulation which was imitated throughout the nation.[4]
During this time he was a dollar-a-year man, taking only $1 in salary,[12] and he tore up the lawn on the Sanderson Street side of his estate to grow potatoes and other vegetables in order to support the war effort and show the need for Victory Gardens.[2][20] Endicott also took out $1 million in liberty bonds from his personal account, and an equal amount from his company's.[4]
When Endicott resigned from his war commission appointments, Governor McCall stated:
Let me say here that nothing could exceed the patriotism and efficiency of the work you have rendered. I understand that from the time you were appointed until yesterday, a period of 23 months, you have not once been to your place of business. I know that you have devoted yourself wholly to the patriotic work of rendering service to the country in the sore time through which we have passed.[4]
Endicott himself said that
I am not a politician. I do not want any public office in this State or in the nation. My sole object in doing the work I am engaged in is to render the public such service as I am capable of—a duty I feel incumbent on every citizen of this country in this crisis. I am enlisted for the war. All my energies, all my time, my business experience, and knowledge of affairs I willingly and gladly give the State and nation. I shall feel amply repaid if I can convince myself that I have been able to contribute something in behalf of the common cause in which the United States is engaged—the defeat of Prussianism and autocracy and the triumph of democracy as we understand it in America.[4]
In his war work Endicott never hesitated to cut red tape when by so doing he made the work of his department more efficient and brought speedier and more satisfactory results.[4] He said "This is the way that private business is run. No private business could be run the way the government conducts its business. It would be in the hands of a receiver in no time."[4]
Labor disputes[edit]
Endicott enjoyed the confidence of both labor and capital, and he was called upon over and over again to adjust disputes which had engendered much bitter feeling on both sides.[4] Endicott was also appointed by the governor as a strike mediator and settled over 100 strikes, including ones at the Boston and Maine railroad, the elevated Boston railroad companies, and in factories around New England.[4][7] In a single year he settled disputes affecting over 100,000 workers.[21]
He said that when attempting to end a strike "The first principle is to give a square deal to both employer and employee." When asked for a specific case, Endicott cited the Boston Elevated Railway strike, saying the carmen demanded 73 cents an hour and that the trustees were only willing to give 53 cents. After investigating the wages paid to the carmen in other large cities, he settled on 60 cents an hour, saying that it was only a fair wage when the importance of the men's work was considered.[4]
His reputation brought him appointment by President Woodrow Wilson as one of 15 public representatives at the National Labor Conference in Washington, D.C. in October 1919.[4][7] He was disappointed with the results of the conference.[7]
Endicott Estate[edit]
Main article: Endicott Estate
The Endicott Estate
On January 12, 1904, Endicott's home burnt to the ground while he and his family were away.[22] The fire department was not able to get to the estate in time as they were dealing with three other fires simultaneously,[23] including one at the fire house,[24] and deep snow.[22] The fire was discovered around 10 p.m. by a caretaker who lived in the house.[22] It took several hours to extinguish the flames.[22] The house and furnishings were valued at more than $15,000.[22]
It is said that "Henry took the burning of the homestead as a divine command to rebuild, and rebuild he did, although not without incident."[2] He cleared the ashes away and built a new homestead on the 15-acre (61,000 m2) parcel, today known as the Endicott Estate,[23] and bought a new fire truck for the Town.[20]
The three story building he constructed has nine bathrooms, eight bedrooms, a library, a music room, a ballroom, a mirrored parlor, a butler's kitchen, a linen room, and servants' quarters.[20] When a radiator burst during the construction, "causing a raging river to crash down the main stairway," he tore down one end of the house and burned a pile of beautiful wall paneling, parquet floors, and elegant woodwork, much to the dismay of his neighbors.[2] An additional 70 feet was then added onto the house.[2] While he was building his mansion, his distant cousins were living in the Fairbanks House just .3 miles (0.48 km) away[25] without electricity or indoor plumbing.[6]
When he died in 1920 he left the building to his wife, who in turn left it to her daughter Katherine in 1944.[20] Katherine died in 1967 without any children and willed the land and the estate to the town for "public educational purposes, public recreational purposes, or other exclusively public purposes."[23][26] At the time "town didn't know quite what to do with it" and it was given to the Commonwealth to be used as a governor's mansion, but those plans were scuttled.[2][6][27][28] What was a nine car garage on the Mt. Vernon Street side of the property today serves as the Endicott branch of the Dedham Public Library.[20]
End of life[edit]
Henry B. Endicott’s grave
Death and funeral[edit]
In January 1920, while on a hunting trip in North Carolina with other Boston men, which was meant to be a vacation from his public and business affairs, he came down with influenza.[4] The frequent and intense headaches he suffered on the return trip caused him to take up residence at the Hotel Touraine rather than at his home in Dedham so to be closer to his doctors.[4] He was taken to the hospital on February 10 where he was operated on, but remained delirious until his death on the 12th.[4] His family was at his bedside.[4]
The funeral services were extremely simple, and took place in the home of Clarence W. Barron at 334 Beacon Street in Boston.[4] A number of prominent men, including Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell, served as pallbearers at his funeral, with Governors Calvin Coolidge and McCall serving as the head pallbearers.[29][nb 2] The funeral was led by James Hardy Ropes, dean of the Harvard University Extension School.[4][29] He was buried in the Forest Hills Cemetery.[29] McCall and Coolidge issued statements upon his death, with the former saying that he would "take rank with the great patriots of Massachusetts."[21]
President Woodrow Wilson telegramed his condolence to Louise Endicott, saying "Permit me to express our heartfelt sympathy with you in your bereavement. Mr Endicott's disinterested and public spirited services have made the country his debtor. His loss is a real one."[4][21] The presidential message of sympathy was only one of scores from all parts of the United States.[4] The Wall Street Journal ran an editorial praising him saying that it was rare to find someone so adept at both business and statesmanship.[30]
Legacy[edit]
The two executors of his will each posted $18 million bonds, the largest ever in Norfolk County.[31] The "shoe king's" estate was worth $11,674,976 in personal property and $92,500 in real estate, including $3.9 million in 'liberty bonds and $6.2 million in Endicott Johnson stock, large amounts of other stock and bonds, and $873,990 in cash.[31][32][33][34] He left nearly the entire amount to his immediate family, with some friends and old servants receiving small bequests.[34]
His obituary ran in newspapers across the country. After news of his death reached the stock market, the stock price of the Endicott Johnson Corporation tumbled.[12] In 1928, his estate received a tax refund of $546,599, one of the largest in the country.[35]
In 1921 Endicott's widow Louise gave $35,000 to the American Legion to build a clubhouse nearby the family Estate on Whiting Ave.[36] His daughter Gertrude pre-deceased him.[4][7]
Notes[edit]
^ Caroline was the daughter of Ira and Louisa (French) Russell.[8] She was born in Dedham on June 15, 1853[8] and died on October 1, 1931.[9]
^ Others include AC Brown of St Louis, Dr. WA Brooks, B. Preston Clark, FW Curtis of Reading, Pennsylvania, the Rev Paul Revere Frothingham, George F. Johnson, EW Longley, Matthew Luce, George H. Lyman, W. Rodman Peabody, James J. Phelan. AC Ratshesky, James L. Richards, Joseph B. Russell, Frederick E. Snow, John F. Stevens, James J. Storrow, and Robert Winsor.[4]
References[edit]
^ a b c d McQuillen 1889, p. 92-3.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martin, Paul (October 31, 2011). "The Endicott Estate: A Gem in Dedham's Rich History". Patch.com. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ a b c d e f "Death of Henry B. Endicott". The Wilkes-Barre Record. February 13, 1920. p. 5. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax "Shoe and Leather Reporter". 137. Shoe and Leather Reporter Company. 1920: 50–52. Retrieved April 27, 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Heald, Hana Janjigian (December 15, 2006). "Nova Scotia's Christmas Tree gift to Boston has a Dedham connection". The Dedham Times. 14 (51). p. 3.
^ a b c Parr, Jim. "Dedham 375th Trolley Tour Script" (pdf). Town of Dedham.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Henry B. Endicott, Shoe Manufacturer, Dies in Hospital". New-York Tribune (first ed.). February 14, 1920. p. 6. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b McQuillen 1889, p. 89.
