{"content":"This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nPlace in Maharashtra, India\nNavi Mumbai\nCity\nMumbai Metropolitan Region\nNavi Mumbai Skyline\nNavi Mumbai\nNavi Mumbai\nShow map of Maharashtra\nNavi Mumbai\nNavi Mumbai (India)\nShow map of India\nNavi Mumbai\nNavi Mumbai (Mumbai)\nShow map of Mumbai\nCoordinates: 19°01′N 73°01′E / 19.02°N 73.02°E / 19.02; 73.02Coordinates: 19°01′N 73°01′E / 19.02°N 73.02°E / 19.02; 73.02\nCountry\nIndia\nState\nMaharashtra\nDistricts\nIncludes parts of Thane, Raigad districts\nPlanned, Developed and Owned By\nCIDCO\nElevation\n14 m (46 ft)\nPopulation\n• Total\n1,119,488\nLanguage\n• Official\nMarathi\nVehicle registration\nMH-43 (Navi Mumbai's Thane district), MH-46 (Navi Mumbai's Raigad district)\nNavi Mumbai (Marathi pronunciation: [nəʋiː mumbəiː] and earlier known as New Bombay[1][2] in English), is the largest planned city in the world, situated on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, in the Konkan division of Maharashtra state, on the mainland of western India. The city is divided into two parts, North Navi Mumbai and South Navi Mumbai, for the individual development of Panvel Mega City, which includes the area from Kharghar to Uran, including Taloja and Old Panvel nodes strictly in the city of Navi Mumbai. Navi Mumbai has a population of 1,119,477[3] as per the 2011 provisional census. It has an average city elevation of 14 meters, excluding forest area.\nThe area was proposed in 1971 as a new urban township of Mumbai by the Government of Maharashtra. A new public sector undertaking, CIDCO, was established for this purpose.[4] Navi Mumbai is situated across two districts, Thane Part and Raigad.[5] The city has been ranked 12th among 73 cities surveyed for cleanliness and hygiene by the Union Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and Quality Council of India (QCI) as a part of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.[6]\nNavi Mumbai is home to various educational institutions offering courses in several streams including engineering, medical sciences, interior designing, and hotel management. Various multinational corporations like Siemens, McDonald's, Morningstar, Inc., Baker Hughes, Bureau Veritas, Bizerba, Reliance, Accenture, and Larsen & Toubro have their Head offices/branches across the city, making it an active business hub. Navi Mumbai also has various recreational facilities such as a Golf Course, Central Park and Pandavkada Water Falls in Kharghar, Parsik Hill near CBD Belapur, Wonders Park and Jewel of Navi Mumbai in Nerul and Seawoods, Mini Seashore Juhu Chowpatty in Juhu Nagar (Juhu Gaon), Sagar Vihar in Vashi, Pirwad, Nagav, and Mankeshwar Beaches in Uran, Belapur Fort in CBD Belapur, Karnala Bird Sanctuary near Panvel, and several other public places like gardens and jogging tracks. Navi Mumbai also has many quality restaurants and luxury hotels for accommodation. There are many shopping malls, such as Seawoods Grand Central Mall in Seawoods, Little World Mall, Glomax Mall and Prime Mall in Kharghar, Orion Mall and K-Mall in Panvel, Center One Mall, Inorbit Mall and Raghuleela Mall in Vashi. Navi Mumbai is also a host to many best health care centres and hospitals like MITR Hospital in Sector 05, Kharghar, Fortis Hiranandani Hospital near Juhu Village, Juhu Nagar (Vashi), Apollo Hospital in Belapur and SRL diagnostic centres in Kharghar, Panvel, Kamothe, Kalamboli, Koper Khairane, Juhu Gaon to name a few.\nContents\n1 History\n2 Implementation, development and issues\n3 Administration\n3.1 CIDCO\n3.2 NMMC\n3.3 PMC\n4 Demographics\n5 Transport\n5.1 International Airport\n5.2 Metro Rail\n6 Infrastructure\n7 Services\n8 Commerce\n9 Sports\n10 Education\n11 Colleges\n12 Schools\n13 References\n14 External links\nHistory[edit]\nIndia experienced a phenomenal rate of urban growth during the 25 years following independence and Mumbai always has had its due share in it. The population of Greater Mumbai rose from 2.966 million in 1951 to 4.152 million in 1961 and to 5.970 million in 1971, registering 40.0 and 43.80 percent growths during the first and second decades respectively. The rapid rate of growth of population, made possible by the increasing industrial and commercial importance of the city, resulted in a fast deterioration in the quality of life for the majority of people living in the city. Development inputs could not keep pace with the rapidly growing population, industry, trade and commerce. Besides, there are physical limitations to the growth of a city built on a long and narrow peninsula, which has very few connections with the mainland.\nThe Government of Maharashtra has been alive to the emerging problems of this metropolis. Responsible public opinion was equally vigilant and several constructive suggestions appeared from time to time in the press and elsewhere. All this helped in keeping the problems of Bombay in the forefront of public awareness. In 1958, the Govt. of Bombay appointed a study group under the Chairmanship of Shri S.G. Barve, Secretary to Government, Public Works Department, to consider the problems relating to congestion of traffic, deficiency of open spaces and playfields, shortage of housing and over-concentration of industry in the metropolitan and suburban areas of Bombay, and to recommend specific measures to deal with these.\nThe Barve Group reported in February 1959. One of its major recommendations was that a rail-cum-road bridge is built across the Thane Creek to connect peninsular Mumbai with the mainland. The group felt that the bridge would accelerate development across the Creek, relieve pressure on the city's railways and roadways, and draw away industrial and residential concentrations eastward to the mainland. The Group hoped that the eastward development would be orderly and would take place in a planned manner.\nThe Government of Maharashtra accepted the Barve Group recommendation. Another Committee under the Chairmanship of Prof. D.R. Gadgil, then Director of the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Poona was formed and asked: “to formulate broad principles of regional planning for the metropolitan regions of Mumbai Panvel and Pune and to make recommendations for the establishment of Metropolitan Authorities for preparation and execution of such plans”.\nThe Gadgil Committee inter-alia made two important recommendations which have influenced the planning for Navi Mumbai. One, a planned decentralisation of industries with severe restrictions on further industrial growth in the Bombay region. Two, development of the mainland area as a multi-nucleated settlement, each settlement smaller in size than 250,000 population. These multi-nucleated settlements are called nodes in the plan, where the entire development is proposed as a series of nodes strung out along the mass transit area. The nodes proposed by us are, however, more closely spaced than the multi-nucleated settlements envisaged by Dr. Gadgil. But the principle remains of individual settlements, self-contained in respect of schools and shopping and other essential services and separated from each other by green spaces.\nThe Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act was passed in 1966 and brought into force in January 1967. The Bombay Metropolitan Region was notified in June 1967 and a Regional Planning Board constituted under the Chairmanship of Shri L.G. Rajwade, I.C.S. The Draft Regional Plan of the Board was finalised in January 1970. It proposed the development of a twin city across the harbour, on the mainland to the east, as a counter-magnet to the office concentration taking place at the southern tip of Bombay. The alternative growth pole was to siphon off the over-concentration of jobs and population which further growth would cause in the city and reallocate these on the mainland. In making this recommendation, the Board was influenced by various factors such as the existing industrial sites in the Than-Belapur area and Taloja, the imminent completion of the Thana Creek Bridge and the proposal of the Bombay Port Trust to establish a new port at Nhava Sheva.\nThe Board recommended that the new metro-centre or Navi Mumbai as it is now called, be developed to accommodate a population of 2.1 million.[7]\nImplementation, development and issues[edit]\nNavi Mumbai traffic at the rush hour.\nLow Income Housing facilities in Navi Mumbai.\nVashi, Navi Mumbai\nSkyline of Nerul, Navi Mumbai\nSeawoods Grand Central Mall, Navi Mumbai\nUtsav Chowk at Kharghar\nThe planning of Navi Mumbai began in 1971 and involved leading architects and urban planner like Charles Correa (Chief Architect), Shirish Patel, Pravina Mehta[8] and R. K. Jha (Chief Planner),[9] The City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) was established on 17 March 1971, under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 for this purpose. The area covered 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the total 720 kilometres (450 mi) of the Konkan coast. Privately owned land consisting of 86 villages covering 15,954 hectares (39,420 acres) within the present limits of Navi Mumbai and further villages measuring an additional 2,870 hectares (7,100 acres) were acquired by the government of Maharashtra.[10] The major part of Navi Mumbai covers the southern part of Thane taluka (from Thane District) and part of Panvel and Uran taluka (from Raigad District).\nCIDCO carved out 19 small nodes with a view towards facilitating comprehensive development. These nodes were named Airoli, Ghansoli, Kopar Khairane, Juhu Nagar, Vashi, Turbhe, Sanpada, Juinagar, Nerul, Darave, Karave Nagar, CBD Belapur, Kharghar, Kamothe, New Panvel, Kalamboli, Ulwe, Dronagiri and Taloja.\nCIDCO planned and constructed all the railway stations, roads and public spaces in Navi Mumbai and developed nearby areas commercially.\nVashi Bridge across the creek.\nIn 1973, the Vashi bridge was opened to the public for residents of Vashi, CBD Belapur and Nerul. The Sion-Panvel Highway was built to reduce the time taken to travel from Sion to Panvel. Initially, there was not much response to the new city. Major changes took place only after 1990, with the commissioning of a wholesale agricultural produce market at Turbhe and the construction of a commuter railway line from Mankhurd to Vashi in May 1992. These developments caused a sudden growth in economic activities and population in Navi Mumbai.\nThe city was originally planned to create affordable housing for people who could not afford living in Mumbai. It was decided not to let any slum pockets pop up across the city. But it failed. as, according to the 2001 census, a fifth[11][12] to a third[13] of the population of municipalised Navi Mumbai lives in slums [14] and gaothans (urban villages),[10] with thousands of buildings violating planning norms.[15]\nBy the end of the 1990s, the planning authority of Navi Mumbai initiated private participation in the developmental activity of Navi Mumbai. A new railway link between Nerul and Uran was inaugurated on 11 November 2018.[16] Southern Navi Mumbai is being developed rapidly with its class infrastructure and modern nodes of Kharghar, Kamothe, Panvel and Kalamboli. These nodes are experiencing major infrastructural developments due to their proximity to the proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport. Also, the latest development known as 'One Time Planning' with an estimated budget of ₹12,821 crores is underway to transform the municipalised Navi Mumbai on the lines of the Mega Cities of the world.\nAdministration[edit]\nCIDCO[edit]\nWhen Navi Mumbai was created in the 1970s, CIDCO was the only authority that looked after the development and maintenance of the city. CIDCO prepared a developmental plan for Navi Mumbai covering 95 villages all over the city.\nNavi Mumbai streets at night\nFor the first ten years of the project CIDCO acted as the planning and administrative body and as the developer and builder for the project. Taxes on property, land, commercial and water were payable to CIDCO.\nCIDCO planned 14 nodes divided into the North and the South part.[17] The 7 nodes in the North part are Airoli node, Ghansoli node, Kopar Khairane node, Vashi node, Sanpada node, Nerul node and Belapur node. The 7 nodes in the South part are Kharghar node, Kamothe node, Kalamboli, Pushpak node, Panvel node, Ulwe node and Dronagiri node. Also, two municipal bodies have been established, Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) in the North and Panvel Municipal Corporation in the South.Each of the nodes is divided into smaller groups called sectors.\nInitially only Juhu Vashi, Nerul and CBD Belapur were developed by CIDCO with housing, schools and community centre roads. But after the arrival of the harbour railway line extension in the 1990s, there was an increase in population. CIDCO shifted its development plan to nodes like Kharghar, Kamothe, New Panvel and Kopar Khairane. In its new development plan, CIDCO land was allocated to builders for housing. CIDCO only provided basic infrastructure like roads, water and electricity, these nodes were developed mostly by private builders according to the CIDCO plan.\nThe newly developed nodes of Navi Mumbai on the south side like Kharghar, Kamothe, New Panvel and Kalamboli are maintained by CIDCO. These nodes, which are all beyond CBD Belapur, come under the Raigad district.\nNMMC[edit]\nOn 17 December 1991, Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) was constituted by the state government for maintaining some of the developed nodes of Navi Mumbai.\nLocal self-government started on 1 January 1992. NMMC was handed nine of the 14 nodes of the Navi Mumbai project area for its jurisdiction. However, CIDCO, as a planning authority, has rights on the open plots in these five nodes.\nThe NMMC jurisdiction starts at Digha in the North and ends at Belapur in the South.[18] The NMMC area is planned into nine nodes (zones). The nine nodes are Belapur node, Nerul node, Turbhe node, Vashi node, Kopar Khairane node, Ghansoli node, Airoli node, Digha node and Dahisar node.\nNMMC Main Building\nWith annual budget exceeding Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation, it is rated amongst the richest corporations in Maharashtra.\nThe municipal corporation is headed by a municipal commissioner and an elected mayor. Currently, the Mayor of Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation is Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) member Mr. J.D.Sutar. There are 111 electoral wards in Navi Mumbai.[19] A corporator is elected in each of the wards.\nPMC[edit]\nRecently a resolution has been passed by the general body of the Panvel Municipal Council (PMC), which previously administered the city of Old Panvel spread across an area of 12.11 sq. km. with a population of 1.8 lakh (0.18 mn), lead to upgrade the Municipal Council to a Municipal Corporation.[20][21] But the minimum requirement for the formation of a Municipal Corporation is having a population of at least 300,000 which the Council falls short of. Hence, a decision has been made by the PMC to incorporate the adjacent nodes of Navi Mumbai under CIDCO's jurisdiction and surrounding villages in the proposed Panvel Municipal Corporation. This would add another 593,000 people under its administration.[22] thereby clearing the first hurdle.\nThe decision propounds that instead of merging the administration of newly developed nodes of Navi Mumbai including New Panvel, Kamothe, Kalamboli, Kharghar, parts of Uran and developing nodes of Ulwe and Dronagiri, which are currently overseen by CIDCO, with NMMC, they should be incorporated under the proposed Panvel Municipal Corporation. This opinion is the result of a political agenda. The fact is, of the total 16 nodes of Navi Mumbai 10 are under NMMC and the rest are under CIDCO. NMMC's jurisdiction is limited within the boundaries of the Thane district, which is a foothold of the Nationalist Congress Party, while the remaining nodes are in the Raigad district, where parties like Bharatiya Janata Party, Shiv Sena and Peasants and Workers Party of India are most active. Hence, the local politicians, especially Panvel MLA Prashant Thakur, oppose the merger of all the nodes under one Municipal Corporation citing political conspiracy.[23][24] In Panvel Municipal Corporation BJP is in power and Peasants and Workers Party of India leading the opposition represent by Pritam Mhatre.[25]\nThe proposal is to be tabled before the Maharashtra State government which has appointed an expert committee to study the feasibility of the demand to upgrade the Panvel Municipal Council to a Municipal Corporation.[20]\nBut there is some discontent among the residents of the Kharghar node. The residents and some NGOs from Kharghar have voiced their demand for Kharghar to be inducted under NMMC as it would provide them with better civic amenities and would make Kharghar eligible to be a part of the proposed plan of making Navi Mumbai a Smart City which includes only the area under NMMC's jurisdiction.[26] But, in actual, CIDCO South Navi Mumbai will be MMR's second smart city. The other one being the North Navi Mumbai, which is under NMMC's jurisdiction. State government has asked CIDCO to develop South Navi Mumbai as a smart city as it will be a role model for other states in the country. Smart City project includes, Navi Mumbai International Airport, Mumbai Trans Harbour Link connecting Ulwe with Sewri, a long coastal link from Dronagiri, extension of the Palm Beach Road from Kopar Khairane to Airoli, extension of national highway, local train railway from Panvel to Ulwe and Uran, new metro projects, including CBD Belapur, Taloja, Khandeshwar and Navi Mumbai airport metro project, development of fourth container terminal in JNPT, new greenfield cities, one near Uran, affordable housing schemes for low income groups and Project Affected Peoples (PAPs), new parks, playgrounds, auditoriums, bhavans, noise and air quality index checkers using advanced technologies, modern sewage treatment plants. CIDCO has its own plan of developing the area under its jurisdiction (informally called as Navi Mumbai South) as a smart city. Everything will be completed 2022, except the airport.[27][28]\nDemographics[edit]\nAs per provisional reports of Census India, population of Navi Mumbai in 2011 is 1,119,477; out of which males and females are 611,501 and 507,976 respectively. Although, Navi Mumbai city has population of 1,119,477; its urban / metropolitan population is 18,414,288 of which 9,894,088 are males and 8,520,200 are females. At least 65.5% of population speaks Marathi language in Navi mumbai.\nIn education section, the total number of literate individuals in Navi Mumbai city is 911,542. Out of this number, 519,257 are males while 392,285 are females. Average literacy rate of Navi Mumbai city is 91.57 percent of which male and female literacy was 95.05 and 87.33 percent.\nThe sex ratio of Navi Mumbai city is 831 females per 1000 males. Child sex ratio of girls is 901 per 1000 boys.\nTransport[edit]\nDEMU train at Panvel, Navi Mumbai\nNMMT AC VOLVO\nBelapur Railway Station\nVashi Station Complex at night.\nNavi Mumbai has a robust infrastructure, is well connected to other parts of the state and country and is relatively less polluted compared to Mumbai. The city has a good public transportation system with NMMT, the transport wing of NMMC, serving the bus commuters, the Mumbai suburban railway serving the train commuters and a large fleet of auto rickshaws for intra-nodal commute. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway starts at Kalamboli in Navi Mumbai. The Mumbai Trans Harbour Link (MTHL), also known as the Sewri-Nhava Sheva Trans Harbour Link, is an under construction 22-kilometre (14 mi) long freeway grade road bridge connecting South Mumbai with Navi Mumbai.[29]\nThe Mumbai suburban railway network covers most of the populated region of the city. The most important suburban stations are Vashi, Nerul, Belapur and Panvel. The stations are planned as major railway junctions. Panvel is the only mainline station and also the busiest railway station of Navi Mumbai. All outstation trains halt here for time periods varying from 5 to 20 minutes. It is an important junction, railway lines come and meet here and it is connected to almost all parts of India. A new broad gauge line is functional between Karjat & Panvel.\nBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) buses run from various area of Mumbai to Navi Mumbai & Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) buses run all over Navi Mumbai and various area in Mumbai, Thane, Bhiwandi, Kalyan-Dombivli-Badlapur, Panvel-Khopoli-Taloja, Uran-Ulwe etc. NMMT runs AC Volvo buses from Navi Mumbai to Mumbai, Thane and Kalyan-Dombivli. The Palm Beach Marg, a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) long six lane road connects Vashi to CBD Belapur running parallel to the Thane creek.\nNMMT Routes in Navi Mumbai\nNMMT 1 CBD Belapur Bus Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT 2 Divanagar (Airoli Sector 10) to Purna Village (Bhiwandi) Via Thane Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT 3 Ghansoli Depot to Thane Rly Stn (W) Via Patni\nNMMT 4 Vashi (Sector 07) Bus Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT 7 Vashi Rly Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT 8 Vashi Rly Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W) Via Ghansoli Village\nNMMT 9 Vashi Rly Stn to Ghansoli Depot\nNMMT 10 Sanpada Rly Stn to Ghansoli Depot Via APMC Market\nNMMT 11 Sanpada Rly Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W) Via MIDC\nNMMT 15 Nerul Sector 46/48 to DY Patil College (Nerul LP)\nNMMT 17 Nerul Rly Stn (E) to Baman Dongri Rly Stn (Ulwe)\nNMMT 18 Ghansoli Depot to Kharkopar Rly Stn (Ulwe)\nNMMT 20 Ghansoli Depot to Nerul Sector 46/48\nNMMT 21 Vashi (Sector 07) Bus Stn to Artist Colony (CBD) Via Nerul (E)\nNMMT 22 Vashi (Sector 07) Bus Stn to Jalvayu Vihar (Kharghar) Via Nerul (W)\nNMMT 23 CBD Belapur Bus Stn to Kharkopar Rly Stn (Ulwe)\nNMMT 24 Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Thane Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT 26 Belapur Rly Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT 30 Kalamboli (Roadpali) to Uran Via Belapur Rly Stn\nNMMT 31 Kopar Khairane Bus Stn to Uran\nNMMT 34 Jui Nagar Rly Stn (E) to JNPT\nNMMT 41 Vashi Rly Stn to Dombivli Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka\nNMMT 42 Vashi Rly Stn to Dombivli Rly Stn (W) Via Kopar Khairane\nNMMT 44 Belapur Rly Stn to Dombivli Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka\nNMMT 46 Vashi Rly Stn to Badlapur Fire Brigade Via Turbhe Naka\nNMMT 47 Belapur Rly Stn to Badlapur Fire Brigade Via Taloja MIDC\nNMMT 50 Kopar Khairane Bus Stn to Panvel Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT 52 Belapur Rly Stn to Taloja Via Kharghar\nNMMT 53 Kharghar Rly Stn to Kharghar Sector 36\nNMMT 54 Kharghar Rly Stn to RAF Colony\nNMMT 55 Ghansoli Depot to Taloja Via Kharghar\nNMMT 56 Mansarovar Rly Stn to Roadpali Via Kalamboli\nNMMT 57 Mansarovar Rly Stn to Panvel Rly Stn (E) Via Khanda Colony\nNMMT 58 Vashi Bus Stn. to Khopoli Via Panvel\nNMMT 60 Vashi Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka\nNMMT 61 Belapur Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Turbhe Naka\nNMMT 62 Vashi Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Kopar Khairane\nNMMT 71 Belapur Rly Stn to Kalyan Rly Stn (W) Via Taloja MIDC\nNMMT 75 Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Sai Nagar (Old Panvel)\nNMMT 76 Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Karanjade Sector 06\nNMMT 77 Panvel Rly Stn (E) to Mahalaxmi Nagar (Nere Village)\nNMMT 81 Vashi Rly Stn to Mumbra Retibunder Via Turbhe Naka\nNMMT 82 Vashi Rly Stn to Diva Rly Stn (E) Via Turbhe Naka\nNMMT 83 Airoli Bus Stn to Thane Rly Stn (W) Via Patni\nNMMT 84 Kurla Rly Stn (E) to Mumbra Retibunder Via Kopar Khairane\nNMMT 100 Vashi Rly Stn to Lokmanya Nagar (Thane) Via Mulund Gawanpada\nNMMT 103 Panvel Rly Stn (W) to Dadar (Hindmata)\nNMMT 119 Airoli Bus Stn to World Trade Centre Via Eastern Freeway\nNMMT 144 Airoli Bus Stn to Andheri Rly Stn (E)\nNMMT AC 105 CBD Belapur Bus Stn to Bandra Rly Stn (W)\nNMMT AC 106 Panvel Rly Stn (W) to World Trade Centre Via Eastern Freeway\nNMMT AC 108 Nerul Sec 46/48 to World Trade Centre Via Eastern Freeway\nNMMT AC 110 Jalvayu Vihar (Kharghar) to World Trade Centre Via Eastern Freeway\nNMMT AC 111 Panvel Rly Stn (W) to World Trade Centre Via Dadar\nNMMT AC 114 Ghansoli Depot to World Trade Centre Via Eastern Freeway\nNMMT AC 115 Kharkopar Rly Stn (Ulwe) to World Trade Centre Via Dadar\nNMMT AC 125 Jalvayu Vihar (Kharghar) to Borivali Rly Stn (E) Via Eastern Express Highway\nNMMT AC 131 Airoli Bus Stn to Borivali Rly Stn (E) Via Ghodbunder Road\nBEST Routes in Navi Mumbai\nBEST 501 Kurla Rly Stn (E) to Airoli Bus Stn\nBEST 502 Tata Power Stn to Nerul Sector 46/48\nBEST 504 Wadala Depot to Jalvayu Vihar (Kharghar)\nBEST 505 Bandra Depot to CBD Belapur Bus Stn\nBEST 506 Jijamata Udyan (Byculla) to Nerul Bus Stn\nBEST 507 Santacruz Rly Stn (E) to Nerul Bus Stn Via SCLR\nBEST 511 Mulund (W) Check Naka Bus Stn to Nerul Bus Stn Via Ghatkopar\nBEST 512 Mulund (W) Check Naka Bus Stn to Nerul Bus Stn\nBEST 513 Gawanpada Mulund (E) to Vashi Rly Stn\nBEST 517 Santacruz Rly Stn (E) to APMC Market (Vashi)\nBEST 521 Vasantrao Naik Chowk (Tardeo) to Ghansoli Gharonda\nBEST 522 Marol Depot to Vashi Rly Stn\nBEST 523 Dindoshi Depot to Millenium Business Park (Mahape)\nBEST 524 Borivali Rly Stn (E) to APMC Market (Vashi)\nBEST 525 Dindoshi Depot to APMC Market (Vashi)\nBEST 533 Andheri Rly Stn (W) to APMC Market (Vashi)\nBEST 545 Agarkar Chowk Andheri Rly Stn (E) to Airoli Bus Stn\nBEST C-50 World Trade Centre to Vashi Bus Stn Via Eastern Freeway\nBEST C-53 Ghatkopar Depot to Kalamboli Bus Stn\nBEST C-55 Bandra Depot to CBD Belapur Bus Stn Via SCLR\nBEST A-511 Ghatkopar Depot to Vashi Bus Stn\nKDMT Routes in Navi Mumbai\nKDMT 11 Kalyan Rly Stn (W) to Vashi Rly Stn\nKDMT 15 Kalyan Rly Stn (W) to Belapur Rly Stn\nKDMT 20 Kalyan Rly Stn (W) to Panvel Rly Stn (W)\nKDMT 70 Dombivli Rly Stn (E) to Panvel Rly Stn (W)\nKDMT AC 81 Dombivli Rly Stn (W) to Vashi Rly Stn\nKDMT AC 108 Kalyan Rly Stn (W) to Vashi Rly Stn\nTMT Routes in Navi Mumbai\nTMT 141 Diva Rly Stn (E) to Vashi Rly Stn Via Turbhe Naka\nAuto rickshaws provide inter as well as intra nodal public transport across the city. Taxis operating from designated taxi stands provide the means to travel to further destinations. Taxis charge a fixed rate approved by the R.T.O. details of which can be found on popular local transit apps of the city.[30]\nNavi Mumbai has the largest container terminal in India, Jawaharlal Nehru Port at Nhava Sheva near Uran.[31] It is well connected by road and rail, and handles approximately 56.13% of India's container traffic.[32][33] The Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, 30 km away, is the nearest airport to the city.\nInternational Airport[edit]\nMain article: Navi Mumbai International Airport\nThe Navi Mumbai International Airport[34] is being constructed in southern Panvel area near Ulwe. It is being built through Public Private Partnership (PPP), with private sector partners having 74% equity and the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and Government of Maharashtra (through CIDCO) each holding 13%.\nThe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has already given techno-feasibility clearance to the airport. The central government provided cabinet approval for the construction on 31 May 2007. While an opening date of 2020 has been mooted, as of March 2018, construction has yet to start.[35]\nMetro Rail[edit]\nMain article: Navi Mumbai Metro\nThe Navi Mumbai Metro is an under construction rapid transit system in Navi Mumbai. A network of as many as six lines have been planned of which four lines will be constructed by CIDCO in the Navi Mumbai south region, the second and third line of the metro system will be constructed by NMMC and MMRDA respectively. The first line of the metro system is being constructed by CIDCO. This line includes three phases. In the first phase, the line will join the CBD Belapur station on the Mumbai suburban railway and Pendhar village. In the second phase, the line will join Taloja MIDC and Khandeshwar node (which will be extended to the Navi Mumbai International Airport in Ulwe node of the city), and in the third phase, the line will link the Pendhar and Taloja MIDC metro stations. The first phase of the line 1 is slated to become operational by 2020 and CIDCO has claimed to make the network of its four lines fully operational by 2022-2023 along with operationalisation of the city's International Airport in Ulwe node. The cost of the metro project has risen from 4,163 crore for 21.45 km in 2011 to 8,904 crore for 26.26 km in 2018.\nInfrastructure[edit]\nBasic infrastructure worth ₹40 billion (US$560 million) is already in place.[36] The city boasts a reliable supply of electricity from various sources, and excellent motoring conditions, with numerous flyovers, broad roads, and parking lots. The main problem which the residents face is poor connectivity with Mumbai, with only two road links between the two cities and a single rail line. A hovercraft service from Vashi to Colaba and the CBD to Colaba did not succeed due to the high cost of tickets and maintenance. Cidco is planning to relaunch its hovercraft service from Vashi, Belapur, Nerul and Airoli to Gateway of India.\nServices[edit]\nThere are adequate utility services, banks, restaurants, malls, multiplexes and other shops in Navi Mumbai. The City boasts several shopping malls such as Little World Mall, Glomax Mall, Prime mall and Pacific Mall in the most developed node of Navi Mumbai, Kharghar; K-Mall and the Orion mall in Panvel node of the city; Center One, Palm Beach Galleria, Citi Center, Raghuleela Mall and Inorbit Mall in Vashi, alongwith the Seawoods Grand Central Mall in Seawoods. Throughout Navi Mumbai supermarkets and hypermarkets like Big Bazaar, Reliance Smart, Reliance Smart points, Apna Bazaar, More, Spencer's, Reliance Fresh, Spinach, Daily Bazar and Fairprice cater to the shopping needs of the residents. DMart has launched eight hypermarkets in Navi Mumbai.\nLeading banks such as Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, South Indian Bank, State Bank of India, Union Bank, Saraswat Bank, Bank of Baroda, AXIS Bank, Canara Bank, Oriental Bank of Commerce, Central Bank of India, Bank of Maharashtra, State Bank of Hyderabad, Citibank India, ICICI Bank, Jammu & Kashmir Bank and HDFC Bank have their branches and ATMs around Navi Mumbai. The Reserve Bank of India has served the people of Navi Mumbai since 2001.\nCultural centres include the Navi Mumbai Tamil Sangam.\nNavi Mumbai has some three-star and five-star hotels; namely Royal Tulip (five-star hotel in Kharghar), The Hotel Three Star (In Kharghar), The Park (Belapur CBD), Fortune Select Exotica-Member ITC Hotel Group (Vashi), to name a few.\nCommerce[edit]\nVashi station complex\nCricket Stadium in Nerul\nDMC Airoli College\nThe Navi Mumbai Special Economic Zone (SEZ) located in the nodes of Dronagiri and Kalamboli are planned to provide commercial growth and employment to the city. Positioned en route the proposed Navi Mumbai Airport, this megaproject has attracted investments of close to 40,000 crores.[citation needed] Navi Mumbai is a new hub for newly incorporated companies & start ups to establish their base in Mumbai.[37] As per the list of newly incorporated companies in Navi Mumbai around 500 new & startups companies were registered in and around the region every month.\nSports[edit]\nThe DY Patil International Stadium in Nerul\nCricket is the prevalent sport in the city. Navi Mumbai has its own International Cricket Ground in Shiravne (Nerul) called the DY Patil Stadium which hosts IPL T-20 matches, including hosting the 2008 and 2010 IPL finals. It is also the home ground for the Indian Super League football club Mumbai City FC. The Fr. Agnel Stadium in Vashi is the training ground of the team.\nNavi Mumbai has an Olympic-size swimming pool at Nerul. CIDCO has proposed two 18-hole golf course academies at Nerul and Kharghar. There are plans to have sports facilities in the proposed 80 hectare Central Park being developed in Kharghar. The CIDCO has also constructed a 11-hole golf course in Kharghar near Central Park.\nEducation[edit]\nMain article: Schools and Colleges in Navi Mumbai\nProvision of schools and colleges was priority in the planning of Navi Mumbai. The nodes (townships) were designed to provide one primary school per 5,000 populations, one high school for 12,500 populations and one college for 50,000 population.\nEach of the nodes is self-sufficient in terms of providing quality education. Students are given access to various syllabi, including the State Education Board, CBSE, IGCSE, IB and ICSE patterns. Other than this, CIDCO encouraged private institutions as well.\nAbout 22.5% of the total population is considered to be school-going children. Most students attend school and college within their node (township). 76% of the students walk to their school or college, 12% use public transport, 10% use bicycles and only 2% travel by school bus.\nA number of premier schools and colleges have been set up in Navi Mumbai. And not just local students, but students from Mumbai and even outside come to Navi Mumbai in their quest for quality education. As such, Navi Mumbai is quickly acquiring the title of educational hub.[38]\nColleges[edit]\nDY Patil University\nIIM Indore (Mumbai Campus)\nNational Institute of Fashion Technology\nFr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology\nCDAC Kharghar.\nIndian Maritime University, Navi Mumbai Campus\nSchools[edit]\nApeejay School, Nerul\nApeejay School, Kharghar\nAvalon Heights International School\nD.A.V Public School, Nerul\nDayanand Anglo Vedic Public School, Airoli\nDelhi Public School, Nerul\nFr. Agnel Multipurpose School and Junior College, Vashi\nGoldcrest High International School\nNew Horizon Scholars School, Airoli\nRyan International Schools, Sanpada, Kharghar, Vashi, Kalamboli\nSacred Heart High School, Vashi\nVIBGYOR Group of Schools, Airoli\nVIBGYOR Group of Schools, Kharghar\nVishwajyot High School, Kharghar\nThis section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (August 2021)\nPresentation Convent School, Nerul\nReliance Foundation School, KoparKhairne\nSt. Lawrence High School, Vashi\nSt Mary's ICSE School, KoparKhairne\nSt.Mary's Multipurpose High School, Vashi\nReferences[edit]\n^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZKD4uFIlQIEC&pg=PA81&dq=Greater+Bombay+Metropolitan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-ysuHsOvyAhVW7HMBHeb1C0Q4ChDoAXoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=Greater%20Bombay%20Metropolitan&f=false\n^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3DYZwpHuqvUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Greater+Bombay+Metropolitan+Area&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Greater%20Bombay%20Metropolitan%20Area&f=false\n^ \"CIDCO :: Population\". Cidco.maharashtra.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"Introduction\". CIDCO. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"Navi Mumbai A Cruel Joke\". Mumbai Mirror. 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.\n^ \"Swachh Survekshan -2016 – ranks of 73 cities\". pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"CIDCO :: Evolution of Navi Mumbai\". Cidco.maharashtra.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"Master class with Charles Correa\". Mumbai Mirror. 9 June 2013. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.\n^ Mehta, H.: Man who built Navi Mumbai is in Gujarat Archived 2 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Times of India, 21 February 2010. Accessed 27 January 2014.\n^ a b Chatterjee, Piu (7 July 2014). \"Urban Villages in Globalized India: Degenerative Growth Processes in Navi Mumbai\". Inclusive. Journal of the Kolkata Centre for Contemporary Studies. ISSN 2278-9758. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015.\n^ \"Slum population-- 2001 Census\" (PDF). Visionmumbai.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.\n^ Srivastav, Amit (15 December 2012). \"Slum-hub\". Afternoon Despatch & Courier, Mumbai. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2015.\n^ Vijapurkar, Mahesh (18 June 2015). \"Navi Mumbai was Charles Correa's dream: Here's how it turned into a nightmare\". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.\n^ \"Slum and Non-Slum Population, Sex ratio and Literacy rate by City/ Towns, in Maharashtra State 2001\". ENVIS Centre on Population and Environment (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India). Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.\n^ Bhosale, Arpika (12 April 2013). \"23,000 illegal two-storey buildings in Navi Mumbai\". Free Press Journal. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2015.\n^ Nov 11, PTI | Updated; 2018; Ist, 18:39. \"uran rail line commissioned: Mumbai: First phase of Nerul-Seawoods-Uran rail line commissioned | Mumbai News - Times of India\". The Times of India. Retrieved 23 January 2020. CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n^ \"Development Plan\". CIDCO. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2021.\n^ \"Zoning\". NMMC. Retrieved 12 March 2021.\n^ \"Elected Members\". Nmmconline.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ a b U K Nambiar (12 December 2015), Talks begin to give corporation status to PMC, Navi Mumbai: TOI, TNN, archived from the original on 6 August 2016, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ Bhavika Jain (9 December 2015), 2 new civic bodies on cards, Mumbai: TOI, TNN, archived from the original on 10 December 2015, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ Umesh K Parida (20 December 2015), PMC's civic body plan includes 3 more villages, Navi Mumbai: TOI, TNN, archived from the original on 9 August 2017, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ George Mendonca (28 November 2013), Panvel MLA opposes merger of developed nodes with Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation, Navi Mumbai: TOI, TNN, archived from the original on 3 July 2018, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ Rahul M Tawade (29 November 2013), Upgrade Panvel council to corporation level rather merging it with civic body, says Prashant Thakur, Panvel: DNA, DNA, archived from the original on 24 December 2015, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ \"महाआघाडीच्या गटनेतेपदी प्रीतम म्हात्रे\". Maharashtra Times.\n^ Sunnidh Poojary (19 August 2015), Include Kharghar in NMMC jurisdiction, Kharghar: DNA, archived from the original on 22 December 2015, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ \"CIDCO announces Rs 34,000-crore smart city project\", The Hindu, Mumbai, 3 December 2015, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ BS Reporter (5 December 2015), Cidco launches Navi Mumbai smart city project, Mumbai: Business Standard, archived from the original on 22 December 2015, retrieved 20 December 2015\n^ \"Mumbai Trans-Harbour Link May Be Ready Before 2022 Deadline, Says Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray\". BloombergQuint. Retrieved 15 January 2020.\n^ Kamal, Hassan. \"Good news for the daily commuter\". Mid-day.com. Mid-Day. Archived from the original on 2 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.\n^ \"India's major ports see 6.7 percent growth in container volumes\". JOC.com. 7 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.\n^ \"JNPT's 12-lane freight corridor to ease traffic snarls around Mumbai\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2017.\n^ \"JNPT\". Jnport.gov.in. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"GMR cites 'execution challenges', may exit Navi Mumbai airport project\". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 February 2017.\n^ \"NAVI MUMBAI AIRPORT MAY NOT BE COMPLETED BY DEADLINE\". Mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\n^ \"Maharashtra IT Parks\". 17 April 2002. Archived from the original on 17 April 2002.\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n^ \"CIDCO :: Educational Infrastructure\". Cidco.maharashtra.gov.in. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Navi Mumbai.\nNavi Mumbai travel guide from Wikivoyage\n\"Places to Visit in Navi Mumbai\", Tripoto, retrieved 2 November 2014\nNavi Mumbai Municipal Corporation Accessed 11 October 2012.\nNavi Mumbai Special Economic Zone\nCIDCO – City and Industrial Development Corporation Accessed 29 June 2013.\n[1] navi Mumbai metro train trial\nArticles Related to Navi Mumbai\nv\nt\ne\nNavi Mumbai\nGeography\nKashid Beach\nMajor roads\nPalm Beach Road\nLondon Pilsner (LP), Nerul\nBusiness districts\nCBD Belapur\nVashi\nNerul\nMahape\nMIDC\nShopping\nRaghuleela Mall\nLarge structures\nDY Patil Stadium\nUtsav Chowk\nNavi Mumbai International Airport\nEducation\nFr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology\nApeejay School Nerul\nBharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering\nKarmaveer Bhaurao Patil College\nRamrao Adik Institute of Technology\nSouth Indian Education Society\nTerna Engineering College\nPillai's Institute of Information Technology Engineering, Media Studies & Research,New Panvel\nNodes\nNMMC\nCBD Belapur\nNerul\nTurbhe\nVashi\nKopar Khairane\nGhansoli\nAiroli\nDigha\nCIDCO\nKharghar\nKamothe\nKalamboli\nPanvel\nUlwe\nDronagiri\nv\nt\ne\nMumbai topics\nHistory\nTimeline\nShilahara dynasty\nBombay Presidency\nSeven Islands of Bombay\nElephanta Caves\nBanganga Tank\nOld Bombay\nWorli Fort\nGirangaon\nSamyukta Maharashtra Samiti\nTanks\nGrowth of Mumbai\n1992–93 riots\n1993 bombings\n2008 attacks\nTerrorism\nGeography\nPowai Lake\nVihar Lake\nTulsi Lake\nThane Creek\nMahim Bay\nBack Bay\nMithi River\nUlhas River\nGilbert Hill\nMalabar Hill\nSalsette Island\nMumbai Harbour\nMiddle Ground\nClimate\nBeaches\nEastern Suburbs\nWestern Suburbs\nSouth Mumbai\nNeighbourhoods\nBuildings\nArchitecture of Mumbai\nGateway of India\nChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus\nNaval Dockyard\nBombay Stock Exchange\nHutatma Chowk\nGeneral Post Office\nShreepati Arcade\nSiddhivinayak Temple\nRegal Cinema\nMount Mary's Church\nHaji Ali Dargah\nFlora Fountain\nDavid Sassoon Library\nMumba Devi Temple\nMahalaxmi Temple\nChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum)\nNational Gallery of Modern Art\nThe Asiatic Society of Mumbai\nJehangir Art Gallery\nGowalia Tank\nShri Swaminarayan Mandir\nMahim Church\nUsha Kiran Building\nTransport\nBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)\nMumbai Suburban Railway\nCentral Line\nHarbour Line\nNerul–Uran Line\nTrans-Harbour Line\nWestern Line\nCentral Railway\nWestern Railway\nChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport\nBandra Terminus and suburban station\nChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus\nDadar railway station and suburban station\nLokmanya Tilak Terminus\nMumbai Central railway station\nJuhu Aerodrome\nAuto rickshaw\nMetro\nLine 1\nLine 2\nLine 3\nLine 4\nLine 5\nLine 6\nLine 7\nLine 8\nLine 9\nLine 10\nLine 11\nLine 12\nLine 13\nMonorail\nSkywalk\nWestern railway elevated corridor\nWater transport\nMumbai Bus Rapid Transit System\nMumbai Urban Transport Project\nRoads\nAiroli Bridge\nAltamount Road\nBandra–Worli Sea Link\nCarmichael Road\nColaba Causeway\nCoastal Road (under construction)\nCurrey Road Bridge\nDadabhai Naoroji Road\nEastern Express Highway\nEastern Freeway\nFashion Street\nHughes Road\nJeejabai Bhosle Marg\nJVLR\nLinking Road\nLady Jamshetjee Road\nLBS Marg\nLamington Road\nMahim Causeway\nMarine Drive\nMTHL\nNepean Sea Road\nP D'Mello Road\nPedder Road\nPrincess Street\nSCLR\nSV Road\nSahar Elevated Access Road\nSion Panvel Highway\nVashi Bridge\nVersova–Bandra Sea Link\nVeera Desai Road\nWestern Express Highway\nEconomy\nBombay Stock Exchange\nNational Stock Exchange of India\nReserve Bank of India\nMint\nDalal Street\nNariman Point\nEducation\nand research\nUniversities\nand colleges\nUniversity of Mumbai (MU)\nSNDT Women's University\nIIT Bombay (IIT-B)\nInstitute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)\nVeermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)\nNITIE\nJamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)\nSP Jain Institute of Management and Research\nDr. Homi Bhabha State University\nSydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE)\nNMIMS\nSt. Xavier's College\nSathaye College\nRamnarain Ruia College\nD. G. Ruparel College\nRamniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics\nMulund College of Commerce\nV. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce\nSchools\nBombay Scottish School\nCampion School\nCathedral and John Connon School\nDhirubhai Ambani International School\nDon Bosco High School\nDr. Antonio Da Silva High School\nHoly Family High School\nJamnabai Narsee School\nKendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan\nRaja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School)\nSt. Theresa's Boys High School\nInstitutes for science\nand learning\nTata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)\nBhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)\nNehru Planetarium\nNehru Science Centre\nTata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)\nCentre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)\nCivic\nMayor\nPolice Commissioner\nMunicipal Commissioner\nBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation\nMumbai Police\nWards\nBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport\nDemographics\nWater sources\nBombay High Court\nSheriff\nCulture\nArt Deco\nMarathi\nMumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya\nDabbawalas\nMumbaikar\nStreet food\nVada pav\nBhel puri\nSev puri\nDahi puri\nPanipuri\nRagda pattice\nCultural centres\nCinemas\nKala Ghoda festival\nMumbai Marathon\nMumbai Pride\nTourist attractions\nLittle Bombay, Jersey City, USA\nReligion\nJainism in Mumbai\nRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay\nHistory of the Jews in Mumbai\nList of churches in Mumbai\nAnglican Diocese of Bombay\nMumbai Orthodox Diocese\nOther topics\nMumbai High Field\nKamathipura\nDharavi\nPeople from Mumbai\nCategory\nCommons\nv\nt\ne\nMumbai metropolitan area\nSouth Mumbai\nAltamount Road\nByculla\nCarmichael Road\nChurchgate\nColaba\nCuffe Parade\nDadar\nDharavi\nKala Ghoda\nKalbadevi\nKemps Corner\nLower Parel\nMahalaxmi\nMahim\nMalabar Hill\nMarine Lines\nMatunga\nMazagaon\nMumbai Central\nNariman Point\nParel\nPrabhadevi\nSewri\nSion\nWadala\nWalkeshwar\nWorli\nNavi Mumbai\nAiroli\nBelapur (CBD)\nGhansoli\nJuinagar\nKharghar\nKoparkhairane\nMahape\nNew Panvel\nNerul\nSanpada\nSeawoods\nTaloja\nVashi\nEastern Suburbs\nBhandup\nChembur\nGhatkopar\nGovandi\nHiranandani Gardens\nKanjurmarg\nKurla\nMankhurd\nMulund\nNahur\nPowai\nTrombay\nVidyavihar\nVikhroli\nWestern Suburbs\nAndheri\nBandra\nBorivali\nDahisar\nGorai\nGoregaon\nKhar\nJogeshwari\nJuhu\nKandivali\nMadh Island\nMarol\nMalad\nOshiwara\nSaki Naka\nSantacruz\nVersova\nVile Parle\nMira-Bhayandar (Thane district)\nBhayandar\nMira Road\nUttan\nThane (Thane district)\nDiva\nGhodbunder Road\nKopri\nKolshet\nKausa\nKalwa\nMajiwada\nMumbra\nShil Phata\nThane\nWagle Estate\nKalyan-Dombivali (Thane district)\nDombivli\nKalyan\nMohone\nThakurli\nTitwala\nUlhasnagar (Thane district)\nAmbernath\nBadlapur\nKulgaon\nShahad\nUlhasnagar\nVithalwadi\nBhiwandi-Nizampur (Thane district)\nBhiwandi\nNizampur\nVasai-Virar (Palghar district)\nBoisar\nManickpur\nNaigaon\nNala Sopara\nNavghar\nPalghar\nVasai\nVasai Road\nVirar\nSuburbs in Raigad district\nAlibag\nKarjat\nKhalapur\nKhopoli\nMatheran\nNeral\nPen\nRasayani\nv\nt\ne\nState of Maharashtra\nCapital: Mumbai Second capital: Nagpur\nTopics\nHistory\nGeography\nEconomy\nTourism\nHighest point\nMarathi language\nCulture\nMarathi people\nMarathi literature\nDemographics\nReligion\nMarathi cinema\nMaharashtrian cuisine\nSports\nRegions\nDesh\nKhandesh\nKonkan\nMumbai Metropolitan Region\nMarathwada\nVidarbha\nDivisions and\nDistricts\nAmravati division\nAkola\nAmravati\nBuldhana\nWashim\nYavatmal\nKonkan division\nMumbai\nMumbai Suburban\nPalghar\nRaigad\nRatnagiri\nSindhudurg\nThane\nAurangabad division\nAurangabad\nBeed\nHingoli\nJalna\nLatur\nNanded\nOsmanabad\nParbhani\nNagpur division\nBhandara\nChandrapur\nGadchiroli\nGondia\nNagpur\nWardha\nNashik division\nAhmednagar\nDhule\nJalgaon\nNandurbar\nNashik\nPune division\nKolhapur\nPune\nSangli\nSatara\nSolapur\nMillion-plus cities\nin Maharashtra\nMumbai\nPune\nNagpur\nAurangabad\nNashik\nSolapur\nThane\nPimpri-Chinchwad\nKalyan-Dombivli\nVasai-Virar\nNavi Mumbai\nOther cities with\nmunicipal corporations\nAhmednagar\nAkola\nAmravati\nBhiwandi\nChandrapur\nDhule\nJalgaon\nKolhapur\nLatur\nMalegaon\nMira-Bhayandar\nNanded\nPanvel\nParbhani\nSangli\nUlhasnagar\nPortal:India\nv\nt\ne\nMillion-plus agglomerations in India\nNorth\nChandigarh\nDelhi\nHaryana: Faridabad\nJammu and Kashmir: Srinagar\nPunjab: Ludhiana\nAmritsar\nRajasthan: Jaipur\nJodhpur\nKota\nCentral\nChhattisgarh: Raipur\nBhilai\nMadhya Pradesh: Indore\nBhopal\nJabalpur\nGwalior\nUttar Pradesh:\nAgra\nAllahabad\nGhaziabad\nKanpur\nLucknow\nMeerut\nVaranasi\nEastern\nBihar: Patna\nJharkhand: Jamshedpur\nDhanbad\nRanchi\nWest Bengal: Kolkata\nAsansol\nWestern\nGujarat: Ahmedabad\nSurat\nVadodara\nRajkot\nMaharashtra: Mumbai\nPune\nNagpur\nNashik\nVasai-Virar\nAurangabad\nSouthern\nAndhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam\nVijayawada\nKarnataka: Bangalore\nKerala: Kochi\nKozhikode\nThrissur\nMalappuram\nThiruvananthapuram\nKannur\nKollam\nTamil Nadu: Chennai\nCoimbatore\nMadurai\nTiruchirappalli\nTelangana: Hyderabad\nIndia portal\nAuthority control\nIntegrated Authority File (Germany)\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navi_Mumbai&oldid=1044437482\"\nCategories:\nNavi Mumbai\n1970s establishments in Maharashtra\nMumbai\nSmart cities in India\nPlanned cities in India\nPort cities in India\nCities in Maharashtra\nHidden categories:\nWebarchive template wayback links\nCS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\nCS1 maint: archived copy as title\nArticles with short description\nShort description is different from Wikidata\nWikipedia articles with style issues from April 2015\nAll articles with style issues\nUse dmy dates from August 2016\nUse Indian English from June 2016\nAll Wikipedia articles written in Indian English\nPages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type\nCoordinates on Wikidata\nAll articles with unsourced statements\nArticles with unsourced statements from October 2010\nArticles needing cleanup from August 2021\nAll pages needing cleanup\nWikipedia list cleanup from August 2021\nCommons category link from Wikidata\nArticles with GND identifiers\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nWikivoyage\nLanguages\nAfrikaans\nالعربية\nAsturianu\nবাংলা\nBân-lâm-gú\nभोजपुरी\nCebuano\nČeština\nDeutsch\nEspañol\nEsperanto\nفارسی\nFrançais\nગુજરાતી\n한국어\nՀայերեն\nहिन्दी\nবিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী\nИрон\nItaliano\nעברית\nಕನ್ನಡ\nKapampangan\nქართული\nMagyar\nमैथिली\nMalagasy\nമലയാളം\nमराठी\nმარგალური\nمصرى\nBahasa Melayu\nNederlands\nनेपाली\nनेपाल भाषा\n日本語\nNorsk bokmål\nOccitan\nଓଡ଼ିଆ\nپنجابی\nپښتو\nPolski\nPortuguês\nРусский\nScots\nSimple English\nСрпски / srpski\nSuomi\nSvenska\nTagalog\nதமிழ்\nTürkçe\nУкраїнська\nاردو\nTiếng Việt\nWinaray\n吴语\n中文\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 15 September 2021, at 06:42 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"warc-type":"conversion","content-length":"51623","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:c100fb99-8d71-49c6-a1d0-f24bca6590d8>","warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:10:19Z","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbai","warc-block-digest":"sha1:A4ANW6752TUU2KYCAYNLD3O6Q4NEIV7A","content-type":"text/plain","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:3da37d7f-78d9-4569-aaf0-c4c11b6c53fe>"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.6518743},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[{"label":"en","prob":0.8361497},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8917886},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8839496},{"label":"en","prob":0.88112205},{"label":"en","prob":0.9602196},{"label":"en","prob":0.94257003},{"label":"en","prob":0.81301683},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93500185},{"label":"en","prob":0.9736553},{"label":"en","prob":0.9384497},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88538116},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87070626},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9578063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8492818},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9712814},{"label":"en","prob":0.95645326},{"label":"en","prob":0.9744194},{"label":"en","prob":0.92825955},{"label":"en","prob":0.9580162},{"label":"en","prob":0.9696468},{"label":"en","prob":0.93496895},{"label":"en","prob":0.8633661},{"label":"en","prob":0.8485208},{"label":"en","prob":0.8552389},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8618725},{"label":"en","prob":0.94726634},{"label":"en","prob":0.8244788},{"label":"en","prob":0.97340703},{"label":"en","prob":0.873999},{"label":"en","prob":0.97665197},{"label":"en","prob":0.96522397},{"label":"en","prob":0.95095617},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9868543},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98362434},{"label":"en","prob":0.86938274},{"label":"en","prob":0.98767936},{"label":"en","prob":0.94749033},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97220314},{"label":"en","prob":0.9868295},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8235349},{"label":"en","prob":0.8868816},{"label":"en","prob":0.9563993},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9528872},{"label":"en","prob":0.94232374},{"label":"en","prob":0.9607317},{"label":"en","prob":0.9504201},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93753266},{"label":"en","prob":0.94729793},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9035197},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9307766},{"label":"en","prob":0.9775358},{"label":"en","prob":0.9335578},{"label":"en","prob":0.9677012},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8506498},{"label":"en","prob":0.90762496},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8629375},{"label":"en","prob":0.92594886},{"label":"en","prob":0.8065741},{"label":"en","prob":0.8699959},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8572326},{"label":"en","prob":0.8160536},{"label":"en","prob":0.8759371},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8581391},{"label":"en","prob":0.9235717},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90652055},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82229954},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8931996},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8440095},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81072056},{"label":"en","prob":0.831471},{"label":"en","prob":0.8620756},{"label":"en","prob":0.9021946},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90522325},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8275406},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84570277},{"label":"en","prob":0.8494076},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8011758},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9012541},{"label":"en","prob":0.9099275},{"label":"en","prob":0.8313592},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8516259},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96641237},{"label":"en","prob":0.95266575},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9600628},{"label":"en","prob":0.9547116},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96377},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9608648},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9087512},{"label":"en","prob":0.92371124},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8495212},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9049179},{"label":"en","prob":0.90625536},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9600264},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.970378},{"label":"en","prob":0.97925156},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