^ "Mrs. Henry B. Endicott". Daily Boston Globe. October 22, 1931. p. 19.
^ a b "Co-Founder of Shoe Firm Dies". The Monroe News-Star. Monroe, Louisiana. November 29, 1948. p. 6. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "These Men Made Million Dollars of More in War-Time Profit". Reading Times. Reading, Pennsylvania. December 14, 1934. p. 6. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "Endicott-Johnson". New-York Tribune (1 ed.). February 14, 1920. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "United Shoe Machinery". The Wall Street Journal. July 12, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Boston Bank Consolidation". The Wilkes-Barre Record. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. December 2, 1901. p. 13. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "National Shawmut Bank". Boston Post. April 26, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Labor Leaders Have Great Opportunity to Bring About Needed Increase in Production". The Sun and The New York Herald (first ed.). February 2, 1920. p. 8. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Government Brings Suit". Altoona Tribune. Altoona, Pennsylvania. December 13, 1911. p. 8. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Boston Business Men Testify Against Brandeis". The Wall Street Journal. February 16, 1916. p. 7. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Medical Notes". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 179 (20): 631. 1918. doi:10.1056/NEJM191811141792008.
^ a b c d e f Coleman, Sandy (December 12, 2005). "Historic mansion opens doors in gala celebration of 100 years". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 26, 2006.
^ a b c "H.B. Endicott, Shoe Manufacturer, Dies". The Wall Street Journal. February 14, 1920. p. 10. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e "House of H. B. Endicott of Dedham Damaged by Fire". Boston Daily Globe. January 13, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ a b c "History". The Endicott Estate. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved December 15, 2006.
^ Hanson, Robert (1999). "Stories Behind the Pictures in the Images of America: Dedham Book". Dedham Historical Society Newsletter (December). Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.
^ "Google Maps: Fairbanks House to Endicott Estate". Retrieved 2015-04-27.
^ "Katherine Endicott's will" (pdf). Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^ Gerwin, Carol (1999). "Where the heck is the governor's mansion?". Commonwealth (Fall).
^ Chapter 471 of the Acts of 1969
^ a b c "MANY LABOR MEN AT ENDICOTT FUNDERAL: Simple Services at Home of Clarence W.Barron Gov Coolidge and Ex-Gov McCall Head Honorary Bearers". Boston Daily Globe. February 16, 1920. p. 6. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
^ "Henry B. Endicott". The Wall Street Journal. February 16, 1920. p. 7. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Executors of Endicott Will". Boston Post. April 1, 1920. p. 4. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Endicott Estate". The Wall Street Journal. July 17, 1923. p. 9. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Shoe King's Estate Valued at $11,767,476". The Scranton Republican. Scranton, Pennsylvania. July 16, 1923. p. 2. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Endicott Left $10,000,000". New-York Tribune (first ed.). February 18, 1920. p. 10. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Total of Tax Refunds Over 142 Millions". The Morning News. Danville, Pennsylvania. December 27, 1928. p. 3. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Open New Clubhouse". Boston Post. February 23, 1921. p. 2. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Works cited[edit]
McQuillen, H. H. (December 1889). Historical Catalogue of the Dedham High School, Teachers and Students, 1851-1889. Dedham (Mass.). High School.
Further reading[edit]
Henry B. Endicott: A Brief Memoir of His Life and His Services to the State and Nation. McGrath-Sherrill Press. 1921.
Slafter, Carlos (1905). A Record of Education: The Schools and Teachers of Dedham, Massachusetts. Dedham Transcript Press.
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"East River Drive" redirects here. For East Drive in Central Park, see East Drive (Manhattan). For the Stanley Clarke album, see East River Drive (album).
Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive
FDR Drive
FDR Drive highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by NYSDOT and NYCDOT
Length
9.68 mi[1] (15.58 km)
Existed
1955[2]–present
History
Upgraded in 1966[2]
Restrictions
No commercial vehicles between Exits 1-7 & Exits 9-18
No buses north of exit 7
Major junctions
South end
I-478 / NY 9A in Battery Park City
Brooklyn Bridge in Two Bridges
North end
I-278 / Harlem River Drive in East Harlem
Location
Counties
New York
Highway system
New York Highways
Interstate
US
State
Reference
Parkways
The Franklin D. Roosevelt East River Drive, commonly called the FDR Drive for short, is a 9.68-mile (15.58 km) limited-access parkway on the east side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It starts near South and Broad Streets, just north of the Battery Park Underpass, and runs north along the East River to the 125th Street / Robert F. Kennedy Bridge / Willis Avenue Bridge interchange, where it becomes the Harlem River Drive. All of the FDR Drive is designated New York State Route 907L (NY 907L), an unsigned reference route.
The FDR Drive features a mix of below-grade, at-grade, and elevated sections, as well as three partially covered tunnels. The parkway is mostly three lanes in each direction, except for several small sections.
By law, the current weight limits on the FDR Drive from 23rd Street to the Harlem River Drive in both directions is posted 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg). Buses are not allowed to use the roadway north of 23rd Street because they exceed the road's maximum clearance and weight (although some do, including the MTA's QM7, QM8, QM8 Super Express, QM11 and QM25 express buses). All commercial vehicles (including trucks) are banned from all sections of the FDR Drive, except for a short section just north of the Battery Park Underpass where the northbound lanes temporarily merge with South Street.[3]
Contents
1 Route description
1.1 Downtown
1.2 Midtown
1.3 Uptown
2 History
3 Transportation
4 Exit list
5 References
6 External links
Route description[edit]
The East River Greenway runs below, beside, or above the FDR Drive along nearly its entire length, except for a section between 38th and 60th Streets.[4] A plaque dedicating the East River Drive is visible on the southbound roadway before entering the Gracie Mansion tunnel at 90th Street.