94003516},{"label":"en","prob":0.9825316},{"label":"en","prob":0.9640438},{"label":"en","prob":0.974963},{"label":"en","prob":0.9662657},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8326967},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9906292},{"label":"en","prob":0.9813422},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9799425},{"label":"en","prob":0.9074581},{"label":"en","prob":0.98337966},{"label":"en","prob":0.94349265},{"label":"en","prob":0.803432},{"label":"en","prob":0.92310363},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9691257},{"label":"en","prob":0.80806106},{"label":"en","prob":0.85444736},{"label":"en","prob":0.98521405},{"label":"en","prob":0.8935219},{"label":"en","prob":0.96423584},{"label":"en","prob":0.92448467},{"label":"en","prob":0.9714181},{"label":"en","prob":0.9882425},{"label":"en","prob":0.9571642},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88090706},{"label":"en","prob":0.91967803},{"label":"en","prob":0.8173464},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9258932},{"label":"en","prob":0.9504816},{"label":"en","prob":0.8564448},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8459571},{"label":"en","prob":0.9580819},{"label":"en","prob":0.89812475},{"label":"en","prob":0.92810893},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8857561},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90623784},{"label":"en","prob":0.85945034},{"label":"en","prob":0.92786866},{"label":"en","prob":0.90338683},{"label":"en","prob":0.9179232},{"label":"en","prob":0.93018985},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90937644},{"label":"en","prob":0.89556223},{"label":"en","prob":0.8868525},{"label":"en","prob":0.80324244},{"label":"en","prob":0.8550749},{"label":"en","prob":0.88608503},{"label":"en","prob":0.91579163},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8806544},{"label":"en","prob":0.9355953},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86261714},{"label":"en","prob":0.89166176},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90263397},{"label":"en","prob":0.81126034},{"label":"en","prob":0.84096664},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9715815},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9448248},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8060186},{"label":"en","prob":0.81337565},null,{"label":"ro","prob":0.9699563},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92493993},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91245705},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9361535},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8845951},{"label":"en","prob":0.93003446},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81337565},{"label":"ro","prob":0.9699563},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94257003},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81522584},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8162808},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8844479},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89753133},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9715815},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8490754},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8184826},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9549301},{"label":"en","prob":0.9638244},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8079692},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82030714},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96643925},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8741207},{"label":"en","prob":0.8909437},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84330314},{"label":"en","prob":0.95544064},{"label":"en","prob":0.85065776},{"label":"en","prob":0.8089567},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8141639},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8369685},{"label":"en","prob":0.85027},{"label":"en","prob":0.89124024},{"label":"en","prob":0.92959577},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85485},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98269063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9612041},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82831264},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81489867},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83583134},{"label":"en","prob":0.84418404},{"label":"en","prob":0.8248398},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90501636},{"label":"en","prob":0.8159683},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8703569},{"label":"en","prob":0.85104007},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82862663},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83802414},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84058},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8440441},{"label":"en","prob":0.9108897},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83818847},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84245926},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8193259},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85695606},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9361535},{"label":"en","prob":0.9663075},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98823106},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8360203},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8576543},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8412245},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82994825},{"label":"en","prob":0.8291834},{"label":"en","prob":0.9888385},{"label":"en","prob":0.9005009},{"label":"en","prob":0.9431209},{"label":"en","prob":0.95645833},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9104103},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95884734},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8575473},{"label":"en","prob":0.90941983},{"label":"en","prob":0.8482394},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9803888},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9344179},{"label":"en","prob":0.83966833},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8667953},{"label":"en","prob":0.8453259},{"label":"en","prob":0.8266297},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9270752},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88294727},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9223728},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9371397},{"label":"en","prob":0.9423498},{"label":"en","prob":0.85782593},{"label":"en","prob":0.9751476},{"label":"en","prob":0.89952415},{"label":"en","prob":0.8467675},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84571135},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.973771},null,{"label":"ru","prob":0.8391272},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8642244},{"label":"en","prob":0.8625587},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8197871},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"ro","prob":0.9699563},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8184826},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8565608},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8749556},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8842703},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86640745},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9310718},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84291005},{"label":"en","prob":0.9079477},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"pt","prob":0.8156182},{"label":"en","prob":0.89916027},{"label":"en","prob":0.86454153},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81724054},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86074936},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8960119},null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.8663881},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9715815},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9372237},{"label":"en","prob":0.8275867},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84019613},{"label":"en","prob":0.8067713},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8619913},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.928724},{"label":"en","prob":0.8839496},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8142717},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.965932},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89419},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8786709},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8635381},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9783482},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89419},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.965932},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.861711},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"id","prob":0.9730662},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9098681},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8420157},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80919063},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8599987},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9347637},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9181225},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9816842},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8722464},{"label":"en","prob":0.85691714},{"label":"en","prob":0.842211},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9172455},{"label":"en","prob":0.856612},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92256695},{"label":"en","prob":0.8685954},{"label":"en","prob":0.93216175},{"label":"en","prob":0.9832714},{"label":"en","prob":0.8366622},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88783306},{"label":"en","prob":0.9822181},{"label":"en","prob":0.9126334},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87432945},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.887592},null,null,null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.8275079},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"es","prob":0.8222208},null,null,null,{"label":"gu","prob":0.9993394},{"label":"ko","prob":1.00007},{"label":"hy","prob":1.00008},{"label":"hi","prob":0.883866},{"label":"bpy","prob":0.82870907},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"ka","prob":0.9957717},null,null,null,{"label":"ml","prob":1.0000544},{"label":"mr","prob":0.9926708},null,null,{"label":"ms","prob":0.8052252},{"label":"nl","prob":0.99833286},null,null,{"label":"ja","prob":1.0000484},null,null,{"label":"or","prob":0.97831595},{"label":"pnb","prob":0.9576152},null,null,{"label":"pt","prob":0.9997072},null,null,null,{"label":"sr","prob":0.8570989},{"label":"fi","prob":0.9453278},{"label":"sv","prob":0.8383157},null,{"label":"ta","prob":0.98073053},null,{"label":"uk","prob":0.8764461},null,{"label":"vi","prob":0.99561477},null,null,{"label":"zh","prob":0.81862706},{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.98006386},null]}}
{"content":"\"Faulkner\" redirects here. For other uses, see Faulkner (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).\nWilliam Faulkner\nFaulkner in 1954, photographed by Carl Van Vechten\nBorn\nWilliam Cuthbert Falkner\n(1897-09-25)September 25, 1897\nNew Albany, Mississippi, U.S.\nDied\nJuly 6, 1962(1962-07-06) (aged 64)\nByhalia, Mississippi, U.S.\nLanguage\nEnglish\nNationality\nAmerican\nAlma mater\nUniversity of Mississippi\nPeriod\n1919–1962\nNotable works\nThe Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom!, \"A Rose for Emily\", \"The Bear\"\nNotable awards\nNobel Prize in Literature (1949)\nPulitzer Prize for Fiction (1955, 1963)\nNational Book Award (1951, 1955)\nSpouse\nEstelle Oldham\n​\n(m. 1929)​\nSignature\nWilliam Cuthbert Faulkner (/ˈfɔːknər/;[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American writer known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where Faulkner spent most of his life. Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers of American literature, and is widely considered one of the best writers of Southern literature.\nBorn in northern Mississippi, Faulkner's family moved to Oxford, Mississippi when he was a young child. With the outbreak of World War I, he joined the Royal Canadian Air Force but he did not serve in combat. Returning to Oxford, he attended the University of Mississippi for three semesters before dropping out. He then moved to New Orleans, where he wrote his first novel Soldiers' Pay (1925). Returning to Oxford, he wrote Sartoris (1927), his first work which is set in Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, he published The Sound and the Fury. The following year, he wrote As I Lay Dying. Seeking greater economic success, he went to Hollywood to work as a screenwriter.\nFaulkner's renown reached its peak upon the publication of Malcolm Cowley's The Portable Faulkner and his 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature, making him the only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate. Two of his works, A Fable (1954) and his last novel The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.[3] His economic success allowed him to purchase an estate in Oxford, Rowan Oak. Faulkner died from a heart attack on July 6, 1962 related to a fall from his horse the prior month.\nIn 1998, the Modern Library ranked his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century; also on the list were As I Lay Dying (1930) and Light in August (1932). Absalom, Absalom! (1936) appears on similar lists.\nContents\n1 Life\n1.1 Childhood and heritage\n1.2 Trip to the North and early writings\n1.3 New Orleans and early novels\n1.4 The Sound and the Fury\n1.5 Light in August and foray into Hollywood\n1.6 Final years and death\n2 Writing\n3 Legacy\n3.1 Awards\n3.2 Collections\n3.3 Critical reception\n4 Selected list of works\n5 Filmography\n6 Notes and references\n6.1 Notes\n6.2 Citations and references\n6.3 Works cited\n7 External links\nLife[edit]\nChildhood and heritage[edit]\nWilliam Cuthbert Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi,[4] the first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner (August 17, 1870 – August 7, 1932) and Maud Butler (November 27, 1871 – October 16, 1960).[5] His family was upper middle-class, \"not quite of the old feudal cotton aristocracy\".[6] Soon after his first birthday, his family moved to Ripley, Mississippi, where his father worked as the treasurer for the family-owned Gulf & Chicago Railroad Company.[7] Murry hoped to inherit the railroad from his father, John Wesley Thompson Falkner, but John had little confidence in Murry's ability to run a business and sold it. Following the sale of the railroad business, Murry proposed a plan to get a new start for his family by moving to Texas to become a rancher. Maud disagreed with this proposition,[8] and they moved instead to Oxford, Mississippi in 1902,[9] where Murry's father owned several businesses, making it easy for Murry to find work.[10] Thus, four days prior to William's fifth birthday, the Falkner family settled in Oxford, where he lived on and off for the rest of his life.[5][11] After 15 years in Oxford, Faulkner's father became the business manager of the University of Mississippi.[12]\nHis family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline \"Callie\" Barr (the African American nanny who raised him from infancy) influenced the development of Falkner's artistic imagination. Both his mother and his grandmother were avid readers as well as painters and photographers, educating him in visual language. While Murry enjoyed the outdoors and encouraged his sons to hunt, track, and fish, Maud valued education and took pleasure in reading and going to church. She taught her sons to read before she sent them to public school and she also exposed them to literary classics such as the works of Charles Dickens and the Grimms' Fairy Tales.[10]\nFaulkner was influenced by stories of his great-grandfather and namesake William Clark Falkner.\nFalkner spent his boyhood listening to stories which were told to him by his elders including stories which were about the Civil War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Falkner family. Falkner's grandfather also told him about the exploits of William's great-grandfather and namesake, William Clark Falkner, who was a successful businessman, writer, and Confederate hero. Telling stories about \"Old Colonel\", as his family called him, had already become something of a family pastime when Faulkner was a boy.[10] According to one of Falkner's biographers, by the time William was born, his great-grandfather had \"long since been enshrined as a household deity.\"[13]\nThe younger Faulkner was greatly influenced by the history of his family and the region in which he lived. Mississippi marked his sense of humor, his sense of the tragic position of \"black and white\" Americans, his characterization of Southern characters, and his timeless themes, including fiercely intelligent people who are dwelling behind the façades of good ol' boys and simpletons.[citation needed]\nAs a schoolchild, Faulkner had success early on. He excelled in the first grade, skipped the second, and did well through the third and fourth grades. However, beginning somewhere in the fourth and fifth grades of his schooling, Falkner became a much quieter and more withdrawn child. He occasionally played hooky and became somewhat indifferent with regard to his schoolwork, instead, he took an interest in studying the history of Mississippi on his own time, beginning in the seventh grade. The decline of his performance in school continued, and Falkner wound up repeating the eleventh and twelfth grades, never graduating from high school.[10]\nAs a teenager in Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular daughter of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also believed that he would marry her.[14] However, Estelle dated other boys during their romance, and in 1918 one of them, Cornell Franklin, proposed marriage to her before Faulkner did. Estelle's parents insisted that she marry Cornell, because he was an Ole Miss law graduate, because he had recently been commissioned as a major in the Hawaiian Territorial Forces, and because he also came from a respectable family of whom they were old friends.[15] Estelle's marriage to Franklin fell apart ten years later, and they divorced in April 1929.[16]\nTrip to the North and early writings[edit]\nCadet Faulkner in Toronto, 1918\nWhen he was 17, Faulkner met Phil Stone, who became an important early influence on his writing. Stone was four years his senior and came from one of Oxford's older families; he was passionate about literature and had bachelor's degrees from Yale and the University of Mississippi. Stone read and was impressed by some of Faulkner's early poetry, becoming one of the first to recognize and encourage Faulkner's talent. Stone mentored the young Faulkner, introducing him to the works of writers such as James Joyce, who influenced Faulkner's own writing. In his early 20s, Faulkner gave poems and short stories he had written to Stone in hopes of their being published. Stone sent these to publishers, but they were uniformly rejected.[17] In spring 1918, Faulkner traveled to live with Stone at Yale, his first trip north.[18]\nAlthough he initially planned to join the British Army in hopes of being commissioned as an officer,[19] Faulkner joined the Canadian RAF with a forged letter of reference and left Yale to receive training in Toronto.[20] Accounts of Faulkner being rejected from the United States Army Air Service due to his short stature, despite wide publication, are false.[21] Despite his claims, records indicate that Faulkner was never actually a member of the British Royal Flying Corps and never saw active service during the First World War.[22] Despite claiming so in his letters, Faulkner did not receive cockpit training or even fly.[23] Faulkner returned to Oxford in December 1918, where he told acquaintances false war-stories and even faked a war wound.[24]\nIn 1918, Faulkner's surname changed from \"Falkner\" to \"Faulkner\". According to one story, a careless typesetter made an error. When the misprint appeared on the title page of his first book, Faulkner was asked whether he wanted the change. He supposedly replied, \"Either way suits me.\"[25]\nIn adolescence, Faulkner began writing poetry almost exclusively. He did not write his first novel until 1925. His literary influences are deep and wide. He once stated that he modeled his early writing on the Romantic era in late 18th- and early 19th-century England.[5] He attended the University of Mississippi (\"Ole Miss\") in Oxford, enrolling in 1919, going three semesters before dropping out in November 1920.[26] Faulkner joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and pursued his dream to become a writer.[citation needed]\nWilliam was able to attend classes at the university because his father had a job there as a business manager. He skipped classes often and received a \"D\" grade in English. However, some of his poems were published in campus publications.[17][27]\nIn 1922, his poem \"Portrait\" was published in the New Orleans literary magazine Double Dealer. The magazine published his \"New Orleans\" short story collection three years later.[28]\nNew Orleans and early novels[edit]\nDuring part of his time in New Orleans, Faulkner lived in a house in the French Quarter (pictured center yellow).\nFaulkner spent the first half of 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana, where many bohemian artists and writers lived, specifically in the French Quarter where Faulkner lived beginning in March.[29] During his time in New Orleans, Faulkner's focus drifted from poetry to prose and his literary style made a marked transition from Victorian to modernist.[30] The Times-Picayune published several of his short works of prose.[31] After being directly influenced by Sherwood Anderson, he made his first attempt at fiction writing. Anderson assisted in the publication of Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes, Faulkner's second novel, set in New Orleans, by recommending them to his publisher.[32] The miniature house at 624 Pirate's Alley, just around the corner from St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, is now the site of Faulkner House Books, where it also serves as the headquarters of the Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.[33]\nAlso in New Orleans, Faulkner wrote his first novel, Soldiers' Pay.[5] A Soldier's Pay and his other early works were written in a style similar to contemporaries Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, at times nearly exactly appropriating phrases.[34]\nDuring the summer of 1927, Faulkner wrote his first novel set in his fictional Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags in the Dust. This novel drew heavily from the traditions and history of the South, in which Faulkner had been engrossed in his youth. He was extremely proud of the novel upon its completion and he believed it a significant step up from his previous two novels—however, when submitted for publication to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Faulkner was devastated by this rejection but he eventually allowed his literary agent, Ben Wasson, to significantly edit the text, and the novel was published in 1929 as Sartoris.[27][32][note 1] The work was notable in that it was his first novel that dealt with the Civil War rather than the contemporary emphasis on World War I and its legacy.[35]\nThe Sound and the Fury[edit]\nThe Sound and the Fury (1929)\nIn autumn 1928, just after his 31st birthday, Faulkner began working on The Sound and the Fury. He started by writing three short stories about a group of children with the last name Compson, but soon began to feel that the characters he had created might be better suited for a full-length novel. Perhaps as a result of disappointment in the initial rejection of Flags in the Dust, Faulkner had now become indifferent to his publishers and wrote this novel in a much more experimental style. In describing the writing process for this work, Faulkner would later say, \"One day I seemed to shut the door between me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. I said to myself, 'Now I can write.'\"[36] After its completion, Faulkner insisted that Ben Wasson not do any editing or add any punctuation for clarity.[27]\nIn 1929, Faulkner married Estelle Oldham, with Andrew Kuhn serving as best man at the wedding. Estelle brought with her two children from her previous marriage to Cornell Franklin and Faulkner hoped to support his new family as a writer. Faulkner and Estelle later had a daughter, Jill, in 1933. He began writing As I Lay Dying in 1929 while working night shifts at the University of Mississippi Power House. The novel would be published in 1930.[37]\nBeginning in 1930, Faulkner sent some of his short stories to various national magazines. Several of these were published and brought him enough income to buy a house in Oxford for his family, which he named Rowan Oak.[38] He made money on his 1931 novel, Sanctuary, which was widely reviewed and read (but widely disliked for its perceived criticism of the South).[citation needed] With the onset of the Great Depression, Faulkner was not satisfied with his economic situation. With limited royalties from his work, he published short stories in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post to supplement his income.[39]\nLight in August and foray into Hollywood[edit]\nLight in August (1932)\nBy 1932, Faulkner was in need of money. He asked Wasson to sell the serialization rights for his newly completed novel, Light in August, to a magazine for $5,000, but none accepted the offer. Then MGM Studios offered Faulkner work as a screenwriter in Hollywood. Faulkner was not an avid movie goer and had reservations about working in the movie industry. As André Bleikasten comments, he “was in dire need of money and had no idea how to get it…So he went to Hollywood.”[40] It has been noted that authors like Faulkner were not always hired for their writing prowess but \"to enhance the prestige of the …writers who hired them.\"[40] He arrived in Culver City, California, in May 1932. The job would begin a sporadic relationship with moviemaking and with California, which was difficult but he endured in order to earn \"a consistent salary that would support his family back home.\"[41]\nHis first screenplay was for Today We Live, an adaptation of his short story \"Turnabout\" which received a mixed response. He then wrote a screen adaptation of Sartoris that was never produced.[39] From 1932 to 1954, Faulkner worked on around 50 films.[42]\nAs Stefan Solomon observes, Faulkner was highly critical of what he found in Hollywood, and he wrote letters that were “scathing in tone, painting a miserable portrait of a literary artist imprisoned in a cultural Babylon.”[43] Many scholars have brought attention to the dilemma he experienced and that the predicament had caused him serious unhappiness.[44][41][45] In Hollywood he worked with director Howard Hawks, with whom he quickly developed a friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunting. Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Faulkner would continue to find reliable work as a screenwriter from the 1930s to the 1950s.[32][38]\nFaulkner had an extramarital affair with Hawks' secretary and script girl, Meta Carpenter,[46] later known as Meta Wilde.[47] The affair was chronicled in her book A Loving Gentleman.[47]\nIn 1942, Faulkner tried to join the United States Air Force but was rejected. He instead worked on local Civil Defense.[48]\nFinal years and death[edit]\nFaulkner in 1954\nWhen Faulkner visited Stockholm in December 1950 to receive the Nobel Prize, he met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the widow of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950). Jonsson was a reporter for Dagens Nyheter from 1943 to 1946, who had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and introduced his works to Swedish readers. Faulkner and Else had an affair that lasted until the end of 1953. At the banquet where they met in 1950, publisher Tor Bonnier introduced Else as the widow of the man responsible for Faulkner winning the Nobel prize.