Downtown[edit]
FDR Drive approaching the Brooklyn Bridge
FDR Drive starts at the southern tip of Manhattan at South and Whitehall Streets in the Financial District. It rises from the underground Battery Park Underpass to an elevated viaduct above South Street, with an at-grade connection to South Street at exit 1. The elevated viaduct continues northeast, with an interchange at Brooklyn Bridge at exit 2. The elevated road, also known as the South Street Viaduct, continues until Gouverneur Slip, near the Manhattan Bridge interchange (exit 3), where there are a southbound exit and northbound entrance. From here, the road is at-grade, with a southbound exit/entrance at Grand Street, exit 4.[5]
The FDR Drive continues north through Lower East Side and Alphabet City, and dips under Houston Street at exit 5, in a three-way interchange. It continues north as an at-grade road. Between 14th and 15th Streets, the FDR Drive passes a large Con Edison substation. The substation is surrounded by ramps for the former exit 6, a southbound exit and entrance which was closed after September 11, 2001.[5]
By 18th Street, the FDR Drive curves north onto an elevated viaduct above Avenue C. The elevated viaduct continues until 25th Street to serve the 23rd Street interchange at exit 7. This exit serves the neighborhood of Kips Bay. At 23rd Street, Avenue C continues as the northbound service road for the FDR Drive, while the southbound lanes split from the main highway at 25th Street.[5]
Midtown[edit]
FDR Drive northbound approaching the NY 25 (Queensboro Bridge) interchange
The FDR Drive continues north as an at-grade road, with the Waterside Plaza complex located along the East River to the east of the parkway. The southbound lanes ascend to a viaduct at 28th Street, and the southbound lanes ascend at 30th Street. There are a southbound entrance and northbound exit at ground level at 28th-30th Streets, where the southbound service road begins again. The northbound exit, labeled exit 8, serves 34th Street in Murray Hill, which is located four blocks north; the FDR Drive service road curves underneath the main highway until 36th Street. Another southbound entrance is located at 34th Street itself, and rises to the viaduct level.[5]
At 38th Street, the northbound-only exit 9 for 42nd Street, serving Turtle Bay, splits from FDR Drive. Exit 9 continues as an elevated ramp until the intersection of 42nd Street and First Avenue, where it becomes the westbound lanes of 42nd Street. The FDR Drive dips onto street level and merges with the northbound service road. The southbound service road continues parallel to the FDR Drive, and the southbound exit 8 splits from the parkway near 41st Street. The southbound service road then becomes the eastbound lanes of 42nd Street.[5]
The headquarters of the United Nations was constructed on a platform above the at-grade FDR Drive from 42nd to 48th Streets.[6] The southbound roadway is inside a later structure resembling a tunnel while the northbound roadway is located just outside of the tunnel.[5] This section is often referred to as the United Nations Tunnel, even though only the westernmost lane of the northbound roadway is under the structure.[6]
At 48th Street, the FDR Drive emerges from the United Nations tunnel. A northbound ramp from First Avenue merges onto the northbound roadway. The southbound roadway contains two exits: exit 10 at 49th Street, and exit 11 at 53rd Street.[5] At 54th Street, the road enters the Sutton Place Tunnel, which passes under apartment buildings on the east side of Sutton Place and York Avenue until 60th Street.[7] In this tunnel, the southbound roadway is raised and runs over the northbound roadway for northbound access to and from the Queensboro Bridge interchange (exit 12).[5] As part of the design in this area, numerous homes on the river were demolished and rebuilt or otherwise modified to accommodate the highway.[7] At 63rd Street, the southbound lanes descend to ground level, at the same elevation as the northbound lanes.[5]
Uptown[edit]
From 63rd to 71st Streets, the FDR Drive passes under a series of interconnected at-grade tunnels. The segment from 63rd to 68th Street runs under an annex constructed by Rockefeller University,[8] while the section of roadway between 68th and 71st Streets runs underneath the pilotis of the NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. Afterward, the FDR Drive continues north at ground level. There is a southbound-only entrance and exit, labeled exit 13, at 71st–73rd Streets, serving Lenox Hill on the Upper East Side. Another southbound-only entrance exists at 79th Street; there is no exit from either direction, nor is there any exit number reserved for this interchange.[5]
FDR Drive at night
From 81st to 90th streets runs a final, enclosed double-decker structure. The southbound roadway is again raised over the northbound roadway in a short segment of the tunnel between 81st and 86th Streets.[5] The promenade of Carl Schurz Park was built over the highway in 1939, near Gracie Mansion, the New York City mayor's residence.[9] There is a southbound entrance to the FDR Drive at the intersection of 92nd Street and York Avenue. York Avenue then parallels the FDR Drive until 96th Street, where York Avenue ends. The FDR Drive ascends onto a short elevated viaduct over the 96th Street interchange (exit 14) then descends to street level again.[5]
The remaining portion of the FDR Drive to the 125th Street interchange (exit 19) is at grade, passing through East Harlem. There is a southbound-only entrance at 102nd Street, as well as a southbound-only exit at 106th Street, labeled exit 15. At 116th Street, there is another southbound-only exit and entrance numbered exit 16. When the FDR Drive reaches 120th Street, there are three northbound exits in quick succession: exit 17 for the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, exit 18 for the Willis Avenue Bridge, and exit 19 for 125th Street. Exit 17 also contains a southbound exit and entrance to and from the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, and exit 19 also hosts a southbound entrance. The FDR Drive transitions into the Harlem River Drive and continues north after 125th Street.[5]
History[edit]
Looking north from 6th Street overpass
A shorefront parkway in Manhattan along the East River was first proposed by Manhattan Borough President Julius Miller in 1929. The 3.5-mile (5.6 km) parkway would extend from South Street to 54th Street.[10] The first sections of the East River Drive were constructed in the 1930s and were designed by Robert Moses. Moses faced the difficulties of building a parkway/boulevard combination along the East River while minimizing disruptions to residents. Many property owners along the East River Drive, especially in Midtown, opposed the boulevard unless noise mitigation measures were added.[11]
The section from 125th Street and the Triborough Bridge ramp south to 92nd Street was completed in 1936.[12] The sections from 92nd Street down to Battery Park (with the exception of a section from 42nd to 49th Streets, located underneath the headquarters of the United Nations) were built as a boulevard running at street level.[13] The first "downtown" section of the boulevard, between Grand and 12th Streets, was completed in June 1937.[14] Two more downtown sections, from 12th to 14th Streets and then from 14th to 18th Streets, were opened in 1939.[15] A short connector from Grand to Montgomery Street was completed in May 1940, which meant that the boulevard was now continuous from Montgomery to 30th Streets.[16] The next month, a large stretch from 49th to 92nd Streets opened. By this point, the only contiguous section that remained to be completed was the stretch between 30th and 49th Streets.[17]
Around this time, city officials started making plans for reconstructing existing sections of the boulevard so that several intersections would be grade-separated or double-decked. A plan to build a three-level section from 81st to 89th Streets was released in April 1940,[18] followed by an East River Drive overpass over 96th Street in June.[19] Due to a bulkhead restriction, a section from 51st to 60th Streets was already being built with two decks.[18]
The section of the East River Drive from 23rd to 34th Streets was completed in October 1941.[20] Known as the Bristol Basin, this section was built on wartime rubble dumped by cargo ships returning from Bristol, England, during World War II. The German Luftwaffe bombed Bristol heavily. After delivering war supplies to the British, the ships' crews loaded rubble onto the ships for ballast, then sailed back to New York, where construction crews made use of it.[21] On June 29, 1942, a plaque commemorating the use of rubble was dedicated by Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia,[22] and is currently installed at the Waterside Plaza complex. The final part of the original boulevard, between 34th and 49th Streets, opened in May 1942.[23] Future reconstruction designs from 1948 to 1966 converted the FDR Drive into the full parkway that is in use today.[13]
Upon the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the East River Drive was dedicated to him in June 1945.[24] The drive is now commonly called the "FDR Drive".[25]
An elevated ramp between 18th and 25th Streets, serving as an extension of the highway south of 23rd Street, was completed in 1949,[26] replacing an at-grade section.[27] Another elevated highway above South Street, connecting the at-grade parkway north of Grand Street to the Battery Park Underpass and Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel at the southern tip of Manhattan, was completed in May 1954.[28]
Southbound viaduct at 28th Street in Kips Bay
In Kips Bay, the FDR Drive is located on a viaduct between 30th and 37th Streets. The southbound and northbound roadways rise onto a viaduct separately between 28th and 30th Streets; the southbound roadway ascends onto the viaduct at 28th Street, followed by the northbound roadway at 30th Street, and the two roadways merge into a single structure at 32nd Street. At this point, there is a two-lane shoulder on the left side of the northbound roadway, with one of the lanes cordoned off by a short concrete barrier. There is a provision for a southbound exit and northbound entrance at 30th Street, which was built in 1967 and would have connected to the Mid-Manhattan Expressway. However, after plans for the expressway were abandoned, this exit was never used, largely because there was already an exit four blocks north, at 34th Street. The unused exit was then blocked with a semi-permanent concrete barricade.[29]
Exit 6, at 15th Street, formerly passed through a Con Edison substation, which handles most of the electricity for lower Manhattan. It was closed after the September 11, 2001 attacks after city and ConEd officials concluded it was too risky to allow such easy access to such a critical piece of infrastructure.[30] The exit was permanently removed in 2014 after the New York State Department of Transportation received notification from the New York City Police Department that the exit would not be re-opened since the ConEd facility was deemed a potential terrorist target. East 15th Street, as well as a corresponding entrance ramp from 14th Street, were also closed east of Avenue C, except to ConEdison and law enforcement vehicles. All signage of exit 6 was removed in early 2016.[5]
Transportation[edit]
The SIM3, SIM6, SIM10, SIM11, SIM31, X37 and X38 express buses use the FDR Drive between its start in Lower Manhattan and 23rd Street.[31][32][33] In addition, the QM7, QM8, QM8 Super Express, QM11 and QM25 use the FDR Drive between the Brooklyn Bridge exit and 34th Street[34][35]
The BM1, BM2, BM3 and BM4 buses use the FDR between Brooklyn Bridge and 23rd Street during the off-peak hours, but during the peak hour, "Midtown Express" buses skip Downtown, running directly up the FDR to 23rd.[33][36]
Exit list[edit]
The entire route is in the New York City borough of Manhattan.