[49]\nFaulkner's Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech on the immortality of the artists, although brief, contained a number of allusions and references to other literary works.[50]\nFaulkner served as the first Writer-in-Residence at the University of Virginia at Charlottesville from February to June 1957 and again in 1958.[51][52]\nOn June 17, 1962, Faulkner suffered a serious injury in a fall from his horse, which led to thrombosis. He suffered a fatal heart attack on July 6, 1962, at the age of 64, at Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.[5][11] Faulkner is buried with his family in St. Peter's Cemetery in Oxford, alongside the grave of an unidentified family friend, whose stone is marked only with the initials \"E.T.\"[53]\nWriting[edit]\nFrom the early 1920s to the outbreak of World War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short stories. This body of work formed the basis of his reputation and earned him the Nobel Prize at age 52. Faulkner's prodigious output include celebrated novels such as The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). He was also a prolific writer of short stories.\nFaulkner's first short story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many of his most acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized) stories, including \"A Rose for Emily\", \"Red Leaves\", \"That Evening Sun\", and \"Dry September\". He set many of his short stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was based on and nearly geographically identical to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Oxford, Mississippi, is the county seat). Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's \"postage stamp\", and the bulk of work that it represents is widely considered by critics to amount to one of the most monumental fictional creations in the history of literature. Three of his novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known collectively as the Snopes Trilogy, document the town of Jefferson and its environs, as an extended family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and psyches of the general populace.[54]\nHis short story \"A Rose for Emily\" was his first story published in a major magazine, the Forum, but received little attention from the public. After revisions and reissues, it gained popularity and is now considered one of his best.\nFaulkner was known for his experimental style with meticulous attention to diction and cadence. In contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Hemingway, Faulkner made frequent use of \"stream of consciousness\" in his writing, and wrote often highly emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, and sometimes Gothic or grotesque stories of a wide variety of characters including former slaves or descendants of slaves, poor white, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, and Southern aristocrats.\nIn an interview with The Paris Review in 1956, Faulkner remarked:\nLet the writer take up surgery or bricklaying if he is interested in technique. There is no mechanical way to get the writing done, no shortcut. The young writer would be a fool to follow a theory. Teach yourself by your own mistakes; people learn only by error. The good artist believes that nobody is good enough to give him advice. He has supreme vanity. No matter how much he admires the old writer, he wants to beat him.\nAnother esteemed Southern writer, Flannery O'Connor, stated that \"the presence alone of Faulkner in our midst makes a great difference in what the writer can and cannot permit himself to do. Nobody wants his mule and wagon stalled on the same track the Dixie Limited is roaring down\".[55]\nFaulkner wrote two volumes of poetry which were published in small printings, The Marble Faun (1924), and A Green Bough (1933), and a collection of mystery stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).\nLegacy[edit]\nFaulkner's home Rowan Oak is now maintained by the University of Mississippi.\nFaulkner's work has been examined by many critics from a wide variety of critical perspectives, including his position on slavery in the South and his view that desegregation was not an idea to be forced, arguing desegregation should \"go slow\" so as not to upend the southern way of life. The essayist and novelist James Baldwin was highly critical of his views around integration.[56]\nThe New Critics became interested in Faulkner's work, with Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate writing The Achievement of William Faulkner. Since then, critics have looked at Faulkner's work using other approaches, such as feminist and psychoanalytic methods.[32][57] Faulkner's works have been placed within the literary traditions of modernism and the Southern Renaissance.[58]\nAccording to critic and translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's influence on Latin American fiction is considerable, with fictional worlds created by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being \"very much in the vein of\" Yoknapatawpha: \"Carlos Fuentes's The Death of Artemio Cruz wouldn't exist if not for As I Lay Dying\".[59] Fuentes himself cited Faulkner as one of the most important writers to him.[60] Faulkner also had great influence on Mario Vargas Llosa, particularly on the early novels The Time of the Hero, The Green House and Conversation in the Cathedral. Vargas Llosa has claimed that during his student years he learned more from Yoknapatawpha than from classes.[61]\nThe works of William Faulkner are a clear influence on the French novelist Claude Simon,[62] and the Portuguese novelist António Lobo Antunes.[63]\nAfter his death, Estelle and their daughter, Jill, lived at Rowan Oak until Estelle's death in 1972. The property was sold to the University of Mississippi that same year. The house and furnishings are maintained much as they were in Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings are preserved on the wall, including the day-by-day outline covering a week he wrote on the walls of his small study to help him keep track of the plot twists in his novel, A Fable.[64]\nFaulkner's final work, The Reivers, was adapted into a 1969 film starring Steve McQueen.[65]\nSome of Faulkner's works have been adapted into films such as James Franco's As I Lay Dying (2013). They have received a polarized response, with many critics contending that Faulkner's works are \"unfilmable\".[66]\nAwards[edit]\nFaulkner was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature for \"his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel\".[67] It was awarded at the following year's banquet along with the 1950 Prize to Bertrand Russell.[68] Faulkner detested the fame and glory that resulted from his recognition. His aversion was so great that his 17-year-old daughter learned of the Nobel Prize only when she was called to the principal's office during the school day.[69]\nHe donated part of his Nobel money \"to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers\", eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, and donated another part to a local Oxford bank, establishing a scholarship fund to help educate African-American teachers at Rust College in nearby Holly Springs, Mississippi. The government of France made Faulkner a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1951.\nFaulkner was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for what are considered \"minor\" novels: his 1954 novel A Fable, which took the Pulitzer in 1955, and the 1962 novel, The Reivers, which was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer in 1963.[3] (The award for A Fable was a controversial political choice. The jury had selected Milton Lott's The Last Hunt for the prize, but Pulitzer Prize Administrator Professor John Hohenberg convinced the Pulitzer board that Faulkner was long overdue for the award, despite A Fable being a lesser work of his, and the board overrode the jury's selection, much to the disgust of its members.)[70] He also won the U.S. National Book Award twice, for Collected Stories in 1951[71] and A Fable in 1955.[72] In 1946 he was one of three finalists for the first Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine Award and placed second to Rhea Galati.[73]\nThe United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent postage stamp in his honor on August 3, 1987.[74] Faulkner had once served as Postmaster at the University of Mississippi, and in his letter of resignation in 1923 wrote:\nAs long as I live under the capitalistic system, I expect to have my life influenced by the demands of moneyed people. But I will be damned if I propose to be at the beck and call of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a postage stamp. This, sir, is my resignation.[75]\nOn October 10, 2019, a Mississippi Writers Trail historical marker was installed at Rowan Oak in Oxford, Mississippi honoring the contributions of William Faulkner to the American literary landscape.[76]\nCollections[edit]\nThe manuscripts of most of Faulkner's works, correspondence, personal papers, and over 300 books from his working library reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia, where he spent much of his time in his final years. The library also houses some of the writer's personal effects and the papers of major Faulkner associates and scholars, such as his biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Random House editor Albert Erskine.\nSoutheast Missouri State University, where the Center for Faulkner Studies is located, also owns a generous collection of Faulkner materials, including first editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, artwork, and many materials pertaining to Faulkner's time in Hollywood. The university possesses many personal files and letters kept by Joseph Blotner, along with books and letters that once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. The university achieved the collection due to a generous donation by Louis Daniel Brodsky, a collector of Faulkner materials, in 1989.\nFurther significant Faulkner materials reside at the University of Mississippi, the Harry Ransom Center, and the New York Public Library.\nThe Random House records at Columbia University also include letters by and to Faulkner.[77][78]\nIn 1966, the United States Military Academy dedicated a William Faulkner Room in its library.[48]\nCritical reception[edit]\nFaulkner's contemporary critical reception was mixed, with The New York Times noting that many critics regarded his work as \"raw slabs of pseudorealism that had relatively little merit as serious writing\".[6]\nIn 1998, the Modern Library ranked his 1929 novel The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century; also on the list were As I Lay Dying (1930) and Light in August (1932). Absalom, Absalom! (1936) appears on similar lists.[79][80]\nSelected list of works[edit]\nMain article: William Faulkner bibliography\nThe Sound and the Fury (1929)\nAs I Lay Dying (1930)\nLight in August (1932)\nAbsalom, Absalom! (1936)\nThe Reivers (1962)\nFilmography[edit]\nFlesh (1932)\nToday We Live (1933)\nThe Story of Temple Drake (1933)\nSubmarine Patrol (1938)\nAir Force (1943)\nTo Have and Have Not (1944)\nThe Big Sleep (1946)\nNotes and references[edit]\nNotes[edit]\n^ The original version was issued as Flags in the Dust in 1973.\nCitations and references[edit]\n^ \"Faulkner, William\". Lexico US Dictionary. Oxford University Press.\n^ \"Faulkner\". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.\n^ a b \"Fiction\" Archived May 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Past winners & finalists by category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved 2012-03-28.\n^ Minter (1980), p. 1.\n^ a b c d e MWP: William Faulkner (1897–1962) Archived November 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, OleMiss.edu; accessed September 26, 2017.\n^ a b \"Faulkner's Home, Family and Heritage Were Genesis of Yoknapatawpha County\". The New York Times. July 7, 1962. Archived from the original on December 18, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2021.\n^ \"Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad\". American-Rails.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.\n^ Minter (1980), p. 7.\n^ Minter (1980), p. 8.\n^ a b c d Minter, David L. William Faulkner, His Life and Work. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980; ISBN 0-8018-2347-1\n^ a b William Faulkner on Nobelprize.org\n^ Minter (1980), p. 8.\n^ Coughlan, pg. 38\n^ Parini (2004), pp. 22–29.\n^ Parini (2004), pp. 36–37.\n^ Padgett, John (November 11, 2008). \"Mississippi Writers' Page: William Faulkner\". The University of Mississippi. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2009.\n^ a b Coughlan, Robert. The Private World of William Faulkner, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1953.\n^ Zeitlin (2016), p. 15.\n^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 15—17.\n^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 17, 20.\n^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 17—18.\n^ Watson, James G. (2002). William Faulkner: Self-Presentation and Performance. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-79151-0.\n^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 24—25.\n^ Zeitlin (2016), pp. 26–27.\n^ Nelson, Randy F. The Almanac of American Letters Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: pp. 63–64. ISBN 0-86576-008-X\n^ \"University of Mississippi: William Faulkner\". Olemiss.edu. Archived from the original on September 22, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2010.\n^ a b c Porter, Carolyn. William Faulkner Archived December 2, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; ISBN 0-19-531049-7\n^ Koch (2007), p. 57.\n^ Koch (2007), pp. 55—56.\n^ Koch (2007), pp. 56, 58.\n^ Koch (2007), pp. 58.\n^ a b c d Hannon, Charles. \"Faulkner, William\". The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature. Jay Parini (2004), Oxford University Press, Inc. The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press.\n^ \"Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society Featuring Words & Music\". Wordsandmusic.org. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.\n^ McKay (2009), p. 119—121.\n^ McKay (2009), p. 119.\n^ Porter, Carolyn. William Faulkner Archived December 2, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, New York: Oxford University Press, 2007; ISBN 0-19-531049-7, pg. 37\n^ Parini (2004), p. 142.\n^ a b Williamson, Joel. William Faulkner and Southern History Archived March 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; ISBN 0-19-510129-4.\n^ a b Bartunek (2017), p. 98.\n^ a b Bleikasten (2017), p. 218.\n^ a b Solomon, Stefan (2017). William Faulkner in Hollywood: Screenwriting for the Studios. Athens: University of Georgia. p. 1. ISBN 9780820351148. Archived from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2020.\n^ Bartunek (2017), p. 100.\n^ Solomon, Stefan (2017). William Faulkner in Hollywood: Screenwriting for the Studios. Athens: University of Georgia. p. 1. ISBN 9780820351148. Archived from the original on May 29, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2020.\n^ Bleikasten (2017), pp. 215–220.\n^ Leitch, Thomas (2016). \"Lights! camera! author! authorship as Hollywood performance\". Journal of Screenwriting. 7 (1): 113–127. doi:10.1386/josc.7.1.113_1.\n^ Parini (2004), pp. 198–99.\n^ a b \"Obituary: Meta Wilde, 86, Faulkner's Lover\". The New York Times. October 21, 1994. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016.\n^ a b Capps (1966), p. 3.\n^ \"En kärlekshistoria i Nobelprisklass\", Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish), Sweden, January 9, 2010\n^ Rife (1983), pp. 151—152.\n^ Ringle, Ken (September 25, 1997). \"Faulkner, Between the Lines\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 18, 2021.\n^ Blotner, J. and Frederick L. Gwynn, (eds.) (1959) Faulkner in the University: Conferences at the University of Virginia, 1957–1958.\n^ Jennifer Ciotta. \"Touring William Faulkner's Oxford, Mississippi\". Literarytraveler.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2010.\n^ Charlotte Renner, Talking and Writing in Faulkner's Snopes Trilogy, ACADEMIC JOURNAL ARTICLE, The Southern Literary Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1, Fall 1982.\n^ Levinger, Larry. \"The Prophet Faulkner.\" Atlantic Monthly 285 (2000): 76.\n^ Cep, Casey (November 23, 2020). \"William Faulkner's Demons\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.\n^ Wagner-Martin, Linda. William Faulkner: Six Decades of Criticism. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2002 ISBN 0-87013-612-7.\n^ Abadie, Ann J. and Doreen Fowler. Faulkner and the Southern Renaissance Archived March 6, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1982 ISBN 1-60473-201-6.\n^ Kan, Elianna (April 9, 2015). \"The Forest of Letters: An Interview with Valerie Miles\". The Paris Review. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.\n^ The Latin Master The Guardian 5 May 2001\n^ \"The masters who influenced the Latin American Boom: Vargas Llosa and García Márquez took cues from Faulkner\". El Pais. November 21, 2012.\n^ Duncan, Alistair B. Claude Simon and William Faulkner Forum for Modern Language Studies, Volume IX, Issue 3, July 1973, Pages 235–252\n^ Bucaioni, Marco A Huge Debt to 20th Century Modernism? António Lobo Antunes’s Prose Style and his Models, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, 2019, p.477-497\n^ Block, Melissa (February 13, 2017). \"William Faulkner's Home Illustrates His Impact On The South\". NPR.org. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.\n^ Ebert, Roger (December 29, 1969). \"The Reivers\". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved July 2, 2021.\n^ Bartunek (2017), p. 97.\n^ \"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949\". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2009.\n^ \"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1949: Documentary\". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved July 25, 2009.\n^ Gordon, Debra. \"Faulkner, William\". In Bloom, Harold (ed.) William Faulkner, Bloom's BioCritiques. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 2002 ISBN 0-7910-6378-X\n^ Hohenberg, John. John Hohenberg: The Pursuit of Excellence, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 1995, pp. 162-163\n^ \"National Book Awards – 1951\" Archived October 28, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-31. (With essays by Neil Baldwin and Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 50- and 60-year anniversary publications.)\n^ \"National Book Awards – 1955\" Archived April 22, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-31. (With acceptance speech by Faulkner and essays by Neil Baldwin and Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 50- and 60-year anniversary publications.)\n^ Jeremiah Rickert. \"Genre Fiction\". Oregon Literary Review. 2 (2). Archived from the original on February 21, 2008.\n^ Scott catalogue #2350.\n^ \"William Faulkner Quits His Post Office Job in Splendid Fashion with a 1924 Resignation Letter\". Openculture. September 30, 2012. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved February 5, 2014.\n^ Friday, Jake Thompson Email the author Published 1:00 pm; October 11; 2019 (October 11, 2019). \"William Faulkner marker added to Mississippi Writers Trail\". The Oxford Eagle. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020. CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n^ \"Random House records, 1925-1999\". Archived from the original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.\n^ Jaillant (2014)\n^ \"100 Best Novels\". The Modern Library. Archived from the original on February 7, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2021.\n^ Sherman, Shane. \"The Greatest Books of All time\". The Greatest Books. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2021.\nWorks cited[edit]\nBartunek, C. J. (Summer 2017). \"The Wasteland Revisited: William Faulkner's First Year in Hollywood\". South Atlantic Review. 82 (2): 97–116. JSTOR 90013647.\nCapps, Jack L. (Spring 1966). \"West Point's William Faulkner Room\". The Georgia Review. 20 (1): 3–8. JSTOR 41396230.\nWilliam Faulkner: Novels 1930–1935 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, ed.) (Library of America, 1985) ISBN 978-0-940450-26-4\nWilliam Faulkner: Novels 1936–1940 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 1990) ISBN 978-0-940450-55-4\nWilliam Faulkner: Novels 1942–1954 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 1994) ISBN 978-0-940450-85-1\nWilliam Faulkner: Novels 1957–1962 (Noel Polk, ed., with notes by Joseph Blotner) (Library of America, 1999) ISBN 978-1-883011-69-7\nWilliam Faulkner: Novels 1926–1929 (Joseph Blotner and Noel Polk, eds.) (Library of America, 2006) ISBN 978-1-931082-89-1\nThe Portable Faulkner, ed. Malcolm Cowley ( Viking Press, 1946). ISBN 978-0-14-243728-5\nBlotner, Joseph. Faulkner: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1974. 2 vols.\nBlotner, Joseph. Faulkner: A Biography. New York: Random House, 1984.\nFowler, Doreen, Abadie, Ann. Faulkner and Popular Culture: Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1990 ISBN 0-87805-434-0, ISBN 978-0-87805-434-3\nJaillant, Lise. \"'I'm Afraid I've Got Involved With a Nut': New Faulkner Letters.\" Southern Literary Journal 47.1 (2014): 98–114. Archived May 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine\nKerr, Elizabeth Margaret, and Kerr, Michael M. William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha: A Kind of Keystone in the Universe. Fordham Univ Press, 1985 ISBN 0-8232-1135-5, ISBN 978-0-8232-1135-7\nKoch, Benjamin (Winter 2007). \"The French Quarter Apprentice: William Faulkner's Modernist Evolution\". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association. 48 (1): 55–68. JSTOR 4234243.\nLiénard-Yeterian, Marie. 'Faulkner et le cinéma', Paris: Michel Houdiard Editeur, 2010.ISBN 978-2-35692-037-9\nMinter, David L. (1980). William Faulkner, his life and work. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.\nMcKay, David (Fall 2009). \"Faulkner's First War: Conflict, Mimesis, and the Resonance of Defeat\". South Central Review. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 26 (3): 119–130. doi:10.1353/scr.0.0062. JSTOR 40645990. S2CID 144583260.\nSensibar, Judith L. The Origins of Faulkner's Art. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. ISBN 0-292-79020-1\nSensibar, Judith L. Faulkner and Love: The Women Who Shaped His Art, A Biography. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-300-16568-5\nSensibar, Judith L. Vision in Spring. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984. ISBN 0-292-78712-X.\nParini, Jay (2004). One Matchless Time: A Life of William Faulkner. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 22–29. ISBN 0-06-621072-0.\nRosella Mamoli Zorzi (2000). William Faulkner in Venice : proceedings of the International Conference Language, Stylistics, Translations. Venice: Marsilio. p. 347. ISBN 9788831776264. OCLC 634327206 – via references.\nRife, David (March 1983). \"Rex Stout and William Faulkner's Nobel Prize Speech\". Journal of Modern Literature. Indiana University Press. 10 (1): 151–152. JSTOR 3831202.\nZeitlin, Michael (Spring 2016). \"Faulkner and the Royal Air Force Canada, 1918\". The Faulkner Journal. Johns Hopkins University. 30 (1): 15–38. doi:10.1353/fau.2016.0009. JSTOR 44578811. S2CID 165335050.\nBleikasten, André (2017). William Faulkner: A Life through Novels. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 218. ISBN 9780253023322. Retrieved February 13, 2020.\nExternal links[edit]\nWilliam Faulkner at IMDb\nv\nt\ne\nWilliam Faulkner\nBibliography\nNovels\nSoldiers' Pay (1926)\nMosquitoes (1927)\nSartoris / Flags in the Dust (1929 / 1973)\nThe Sound and the Fury (1929)\nAs I Lay Dying (1930)\nSanctuary (1931)\nLight in August (1932)\nPylon (1935)\nAbsalom, Absalom! (1936)\nThe Unvanquished (1938)\nIf I Forget Thee, Jerusalem (1939)\nThe Hamlet (1940)\nGo Down, Moses (1942)\nIntruder in the Dust (1948)\nRequiem for a Nun (1951)\nA Fable (1954)\nThe Town (1957)\nThe Mansion (1959)\nThe Reivers (1962)\nShort story\ncollections\nThese 13 (1931)\nKnight's Gambit (1949)\nCollected Stories (1950)\nShort stories\n\"Landing in Luck\" (1919)\n\"A Rose for Emily\" (1930)\n\"Red Leaves\" (1930)\n\"Dry September\" (1931)\n\"Spotted Horses\" (1931)\n\"That Evening Sun\" (1931)\n\"Mountain Victory\" (1932)\n\"Barn Burning\" (1939)\n\"The Tall Men\" (1941)\n\"Shingles for the Lord\" (1943)\nScreenplays\nFlesh (1932)\nToday We Live (1933)\nSubmarine Patrol (1938)\nTo Have and Have Not (1944)\nThe Big Sleep (1945)\nChildren's books\nThe Wishing Tree (1927)\nRelated\nWilliam Clark Falkner (great-grandfather)\nRowan Oak home\nPapers and manuscripts\nWilliam Faulkner Foundation\nYoknapatawpha County\nCompson family\nLouis Grenier\nIkkemotubbe\nGavin Stevens\nThomas Sutpen\nSnopes trilogy\nSouthern Renaissance\nFaux Faulkner contest\nPEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction\nv\nt\ne\nLaureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature\n1901–1925\n1901: Sully Prudhomme\n1902: Theodor Mommsen\n1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson\n1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray\n1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz\n1906: Giosuè Carducci\n1907: Rudyard Kipling\n1908: Rudolf Eucken\n1909: Selma Lagerlöf\n1910: Paul Heyse\n1911: Maurice Maeterlinck\n1912: Gerhart Hauptmann\n1913: Rabindranath Tagore\n1914\n1915: Romain Rolland\n1916: Verner von Heidenstam\n1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan\n1918\n1919: Carl Spitteler\n1920: Knut Hamsun\n1921: Anatole France\n1922: Jacinto Benavente\n1923: W. B. Yeats\n1924: Władysław Reymont\n1925: George Bernard Shaw\n1926–1950\n1926: Grazia Deledda\n1927: Henri Bergson\n1928: Sigrid Undset\n1929: Thomas Mann\n1930: Sinclair Lewis\n1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt\n1932: John Galsworthy\n1933: Ivan Bunin\n1934: Luigi Pirandello\n1935\n1936: Eugene O'Neill\n1937: Roger Martin du Gard\n1938: Pearl S. Buck\n1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944: Johannes V. Jensen\n1945: Gabriela Mistral\n1946: Hermann Hesse\n1947: André Gide\n1948: T. S. Eliot\n1949: William Faulkner\n1950: Bertrand Russell\n1951–1975\n1951: Pär Lagerkvist\n1952: François Mauriac\n1953: Winston Churchill\n1954: Ernest Hemingway\n1955: Halldór Laxness\n1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez\n1957: Albert Camus\n1958: Boris Pasternak\n1959: Salvatore Quasimodo\n1960: Saint-John Perse\n1961: Ivo Andrić\n1962: John Steinbeck\n1963: Giorgos Seferis\n1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award)\n1965: Mikhail Sholokhov\n1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs\n1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias\n1968: Yasunari Kawabata\n1969: Samuel Beckett\n1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn\n1971: Pablo Neruda\n1972: Heinrich Böll\n1973: Patrick White\n1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson\n1975: Eugenio Montale\n1976–2000\n1976: Saul Bellow\n1977: Vicente Aleixandre\n1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer\n1979: Odysseas Elytis\n1980: Czesław Miłosz\n1981: Elias Canetti\n1982: Gabriel García Márquez\n1983: William Golding\n1984: Jaroslav Seifert\n1985: Claude Simon\n1986: Wole Soyinka\n1987: Joseph Brodsky\n1988: Naguib Mahfouz\n1989: Camilo José Cela\n1990: Octavio Paz\n1991: Nadine Gordimer\n1992: Derek Walcott\n1993: Toni Morrison\n1994: Kenzaburō Ōe\n1995: Seamus Heaney\n1996: Wisława Szymborska\n1997: Dario Fo\n1998: José Saramago\n1999: Günter Grass\n2000: Gao Xingjian\n2001–present\n2001: V. S. Naipaul\n2002: Imre Kertész\n2003: J. M. Coetzee\n2004: Elfriede Jelinek\n2005: Harold Pinter\n2006: Orhan Pamuk\n2007: Doris Lessing\n2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio\n2009: Herta Müller\n2010: Mario Vargas Llosa\n2011: Tomas Tranströmer\n2012: Mo Yan\n2013: Alice Munro\n2014: Patrick Modiano\n2015: Svetlana Alexievich\n2016: Bob Dylan\n2017: Kazuo Ishiguro\n2018: Olga Tokarczuk\n2019: Peter Handke\n2020: Louise Glück\nv\nt\ne\n1949 Nobel Prize laureates\nChemistry\nWilliam Giauque (United States)\nLiterature\nWilliam Faulkner (United States)\nPeace\nJohn Boyd Orr (Great Britain)\nPhysics\nHideki Yukawa (Japan)\nPhysiology or Medicine\nWalter Rudolf Hess (Switzerland)\nAntónio Egas Moniz (Portugal)\nNobel Prize recipients\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\nv\nt\ne\nPulitzer Prize for Fiction\n1918–1925\nHis Family by Ernest Poole (1918)\nThe Magnificent Ambersons by Booth Tarkington (1919)\nThe Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton (1921)\nAlice Adams by Booth Tarkington (1922)\nOne of Ours by Willa Cather (1923)\nThe Able McLaughlins by Margaret Wilson (1924)\nSo Big by Edna Ferber (1925)\n1926–1950\nArrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (declined) (1926)\nEarly Autumn by Louis Bromfield (1927)\nThe Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder (1928)\nScarlet Sister Mary by Julia Peterkin (1929)\nLaughing Boy by Oliver La Farge (1930)\nYears of Grace by Margaret Ayer Barnes (1931)\nThe Good Earth by Pearl S. Buck (1932)\nThe Store by Thomas Sigismund Stribling (1933)\nLamb in His Bosom by Caroline Pafford Miller (1934)\nNow in November by Josephine Winslow Johnson (1935)\nHoney in the Horn by Harold L. Davis (1936)\nGone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell (1937)\nThe Late George Apley by John Phillips Marquand (1938)\nThe Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (1939)\nThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck (1940)\nIn This Our Life by Ellen Glasgow (1942)\nDragon's Teeth by Upton Sinclair (1943)\nJourney in the Dark by Martin Flavin (1944)\nA Bell for Adano by John Hersey (1945)\nAll the King's Men by Robert Penn Warren (1947)\nTales of the South Pacific by James A. Michener (1948)\nGuard of Honor by James Gould Cozzens (1949)\nThe Way West by A. B. Guthrie Jr. (1950)\n1951–1975\nThe Town by Conrad Richter (1951)\nThe Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk (1952)\nThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway (1953)\nA Fable by William Faulkner (1955)\nAndersonville by MacKinlay Kantor (1956)\nA Death in the Family by James Agee (1958)\nThe Travels of Jaimie McPheeters by Robert Lewis Taylor (1959)\nAdvise and Consent by Allen Drury (1960)\nTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1961)\nThe Edge of Sadness by Edwin O'Connor (1962)\nThe Reivers by William Faulkner (1963)\nThe Keepers of the House by Shirley Ann Grau (1965)\nThe Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966)\nThe Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967)\nThe Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron (1968)\nHouse Made of Dawn by N. Scott Momaday (1969)\nThe Collected Stories of Jean Stafford by Jean Stafford (1970)\nAngle of Repose by Wallace Stegner (1972)\nThe Optimist's Daughter by Eudora Welty (1973)\nNo award given (1974)\nThe Killer Angels by Michael Shaara (1975)\n1976–2000\nHumboldt's Gift by Saul Bellow (1976)\nNo award given (1977)\nElbow Room by James Alan McPherson (1978)\nThe Stories of John Cheever by John Cheever (1979)\nThe Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer (1980)\nA Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole (1981)\nRabbit Is Rich by John Updike (1982)\nThe Color Purple by Alice Walker (1983)\nIronweed by William Kennedy (1984)\nForeign Affairs by Alison Lurie (1985)\nLonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry (1986)\nA Summons to Memphis by Peter Taylor (1987)\nBeloved by Toni Morrison (1988)\nBreathing Lessons by Anne Tyler (1989)\nThe Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love by Oscar Hijuelos (1990)\nRabbit at Rest by John Updike (1991)\nA Thousand Acres by Jane Smiley (1992)\nA Good Scent from a Strange Mountain by Robert Olen Butler (1993)\nThe Shipping News by E. Annie Proulx (1994)\nThe Stone Diaries by Carol Shields (1995)\nIndependence Day by Richard Ford (1996)\nMartin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer by Steven Millhauser (1997)\nAmerican Pastoral by Philip Roth (1998)\nThe Hours by Michael Cunningham (1999)\nInterpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (2000)\n2001–present\nThe Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay by Michael Chabon (2001)\nEmpire Falls by Richard Russo (2002)\nMiddlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides (2003)\nThe Known World by Edward P. Jones (2004)\nGilead by Marilynne Robinson (2005)\nMarch by Geraldine Brooks (2006)\nThe Road by Cormac McCarthy (2007)\nThe Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao by Junot Díaz (2008)\nOlive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout (2009)\nTinkers by Paul Harding (2010)\nA Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan (2011)\nNo award given (2012)\nThe Orphan Master's Son by Adam Johnson (2013)\nThe Goldfinch by Donna Tartt (2014)\nAll the Light We Cannot See by Anthony Doerr (2015)\nThe Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen (2016)\nThe Underground Railroad by Colson Whitehead (2017)\nLess by Andrew Sean Greer (2018)\nThe Overstory by Richard Powers (2019)\nThe Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead (2020)\nThe Night Watchman by Louise Erdrich (2021)\nv\nt\ne\nNational Book Award for Fiction (1950–1974)\nThe Man with the Golden Arm by Nelson Algren (1950)\nCollected Stories of William Faulkner by William Faulkner (1951)\nFrom Here to Eternity by James Jones (1952)\nInvisible Man by Ralph Ellison (1953)\nThe Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1954)\nA Fable by William Faulkner (1955)\nTen North Frederick by John O'Hara (1956)\nThe Field of Vision by Wright Morris (1957)\nThe Wapshot Chronicle by John Cheever (1958)\nThe Magic Barrel by Bernard Malamud (1959)\nGoodbye, Columbus by Philip Roth (1960)\nThe Waters of Kronos by Conrad Richter (1961)\nThe Moviegoer by Walker Percy (1962)\nMorte d'Urban by J. F. Powers (1963)\nThe Centaur by John Updike (1964)\nHerzog by Saul Bellow (1965)\nThe Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter by Katherine Anne Porter (1966)\nThe Fixer by Bernard Malamud (1967)\nThe Eighth Day by Thornton Wilder (1968)\nSteps by Jerzy Kosiński (1969)\nthem by Joyce Carol Oates (1970)\nMr. Sammler's Planet by Saul Bellow (1971)\nThe Complete Stories by Flannery O'Connor (1972)\nChimera by John Barth (1973)\nAugustus by John Williams (1973)\nGravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon (1974)\nA Crown of Feathers and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer (1974)\nComplete list\n(1950–1974)\n(1975–1999)\n(2000–2024)\nAuthority control\nGeneral\nIntegrated Authority File (Germany)\nISNI\n1\nVIAF\n1\nWorldCat\nNational libraries\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance (data)\nCatalonia\nItaly\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nGreece\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nSweden\nVatican\nArt research institutes\nArtist Names (Getty)\nScientific databases\nCiNii (Japan)\nOther\nFaceted Application of Subject Terminology\nNational Archives (US)\nSocial Networks and Archival Context\nSUDOC (France)\n1\nTrove (Australia)\n1\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Faulkner&oldid=1044056739\"\nCategories:\nWilliam Faulkner\n1897 births\n1962 deaths\n20th-century American dramatists and playwrights\n20th-century American novelists\n20th-century American poets\n20th-century American short story writers\nPeople from New Albany, Mississippi\nNovelists from Mississippi\nModernist writers\nAmerican Nobel laureates\nAmerican male novelists\nAmerican male screenwriters\nMississippi postmasters\nAmerican erotica writers\nNational Book Award winners\nNobel laureates in Literature\nPeople from Oxford, Mississippi\nPulitzer Prize for Fiction winners\nSouthern United States in fiction\nUniversity of Virginia alumni\nAmerican male short story writers\nWriters of American Southern literature\nPeople from Ripley, Mississippi\nDeaths by horse-riding accident in the United States\nScreenwriters from Mississippi\n20th-century American male writers\nAccidental deaths in Mississippi\nBritish Army personnel of World War I\n20th-century American screenwriters\nLost Generation writers\nHidden categories:\nWebarchive template wayback links\nNobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024\nCS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)\nCS1 maint: numeric names: authors list\nArticles with short description\nShort description matches Wikidata\nUse mdy dates from December 2015\nAll articles with unsourced statements\nArticles with unsourced statements from June 2021\nArticles with GND identifiers\nArticles with ISNI identifiers\nArticles with VIAF identifiers\nArticles with BIBSYS identifiers\nArticles with BNE identifiers\nArticles with BNF identifiers\nArticles with CANTIC identifiers\nArticles with ICCU identifiers\nArticles with LCCN identifiers\nArticles with LNB identifiers\nArticles with NDL identifiers\nArticles with NKC identifiers\nArticles with NLA identifiers\nArticles with NLG identifiers\nArticles with NLK identifiers\nArticles with NTA identifiers\nArticles with PLWABN identifiers\nArticles with SELIBR identifiers\nArticles with VcBA identifiers\nArticles with ULAN identifiers\nArticles with CINII identifiers\nArticles with FAST identifiers\nArticles with NARA identifiers\nArticles with SNAC-ID identifiers\nArticles with SUDOC identifiers\nArticles with Trove identifiers\nArticles with WORLDCATID identifiers\nAC with 27 elements\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nWikiquote\nWikisource\nLanguages\nAfrikaans\nالعربية\nAragonés\nAsturianu\nAymar aru\nAzərbaycanca\nتۆرکجه\nবাংলা\nBân-lâm-gú\nБеларуская\nБеларуская (тарашкевіца)\nБългарски\nBosanski\nBrezhoneg\nCatalà\nЧӑвашла\nČeština\nCymraeg\nDansk\nDeutsch\nEesti\nΕλληνικά\nEspañol\nEsperanto\nEuskara\nفارسی\nFrançais\nFurlan\nGaeilge\nGàidhlig\nGalego\n한국어\nՀայերեն\nहिन्दी\nHrvatski\nIdo\nIlokano\nBahasa Indonesia\nInterlingua\nÍslenska\nItaliano\nעברית\nJawa\nಕನ್ನಡ\nქართული\nҚазақша\nKiswahili\nKotava\nKurdî\nКыргызча\nLatina\nLatviešu\nLëtzebuergesch\nLietuvių\nMagyar\nМакедонски\nMalagasy\nമലയാളം\nमराठी\nმარგალური\nمصرى\nمازِرونی\nBahasa Melayu\nNederlands\n日本語\nNorsk bokmål\nNorsk nynorsk\nOccitan\nOʻzbekcha/ўзбекча\nਪੰਜਾਬੀ\nپنجابی\nپښتو\nPlattdüütsch\nPolski\nPortuguês\nRomână\nRuna Simi\nРусский\nScots\nShqip\nSimple English\nSlovenčina\nSlovenščina\nСрпски / srpski\nSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватски\nSuomi\nSvenska\nதமிழ்\nТатарча/tatarça\nไทย\nТоҷикӣ\nTürkçe\nУкраїнська\nاردو\nTiếng Việt\nWinaray\n吴语\nYorùbá\n粵語\nZazaki\n中文\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 13 September 2021, at 10:07 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:34:55Z","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Faulkner","warc-block-digest":"sha1:IJRRKZE5A5RUUG5KZGNFN4XNKPG7GQTR","content-type":"text/plain","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:8dd4a0dc-a656-4a6c-ad61-51e6cb557f01>","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:c57dad3e-22dd-4c56-a6ff-3afba1046781>","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","content-length":"55283","warc-type":"conversion"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.6188326},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[{"label":"en","prob":0.924177},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.855293},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9975183},{"label":"en","prob":0.9697784},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90974784},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93952185},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9891876},{"label":"en","prob":0.8468992},{"label":"en","prob":0.9757082},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8053751},null,null,null,{"label":"km","prob":0.9947523},{"label":"io","prob":0.83971125},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.982126},{"label":"en","prob":0.9853198},{"label":"en","prob":0.9777982},{"label":"en","prob":0.97719514},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95114446},{"label":"en","prob":0.9420762},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95528233},{"label":"en","prob":0.8052283},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8777046},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88081783},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9822687},{"label":"en","prob":0.9920164},{"label":"en","prob":0.9923705},{"label":"en","prob":0.99776995},{"label":"en","prob":0.9862142},{"label":"en","prob":0.9922863},{"label":"en","prob":0.9855407},{"label":"en","prob":0.917883},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.993045},{"label":"en","prob":0.9801791},{"label":"en","prob":0.97245115},{"label":"en","prob":0.9837217},{"label":"en","prob":0.99913377},{"label":"en","prob":0.9804436},{"label":"en","prob":0.81730694},{"label":"en","prob":0.98396224},{"label":"en","prob":0.9748525},{"label":"en","prob":0.9813566},{"label":"en","prob":0.9952307},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9853218},{"label":"en","prob":0.9835488},{"label":"en","prob":0.9956935},{"label":"en","prob":0.93606144},{"label":"en","prob":0.94500846},{"label":"en","prob":0.9912021},{"label":"en","prob":0.9936449},{"label":"en","prob":0.9870189},{"label":"en","prob":0.9826002},{"label":"en","prob":0.96470875},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8243938},{"label":"en","prob":0.9600302},{"label":"en","prob":0.88771397},{"label":"en","prob":0.97798204},{"label":"en","prob":0.974468},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9821095},{"label":"en","prob":0.98156744},{"label":"en","prob":0.9938069},{"label":"en","prob":0.9759006},{"label":"en","prob":0.8725349},{"label":"en","prob":0.9829868},{"label":"en","prob":0.96949726},{"label":"en","prob":0.9682472},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89321584},{"label":"en","prob":0.9922838},{"label":"en","prob":0.9368476},{"label":"en","prob":0.95489186},{"label":"en","prob":0.90291977},{"label":"en","prob":0.9962715},{"label":"en","prob":0.9804798},{"label":"en","prob":0.98470503},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9903154},{"label":"en","prob":0.91957605},{"label":"en","prob":0.9857277},{"label":"en","prob":0.9910635},{"label":"en","prob":0.95265543},{"label":"en","prob":0.9337206},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9747452},{"label":"en","prob":0.92608917},{"label":"en","prob":0.84183604},{"label":"en","prob":0.9613732},{"label":"en","prob":0.8909613},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99026674},{"label":"en","prob":0.97203815},{"label":"en","prob":0.8099226},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94500846},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9940969},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8962978},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85264796},{"label":"en","prob":0.91075784},{"label":"en","prob":0.8554328},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83846444},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90953946},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91787565},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83998406},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8710286},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8511084},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85872793},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8430657},{"label":"en","prob":0.85687953},{"label":"en","prob":0.8423899},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8774822},{"label":"en","prob":0.89407945},{"label":"en","prob":0.8877903},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9174691},{"label":"en","prob":0.8448686},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85155255},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9028082},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94500846},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84820896},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8031689},{"label":"en","prob":0.82161367},{"label":"en","prob":0.8175549},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9516363},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96367824},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9243959},{"label":"en","prob":0.93453544},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9701154},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.829053},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89526033},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83497345},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82050914},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.9040418},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95870703},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8228366},{"label":"en","prob":0.8590676},{"label":"en","prob":0.9033753},{"label":"en","prob":0.8720273},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90918857},{"label":"en","prob":0.85604036},{"label":"en","prob":0.84174544},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82162744},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.854925},{"label":"en","prob":0.94931144},{"label":"en","prob":0.87178016},{"label":"en","prob":0.8788026},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80667424},{"label":"en","prob":0.8662054},{"label":"en","prob":0.86151314},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90207416},{"label":"en","prob":0.8410295},{"label":"en","prob":0.82944244},{"label":"en","prob":0.917091},{"label":"en","prob":0.8864992},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8385303},{"label":"en","prob":0.8699639},{"label":"en","prob":0.8121858},{"label":"en","prob":0.9268904},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94282144},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8642906},{"label":"en","prob":0.88918287},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8052042},{"label":"en","prob":0.8101492},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8866015},{"label":"en","prob":0.8504283},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88416016},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8265832},{"label":"en","prob":0.84664},{"label":"en","prob":0.822085},{"label":"en","prob":0.8365509},{"label":"en","prob":0.89950174},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8702111},{"label":"en","prob":0.8369445},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85496694},{"label":"en","prob":0.8577389},{"label":"en","prob":0.82863384},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93486804},{"label":"en","prob":0.80071175},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86538714},{"label":"en","prob":0.8466997},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84232634},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89526033},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81590927},{"label":"en","prob":0.81205493},{"label":"en","prob":0.98297405},{"label":"en","prob":0.8881833},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83220893},{"label":"en","prob":0.8663121},{"label":"en","prob":0.9096249},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85407},{"label":"en","prob":0.85233486},{"label":"en","prob":0.8044915},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85557544},{"label":"en","prob":0.91551995},{"label":"en","prob":0.87670016},null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8614167},{"label":"en","prob":0.8420368},{"label":"en","prob":0.88532},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9382162},{"label":"en","prob":0.8699639},{"label":"en","prob":0.8825998},{"label":"en","prob":0.91334206},{"label":"en","prob":0.8031107},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8085764},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8777215},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83995193},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95211536},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86100465},{"label":"en","prob":0.8577067},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81558055},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9181225},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83093435},{"label":"en","prob":0.99080205},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9766524},{"label":"en","prob":0.88533676},{"label":"en","prob":0.86161685},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88701344},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82475317},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8721035},{"label":"en","prob":0.9513276},{"label":"en","prob":0.89755106},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83280736},{"label":"en","prob":0.8064736},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86256623},{"label":"en","prob":0.8895012},{"label":"en","prob":0.9911216},{"label":"en","prob":0.98227865},{"label":"en","prob":0.9745161},{"label":"en","prob":0.9725705},{"label":"en","prob":0.91550696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9290301},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9746774},{"label":"en","prob":0.9771157},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93515944},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8804295},{"label":"en","prob":0.9566917},{"label":"en","prob":0.9320158},{"label":"en","prob":0.9005607},{"label":"en","prob":0.9600961},{"label":"en","prob":0.92012674},{"label":"en","prob":0.9191242},{"label":"en","prob":0.9450687},{"label":"en","prob":0.9207439},{"label":"en","prob":0.98687303},{"label":"en","prob":0.8190873},{"label":"en","prob":0.90070647},{"label":"en","prob":0.98462534},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.829623},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.856612},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9790101},{"label":"en","prob":0.88783306},{"label":"en","prob":0.983016},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80122966},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.887592},null,null,null,null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.8275079},null,null,null,null,{"label":"az","prob":0.9951163},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"bg","prob":0.9979911},null,{"label":"br","prob":0.9581316},{"label":"ca","prob":0.97929996},{"label":"cv","prob":0.8114353},null,null,null,null,{"label":"et","prob":1.000088},{"label":"el","prob":0.98782945},{"label":"es","prob":0.8222208},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"gd","prob":0.99765307},null,{"label":"ko","prob":1.00007},{"label":"hy","prob":1.00008},{"label":"hi","prob":0.883866},{"label":"hr","prob":0.9386292},null,null,{"label":"id","prob":0.9134856},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"ka","prob":0.9957717},{"label":"kk","prob":0.98558193},null,null,{"label":"ku","prob":0.99234045},{"label":"ky","prob":0.99973524},null,{"label":"lv","prob":0.9998077},{"label":"lb","prob":0.9956005},{"label":"lt","prob":1.0000594},null,{"label":"mk","prob":0.97717184},null,{"label":"ml","prob":1.0000544},{"label":"mr","prob":0.9926708},null,null,null,{"label":"ms","prob":0.8052252},{"label":"nl","prob":0.99833286},{"label":"ja","prob":1.0000484},null,{"label":"no","prob":0.82973534},null,{"label":"uz","prob":0.8821043},{"label":"pa","prob":0.9999484},{"label":"pnb","prob":0.9576152},null,{"label":"nds","prob":0.999794},null,{"label":"pt","prob":0.9997072},{"label":"ro","prob":0.99815744},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"sl","prob":0.9391117},{"label":"sr","prob":0.8570989},null,{"label":"fi","prob":0.9453278},{"label":"sv","prob":0.8383157},{"label":"ta","prob":0.98073053},null,{"label":"th","prob":1.00008},null,null,{"label":"uk","prob":0.8764461},null,{"label":"vi","prob":0.99561477},null,null,null,{"label":"zh","prob":0.9998024},null,{"label":"zh","prob":0.81862706},{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.9846442},null]}}
{"content":"Adopt-a-user Home • Talk || Adoptee's Area • Resources || Adopter's Area • Resources • List of Adopters || Teahouse || Live Help Chat (IRC)\nShortcuts\nWP:AAU\nWP:ADOPT\nWP:ADOPTION\nWP:WIKIADOPT\nThe Adopt-a-user program is designed to help new and inexperienced users by pairing them with more experienced Wikipedians. These editors (referred to as adopters or mentors) will \"adopt\" newer users, guiding them along the way as they learn about Wikipedia and its various aspects.\nThe project aims to inform new users about the ins and outs of Wikipedia and steer them away from making less-than-constructive edits or misplaced test edits. Well over a thousand users have been involved in the program at one time or another.\nSo, if you're new or inexperienced and would like to:\nAsk questions about editing, contributing to Wikipedia and creating your first article\nLearn to navigate processes and policies and guidelines\nGet help with article creation or image uploads or any other activities on Wikipedia\n. . .then an adopter should be able to help you. Adoption lasts as long as the adopter and adoptee want to continue, so you can stop any time if you feel you've learned enough, or you'd like to take a break.\nIf you are looking to contribute to Wikipedia but do not intend to remain as an active user well after adoption, then this program is not for you. Adoption is for users who intend to be long-term contributors and members of the community, so if you are simply here to create one article, see this page for help and do not request adoption.\nUsers who don't want adopting – but who do need help with one-off problems – might like to consider whether the Teahouse question forum, the Help desk, or a {{Help me}} request might be better ways to get quick answers.\nParticipation\nBeing adopted is easy and fun. Why not select an adopter from the list of adopters and contact them directly to request adoption? If you choose an adopter who shares your interests, they will be more able to assist you while you learn under their tutelage.\nView the list of adopters!\nAlternatively, you can simply edit your user page, add the following text, {{subst:dated|adoptme}} and then Publish the page. This will put you on a list of potential adoptees and display the following userbox on your page:\nThis user seeks adoption by an experienced editor. (Users offering adoption)\nHowever, as with many areas of Wikipedia, a pro-active approach is far more likely to get you adopted. Just leaving the adoption request on your userpage could result in a long delay before your request is noticed or answered. For more information, visit the Adoptee's Area and the Adopt-a-user talk page. (If you are interested in becoming an Adopter yourself, please visit the Adopter's Area.)\nIs adoption right for you?\nAdoption needs a commitment from you! You are expected to stick around, practice and learn to work with others, and demonstrate a willingness to contribute across a broad range of Wikipedia activities. Adoption isn't for getting short-term assistance with a particular problem. There are other help forums for that.\nIf you're new or inexperienced and would like a single point of contact to:\nGuide you through understanding our key policies and 'how to' guidelines\nDiscuss a range of questions about editing, contributing to Wikipedia and possibly create your first article\nReceive guidance on interacting with other editors, article creation, image uploads and a host of other activities on Wikipedia, like help out by preventing-vandalism or doing routine maintenance tasks\n...then finding an Adopter could be just the thing for you!\nWhilst many adopters take a structured, step-by-step approach to guiding new editors through the various elements of working on Wikipedia, others are more informal. They may prefer to simply steer you through key areas you're having difficulty with, and answer questions when you encounter problems.\nSimilar Programs\nThe Teahouse\nAn area where friendly Wikipedians will answer your questions, 24 hours a day.\nCounter-Vandalism Unit Academy\nA training program for those editors who want to focus on reverting vandalism\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user&oldid=1027845304\"\nCategories:\nWikipedia Adopt-a-user\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nProject page\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nLanguages\nالعربية\nDansk\nDeutsch\nΕλληνικά\nEspañol\nفارسی\nFrançais\nGalego\nHrvatski\nBahasa Indonesia\nÍslenska\nItaliano\nעברית\nMagyar\nNederlands\nNordfriisk\nNorsk bokmål\nOccitan\nPolski\nPortuguês\nRomână\nSvenska\nไทย\nZeêuws\n中文\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 10 June 2021, at 10:08 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"warc-block-digest":"sha1:U2OJPXXE3JCPSLAB6UPB3TEGBDHKPTAO","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:fec8808f-96ef-4ae5-8a57-df5b44e42dcf>","warc-identified-content-language":"eng,nno","content-type":"text/plain","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:2f59440d-3700-418c-aa94-5c63bab316c3>","warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:40:45Z","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Adopt-a-user","content-length":"5385","warc-type":"conversion"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.6775619},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89475197},{"label":"en","prob":0.9124037},{"label":"en","prob":0.8080786},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9665413},{"label":"en","prob":0.9133991},{"label":"en","prob":0.9973436},{"label":"en","prob":0.88892317},{"label":"en","prob":0.8652677},{"label":"en","prob":0.90270793},{"label":"en","prob":0.9722449},{"label":"en","prob":0.9472306},{"label":"en","prob":0.9481925},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9233121},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9442225},{"label":"en","prob":0.96405846},{"label":"en","prob":0.941502},{"label":"en","prob":0.95813584},{"label":"en","prob":0.9889479},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8711697},{"label":"en","prob":0.9305441},{"label":"en","prob":0.9616811},{"label":"en","prob":0.95037717},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8722609},{"label":"en","prob":0.9361416},{"label":"en","prob":0.8586201},{"label":"en","prob":0.9736652},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"el","prob":0.98782945},{"label":"es","prob":0.8222208},null,null,null,{"label":"hr","prob":0.9386292},{"label":"id","prob":0.9134856},null,null,null,null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.99833286},null,null,null,null,{"label":"pt","prob":0.9997072},{"label":"ro","prob":0.99815744},{"label":"sv","prob":0.8383157},{"label":"th","prob":1.00008},null,{"label":"zh","prob":0.81862706},{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.99386823},null]}}