Location
mi
[1][5][37]
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes
Battery Park City
0.00
0.00 –
NY 9A north (West Side Highway) to Hugh L. Carey Tunnel / I-278 Southern terminus; exit 1 on NY 9A
Battery Park
0.1–
0.5
0.16–
0.80 Battery Park Underpass
Financial District
0.6
0.97 1 South Street – Battery Park, Staten Island Ferry No southbound signage for South Street
Two Bridges
1.41
2.27 2 Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Civic Center Access to Civic Center via Pearl Street
2.4
3.9 3 South Street – Manhattan Bridge Southbound exit and northbound entrance
Lower East Side
2.6
4.2 4 Grand Street – Williamsburg Bridge Southbound exit and entrance
3.09
4.97 5 East Houston Street – Williamsburg Bridge Formerly signed for Holland Tunnel
East Village
3.70
5.95 6 East 15th Street Southbound exit and entrance (via 14th Street); permanently closed since 2002 due to post-9/11 security concerns[30]
Peter Cooper Village
4.30
6.92 7 East 20th Street / East 23rd Street No southbound signage for East 20th Street; also serves Avenue C
Kips Bay
4.6
7.4 – East 30th Street Southbound entrance only
Murray Hill
4.86
7.82 8
East 34th Street to I-495 east (Midtown Tunnel)
4.9
7.9 9 East 42nd Street Northbound exit only
Midtown East
5.2–
5.5
8.4–
8.9 Tunnel under United Nations Headquarters
5.6
9.0 10 East 49th Street Southbound exit and northbound entrance (from 1st Avenue)
Sutton Place
5.8
9.3 11 East 53rd Street Southbound exit only
5.8–
6.1
9.3–
9.8 Tunnel under Sutton Place
Upper East Side
6.1–
6.3
9.8–
10.1 12
East 61st Street / East 63rd Street to NY 25 east (Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge) Northbound left exit/entrance via 61st/62nd Streets; southbound exit/entrance via 63rd Street
6.3–
6.7
10.1–
10.8 Tunnel under Rockefeller University / NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Hospital for Special Surgery
6.7
10.8 13 East 71st Street Southbound exit and entrance (from 73rd Street)
Yorkville
7.0
11.3 – East 79th Street Southbound entrance only
7.2–
7.6
11.6–
12.2 Tunnel under Carl Schurz Park
East Harlem
7.96
12.81 14 East 96th Street Also serves East 97th Street and York Avenue; southbound entrance via 92nd Street
8.63
13.89 15 East 106th Street Southbound exit and entrance (from East 102nd Street)
9.15
14.73 16 East 116th Street Southbound exit and entrance
9.68
15.58 17
I-278 (Robert F. Kennedy Bridge) to Grand Central Parkway – Bruckner Expressway Access via unsigned NY 900G; exit 46 on I-278; also serves Randall's Island
18
Willis Avenue Bridge to I-87 north (Major Deegan Expressway) Northbound exit only
– Harlem River Drive north – George Washington Bridge Continuation north
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
Closed/former
Electronic toll collection
Incomplete access
FDR Drive near the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge.
References[edit]
^ a b "2014 Traffic Data Report for New York State" (PDF). New York State Department of Transportation. July 22, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
^ a b Anderson, Steve. "FDR Drive". NYCRoads. Retrieved January 19, 2012. [self-published source]
^ New York City Department of Transportation (2013). "Parkway Truck Restrictions". New York City Department of Transportation. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
^ "East River Greenway inches forward with $100M cash infusion". Curbed NY. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Google (January 14, 2020). "FDR Drive" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
^ a b "U. N. to Make $2,250,000 Steel Contract Soon To Start Second Unit of East River Project" (PDF). The New York Times. June 20, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
^ a b Gray, Christopher (May 15, 1988). "Streetscapes: Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive; Institutions Use Air Rights Over a Multilevel Marvel". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
^ Veilleux, Zach (May 14, 2014). "NY City Council approves new Rockefeller laboratory building". Rockefeller University. Archived from the original on May 6, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016. The Rockefeller University's proposal to build a two-story, 160,000-square-foot [15,000 m2] building over the FDR Drive adjacent to its campus passed an important milestone today with the City Council's vote to approve the plan.
^ New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. "Carl Schurz Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
^ "EASE RIVER DRIVE TO COST $9,000,000 PLANNED BY MILLER; Proposal for Shore Road From South Street to 54th Laid Before Estimate Board. CITY SHARE $4,000,000 Private Owners Would Have to Pay Rest, Under Old Water Grants, Says Borough Head. LINK TO WEST SIDE IN VIEW Road Like Thames Embankment Expected to Create New Taxable Property Worth Millions. Like Victoria Embankment. Part to Be Eighty Feet Wide. EAST RIVER DRIVE PLANNED BY MILLER Plan Additional Wharfage. Eighteen Months for Building". The New York Times. January 28, 1929. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
^ "Land Owners Fight East River Drive Plan; Want It Roofed, if Built, to Stifle Noise". The New York Times. September 20, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "EAST DRIVE LINK OPENS; Southbound Lanes Ready Today From 92d to 122d Streets". The New York Times. October 31, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ a b New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. "East River Park Highlights". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
^ "NEW SECTION READY ON EAST SIDE DRIVE; Mile-Long Stretch, Between Grand and 12th Sts., to Be Opened on Tuesday 35-ACRE PARK ADJOINS IT Six-Lane Auto Highway Later Will Form Part of Road Chain Circling Manhattan". The New York Times. June 24, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "SECTION OF DRIVE ON EAST SIDE OPEN; Stretch From 14th to 18th Sts. Placed in Commission by Isaacs and Party". The New York Times. December 28, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "DRIVE SECTION OPEN TODAY; East River Road, Montgomery to 30th St., Ready for Use". The New York Times. May 17, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "NEW LINK IS OPENED IN EAST RIVER DRIVE; Along the Section of East River Drive Which Was Dedicated Yesterday". The New York Times. June 19, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ a b "DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF NEW DRIVE LINK; Isaacs Makes Public Description of Triple-Deck Section". The New York Times. April 29, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "City to Act Today on East Drive Link; Plan for Ninety-Sixth Street Overpass Along the East River Drive". The New York Times. June 6, 1940. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "EAST RIVER DRIVE GETS A NEW LINK; Mayor Hails It as Example of 'Perfect Engineering and Clean Financing'". The New York Times. October 23, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ Pollak, Michael (June 26, 2009). "FYI Column". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
^ "Bricks of Bombed British Homes Used in City Highway Are Marked; La Guardia Warns at Dedication That We May Get Bombings Like Those of Britain -- Haggard Stresses Anglo-U.S. Unity". timesmachine.nytimes.com. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
^ "EAST RIVER DRIVE IS OPENED IN FULL; Final Link, 34th to 49th Sts., Completes 7 1/2-Mile Stretch That Cost $46,000,000 WORK OF 3 BOROUGH HEADS Mayor Praises Cooperation of Levy, Isaacs, Nathan and Private Industries". The New York Times. May 26, 1942. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "Council Votes to Name East Drive for Roosevelt". The New York Times. June 29, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (December 20, 2001). "FDR Drive: Historical Sign". New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
^ Bennett, Charles G. (June 7, 1949). "MAYOR AND ROGERS OPEN RAISED ROAD; East Side Span Takes Express Highway From 18th to 25th St. -- Other Links Pushed". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "City Will Raise Part of East River Drive". The New York Times. March 8, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "UNDERPASS LINKED TO EAST SIDE DRIVE; Ceremony at Battery End of Elevated Highway Officially Completes Peripheral Road MAYOR LAUDS ENGINEERS Borough President Speaks at Gathering of 2,000 at South Street and Coenties Slip". The New York Times. May 29, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ "NEW EXIT RAMP JUST A DEAD END; East River Drive Connects to an Unbuilt Expressway A Link for Expressway 'Not a Mistake'". The New York Times. November 26, 1967. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
^ a b Siff, Andrew. "Since 2002, FDR Drive's Exit 6 Mysteriously Says 'Closed'". New York: WNBC. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM3 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM6 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM10 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM11 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "SIM31 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "X37 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "X38 bus schedule" (PDF).
^ "Staten Island Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ a b "Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM7 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM8 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM25 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "QM11 bus schedule" (PDF).
^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM1 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM2 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM3 bus schedule" (PDF).