{"content":"This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.\nFind sources: \"Bilateralism\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nBilateralism is the conduct of political, economic, or cultural relations between two sovereign states. It is in contrast to unilateralism or multilateralism, which is activity by a single state or jointly by multiple states, respectively. When states recognize one another as sovereign states and agree to diplomatic relations, they create a bilateral relationship. States with bilateral ties will exchange diplomatic agents such as ambassadors to facilitate dialogues and cooperations.\nEconomic agreements, such as free trade agreements (FTA) or foreign direct investment (FDI), signed by two states, are a common example of bilateralism. Since most economic agreements are signed according to the specific characteristics of the contracting countries to give preferential treatment to each other, not a generalized principle but a situational differentiation is needed. Thus through bilateralism, states can obtain more tailored agreements and obligations that only apply to particular contracting states. However, the states will face a trade-off because it is more wasteful in transaction costs than the multilateral strategy. In a bilateral strategy, a new contract has to be negotiated for each participant. So it tends to be preferred when transaction costs are low and the member surplus, which corresponds to “producer surplus” in economic terms, is high. Moreover, this will be effective if an influential state wants control over small states from a liberalism perspective, because building a series of bilateral arrangements with small states can increase a state's influence.[1]\nContents\n1 Examples\n2 History\n3 See also\n4 References\n5 External links\nExamples[edit]\nAustralia and Canada have a bilateral relationship; both have similar governments and share similar values as well as having the same titular head of state. In 1895 the Government of Canada sent John Larke to Sydney to establish a trade commission and in 1935 Canada sent Charles Burchell (Australia's first Canadian High Commissioner) to formalise ties between the two countries.[2] Both nations have been wartime allies, and their trade and economic relations are strong.\nIndia and Nepal have had a bilateral relationship since ancient times even before the birth of the Buddha in 544 BC. In modern times, this traditional relationship has been confirmed by written treaties. The India-Nepal treaty of friendship was signed in July 1950. That provided economically and politically important effects for both countries. In 2011, the two countries signed a new Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement. These bilateral treaties have played a significant role in the evolution of international investment law. Citizens of both countries can move across the border freely without passport or visa, live and work in either country and own property and business in either country. Gurkhas form a part of the Indian Army. Millions of Nepalis have been living in India for long periods of time.[3]\nThe United States has bilateral relationships with several East Asian countries, particularly South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. The United States formed a bilateral alliance with Japan during the Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan. The U.S. also formed a bilateral alliance with Korea during the 1953 U.S.-South Korea Status of Forces Agreement and one with the Republic of China during the 1954 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty. Unlike its relationship with European nations which takes multilateral alliances centered in NATO, the U.S. prefers a direct relationship with each of the East Asian countries. Rather than establishing a security alliance or hosting a summit, the U.S. tends to make a direct connection with each nation. From both historical and political perspectives, every country in the East Asian region can be an opponent or a target to any other. Therefore, it is comparatively difficult to construct multilateral alliances, which depend upon mutual reliance. A main U.S. reason for choosing a bilateral treaty was to avoid conflict, as might have been the case with multilateral treaties (e.g. risk of multilateral treaty defects). An example is the \"hub and spokes\" reference, where the U.S. is the \"hub\" and the East Asian countries are the \"spokes\"; they each have a connection with the U.S. but not with each other.[4][5]\nThere are multiple factors that are unique when discussing why the United States has chosen to form bilateral relations particularly with East Asian countries, in comparison to the multilateral relations, such as NATO. Firstly, the United States had existing and longer relations with countries in Europe. Thus it was easier for the United States to build and form this multilateral bond. Victor Cha states \"Acheson argued that NATO was the product of a long, deliberative process, that West European powers had carefully developed their plan for collective defense before asking for U.S. help, and most revealing, that the United States viewed NATO as a mutual collective defense arrangement.\"[6] Another factor which contributed is the geography of East Asia compared to Europe. Because Europe is \"connected\", it is better for the security and economy. Whereas in East Asia, states are divided over a large space and is separated by large amounts of water and distance, making it a less admirable condition to form multilateral bonds for the United States. In East Asia, there are also a variety of regimes: communist, authoritarian regimes as well as democratic regimes. In comparison to the states in NATO, who are consisted of democracies, causing a level of difficulty in creating multilateral relations. Another factor is that the states in NATO recognised the same source of threat, which was USSR. This allowed for an agreement amongst these NATO states to form this multilateral relation. However, in the case with East Asia, there was no unified threat. For the ROC (Republic of China, otherwise known as Taiwan), China was seen as the threat. For the ROK (Republic of Korea, otherwise known as South Korea), DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, otherwise known as North Korea) was the threat. Thus there was a great level of difficulty in the United States forming an alliance with East Asia as the threats were different. Among many of the different explanations behind the United States’ choice of intervening in the bilateral alliances in East Asia, some social historians added that the U.S. decision makers firmly believed that unlike Europe, “inferior” Asians presumably did not possess the level of sophistication and responsibility that was required for the complex organization of the multilateral security arrangements. Christopher Hemmer and Peter J. Katzenstein concluded, “trust [was] absent, religion and domestic value were shared in only few cases, and race invoked as a powerful force separating the U.S. from Asia”.[7]\nVictor Cha proposed the Powerplay (theory) in his article “Powerplay Origins of the U.S. Alliances Systems in Asia”, which explains the reasons behind the United States’ decision in creating a series of bilateral alliances with East Asian countries. Powerplay is commonly used in any political or social situation when one uses its knowledge or information against others in order to gain benefits using situational advantages the one has. According to the powerplay theory, the alliances were created to both contain and constrain potential rogue allies (rogue state) from performing aggressive behavior that would trigger larger military conflict and involvement. The rogue allies (rogue states) include Taiwan's Kai Shek Chiang, who was publicly planning and looking forward to take back mainland China, and Korea's Syngman Rhee, who wanted to unify the Korean peninsula. The United States was also worried that Japan would recover its regional power in Asia. Cha concludes that the postwar United States planners had selected such a type of security architecture as an attempt to prevent aggression by the East Asian pro-west dictators and to increase leverage and states' dependency on the U.S. economy.\nThe U.S.-Japan alliance was a bilateral security order created with the intention of preventing the expansion of Soviet power and communism in the Asia Pacific. The U.S. provided Japan, and the other Asia Pacific countries, with the offer of security protection and access to American markets, technology, and supplies in exchange for providing diplomatic, economic, and logistical support for the U.S., as this, according to John Ikenberry, would lead to the “wider, American-centered anti-Communist postwar order\".[8]\nThe United States also has a history of bilateral agreements with Panama, beginning with the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) which established the United States' right to build a canal and own it and adjacent property across the otherwise-sovereign nation of Panama. This was replaced by The Treaty Concerning the Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal and the Panama Canal Treaty (both signed 1977). A Bilateral Investment Treaty Amendment was signed by the two countries in 2000, and several more limited agreements have been signed between various law-enforcement and financial agencies of the two countries.\nHistory[edit]\nThere has been a long debate on the merits of bilateralism versus multilateralism. The first rejection of bilateralism came after the First World War when many politicians concluded that the complex pre-war system of bilateral treaties had made war inevitable. This led to the creation of the multilateral League of Nations (which was disbanded in failure after 26 years).\nA similar reaction against bilateral trade agreements occurred after the Great Depression, when it was argued that such agreements helped produce a cycle of rising tariffs that deepened the economic downturn. Thus, after the Second World War, the West turned to multilateral agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).[citation needed]\nDespite the high profile of modern multilateral systems such as the United Nations and World Trade Organization, most diplomacy is still done at the bilateral level. Bilateralism has a flexibility and ease lacking in most compromise-dependent multilateral systems. In addition, disparities in power, resources, money, armament, or technology are more easily exploitable by the stronger side in bilateral diplomacy, which powerful states might consider as a positive aspect of it, compared to the more consensus-driven multilateral form of diplomacy, where the one state-one vote rule applies.[citation needed]\nA 2017 study found that bilateral tax treaties, even if intended to \"coordinate policies between countries to avoid double taxation and encourage international investment\", had the unintended consequence of allowing \"multinationals to engage in treaty shopping, states’ fiscal autonomy is limited, and governments tend to maintain lower tax rates.\"[9]\nSee also[edit]\nBilateral trade\nBilateral treaty\nList of bilateral free trade agreements\nMultilateralism\nMultistakeholderism\nUnilateralism\nReferences[edit]\n^ Thompson, Alexander. \"Multilateralism, Bilateralism and Regime Design\" (PDF). Department of Political Science Ohio State University. Retrieved 23 September 2013.\n^ \"Canada country brief - September 2010\". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 June 2011.\n^ [1] Oxford Journal\n^ \"BBS Reports, December 2013\" (PDF). EAI.or.kr. Retrieved 16 July 2017.\n^ Cha, Victor D. (9 January 2010). \"Powerplay Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia\". International Security. 34 (3): 158–196. doi:10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158. S2CID 57566528. Retrieved 16 July 2017 – via Project MUSE.\n^ Cha, Victor D. (Winter 2009–10). \"Powerplay Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia\". International Security. 34 (3): 158–196. doi:10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.158. S2CID 57566528.\n^ \"Why is There No NATO in Asia? Collective Identity, Regionalism, and the Origins of Multilateralism\" (PDF). Harvard.edu. Retrieved 16 July 2017. [dead link]\n^ [2] Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ikenberry G. John. \"American Hegemony and East Asian Order.\" Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 354-355, September 2004.\n^ Arel-Bundock, Vincent (1 April 2017). \"The Unintended Consequences of Bilateralism: Treaty Shopping and International Tax Policy\". International Organization. 71 (2): 349–371. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000108. ISSN 0020-8183. S2CID 157493354.\nExternal links[edit]\nLook up bilateralism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.\nThe Rise of Bilateralism\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilateralism&oldid=1040818650\"\nCategories:\nBilateral relations\nInternational relations theory\nHidden categories:\nAll articles with dead external links\nArticles with dead external links from May 2021\nWebarchive template wayback links\nArticles with short description\nShort description is different from Wikidata\nArticles needing additional references from July 2009\nAll articles needing additional references\nUse dmy dates from May 2015\nAll articles with unsourced statements\nArticles with unsourced statements from July 2017\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nLanguages\nالعربية\nAzərbaycanca\nবাংলা\nDeutsch\nEesti\nΕλληνικά\nفارسی\nहिन्दी\nBahasa Indonesia\nעברית\nҚазақша\nМакедонски\nBahasa Melayu\nМонгол\n日本語\nNorsk bokmål\nਪੰਜਾਬੀ\nPolski\nРусский\nTagalog\nУкраїнська\nاردو\nTiếng Việt\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 26 August 2021, at 21:21 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"content-type":"text/plain","content-length":"14726","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:17:40Z","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:2af9ef91-5664-4178-9a21-a4eeed24a794>","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:81433180-49aa-4336-9110-83830cc4062c>","warc-type":"conversion","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateralism","warc-block-digest":"sha1:DY6KWBGDI35Z42XMHKZCOLDTVKWBB6HI"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.79678583},"annotation":["short_sentences","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[{"label":"en","prob":0.9323049},{"label":"en","prob":0.80804724},{"label":"en","prob":0.95850503},{"label":"en","prob":0.9492669},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99478537},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8685007},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9628159},{"label":"en","prob":0.9616099},{"label":"en","prob":0.94948584},{"label":"en","prob":0.97271097},{"label":"en","prob":0.96575683},{"label":"en","prob":0.952151},{"label":"en","prob":0.96856916},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9699124},{"label":"en","prob":0.9629569},{"label":"en","prob":0.92691594},{"label":"en","prob":0.9334184},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8275341},{"label":"en","prob":0.83307904},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8154492},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8706749},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8585929},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8637},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92510575},{"label":"en","prob":0.8235312},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83347005},{"label":"en","prob":0.95480317},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.856612},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9544384},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9475949},{"label":"en","prob":0.88783306},{"label":"en","prob":0.984943},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,null,null,{"label":"az","prob":0.9951163},null,null,{"label":"et","prob":1.000088},{"label":"el","prob":0.98782945},null,{"label":"hi","prob":0.883866},{"label":"id","prob":0.9134856},null,{"label":"kk","prob":0.98558193},{"label":"mk","prob":0.97717184},{"label":"ms","prob":0.8052252},null,{"label":"ja","prob":1.0000484},null,{"label":"pa","prob":0.9999484},null,null,null,{"label":"uk","prob":0.8764461},null,{"label":"vi","prob":0.99561477},{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.98214793},null]}}
{"content":"National Steel Co., Boston and Colorado Smelting Co., Fritchle Automobile & Battery Co., Buick Motor Co.\nKnown for\n1908 electric automobile endurance run, long-range electric vehicles, battery and automotive patents\nChildren\n2\nOliver Parker Fritchle (September 15, 1874 – August 1951) was an American chemist, storage battery innovator, and entrepreneur with electric vehicle and wind power generation businesses during the early twentieth century. His initial battery patent was awarded in 1903[1] and by 1904 he had established what was to become the Fritchle Automobile & Battery Company in Denver, Colorado.[2] He was an early adaptor and developer of significant automotive technologies, such as regenerative braking[3] and hybrid drivetrains,[4] that did not reemerge on production vehicles of major car companies until late in the twentieth century.\nFritchle achieved national celebrity for his 1908 Lincoln-to-New York endurance run in one of the first electric automobile models produced by his firm.[5] He covered the 1,800 miles (2,900 km) in a stock Victoria Phaeton achieving as many as 108 miles (174 km) between charges[6] through extremes in weather, terrain, and road conditions; a remarkable feat with an electric vehicle of that day. The trip journal and photographs subsequently published to promote The 100 Mile Fritchle Electric provided unique insight to the state of road and electric power infrastructure within the United States during the early twentieth century.[7]\nContents\n1 Early years\n2 Fritchle Automobile & Battery Company\n3 1908 Lincoln-to-New York electric endurance run\n3.1 Challenge and timing\n3.2 Roads\n3.2.1 Route and log\n3.3 Highlights\n4 After The 100 Mile Fritchle Electric\n5 Patents and papers\n6 Notes\n7 References\n8 External links\nEarly years[edit]\nFritchle was born in Mount Hope, Ohio to a family of Ohio natives. His father was a veteran of the Civil War and a merchant in Holmes County. Fritchle attended local public schools followed by five years at Ohio Wesleyan University and two at Ohio State University where he graduated in 1896 with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry.[2]\nHe worked as a chemical engineer at the National Steel Company for two years after college. During this time he began experimenting with storage batteries with an interest in improving their suitability for vehicle applications. Around 1899 he relocated to Denver, Colorado and became chief chemist for the Henry E. Wood Company, an ore analysis concern. He worked there for two years prior to joining the Boston and Colorado Smelting Company of Argo as their chief chemist and assayer.[2]\nFritchle Automobile & Battery Company[edit]\n1912 Fritchle Four-Passenger Tourer\nHe established the O. P. Fritchle Garage Company in Denver, Colorado shortly after being granted his first battery patent in 1903.[1] The new firm specialized in sales, maintenance, and recharging of electric vehicles, but also represented gasoline powered lines such as Hammer.[8] He began developing and manufacturing better batteries in order to enhance the range, performance, and durability of his customers' vehicles, but found automobile technology the more limiting factor after several years of battery improvements. The Fritchle Automobile & Battery Company was established by 1908 to manufacture vehicles of his own design and by 1917 he was qualified as one of the few automotive engineers in Colorado.[9]\nHis first design halved the power consumption, nearly doubling the range, relative to competitors' vehicles.[2] One contribution to this advantage was his successful implementation of what was known then as \"electric brakes\"[3] and more recently as regenerative brakes. The concept of using the motor to recharge the batteries while slowing an electric vehicle was not new even as early as 1908. However, implementing it effectively in automobiles and trucks was still quite tricky with the technology of the period[10] and required development of a proprietary controller.[11]\nFritchle Milostat on a 100-Mile Battery\nFritchle produced a number of practical innovations in addition to his battery and vehicle patents, such as one of the first automobile child seats. The Fritchle Milostat was a clever solution to the problem electric vehicle operators had accurately estimating the driving distance available from their batteries. It was simply a hydrometer calibrated to display the percentage of charge remaining rather than the normal, but difficult to interpret, specific gravity reading.[12]\nThe Fritchle Automobile products evolved over five years from the carriage-like Phaeton to a broad line of cars and a commercial truck. Models made at various times during more than a decade of production included the Victoria Phaeton, four-passenger coupe, roadster, Stanhope runabout, two-passenger torpedo runabout, four-passenger tourer, a luxury five-passenger brougham,[13] and a one thousand pound commercial truck.[14]\nFritchle took steps to establish a company presence in Washington, D.C. at the end of his 1908 cross-country trip.[5] Additional efforts to expand into the lucrative East Coast market were made in 1912 with the opening of a sales office on Fifth Avenue in New York City[3] and selection of a manufacturing site in Bridgeport, Connecticut[15] as the International Fritchle Company. However, these did not pan out and Fritchle Automobiles remained primarily a small regional manufacturer through the end of production.\n1908 Lincoln-to-New York electric endurance run[edit]\nFritchle Victoria Phaeton\nPrice (circa 1909): $2,000 USD\nClass: Electric\nBattery: 28 cells, 800 lb (360 kg).\nMotor: 10 horsepower\nSpeeds: Eight, 5 to 25 miles per hour (40 km/h)\nRange: 100 miles (160 km) on third speed\nBrakes: Hub band and electric\nTires: 34 x 3.5 O.D.\nWeight: 2,100 lb (950 kg) with battery\nWheel Base: 80 in. x 50 in.\nSeat Width: 44 in.\nTop: Full Victoria\nFritchle's initial series of battery and automobile improvements culminated with production of the Victoria Phaeton in 1908, the twentieth anniversary of the electric car in America.[16] His choice of a competitive cross-country endurance run among electric vehicles as a means for promoting the capabilities of his new product was influenced by the positive effect the annual AAA National Reliability Tour, more commonly known as the Glidden Tour, was having on the durability and perceptions of fuel-powered vehicles. Though it had become one of the most prestigious American automobile events, electric vehicles were essentially excluded by the distances of the daily legs which frequently ran well over 100 miles (160 km).\nChallenge and timing[edit]\nBy September 1908 he had issued a general invitation to all manufacturers of electric automobiles to participate in a trip from Denver to New York City with the challenge \"to an endurance run between the above named points at a time in the Fall that will be satisfactory and allow the greatest number of entries possible.\"[7]\nThe relatively short time for responses, lack of electric service on the western end of the proposed route, and poor timing for a trip across northern states cast some doubt as to whether he was actually expecting challengers. The failure of any competitors to accept became a fact leveraged in his advertising.\nLess than sixty days from the September invitation, Fritchle proceeded with the trip on his own. Arrangements for re-charging were made by an associate of his firm, W. P. Pfaff, who usually travelled ahead by rail, though occasionally rode in the car with Fritchle.[5] The starting point was moved to Lincoln, Nebraska due to the unworkable distances between charging facilities that still existed further west. The stock Victoria Phaeton was transported to Lincoln and ready to go by the end of October.\nRoads[edit]\nFritchle departed from Lincoln at 7:30 a.m. on 31 October 1908. Many of the early inter-city roads in the Midwest had been established along existing railroad lines. His route generally followed the Burlington from Lincoln to Omaha and the Rock Island from Omaha to Des Moines.\nLost more than once due to poor signs and roads west of Omaha\nThe Nebraska roads and those in western Iowa were especially brutal. Government road programs had not been implemented yet, so both the roadways and any signage were privately maintained, if maintained at all. It would be another two years before local automobile enthusiasts would adopt the western Iowa segment as the White Pole Road.[17] At the time of Fritchle's trip, the route was poorly marked and the deep mud of the \"blue clay\" roadways difficult to pass. The county and railroad route maps brought for navigation were inadequate. He became lost on several occasions and at times had to resort to following a compass heading or listening for passing trains in order to reconnect with the proper route. The wrong turns, low speeds required for the road conditions, and the need to stop early due to driver exhaustion put him behind schedule. Differences between odometer readings entered in his log and mapped route distances indicated well over 100 miles (160 km) of wrong turns between Lincoln and Cedar Rapids, Iowa; most of which likely occurred west of Des Moines.\nHe drove north out of Des Moines to pick up the Northwestern in Nevada, Iowa and followed it into Chicago. Condition of the roads along the Northwestern were much better and there were several stretches where Fritchle was able to make up time by using high speed. In Chicago he purchased 1908 Glidden Tour (AAA) and White Route (Motor Age) books which were used for the eastern part of the trip.[18]\nSubstantial portions of the route east of Chicago were based upon long established pikes and trails that would later form the Lincoln Highway; the most significant exceptions were a more northern route through Toledo in Ohio, a side trip to his home town of Mount Hope, and more easterly roads out of Pittsburgh. He still managed a few wrong turns due to errors in the guides and in some of the places he chose to deviate from them, though the impact in terms of extra miles was much less significant than it had been in Nebraska and Iowa.\nHe raised the possibility of differences in roadway design considerations between electric and fuel-powered vehicles on the turnpike east of York, Pennsylvania. He noted that the downhill stops required by placement of all sixteen tollgates in the middle of downgrades significantly reduced the effectiveness of his electric's regenerative braking system.\nThe press report that he followed the 1908 Glidden Tour route between Pittsburgh and New York[5] was somewhat misleading. Fritchle appeared to retrace the Glidden route in only a few segments of that stretch, mainly in the area of Bedford, Pennsylvania. Close enough for him to emphasize that his electric had been able to traverse roads through the Alleghenys in November that the fuel-powered \"Gliddenites\" had found difficult to pass in July. He arrived at the Hotel Knickerbocker in Times Square New York at 6:00 p.m. on 28 November 1908.[19]\nRoute and log[edit]\nRoute approximated on current roads by Google Maps\nLincoln to Chicago Chicago to Johnstown Johnstown to New York\nLeg Date Time Location Route Miles Charge\nNotes\n1 31-Oct-1908 7:30 a.m. Lincoln, Nebraska 0 Full Departed from E. E. Mockett Auto Co.\nAshland, Nebraska 28 Partial Charged from Dr. W. G. Meredith's X-Ray dynamo during lunch.\n10:00 p.m. Omaha, Nebraska 60 Full Charged at R. R. Kimball's Garage.\n2 1-Nov-1908 2:30 p.m. Omaha, Nebraska 60 Departure delayed by slow charge.\nWeston, Iowa 73 Scared 4 horse team and two broke wagon tongue and ran off.\n10:00 p.m. Avoca, Iowa 101 Full Charged with barrel water-rheostat from 240 V circuit.\n3 2-Nov-1908 9:00 a.m. Avoca, Iowa 101\n1:30 p.m. Atlantic, Iowa 126 Full Stopped early to rest. Used 110 V DC charging circuit at Atlantic Automobile Company.\n4 3-Nov-1908 7:00 a.m. Atlantic, Iowa 126\n1:00 p.m. Stuart, Iowa 169 Full Used 110 V DC charging circuit from the city electric light plant.\n5 4-Nov-1908 7:15 a.m. Stuart, Iowa 169\n2:15 p.m. Des Moines, Iowa 208 Full Completed 48 miles (77 km) at less than 7 mph. Charged at Iowa Automobile & Supply Co.\n6 5-Nov-1908 9:30 a.m. Des Moines, Iowa 208\nCambridge, Iowa 233\nNevada, Iowa 252 Picked up the Northwestern Road (Transcontinental Automobile Route).\n7:00 p.m. Marshalltown, Iowa 283 Full Completed 72 miles (116 km). Charged using 30 A rectifier.\n7 6-Nov-1908 Marshalltown, Iowa 283\n8:00 p.m. Cedar Rapids, Iowa 355 Full Odometer read 477 miles (768 km) from Lincoln. Charged from 110 V dynamo driven by gas engine.\n8 7-Nov-1908 7:00 a.m. Cedar Rapids, Iowa 355\n5:00 p.m. DeWitt, Iowa 419 Partial Completed 68 miles (109 km) and recharged during supper. Charged from city power plant with small exciter during supper.\nClinton, Iowa 438 Full Completed another 21 miles (34 km) for a total of 89 for the day. Charged at Clinton Auto Supply Co. using rectifier.\n9 8-Nov-1908 11:00 a.m. Clinton, Iowa 438\nDixon, Illinois 487\nFranklin Grove, Illinois 497\n10:00 p.m. DeKalb, Illinois 533 Full Completed 91 miles (146 km)\n10 9-Nov-1908 1:00 p.m. DeKalb, Illinois 533\n7:00 p.m. Chicago, Illinois 598 Full Completed 68 miles (109 km)\n10-Nov-1908 Chicago, Illinois 598 Waited for registered letter\n11 11-Nov-1908 4:00 p.m. Chicago, Illinois 598 Purchased 1908 Glidden Route (AAA) and White Route (Motor Age) books\nHobart, Indiana 641 Left front tire punctured by nail on road to Hobart\n11:00 p.m. Valparaiso, Indiana 656 Full Charged from 220 V circuit at Home Herald Co.\n12 12-Nov-1908 1:00 p.m. Valparaiso, Indiana 656\nLaPorte, Indiana 673\nSouth Bend, Indiana 725\n8:00 p.m. Elkhart, Indiana 747 Full Completed 72 miles (116 km).\n13 13-Nov-1908 8:00 a.m. Elkhart, Indiana 747\nLunch Kendallville, Indiana 797 Partial Partial charge at Kendallville Power Plant through exciter dynamo during lunch due to heavy sand roadways.\nBryan, Ohio 836 Full\n14 14-Nov-1908 Bryan, Ohio 836\nWauseon, Ohio 865\nSwanton, Ohio 879\n3:00 p.m. Toledo, Ohio 900 Full Completed 66 miles (106 km). Charge at Kirk Brothers Garage.\n15 15-Nov-1908 Toledo, Ohio 900\nNorwalk, Ohio 970 Partial Two hour charge.\nAshland, Ohio 1001 Left Toledo-Cleveland Route, lost without map.\nWooster, Ohio 1024\n16 16-Nov-1908 10:00 a.m. Wooster, Ohio 1024\nMount Hope, Ohio 1045 Visited relatives in hometown.\nMassillon, Ohio 1069 Full Charged at Massillon Power Plant.\n17 17-Nov-1908 Massillon, Ohio 1069\nCanton, Ohio 1082\nLisbon, Ohio 1119 Partial Only partial charge available. Dark when left.\nEast Palestine, Ohio 1133 Partial Partial charge from a small exciter dynamo.\n18 18-Nov-1908 East Palestine, Ohio 1133\nSewickley, Pennsylvania 1166 Bought Weed non-skid tire chains for mud.\nPittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1180 Full Odometer read 1,332-mile (2,144 km) from Lincoln.\n19-Nov-1908 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1180\n20-Nov-1908 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1180\n19 21-Nov-1908 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1180\nWilkinsburg, Pennsylvania 1189\nExport, Pennsylvania 1204 Partial Received free charge for fixing a nickelodeon power plant.\n4:00 p.m. Blairsville, Pennsylvania 1225 Full\n20 22-Nov-1908 Blairsville, Pennsylvania 1225\n2:00 p.m. Johnstown, Pennsylvania 1251 Full Charged at Johnstown Automobile Co.\n21 23-Nov-1908 Johnstown, Pennsylvania 1251\nSpring Meadow, Pennsylvania 1278 92.7 miles (149.2 km) from Pittsburgh, Glidden Guide gave wrong turn: 4 extra miles.\nFishertown, Pennsylvania 1280\nBedford, Pennsylvania 1290 Partial Partial charge at electric plant due to upcoming hills.\nBedford Springs, Pennsylvania 1292\nEverett, Pennsylvania 1301 Full\n22 24-Nov-1908 1:00 p.m. Everett, Pennsylvania 1301\nBreezewood, Pennsylvania 1309\nMcConnellsburg, Pennsylvania 1328\n10:00 p.m. Mercersburg, Pennsylvania 1338\n23 25-Nov-1908 12:00 noon Mercersburg, Pennsylvania 1338 Full\nChambersburg, Pennsylvania 1354\n3:00 p.m. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 1378 Full Visited Gettysburg battlefield.\n24 26-Nov-1908 1:00 p.m. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 1378 Thanksgiving Day.\nYork, Pennsylvania 1407 Full Stopped by police for no state driver's license. Charged at Keystone Garage.\n25 27-Nov-1908 York, Pennsylvania 1407\nColumbia, Pennsylvania 1422 Joined White Route No. 7 with 16 tolls.\nLancaster, Pennsylvania 1434\nCoatesville, Pennsylvania 1462\nMalvern, Pennsylvania 1482\nOverbrook, Pennsylvania 1498\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania 1507 Full Replaced camel hair brake linings worn out through Allegheny Mountains and charged at Quaker City Garage.\n26 28-Nov-1908 9:00 a.m. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1507\nCamden, New Jersey 1510 Joined White Route No. 5.\nBurlington, New Jersey 1529\nNewark, New Jersey 1593\nJersey City, New Jersey 1598 Crossed Hudson River on the Pennsylvania Railroad Ferry to 23rd Street.\n6:00 p.m. New York City 1607 Ended at Hotel Knickerbocker in Times Square. 200 miles (320 km) from York on two charges, odometer read 1,800 miles (2,900 km) from Lincoln, 75 lb (34 kg) of mud stuck to car.\nTable notes: Italics indicate interpolated values where entries were omitted in the condensed journal\nHighlights[edit]\nFritchle drove the eighteen hundred miles between Lincoln and New York in twenty-nine days averaging close to ninety miles per battery charge across extremes in weather, terrain, and road conditions. The time included about twenty-one days of driving and eight for rest, sightseeing, and visits. Fritchle recorded it as a 29-day trip beginning on 31 October in his journal, but did not seem to object when the newspapers reported it a day shorter beginning on 1 November.\nFritchle Electric towing an Olds near York, Pennsylvania\nRequired repairs and maintenance were trivial. They included one flat tire on the road out of Chicago, a 150 A fuse that was blown throwing the car into gear from a dead stop on a steep mountain incline, and a new set of camel hair brake linings to replace the ones worn out in the Alleghenys. The brake repairs could have been avoided by installing asbestos linings prior to leaving Denver, but the decision was made to keep the vehicle completely stock.[18]\nThe Victoria Phaeton had to be towed once in Iowa by a gasoline-powered automobile when an inaccurate distance estimate led to the batteries being depleted two miles (3.2 km) short of the charging station. Fritchle was later able to even the record by towing a disabled Oldsmobile ten miles (16 km) to service near York, Pennsylvania.[5]\nA wide variety of alternating and direct current power sources were used for recharging. These ranged from a dynamo borrowed from a physician's X-ray machine to a direct connection at a community power plant. Most of the garages he stopped at could safely recharge his vehicle, but in other situations he was often left to figure it out on his own. Fritchle acknowledged that touring in an electric car was only feasible for an \"expert electrician\" due to the complications of safely recharging from the variety of power sources and connections that existed at that time. He was not trying to portray electric vehicles as practical for cross-country travel, but rather demonstrate that his electric vehicles were as robust as the best of the fuel-powered automobiles.[5]\nFritchle drove the Victoria Phaeton from New York to Washington, D.C. with plans to continue to Chicago in order to attend an auto show. He and the automobile later returned to Denver by rail.\nAfter The 100 Mile Fritchle Electric[edit]\nAs robust as the Fritchle electric vehicles were for their time, initial growth of the electric vehicle segment peaked in 1912[20] and became a declining niche unable to compete on price, range, or servicing with the substantially higher volume gasoline powered alternatives. A Fritchle hybrid gas-electric model utilizing a four-cylinder air-cooled engine was developed in 1916, but failed to sustain the automobile business.[4] Production ceased sometime after 1917, though the last Fritchle Electric may have been sold as late as 1922.\nThe automobile business was followed by the Fritchle Electric Company. This firm developed and sold wind power generation systems into the late 1920s that were based upon the windpumps common on farms and ranches throughout much of North America.[14] He later worked for the Buick Motor Company and remained active in the radio and electric power industries until his retirement in 1941.[21]\nPatents and papers[edit]\nProcess of Producing Active Material and Electrodes for Storage Batteries and Products Thereof. Washington, D.C.: United States Patent Office. 3 September 1903. US 738313.\nConnector for Electrochemical Apparatus. Washington, D.C.: United States Patent Office. 23 August 1904. US 768175.\nNotes[edit]\n^ a b Fritichle 1903\n^ a b c d Stone 1918: 428\n^ a b c Brady 1912: 98\n^ a b Beecroft 1916: 156\n^ a b c d e f NYT 1908-11-30: 7\n^ Artman 1909: 140\n^ a b Fritchle 1953: 30\n^ van Sicklen 1918\n^ Dunham 1917: 226\n^ Hayward 1915: 75\n^ Stone 1918: 30\n^ Hayward 1915: 158\n^ Beecroft 1913: 20\n^ a b Stone 1918: 430\n^ Beecroft 1912\n^ Pender 1922: 54\n^ White Pole Rd 2009\n^ a b Fritchle 1953: 30-32, 52\n^ Fritchle 1953: 53\n^ DOE 2005\n^ Sulzberger 2006\nReferences[edit]\nArtman (ed.), James (1 January 1909). \"Trade News Items\". Automobile Trade Journal. Philadelphia: Chilton Printing Co. 13 (7): 140–146. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)\nBeecroft (ed.), David (1 August 1912). \"Fritchle Plant for Bridgeport\". The Automobile. New York: The Class Journal Co. 27 (5): 255. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)\nBeecroft (ed.), David (2 January 1913). \"Electric Vehicles for 1913\". The Automobile. New York: The Class Journal Co. 28 (1): 10–23. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)\nBeecroft (ed.), David (20 January 1916). \"Fritchle Preparing Gas-Electric Model\". The Automobile. 34. New York: The Class Journal Co. p. 156. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)\nBrady (pres.), Anthony N. (June 1912). \"The Fritchle Car\". The Edison Monthly. New York: The New York Edison Co. 5 (1): 98–99.\nDunham (pres.), George W. (April 1917). \"Applications Approved May 14, 1917\". SAE Bulletin. New York: Society of Automotive Engineers. 11 (1): 226–230.\nFritchle, Oliver P. (3 September 1903). Process of Producing Active Material and Electrodes for Storage Batteries and Products Thereof. US 738313. Washington, D.C.: United States Patent Office. US 738313.\nFritchle, Oliver P. (December 1953) [1909]. \"Electric Endurance: Condensed from an original catalog\". Auto Age. 1. pp. 30–32, 52–53.\n\"From Nebraska in Electric Auto\" (PDF). The New York Times. 30 November 1908. p. 7. Retrieved 10 February 2009.\nHayward, Charles B. (1915). \"Electric Automobiles\". Cyclopedia of Automobile Engineering. 3. Chicago: American Technical Society. pp. 1–161.\nPender (ed.), Harold; William A. Del Mar (1922). \"Automobiles, Electric\". Handbook for Electrical Engineers (2 ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 54–67. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)\nStone, Wilbur F. (1918). \"Oliver Parker Fritchle\". History of Colorado. 2. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co. pp. 428–430.\nSulzberger, Carl (November 2006). \"One Hundred Miles on One Charge: The remarkable Fritchle electric car\". Power Engineering Society: History. New York: IEEE. Retrieved 15 January 2009.\n\"The White Pole Road - History\". White Pole Road Development Corporation. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2009-02-10.\nU.S. Department of Energy (7 November 2005). \"History of Electric Vehicles\". Vehicle Technologies Program. Retrieved 19 January 2009.\nvan Sicklen (mgr.), N. H. (16 February 1905). \"The 1905 Hammer (advert)\". Motor Age. Chicago: The Trade Press Co. 7 (7): 38.\nExternal links[edit]\n\"Album with photo of Fritchle Wind-Electric Light windmill\". T. Lindsay Baker.\n\"Map of Great Rock Island Route\". Rumsey Map Collection. ... the roads west of Des Moines along the Rock Island (O. P. Fritchle)\n\"Approximate route of 1908 Glidden Tour mapped on current roads\". Google Maps.\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Parker_Fritchle&oldid=999672571\"\nCategories:\n1874 births\n1951 deaths\nPeople from Holmes County, Ohio\nAmerican automotive pioneers\nAmerican automotive engineers\nAmerican electrical engineers\nAmerican chemists\nOhio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni\nPeople from Denver\nEngineers from Ohio\nHidden categories:\nArticles with hCards\nCS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty\nCS1 maint: extra text: authors list\nCS1: long volume value\nAC with 0 elements\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nLanguages\nAdd links\nThis page was last edited on 11 January 2021, at 10:18 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"content-type":"text/plain","warc-block-digest":"sha1:LRTEY5OGG2XD6Z2BHA6P2EKQSJYUWO65","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:48062f79-efe0-403a-88b2-683eb44fff2d>","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","content-length":"25292","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Parker_Fritchle","warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:04:30Z","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:32b341fc-93f6-4f9c-a71b-97c4fcbd6ed6>","warc-type":"conversion"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.62834096},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9170491},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97912246},{"label":"en","prob":0.9546382},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8394829},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89943826},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8834042},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97907025},{"label":"en","prob":0.980807},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9824957},{"label":"en","prob":0.9819352},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.972876},{"label":"en","prob":0.9063336},{"label":"en","prob":0.96766794},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86485934},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90774506},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9791975},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9538088},{"label":"en","prob":0.98794794},{"label":"en","prob":0.9893673},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96084416},{"label":"en","prob":0.9701851},{"label":"en","prob":0.9816365},{"label":"en","prob":0.98994887},{"label":"en","prob":0.9922014},{"label":"en","prob":0.9700667},{"label":"en","prob":0.9876301},{"label":"en","prob":0.9136647},{"label":"en","prob":0.94377357},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82591385},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9401531},{"label":"en","prob":0.8377109},{"label":"en","prob":0.84228593},{"label":"en","prob":0.9748061},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8207913},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90254647},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8810175},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9702844},{"label":"en","prob":0.8820093},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92942685},{"label":"en","prob":0.803714},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89819723},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.829103},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8381715},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92189324},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8434403},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8367551},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9282001},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8758202},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8952878},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8617292},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84629565},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8668489},{"label":"en","prob":0.8338225},{"label":"en","prob":0.88822603},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9633244},{"label":"en","prob":0.88393116},{"label":"en","prob":0.9785472},{"label":"en","prob":0.96817887},{"label":"en","prob":0.99203},{"label":"en","prob":0.95940924},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9748648},{"label":"en","prob":0.9886259},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82619756},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83221126},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8308435},{"label":"en","prob":0.92953485},{"label":"en","prob":0.9566789},{"label":"en","prob":0.82737076},{"label":"en","prob":0.92977166},{"label":"en","prob":0.8917335},{"label":"en","prob":0.9352185},{"label":"en","prob":0.91910267},{"label":"en","prob":0.97245055},{"label":"en","prob":0.9705836},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84047496},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9282881},{"label":"en","prob":0.9909079},null]}}
{"content":"French Canadians (Acadians · Franco-Albertan · Franco-Columbian · Franco-Manitoban · Franco-Ontarian · Franco-Newfoundlander · Franco-Ténois · Franco-Yukonnais · Québécois) · French · French Americans · Métis\nFransaskois (pronounced [fʁɑ̃.sas.kwa]), (cf. Québécois), Franco-Saskatchewanais (Franco-Saskatchewannais) (pronounced [fʁɑ̃.ko.sas.ka.tʃə.wa.nɛ]) or Franco-Saskatchewanians are French Canadians or Canadian francophones living in the province of Saskatchewan. According to the 2016 Canadian Census, approximately 17,735 residents of the province stated that French was their mother tongue. In the same census, 125,810 Saskatchewanians claimed full or partial French ancestry. There are several Fransaskois communities in Saskatchewan, although the majority of francophones in Saskatchewan reside in the province's three largest cities, Saskatoon, Regina, and Prince Albert.\nThe first francophones to enter the region were French Canadian coureurs de bois employed in the North American fur trade during the 18th century. Francophone settlement into the region first occurred with French Canadian fur traders, along with Roman Catholic missionaries, and the Métis, during the mid 19th century. In 1885, a rebellion that included the French-speaking Métis broke out in the region. In the early 20th century, the provincial government attempted to assimilate the francophone minority into the anglophone majority by curtailing French language education Saskatchewan. The enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 resulted in several decisions from the Supreme Court of Canada, that reaffirmed the educational, and judicial rights of the francophones in Saskatchewan.\nContents\n1 Demographics\n1.1 Communities\n2 History\n2.1 19th century\n2.2 20th century\n2.3 21st century\n3 Politics\n3.1 Access\n4 Education\n4.1 History\n5 Culture\n6 Media\n6.1 Print\n6.2 Radio\n7 Notable Fransaskois\n8 See also\n9 Footnotes\n10 External links\nDemographics[edit]\nAccording to the 2016 Canadian Census, the number of people that reported French was their mother tongue in Saskatchewan was 17,735, or approximately 1.6 per cent of the population; making it the most common mother tongue in the province after English, Tagalog, German, and Cree (including Cree languages not otherwise specified).[2] The majority of francophone Saskatchewanians are bilingual in English and French, with only 530 Fransaskois reporting they only had proficiency in French.[2] There were 51,355 Saskatchewanians, approximately 4.7 per cent of the population, that reported being bilingual in both English and French; although the following figure includes francophone residents of the province, and Saskatchewanian who speak French as a second language.[2]\nApproximately 56 per cent of Fransaskois were born in Saskatchewan, with 29 per cent of francophones in the province born in another province or territory of Canada.[3] Approximately 16 per cent of all francophones in Saskatchewan were born outside Canada. Among the Fransaskois that were born outside Canada, approximately 57 per cent originated from Africa, 22 per cent from Europe, 18 per cent from Asia, and 6 per cent from all other countries in the Americas.[3]\nIn the 2016 census, 125,810 Saskatchewanians reported having partial or full French ancestry.[1] French is the seventh most commonly reported ethnic group in Saskatchewan, after German, Canadian, English, Scottish, Irish, and Ukrainian.[1]\nCommunities[edit]\nFrancophones in Saskatchewan are concentrated along three main areas of the province, the North and South Saskatchewan River, and in southern Saskatchewan.[3] The majority of Fransaskois reside around the province's largest cities, with three out of four Fransaskois' residing in Saskatoon, Regina, and Prince Albert. However, smaller communities of Fransaskois are also based in Gravelbourg, Albertville, Duck Lake, Zenon Park, Bellegarde, and St. Isidore-de-Bellevue.[3][4]\nHistory[edit]\nLouis de la Corne, c. 1750. In 1755, he was appointed the commandant of New France's poste de l’Ouest, which included present day Saskatchewan\nIn 1752 Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne was appointed commandant poste de l’Ouest.[5] He embarked on an expedition along the northern coast of Lake Superior, through Fort Paskoya (Le Pas, Manitoba) and into what is today the province of Saskatchewan establishing Fort Saint-Louis, or what became known as Fort-à-la-Corne, near the forks of the Saskatchewan River.[5] The area was the westernmost region of New France.[4]\n19th century[edit]\nFrench Canadian coureurs de bois continued to utilize the territory after the British conquest of New France, in their pursuit of furs to trade with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) and the North-West Company.[6] A number of French fur traders often had local First Nations women as their companions.[7] While the majority of these couples were not formally married, the offspring that they produced often carried the French names of their fathers. Names like Dumont, Cardinal, Breland and Vandal are often associated with the French Métis.[7] Between 1840 to 1880, several Métis communities developed in Batoche, Île-à-la-Crosse, St. Laurent de Grandin, and Willow Bunch.[4]\nIn addition to French Canadian fur traders, and the Métis, Roman Catholic missionaries were among the first francophone settlers into the region, with several French missionaries dispatched to Qu'Appelle River valley (near present day Fort Qu'Appelle in the early 19th century.[4]\nAfter the two fur trading companies were united in 1821,[7] the French Métis settled along the Red River in Rupert's Land, until the Deed of Surrender transferred the territory to Canada in 1870.[7] As a result of the sale, a number of Métis left the Red River to seek out new lands in an attempt to return to their way of life. The vast majority landed on the banks of the Saskatchewan River in the area of Batoche and Duck Lake,[8] although a dispute over land titles resulted in the North-West Rebellion; which saw the Métis eventually defeated at the Battle of Batoche in 1885 when.[8] The rebellion's leader, Louis Riel was later tried in court, the outcome of which became a major point of contention between English and French Canadians.\nLouis Riel standing trial in 1885. The outcome of the trial became a point of contention for French Canadians.\nIn 1892, the Northwest Territories abolished French as an official language.\n20th century[edit]\nAt the end of the nineteenth century the Roman Catholic Church aided the government in bringing new groups of immigrants to the prairies.[9] The resulting immigration saw many arrive from Quebec who began establishing towns, schools, churches and businesses. The Canadian government worked to encourage French immigrants from France and Belgium, achieving some success in 1912 and 1913 as some 3000 French arrived in Canada in those two years.[10]\nAt the turn of the century the French-speaking settlers represented about 2.9% of the population.[11] Five years after the foundation of the province of Saskatchewan in 1905 the French-speaking population represented 5.2%.[11] The population grew from 2,600 to 25,000 in the first ten years of the twentieth century and they would double their population during next two decades.[11]\nThe French Canadians arriving in Saskatchewan were mostly farmers interested in developing the agricultural landscape of the province.[12] Others worked to ensure the survival of the Catholic Church and the French language in the province. The first bishops of the west were French Canadians who believed that the survival of the Church was dependent on the survival of the mother tongue.[13] In February 1912, 450 members of the Francophone community of Saskatchewan met at Duck Lake to form a provincial organization called La Sociéte du Parler Français de la Saskatchewan.[13] Invited delegates included Bishop Mathieu of Regina, Bishop Charlebois of Keewatin and the Attorney General Alphonse Turgeon.[14] Later that year the society would go on to form the Association Franco-Canadienne de la Saskatchewan (renamed the Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise of ACF in 1999) in an effort to protect the rights of Fransaskois.