MTA Regional Bus Operations. "BM4 bus schedule" (PDF).
^ "New York County Inventory Listing" (CSV). New York State Department of Transportation. August 7, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
External links[edit]
Route map:
KML file (edit • help)
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Egypt Sherrod is an American radio and television personality, as well as real estate broker. She is best known as host of HGTV's Flipping Virgins and its long running show, Property Virgins. She is also the CEO of the Atlanta-based Egypt Sherrod Real Estate Group.[1]
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Accolades
4 Personal life
5 Filmography
6 Podcasts
7 Bibliography
8 References
9 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Egypt Sherrod was born on November 16, 1976 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[citation needed] Growing up in her grandparents' home, she slept in a closet that only fit her bed; as a child she dreamed to one day have a closet that was bigger than her bedroom.[2]
She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in broadcasting and telecommunications from Temple University.[3] She also studied theater at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. She holds the designation of Master Certified Negotiator, Accredited Buyer Representative, Certified Residential Specialist and Certified Distressed Property Expert.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
Sherrod began hosting on a jazz station at 18.[2] At 19, she got a job as a radio station music director—the youngest in the country.[2] Growing up with a father and uncle who were real estate brokers,[4] she saw real estate as a way to earn retirement money and as a "fallback" to her career in radio. She bought her first home at 24-years-old.[2] Around that time, She bought her first property at 24-years-old Newark, New Jersey[2] Much of her profits were going to fees for her real estate agents,[5] so she became a licensed agent in 2002.[2] She was also a correspondent on the Maury show.[6]
I realized I had gone from being a girl to womanhood when I start taking responsibility for my actions and not being afraid to apologize, being okay with starting over being 100% comfortable in my own skin, learning the importance of humility, and being well rounded as a person, not one dimensional.[7]
2011 interview with XONeCole
She was the number one radio personality for New York City’s WBLS 107.5,[2] where she interviewed Prince, Tyler Perry, and Oprah.[4] The program was syndicated in more than 60 cities throughout the US.[citation needed] Her access to celebrities elevated her real estate clientele.[8] Growing tired of "gossip and entertainment reports," she thought about transitioning out of radio.[7] She relates that, while hosting her show, she got a call from a casting director who was exploring Sherrod's interest in hosting a program that would become Property Virgins.[8] She agreed to audition and secured the role.[8] Four episodes into filming, however, she learned that she was pregnant and, fearing she may lose her job, hid it from the producers.[7] To her delight, it was not an issue.[7] With a child on the way, she considered the challenge of maintaining a work/life balance in New York and, desiring something new, she considered making a change.[6][5] In March 2012, Sherrod accepted an offer to be the midday host of WVEE V-103 in Atlanta. a city she had frequented as a child when visiting relatives.[6] While there, she conducted interviews with celebrities, including Keith Sweat, Musiq Soulchild, Jazze Pha, The Braxtons and Marsha Ambrosius.[6] The show Property Virgins moved to Atlanta to accommodate her, and she began filming on the weekends.[6] However, overwhelmed with the demands of her family life and career, as well as a bout of postpartum depression, she left her job with the radio station.[7]
She has made recurring appearances as the home buyers/sellers “go-to girl” on NBC's Today Show,[9] CNBC, FOX,[10] CNN, HLN as well as being featured on Fast & Company, Yahoo, Homes.com, Rolling Stone, Black Enterprise,[11] and a host of other publications and digital platforms. She wrote Keep Calm...It's Just Real Estate: Your No-Stress Guide To Buying A Home,[12]” on Running Press/Perseus Books which became a bestseller in its genre.[citation needed]
She stars in the 2012 film Life, Love, Soul.[13] Sherrod has hosted HGTV’s "White House Christmas Special", the Rose Parade, and the HGTV "Urban Oasis" Giveaways.[14] Prior to hosting for HGTV, Sherrod also hosted "Home Delivery" for Tribune's syndicated networks.
Sherrod has been sought out as a speaker and moderator. She hosted the stage at Oprah's "The Life You Want Tour." Sherrod has been invited as a recurring ‘Hot Topics’ guest and lifestyle pundit on programs such as Dish Nation, Steve Harvey,[15] Showbiz Tonight, and Larry Wilmore Show. Sherrod will host the reunion special of the television soap opera series from the Oprah Winfrey Network, The Haves and the Have Nots, airing as part of the program's series finale package on July 27, 2021 and August 3, 2021.[16]
Accolades[edit]
Sherrod has also received the Humanitarian Citation from the Borough of New York, State Assembly Citation as a Humanitarian and Community Advocate, as well as the New York City Council Citation for Community Service.[17] She was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for her book "Keep Calm It's Just Real Estate",[18] received the MISSION Award from WEEN (Women In Entertainment Empowerment Network), and was named one of Network Journal's "40 Under 40," and #2 in Radio and Records’ "Power Player on the Rise" Top 10 list, 105.1 FM, May 14, 2006, and also received the "Executive to Watch" Award from NABFEME (National Association of Black Female Executives in Music & Entertainment).[citation needed] She was chosen as one of Network Journal's 40 Under 40.[citation needed]
Personal life[edit]
In 2008, Sherrod founded The Egypt Cares Family Foundation, a non-profit dedicated to financial empowerment and awareness.[7] The “rising stars boot camp” is designed for children aged 8–17 who want to work in radio and television.[19] The "Egypt Cares Give Back Tour" is an annual coat and toy drive, which has garnered proclamations from the Brooklyn President at the time, Marty Markowitz.[citation needed]
Sherrod married Mike Jackson, a DJ who goes by Fadelf,[6] on September 11, 2010.[20] Sherrod and Jackson have two daughters together: Kendall (born in January 2012) and Harper (born February 2019).[21][22] Jackson has a daughter from a previous relationship.[1]
Filmography[edit]
Dish Nation – Guest host
Home Delivery – Co-host[23]
Property Virgins (2012–present) – Host
Flipping Virgins (2012–present) – Host[24]
All-Star Halloween Special (2015) – Host
Good Morning America (2016)
Brother Vs. Brother (2016–present) – Celebrity judge
Home & Family (2016) – Guest host[25]
White House Christmas Special (2016) – Host
Steve Harvey (2017)
Urban Oasis (2017-2018) – Host
Podcasts[edit]
Little Black Dress with Rocsi Diaz and Nina Parker (2017) – Guest[26]
Redefining Wealth with Patrice Washington (2018) – Guest[27]
Bibliography[edit]
Keep Calm.. It’s Just Real Estate
References[edit]
^ a b "Egypt Sherrod Real Estate - Real Estate Agent Atlanta GA". Egypt Sherrod Real Estate. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ a b c d e f g Robertson, Iyana (March 18, 2015). "Egypt Sherrod Talks Real Estate And Her New Book". Vibe. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ Penn, Charli (January 13, 2012). "Best Friends and Business Partners Egypt Sherrod and Amber Noble-Garland on Friendship and Motherhood". Essence.
^ a b Cornelius, Ray (October 25, 2012). "HGTV's Egypt Sherrod dishes about ATL, listening to your 'inner voice' and interviewing Oprah! – raycornelius.com". Ray Cornelius. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ a b Wright, Kweli (September 17, 2015). "Exclusive Interview: HGTV Host Egypt Sherrod On Her Career Path, Part 1". MadameNoire. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ a b c d e f Ho, Rodney (March 19, 2012). "Exclusive interview with Egypt Sherrod, new host of V-103 (who started 3/19)". ajc. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ a b c d e f McBride, Kiah (September 11, 2017). "Egypt Sherrod Gets Candid On Her Big Leap From Radio To Real Estate". xoNecole. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ a b c Preston, Bobbie (July 30, 2015). "Egypt Sherrod From HGTV's Property Virgins". Homes.com. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ "HGTV's Egypt Sherrod shows how to raise the value of your home". TODAY.com. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ FOX 5 Atlanta, HGTV host Egypt Sherrod talks home trends with Alyse Eady, retrieved February 6, 2019
^ "Egypt Sherrod's 3 Keys to Making Money in Real Estate". Black Enterprise. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "KEEP CALM… IT'S JUST REAL ESTATE: Your No-Stress Guide to Buying a Home". www.keepcalmitsjustrealestate.com. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ Rhett, Starrene (March 20, 2012). "Egypt Sherrod & Terri J. Vaughn Explain 'Life, Love, Soul'". Black Enterprise.
^ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Egypt Sherrod". HGTV. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ Egypt Sherrod, Egypt Sherrod- Hosting Reel, retrieved February 6, 2019
^ "The Haves and the Have Nots: OWN to Air Two-Part Reunion Special". Tvseriesfinale. July 17, 2021.
^ http://www.egyptsherrod.com/biography[dead link]
^ Obenson, Tambay A. (December 8, 2015). "The 47th NAACP Image Awards Nominees Announced". IndieWire. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "Q&A with Egypt Sherrod - GoGoMix". The GOGO Mix. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ MISICK, BOBBI (October 4, 2010). "Bridal Bliss Exclusive: Egypt and Mike". Essence. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
^ SANGWENI, YOLANDA (January 12, 2012). "Egypt Sherrod Welcomes a Baby Girl". Essence. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ Sherrod, Egypt (February 7, 2019). "Egypt Sherrod on Instagram: "We thought we had everything, then you arrived. Now we are complete! Welcome to the world #HarperSkye ❤❤❤❤ Our little angel arrived at…"". Instagram. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ Julia (January 5, 2012). "Sandra Rinomato Quits "Property Virgins"". Hooked on Houses. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ "Egypt Sherrod". IMDb. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
^ "Tuesday, April 21st, 2015 | Home & Family". Hallmark Channel. April 21, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
^ Sherrod, Egypt (March 30, 2017). "Egypt Sherrod". podcast (Interview). Interviewed by Nina Parker. Little Black Dress with Rocsi Diaz and Nina Parker. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
^ Sherrod, Egypt (January 18, 2018). "Egypt Sherrod: Simplicity Drives Success". podcast (Interview). Interviewed by Patrice Washington. Redefining Wealth with Patrice Washington. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
External links[edit]
Official website
Real Estate Website
Egypt Sherrod at IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egypt_Sherrod&oldid=1043077382"
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Elena Ferrante
Biographie
Naissance
1943
Naples
Pseudonyme
Elena Ferrante
Nationalité
Italienne
Activités
Romancière, écrivaine, scénariste, traductrice
Autres informations
Genre artistique
Roman
Site web
(en) elenaferrante.com
Œuvres principales
L'Amie prodigieuse
modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata
Elena Ferrante (née, selon ses propres dires, en 1943 à Naples) est une romancière, nouvelliste et essayiste italienne.
Sommaire
1 Biographie
2 Œuvre
2.1 Romans
2.1.1 Saga L'Amie prodigieuse
2.1.2 Autres romans
2.2 Recueil de nouvelles pour enfants
2.3 Essais
3 Notes et références
4 Annexes
4.1 Article connexe
4.2 Liens externes
Biographie[modifier | modifier le code]
La romancière derrière le pseudonyme tient absolument à rester dans l'ombre[1] et refuse par conséquent la publicité et les apparitions télévisées, acceptant seulement en de rares occasions les interviews écrites[2]. Lors de celles-ci, elle a reconnu être une femme, mère de famille, et que son œuvre était d'inspiration autobiographique[3]. En particulier, dans La frantumaglia, elle révèle à ses lecteurs des aspects de la personnalité d'Elena Ferrante en lui donnant notamment une origine (mère couturière s'exprimant en napolitain) une date (1943) et un lieu de naissance (Naples)[4].
Selon certaines hypothèses, il pourrait s'agir d'Anita Raja (de), éditrice et traductrice italienne de Christa Wolf en particulier, ou bien de son mari, l’écrivain Domenico Starnone[NdlR 1],[5],[6]. Le 2 octobre 2016, dans quatre médias internationaux, Il Sole 24 Ore[7] en Italie, Mediapart[8] en France, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung[9] en Allemagne et The New York Review of Books[10] aux États-Unis, le journaliste Claudio Gatti affirme avoir percé le mystère en observant une corrélation forte entre les droits d'auteur qu'Edizioni E/O, la maison éditrice d'Elena Ferrante, perçoit de ses ouvrages, et les honoraires que la société verse la même année à la traductrice Anita Raja (de). Ni Anita Raja, ni Edizioni E/O n'ont confirmé ou démenti cette hypothèse déjà envisagée depuis quelques années comme plausible par plusieurs personnes.
Lors d'un entretien non enregistré avec le journaliste italien Tommaso Debenedetti, paru dans le quotidien El Mundo (Espagne), Anita Raja aurait confirmé être Elena Ferrante[11]. Il est important néanmoins de préciser que Tommaso Debenedetti s'est spécialisé depuis des décennies, selon ses propres dires, dans la publication de fausses nouvelles « afin de démontrer à quel point il est facile de manipuler l'opinion sur les réseaux sociaux ».
Le lectorat est partagé entre curiosité[12] et indignation en réaction à ce qu'il considère comme une investigation intrusive[13],[14].
En 2016 l'entreprise suisse OrphanAlytics compare par une analyse statistique le style de l'auteur Domenico Starnone avec celui d'Elena Ferrante et conclut qu'il existe de très nettes similitudes entre les deux[15],[16].
Une analyse scientifique basée sur la comparaison des œuvres d'Elena Ferrante avec un corpus de cent cinquante livres italiens par quarante auteurs différents a aussi attribué, sur la base du vocabulaire utilisé, la paternité des œuvres à Domenico Starnone[17]. Ce travail d'investigation a été conduit par l'université de Padoue et des experts de Pologne, France, Grèce, Italie, Suisse et États-Unis ont participé à cette analyse. Les investigations ont aussi conclu qu'il s'agissait du travail d'une seule plume, à savoir celle de Domenico Starnone (qui est aussi le mari d’Anita Raja, traductrice qui avait été désignée par C. Gatti comme Elena Ferrante). Afin d'arriver à ce résultat, neuf méthodes différentes en attribution d'auteur ont été appliquées sur le corpus de romans italiens (recourir à une seule méthode est trop peu fiable).
Traduits dans quarante langues, les livres d’Elena Ferrante bénéficient d'un lectorat nombreux en Europe et en Amérique du nord. En 2015, Roberto Saviano propose la candidature de son roman L’amica geniale au prix Strega, ce que l’autrice accepte[18].
Elle est citée, par le magazine Time, parmi les cent personnalités les plus influentes au monde, en 2016[19].
Œuvre[modifier | modifier le code]
Romans[modifier | modifier le code]
Saga L'Amie prodigieuse[modifier | modifier le code]
L'amica geniale (2011)
L'Amie prodigieuse, traduit par Elsa Damien, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2014, 388 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-013862-3)
Storia del nuovo cognome (2012)
Le Nouveau Nom (L'Amie prodigieuse, vol. 2), traduit par Elsa Damien, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2016, 560 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-014546-1)
Storia di chi fugge e di chi resta (2013)
Celle qui fuit et celle qui reste (L'Amie prodigieuse, vol. 3), traduit par Elsa Damien, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2017, 800 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-017840-7)
Storia della bambina perduta (2014)
L'Enfant perdue (L'Amie prodigieuse, vol. 4), traduit par Elsa Damien, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2018, (ISBN 978-2-07-269931-3)
Autres romans[modifier | modifier le code]
L'amore molesto (1992)
L'Amour harcelant, traduit par Jean-Noël Schifano, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 1995, 181 p. (ISBN 2-07-073305-X)
Un film, L'Amour meurtri, a été tiré du roman par Mario Martone en 1995.
I giorni dell'abbandono (2002)[20]
Les Jours de mon abandon, traduit par Italo Passamonti, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2004, 225 p. (ISBN 2-07-076739-6)
La figlia oscura (2006)
Poupée volée, traduit par Elsa Damien, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2009, 175 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-078571-1)
Cronache del mal d'amore (2012)
La vita bugiarda degli adulti (2019)
La Vie mensongère des adultes, traduit par Elsa Damien, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2020, 416 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-289921-8)
Recueil de nouvelles pour enfants[modifier | modifier le code]
La spiaggia di notte (2007)
Essais[modifier | modifier le code]
La frantumaglia (2003), réédition augmentée en 2016
Frantumaglia. L'écriture et ma vie, traduit par Nathalie Bauer, Éditions Gallimard, coll. « Du monde entier », 2019, 464 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-273467-0)
L'invenzione occasionale (2019)
Chroniques du hasard, traduit par Elsa Damien, Éditions Gallimard, 2019, 176 p. (ISBN 978-2-07-287109-2)
Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code]
↑ Philippe Ridet, Le Monde du samedi 21 mars, supl. culture et idées, p. 6, « Elena Ferrante, l’écrivain(e) masqué(e) », sur Le Monde, 19 mars 2015 (consulté le 23 mars 2015 )
↑ Meghan O'Rourke, « Elena Ferrante: the global literary sensation nobody knows », sur the Guardian, 31 octobre 2014 (consulté le 23 mars 2015 )
↑ Delphine Peras, « Elena Ferrante, énigme littéraire fascinante », sur lexpress.fr, 26 juin 2016 (consulté le 14 octobre 2016 )
↑ La Frantumaglia, Elena Ferrante, Rome, Ed. e/o, 2003, 183 p. (ISBN 88-7641-575-0) (notice BnF no FRBNF39144797) (présentation en ligne)
↑ {{Lien web , | auteur = Lizzy Davies | titre = Who is the real Italian novelist writing as Elena Ferrante? | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/15/who-italian-novelist-elena-ferrante | site = the Guardian | en ligne le = 15 octobre 2014 | consulté le = 23 mars 2015}}.
↑ Amaury Giraud, « Et si Elena Ferrante était un homme... et une femme ? », sur Le Figaro.fr, 15 janvier 2018 (consulté le 13 septembre 2020 )
↑ (it) « Ecco la vera identità di Elena Ferrante », Claudio Gatti, Il Sole 24 Ore, 2 octobre 2016 (lire en ligne)
↑ « La vraie “Elena Ferrante” », Claudio Gatti, Mediapart, 2 octobre 2016 (lecture réservée aux abonnés)
↑ (de) Claudio Gatti, « Wer ist Elena F.? », sur faz.net, 2 octobre 2016 (consulté le 14 octobre 2016 ) .
↑ (en) « Elena Ferrante: An Answer? », Claudio Gatti, The New York Review of Books, 2 octobre 2016 (lire en ligne)
↑ (es) « Anita Raja a Tommaso Debenedetti: "Yo soy Elena Ferrante" », El Mundo, 2016 (lire en ligne, consulté le 18 février 2018 ).
↑ « Elle est lue dans le monde entier, mais personne ne sait qui elle est. Visite guidée du Naples d’Elena Ferrante. », Biblio Obs (lire en ligne).
↑ « La véritable identité d'Elena Ferrante révélée », Biblio Obs, 2 octobre 2016 (lire en ligne)
↑ « L'identité d'Elena Ferrante, auteur de L'Amie prodigieuse enfin établie ? », Françoise Dargent, Le Figaro, 4 octobre 2016 (lire en ligne)
↑ Guy Genilloud et Claude-Alain Roten, « Détermination par stylométrie de l’auteur probable du corpus Ferrante : Domenico Starnone », 11 octobre 2016 (consulté le 26 décembre 2020 )
↑ Pierre de Gasquet, « Les vrais ressorts de la « folie Ferrante » », 12 janvier 2018 (consulté le 26 décembre 2020 )
↑ J. Savoy: « Elena Ferrante Unmasked », 4 octobre 2017 (vers la publication)
↑ « Elena Ferrante: “Accetto la candidatura allo Strega” », sur Repubblica.it, 24 février 2015 (consulté le 23 mars 2015 ).
↑ (en) « The 100 Most Influential People », sur le site du Time magazine (consulté le 6 février 2017 ).
↑ James Wood, « Women on the Verge - The New Yorker », sur The New Yorker, 21 janvier 2013 (consulté le 23 mars 2015 )
NdlR :
↑ La notice d'autorité du Service bibliothécaire national italien (lire en ligne) donne 1943 et Naples comme année et ville de naissance de l'auteur, année de naissance qui est aussi celle d'Anita Raja (de) et de Domenico Starnone
Annexes[modifier | modifier le code]
Article connexe[modifier | modifier le code]
Thomas Pynchon
Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code]
Notices d'autorité :
Fichier d’autorité international virtuel
International Standard Name Identifier
CiNii
Bibliothèque nationale de France (données)
Système universitaire de documentation
Bibliothèque du Congrès
Gemeinsame Normdatei
Service bibliothécaire national
Bibliothèque nationale de la Diète
Bibliothèque nationale d’Espagne
Bibliothèque royale des Pays-Bas
Bibliothèque nationale d’Israël
Bibliothèque universitaire de Pologne
Bibliothèque nationale de Catalogne
Bibliothèque nationale de Suède
Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale
Bibliothèque nationale d’Australie
Base de bibliothèque norvégienne
WorldCat
(en) Site officiel
Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes :
Dictionnaire universel des créatrices
Enciclopedia delle donne
Encyclopædia Universalis
Encyclopédie Treccani
Hrvatska Enciklopedija
Swedish Nationalencyklopedin
Munzinger Archiv
Store norske leksikon
Ressource relative au spectacle :
Les Archives du spectacle
Ressource relative à l'audiovisuel :
(en) Internet Movie Database
Ressource relative à la littérature :
(en) The Paris Review
(it) « Lasciate a Ferrante il diritto all'assenza », sur Repubblica.it, Repubblica, 4 octobre 2016 (consulté le 4 octobre 2016 )
Portail de la littérature italienne
Portail de Naples
Ce document provient de « https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Ferrante&oldid=185795074 ».
Catégories :
Écrivain italien du XXe siècle
Écrivain italien du XXIe siècle
Romancier italien du XXe siècle
Romancier italien du XXIe siècle
Essayiste italien du XXe siècle
Essayiste italien du XXIe siècle
Nom de plume
Naissance en 1943
Naissance à Naples
Pseudonyme (identité inconnue)
Personnalité connue sous un pseudonyme
Catégories cachées :
Article contenant un appel à traduction en allemand
Wikipédia:ébauche femme de lettres italienne
Page utilisant P569
Page utilisant P19
Page utilisant P742
Page utilisant P27
Page utilisant P106
Page utilisant P136
Page utilisant P856
Page utilisant P800
Article à illustrer Biographie
Article utilisant l'infobox Biographie2
Article utilisant une Infobox
Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité
Page pointant vers des bases externes
Page pointant vers des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes
Page utilisant P7578
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Page pointant vers des bases relatives à l'audiovisuel
Page utilisant P5414
Page pointant vers des bases relatives à la littérature
Portail:Littérature italienne/Articles liés
Portail:Littérature/Articles liés
Portail:Italie/Articles liés
Portail:Europe/Articles liés
Portail:Naples/Articles liés
Portail:Campanie/Articles liés
Wikipédia:Article biographique
Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts
Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Entreprises
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Ce document provient de « https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catégorie:Pilote_automobile_suisse&oldid=126486098 ».
Catégories :
Pilote automobile par nationalité
Sportif suisse
Sport automobile en Suisse
Catégories cachées :
Projet:Sport automobile/Catégories liées
Projet:Sport/Catégories liées
Projet:Suisse/Catégories liées
Projet:Europe/Catégories liées
Projet:Biographie/Catégories liées
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Jelle Zijlstra[1], né le 27 août 1918 à Oosterbierum et mort le 23 décembre 2001 à Wassenaar, est un économiste et homme d'État néerlandais membre du Parti antirévolutionnaire. Il est Premier ministre des Pays-Bas entre le 22 novembre 1966 et le 5 avril 1967 et président de la Banque centrale néerlandaise du 1er mai 1967 au 1er janvier 1982 . Très respecté pour son expertise et son intégrité[2], il obtient le 30 avril 1983 , le titre honorifique de ministre d'État.
Sommaire
1 Biographie
1.1 Politique
2 Notes et références
3 Liens externes
Biographie[modifier | modifier le code]
Jelle Zijlstra est né à Oosterbierum le 27 août 1918 . Après avoir terminé ses études secondaires, il étudie à l'École d'économie Pays-Bas (aujourd'hui Université Érasme de Rotterdam). Ses études ont été interrompues à deux reprises : d'abord par sa période de service militaire et plus tard quand il a dû aller se cacher en 1942 après avoir refusé de signer le serment de fidélité exigé aux étudiants par l'occupation allemande. Même ainsi, il a complété son diplôme en économie en octobre 1945.
Immédiatement après l'avoir obtenu, Zijlstra est devenu assistant de recherche à l'École d'économie des Pays-Bas, promu un an plus tard au poste d'assistant de recherche principal et en 1947 à celui de conférencier. En 1948, il a reçu un doctorat pour sa thèse sur la vitesse de circulation de l'argent et son incidence sur la valeur de la monnaie et l'équilibre monétaire. La même année, il a été nommé professeur d'économie théorique à l'Université libre d'Amsterdam.
Politique[modifier | modifier le code]
Il était membre du Parti antirévolutionnaire, qui a été absorbé en 1980 dans l'Appel démocrate-chrétien. Il a dirigé le Parti antirévolutionnaire à deux reprises, du 23 avril 1956 au 3 octobre 1956 et du 29 décembre 1958 au 26 mai 1959 .
Jelle Zijlstra en tant que ministre des Finances, arrive avec sa femme Hetty Bloksma au Prinsjesdag de 1961, avec la valise du budget d'État.
Courtement député du 1er juillet 1956 au 3 octobre de la même année, il fut chef de groupe à la seconde Chambre du 14 juin 1956 jusqu'à sa démission du mandat. Il est devenu entre le 2 septembre 1952 et le 24 juillet 1963 , successivement ministre des Affaires économiques dans le cabinet Drees III et IV et Beel II. Il a également été ministre des Finances dans le cabinet Beel II et De Quay.
À la suite de sa carrière ministérielle, Zijlstra effectue un retour à l'Université libre d'Amsterdam comme professeur de finances publiques, mais il a également été du 25 juin 1963 au 22 novembre 1966 sénateur. Après la chute du cabinet Cals, Zijlstra dirigea un gouvernement provisoire, cumulant les postes de Premier ministre des Pays-Bas et de ministre des Finances entre le 22 novembre 1966 et 5 avril 1967 .
De 1967 jusqu'à 1981, il a été président de la Banque des Pays-Bas et au cours de cette période, également président de la Banque des règlements internationaux à Bâle. Il a siégé dans plusieurs conseils d'administration dans les secteurs public et privé.
Zijlstra est mort à Wassenaar le 23 décembre 2001 à l'âge de 83 ans[3].
Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code]
↑ prononcé en néerlandais : [jɛlə zɛilstrɐ].
↑ (nl) Dr J. Zijlstra, biographie sur minfin.nl.
↑ (nl) Oud-premier Zijlstra overleden
Liens externes[modifier | modifier le code]
Notices d'autorité :
Fichier d’autorité international virtuel
International Standard Name Identifier
CiNii
Bibliothèque nationale de France (données)
Système universitaire de documentation
Bibliothèque du Congrès
Gemeinsame Normdatei
Bibliothèque nationale de la Diète
Bibliothèque royale des Pays-Bas
Bibliothèque universitaire de Pologne
Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale
Base de bibliothèque norvégienne
WorldCat Id
WorldCat
Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes :
Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland
Biografisch Portaal van Nederland
Munzinger Archiv
(nl) Biographie officielle
(nl) Fiche parlementaire
v · m
Chefs du gouvernement des Pays-Bas depuis 1848
Présidents du Conseil des ministres
(1848-1945)
1848 : Gerrit Schimmelpenninck · 1848-1849 : Jacobus Mattheüs de Kempenaer · 1849-1853 : Johan Rudolf Thorbecke · 1853-1856 : Floris Adriaan van Hall · 1856-1858 : Justinus van der Brugghen · 1858-1860 : Jan Jacob Rochussen · 1860-1861 : Floris Adriaan van Hall · 1861 : Jacob van Zuylen van Nijevelt · 1861-1862 : Schelto van Heemstra · 1862-1866 : Johan Rudolf Thorbecke · 1866 : Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte · 1866-1868 : Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt · 1868-1871 : Pieter Philip van Bosse · 1871-1872 : Johan Rudolf Thorbecke · 1872-1874 : Gerrit de Vries · 1874-1877 : Jan Heemskerk · 1877-1879 : Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello · 1879-1883 : Theo van Lynden van Sandenburg · 1883-1888 : Jan Heemskerk · 1888-1891 : Æneas Mackay · 1891-1894 : Gijsbert van Tienhoven · 1894-1897 : Joan Röell · 1897-1901 : Nicolaas Pierson · 1901-1905 : Abraham Kuyper · 1905-1908 : Theo de Meester · 1908-1913 : Theo Heemskerk · 1913-1918 : Pieter Cort van der Linden · 1918-1925 : Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck · 1925-1926 : Hendrikus Colijn · 1926-1929 : Dirk Jan de Geer · 1929-1933 : Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck · 1933-1939 : Hendrikus Colijn · 1939-1940 : Dirk Jan de Geer · 1940-1945 : Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
Premiers ministres
(depuis 1945)
1945-1946 : Wim Schermerhorn · 1946-1948 : Louis Beel · 1948-1958 : Willem Drees · 1958-1959 : Louis Beel · 1959-1963 : Jan Eduard de Quay · 1963-1965 : Victor Marijnen · 1965-1966 : Jo Cals · 1966-1967 : Jelle Zijlstra · 1967-1971 : Piet de Jong · 1971-1973 : Barend Biesheuvel · 1973-1977 : Joop den Uyl · 1977-1982 : Dries van Agt · 1982-1994 : Ruud Lubbers · 1994-2002 : Wim Kok · 2002-2010 : Jan Peter Balkenende · Depuis 2010 : Mark Rutte
v · m
Ministres néerlandais de l'Économie
Tak van Poortvliet (en) · Klerck (en) · Van den Bergh (en) · Tromp (en) · Bastert (en) · Havelaar (en) · Lely · Van der Sleijden (en) · De Marez Oyens (en) · Kraus (en) · Veegens (en) · Talma · Treub · Posthuma (en) · Van IJsselsteyn (en) · Ruijs de Beerenbrouck · Aalberse · Koolen (en) · Slotemaker de Bruïne (en) · Verschuur (en) · Colijn · Steenberghe (en) · Gelissen · Steenberghe (en) · Colijn · Steenberghe (en) · Van den Tempel (en) · Kerstens (en) · Van den Broek (en) · Gispen (en) · Vos (en) · Huysmans (en) · Mansholt (intérim) · Van den Brink (en) · Zijlstra · De Pous (en) · Andriessen · Den Uyl · Bakker (en) · De Block (en) · Witteveen (intérim) · Nelissen · Langman · Lubbers · Van Aardenne (en) · Terlouw · Van Aardenne (en) · De Korte · Andriessen · Wijers · Jorritsma · Heinsbroek · Hoogervorst · Brinkhorst · Zalm (intérim) · Wijn (en) · Van der Hoeven · Verhagen · Kamp · Wiebes · Van Nieuwenhuizen (intérim) · Van 't Wout (en)
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Ce document provient de « https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jelle_Zijlstra&oldid=174180989 ».
Catégories :
Premier ministre néerlandais
Ministre néerlandais de l'Économie
Ministre néerlandais des Finances
Membre de la Première Chambre des États généraux
Membre de la Seconde Chambre des États généraux
Personnalité du Parti antirévolutionnaire
Économiste néerlandais
Banquier néerlandais
Dirigeant de banque centrale
Étudiant de l'université Érasme de Rotterdam
Professeur à l'université libre d'Amsterdam
Naissance en août 1918
Naissance dans la province de Frise
Décès en décembre 2001
Décès à Wassenaar
Décès à 83 ans
Catégories cachées :
Article utilisant une Infobox
Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité
Page utilisant le modèle Bases littérature inactif
Page utilisant le modèle Bases art inactif
Page utilisant le modèle Bases vie publique inactif
Page pointant vers des bases externes
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Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais
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Droit d'auteur : les textes sont disponibles sous licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les conditions d’utilisation pour plus de détails, ainsi que les crédits graphiques. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence.
Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe 501(c)(3) du code fiscal des États-Unis.