[13]\nThe early 20th century saw efforts to curtail French language education, in an effort to assimilate the francophone minority with the anglophone majority.[4] In 1916 several provincial organizations like the Saskatchewan Grain Growers, the Saskatchewan School Trustees’ Association, the Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities resolved to forbid the use of foreign languages in Saskatchewan's schools.[15] Premier William Martin drafted an amendment to Section 177 of the School Act which limited French instruction to one hour a day.[14] In response to the loss of the right to teach French in a public school in 1918 Franco-Catholic school trustees formed the Association des commissaries d’écoles franco-canadiens (ACEFC).[16] In 1918, Monsignor Mathieu Regina opened College Mathieu in Gravelbourg, a private institution that offered classical education in French.[17] College Mathieu remained the only option for a French education in Saskatchewan for the next 75 years. It remained in operation as Western Canada's only private French language secondary school until 2003, when it was absorbed by the province's public francophone school system and renamed L'école Sécondaire Collège Mathieu.\nIn 1982, Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guaranteed minority education rights.[18] The establishment of the Charter led to the Fransaskois community pushing for further linguistic rights through the judiciary. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in R v Mercure that the ''North-West Territories Act still applied to its succeeding provinces (Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan), notably Section 110, which affords certain linguistic rights to francophones.[19] However, the court also stated in its decision that said provinces were also permitted to legislate on matters of official languages, resulting in the passage of the provincial Languages Act and the Act Respecting the Use of the English and French Languages in Saskatchewan in 1988.[19] Although both legislation affirmed the right to use French in the judiciary and legislature, it also revoked many of the privileges accorded to francophones under the North-West Territories Act.[19] Another supreme court decision (Mahe decision) in 1990 recognized the Fransaskois’ right to control their children’s education.[18]\n21st century[edit]\nIn 2003, the provincial government introduced its first policy on French-language support for certain provincial services.[20] The year 2012 was proclaimed the Year of the Fransaskois Community in Saskatchewan by Minister Donna Harpauer in recognition of the 100th anniversary of the ACF.[21]\nPolitics[edit]\nThe Francophone Affairs Branch (established as the Office of French Language Coordination) was established in 1990, and serves as the liaison between the provincial government and Fransaskois community.[20] Conversely, Fransaskois interests is represented by the Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise. The ACF originated from the Association Franco-Canadienne de la Saskatchewan, formed in 1912. originated from Association Franco-Canadienne de la Saskatchewan formed in 1912. The organization was renamed as the Association Catholique Franco-Canadienne in 1913, and in 1962 when the association dropped the word \"catholique\" in favour of \"culturelle.\" The organization adopted its current name in 1999, to further reflect the structural makeup of the organization.[22] The ACF's mandate is to represent the Fransaskois community in order to promote services protecting their rights.\nAccess[edit]\nUnder the provincial Languages Act passed in 1988, English serves as the official language of the province. English is the primary language of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan, with legislation passed there permitted to be published in English only. However, the Languages Act does allow legislation to be published bilingually in English and French; and permits its members to address the legislature in the French language. Although the Languages Act permits the use of French in the legislature, it revoked many of the linguistic rights previously guaranteed to Fransaskois under Section 110 of the North-West Territories Act.[19]\nFrench is one of two official languages used in the provincial judiciary.[23] The rights of francophones for the provincial judicial system was outlined in An Act Respecting the Use of the English and French Languages in Saskatchewan, passed in 1988 shortly after the supreme court decision on R v Mercure.[19]\nEducation[edit]\nAerial view of École monseigneur de Laval's elementary school building. The school is one of 12 elementary schools administered by the Conseil des écoles fransaskoises.\nFrench language education rights for minority francophone populations in Canada is guaranteed under Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and is further reinforced by the province's Education Act. The Conseil des écoles fransaskoises is the province's only francophone school division, and encompasses the entire province. The francophone school board operates twelve elementary schools and two secondary schools; with a total enrolment of 1,603 students during the 2015–16 academic year.[3]\nThere are no publicly-funded francophone post-secondary institutions in Saskatchewan. However, the University of Regina operates a bilingual English and French institution, La Cite universitaire francophone. The institution operates as a centre that provides a limited number of academic programs in the French-language, as well as some francophone services for the university.[3][24]\nHistory[edit]\nEducation in the French language occurred in the region as early as the 19th century, although saw efforts to curtail its instruction in the early 20th century. In 1911, the provincial government limited French language education was to Grade 1 of elementary school; before outright banning its instruction in 1931.[4] Elementary school teachers were again permitted to teach the French language after an amendment to the provincial Education Act was enacted in 1968, allowing teachers to teach the language.[3][25] Teachers in secondary school were permitted to teach French in 1971.[4] Provisions made to the provincial Education Act in 1978 allowed for designated schools to use French as their primary language of instruction.[25] Although these schools were open to francophones, they were administered by anglophone school boards, typically as French immersion schools.\nFollowing the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Fransaskois have pushed for the right to administer their own schools. Decisions passed by the supreme court in 1988 and 1990 asserted the fact that francophones the right to govern their own education.[25] However, a separate public francophone school system was not implemented in the province until 1993.[25] The province established eight public francophone school boards in 1995, all of which were eventually consolidated into the Conseil scolaire fransaskois in 1999.[18]\nCulture[edit]\nFlag of the Fransaskois\nThe Conseil culturel fransaskois was established in 1974 as an organization that assists francophone cultural centres in the province.[4] The organization is responsible for popularizing the term Fransaskois to refer to the French Canadian community in Saskatchewan.[4] Fransaskois celebrate their vibrant culture regularly. Folk arts, visual arts, fine arts and performance arts all feature prominently in their festivals. The Fête fransaskoise festival is an annual francophone arts and culture festival held in June.[3] The festival has been held since 1980, it has been an opportunity for Fransaskois to get together, express themselves and celebrate in French for a weekend and to preserve their roots.\nA French-language professional theatre company, La Troupe du Jour, founded in 1987, operates from a base in Saskatoon.[26] Gravelbourg's Fransaskois community is the subject of a short documentary Les Fransaskois, produced for the documentary series The Grasslands Project.[27]\nThe Fransaskois flag was created in 1979 to represent the community.[4] The flag features a green cross on a field of yellow, with a red fleur-de-lis on the bottom right of the flag. The green represents both the boreal forest and the historic role of the Roman Catholic Church within the community; the yellow representing the Canadian Prairies; and the red fleur-de-lis representing Louis Riel's struggle for francophone and Métis rights.[4]\nMedia[edit]\nPrint[edit]\nIn 1910 a province-wide, French-language weekly \"Le Patriote de l'Ouest\" was established in the town of Duck Lake. In 1941, \"Le Patriote de l'Ouest\" merged with \"La Liberté\" a French-language weekly newspaper based in Saint-Boniface Manitoba, becoming \"La Liberté et le Patriote\". In 1971, \"L'Eau vive\" became the new French-language weekly in Saskatchewan. L'Eau vive, is published in Regina.\nTwo community newspapers, Triangle News in Coronach and the Gravelbourg Tribune in Gravelbourg, publish content in both English and French.\nRadio[edit]\nThe CBC/Radio-Canada building in Regina houses studios for two francophone radio stations, CBKFT-DT, and CBKF-FM\nThe Fransaskois community is served primarily by the radio and television services of Radio-Canada, the country's French language public broadcaster. Radio-Canada launched its French language first television station in Saskatchewan in 1976.[4] Ici Radio-Canada Télé's CBKFT-DT and Ici Radio-Canada Première's CBKF-FM are based in Regina and have rebroadcasters throughout the province, while Regina and Saskatoon receive Ici Musique service from rebroadcasters of CKSB-FM in Winnipeg.\nA privately-owned bilingual community radio station, CKZP-FM, also operates in Zenon Park. In 2003, a privately-owned community station, CFRG-FM, was launched in Gravelbourg by a new community group which has no ownership affiliation with the original CFRG. The original CFRG was one of two privately-owned French language radio stations that operated in Saskatchewan prior to 1973. Programming at CFRG started in June 1952 at CFRG Gravelbourg; whereas the second station, CFNS, started broadcasting in November 1952 in Saskatoon. In 1973, Radio-Canada bought the two stations and has since taken a leading role in broadcasting French-language radio and French-language television across the province, featuring locally produced content in both mediums.[4] The two radio stations became rebroadcasters of CBKF after their acquisition.\nNotable Fransaskois[edit]\nThis section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.\nFind sources: \"Fransaskois\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\nThe most famous Fransaskoise, Jeanne Sauvé, born in Prud'Homme, served as a Liberal MP, Cabinet minister, Speaker of the House of Commons and ultimately Governor General of Canada. In the arts, notable Fransaskois include folk music bands La Raquette à Claquettes and Hart-Rouge, and children's entertainer Carmen Campagne (from the town of Willow Bunch). New upcoming artists such as Alexis Normand, Véronique Poulin and Shawn Jobin are becoming[when?] staples on the Fransaskois music scene, joining more established artists such as Annette Campagne, Chritianne Blondeau and Michel Lalonde. In sports, the most notable Fransaskois is NHL games-played record holder, Patrick Marleau, and Colorado Avalanche forward Blake Comeau of Meadow Lake. Comeau was a member of the 2004 Memorial Cup champion Kelowna Rockets and of two gold-medal-winning World Junior Hockey championship teams.\nSee also[edit]\nCanada portal\nFrench Canadians\nAcadians, French-speaking Quebecer, Franco-Albertan, Franco-Columbian, Franco-Manitoban, Franco-Newfoundlander, Franco-Ontarian, Franco-Ténois, Franco-Yukonnais\nSouthbranch Settlement\nFootnotes[edit]\n^ a b c \"Census Profile, 2016 - Saskatchewan - Canada\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.\n^ a b c d \"Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census - Saskatchewan\". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 10 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.\n^ a b c d e f g h i \"Infographic: The French Presence in Saskatchewan\". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. Government of Canada. 13 September 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2020.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dupuis, Serge (6 October 2019). \"Francophones of Saskatchewan (Fransaskois)\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 30 April 2020.\n^ a b Russ, C. J. (1974). \"La Corne, Louis de, Chevalier de La Corne\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. III (1741–1770) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.\n^ Lapointe, Richard; Tessier, Lucille (1986). The Francophones of Saskatchewan: A History. Translated by Tessier, Lucille. Regina: Campion College, University of Regina. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-9692-6582-5.\n^ a b c d Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 3.\n^ a b Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 5.\n^ Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 76.\n^ Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 72.\n^ a b c Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 101.\n^ Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 127.\n^ a b c Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 190.\n^ a b Lapointe & Tessier (1986).\n^ Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 201.\n^ Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 200.\n^ Lapointe & Tessier (1986), p. 254.\n^ a b c \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 27 January 2012. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n^ a b c d e \"In the Mercure and Paquette cases, the Supreme Court of Canada confirms bilingualism in Saskatchewan and Alberta\". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. Government of Canada. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\n^ a b \"Francophone Affairs Branch\". www.saskatchewan.ca. Government of Saskatchewan. 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.\n^ \"ACF - Assemblée communautaire fransaskoise\".\n^ http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/association_culturelle_franco-canadienne.html\n^ \"Saskatchewan adopts its Act Respecting the Use of the English and French Languages in Saskatchewan\". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. Government of Canada. 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2020.\n^ \"Study in French\". lacite.uregina.ca. University of Regina. 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.\n^ a b c d \"Bilingualism\". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. University of Regina. 2006. Retrieved 5 May 2020.\n^ \"La Troupe du Jour\". fransaskois.net. Le Portail fransaskois. Retrieved 28 September 2017.\n^ Vézina, Michel (25 May 2016). \"Projection du \"Projet Grasslands\" à Gravelbourg\". L'Eau vive (in French). Retrieved 30 September 2016.\nExternal links[edit]\nAssemblée communautaire fransaskoise\nPortail fransaskois\ncorridor canada\nv\nt\ne\nFrench diaspora\nAfrica\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nFrench Dahomey\nBurkina Faso\nFrench Upper Volta\nCameroon\nFrench Cameroon\nCentral African Republic\nUbangi-Shari\nChad\nFrench Chad\nComoros\nFrench Comoros\nRepublic of the Congo\nBrazzaville\nDjibouti\nFrench Somaliland\nGabon\nFrench Gabon\nThe Gambia\nJames Island\nAlbreda\nGhana (White Ghanaian)\nGuinea\nFrench Guinea\nCôte d'Ivoire\nMadagascar\nMali\nFrench Sudan\nMauritius\nMorocco\nNamibia (Afrikaners)\nNiger\nColony of Niger\nRéunion1\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSomalia\nSouth Africa (Afrikaners)\nTogo\nFrench Togoland\nTunisia\nAsia\nHong Kong\nIndia\nJapan\nKorea\nPakistan\nMiddle East\nIsrael\nLebanon\nTurkey\nUnited Arab Emirates\nEurope\nHungary\nNetherlands (Huguenots)\nUnited Kingdom (Huguenots)\nNorth America\nCanada\nAcadians\nBrayon\nBasque\nFranco-Albertans\nFranco-Columbian\nFranco-Manitoban\nFranco-Nunavois\nFranco-Ontarian\nFranco-Ténois\nFranco-Newfoundlander\nFranco-Yukonnais\nFransaskois\nQuébécois\nCuba\nFrench Antilles1\nGuatemala\nHaiti\nJamaica\nMexico\nPuerto Rico\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nUnited States\nCajuns\nFrench Canadians\nHuguenots\nBreton\nCorsican\nBasque\nOceania\nAustralia\nNew Caledonia\nNew Zealand\nSouth America\nArgentina\nBrazil\nChile\nColombia\nPeru\nUruguay\nSee also\nBasques\nBretons\nWalloons\nCorsican immigration to Puerto Rico\n1Overseas parts of France proper\nMigration of minorities in France (i.e. Basques) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fransaskois&oldid=1040073895\"\nCategories:\nCulture of Saskatchewan\nFransaskois people\nFrench-Canadian people\nEthnic groups in Saskatchewan\nEthnic groups in Canada\nHidden categories:\nCS1: long volume value\nCS1 maint: archived copy as title\nCS1 French-language sources (fr)\nUse dmy dates from September 2017\n\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation\nArticles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters\nArticles needing additional references from May 2020\nAll articles needing additional references\nAll articles with vague or ambiguous time\nVague or ambiguous time from June 2018\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nLanguages\nAsturianu\nCatalà\nDeutsch\nEspañol\nFrançais\nمصرى\nРусский\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 22 August 2021, at 14:05 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:0d95649c-a2a5-4b0a-8cc5-a1e747854cf1>","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:7289237b-3e2e-4d32-a6be-bae409cff45c>","warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:01:39Z","content-type":"text/plain","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","content-length":"26067","warc-block-digest":"sha1:JYVTKHZGDDN4DPTME4Q6OHI2KYIBGVY6","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransaskois","warc-type":"conversion"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.7596925},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91353387},{"label":"en","prob":0.95732355},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9768624},{"label":"en","prob":0.9092337},{"label":"en","prob":0.89109725},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88691604},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99426496},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8567815},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9770637},{"label":"en","prob":0.96479106},{"label":"en","prob":0.9388685},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92658937},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9309972},{"label":"en","prob":0.9342676},{"label":"en","prob":0.8937647},{"label":"en","prob":0.960353},{"label":"en","prob":0.96673316},{"label":"en","prob":0.9752567},{"label":"en","prob":0.9692489},{"label":"en","prob":0.9380319},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9710898},{"label":"en","prob":0.95001924},{"label":"en","prob":0.9288831},{"label":"en","prob":0.918424},{"label":"en","prob":0.9406547},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.932727},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9150178},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9497995},{"label":"en","prob":0.91971695},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83512634},{"label":"en","prob":0.9418224},{"label":"en","prob":0.9397537},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9901368},{"label":"en","prob":0.9532475},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96019846},{"label":"en","prob":0.8562041},{"label":"en","prob":0.8972784},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9089433},{"label":"en","prob":0.9302514},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9472478},{"label":"en","prob":0.9498572},{"label":"en","prob":0.98348504},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9287003},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90183514},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93493044},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8623567},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9142207},{"label":"en","prob":0.83167666},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9142562},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.89709},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82278967},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86868185},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93484145},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8273921},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80132407},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82676},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8607029},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8962899},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88822645},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8930016},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8211945},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90409017},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86881113},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81218034},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81143296},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93203276},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88533676},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93493044},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91985685},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9176445},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9981378},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8656912},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9414775},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8349268},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8747434},{"label":"en","prob":0.89075965},{"label":"en","prob":0.9165383},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9172455},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9509045},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91967},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9699475},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,null,null,{"label":"ca","prob":0.97929996},null,{"label":"es","prob":0.8222208},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.98366356},null]}}
{"content":"This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see India women's national football team.\nIndia\nNickname(s)\nThe Blue Tigers\nAssociation\nAll India Football Federation\nConfederation\nAFC (Asia)\nSub-confederation\nSAFF (South Asia)\nHead coach\nIgor Štimac[1]\nCaptain\nSunil Chhetri\nMost caps\nSunil Chhetri (120)[2]\nTop scorer\nSunil Chhetri (75)[2]\nHome stadium\nVarious\nFIFA code\nIND\nFirst colours\nSecond colours\nFIFA ranking\nCurrent\n107 2 (16 September 2021)[3]\nHighest\n94[4] (February 1996)\nLowest\n173[5] (March 2015)\nFirst international\nPre-independence:\nAustralia 5–3 India [6]\n(Sydney, Australia; 3 September 1938)\nPost-independence:\nIndia 1–2 France [7]\n(London, England; 31 July 1948)\nBiggest win\nAustralia 1–7 India\n(Sydney, Australia; 12 December 1956)[8]\nIndia 6–0 Cambodia\n(New Delhi, India; 17 August 2007)[9]\nBiggest defeat\nSoviet Union 11–1 India\n(Moscow, Soviet Union; 16 September 1955)[10]\nSummer Olympics\nAppearances\n4 (first in 1948)\nBest result\nFourth Place (1956)\nAsian Cup\nAppearances\n4 (first in 1964)\nBest result\nRunners-up (1964)\nSAFF Championship\nAppearances\n13 (first in 1993)\nBest result\nChampions (1993, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2015)\nAFC Challenge Cup\nAppearances\n4 (first in 2006)\nBest result\nChampions (2008)\nMedal record\nMen's football\nAFC Asian Cup\n1964 Israel Team\nAsian Games\n1951 New Delhi Team\n1962 Jakarta Team\n1970 Bankok Team\nSAFF Championship\n1993 Pakistan\n1997 Nepal\n1999 India\n2005 Pakistan\n2009 Bangladesh\n2011 India\n2015 India\n1995 Sri Lanka\n2008 Maldives & Sri Lanka\n2013 Nepal\n2018 Bangladesh\n2003 Bangladesh\nAFC Challenge Cup\n2008 India Team\nThe India national football team represents India in international football and is controlled by the All India Football Federation (AIFF). The squad is under the global jurisdiction of FIFA and governed in Asia by the AFC. The AIFF is one of the founding members of the South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) and the squad is also a part of the regional federation.\nThe team, which was once considered one of the best teams in Asia, had its golden era during the 1950s and early 1960s. During this period, India won gold at the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games, while finishing fourth at the 1956 Summer Olympics. Thus, India became the first Asian nation to reach the semi-final of a FIFA organized major tournament. India has never participated in the FIFA World Cup, although they did qualify by default for the 1950 World Cup after all other nations in their qualification group withdrew. However, India withdrew prior to the beginning of the tournament. The team has also appeared four times in the AFC Asian Cup, Asia's top football championship and finished as runners-up in 1964.\nIndia also participates in the SAFF Championship, the top regional football competition in South Asia. They have won the tournament seven times since it began in 1993 and by doing so became the most successful team in the region. In the 21st century, besides the SAFF Championship triumphs, under the guidance of Bob Houghton, India also won the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup. The Challenge Cup victory allowed India to once again qualify for the Asian Cup after 27 years.\nContents\n1 History\n1.1 Early years (1930s–1940s)\n1.2 Golden years (1950s–1960s)\n1.3 Decline (1970s–2000)\n1.4 Resurgence (2001–2011)\n1.5 2011–present\n2 Team image\n2.1 Nicknames\n2.2 Kit and colours\n2.3 Home stadiums\n2.4 Supporters\n2.5 Media coverage\n3 Results and fixtures\n3.1 Matches\n3.1.1 2021\n4 Coaching staff\n4.1 Current personnel\n4.2 Past head coaches\n5 Players\n5.1 Current squad\n5.2 Recent callups\n5.3 Notable players\n6 Competitive record\n6.1 FIFA World Cup\n6.2 AFC Asian Cup\n6.3 Summer Olympics\n6.4 Asian Games\n6.5 SAFF Championship\n6.6 AFC Challenge Cup\n7 See also\n8 References\n9 External links\nHistory\nMain article: History of the India national football team\nEarly years (1930s–1940s)\nIndian (in white) and all European (in black) team together before 1 July 1938 Calcutta match.\nThe first known official international tour of the Indian team which at that time consisted of both Indian and British players was in 1924, when it was led by Indian footballer Gostha Paul.[13]\nFootball teams consisting of entirely Indian players started to tour Australia, Japan, Indonesia, and Thailand during the late 1930s. The first international match India played before independence is yet to be verified, but the very trace of it can be found in the match India played overseas against Ceylon in 1933. It was India's second international tour, where Gostha Paul led his side to victory by 1–0 score.[13][14][15] On 4 July 1936 India played against visiting Chinese team, which was held at Calcutta. The match was a draw of 1–1.[16][13]\nIndia side that participated in the 1948 Summer Olympics match against France\nAfter the success of several Indian football clubs abroad, the All India Football Federation (AIFF) was formed in 1937. In the same year, India made a long official tour on invitation by Australian Football Association, from August to October where they played 17 matches against many states, districts, club teams and 5 friendly matches against the Australian national side too.[17] After playing some matches against state and district teams, on 3 September at Sydney, India played the first friendly match against Australia and got defeated by 5–3 and the match is considered as India's first FIFA-recognised match.[17] Second match was at Brisbane, where the Indians fought back for a draw of 4–4. In the third match at Newcastle, on 17 September India registered their first win by a margin of 4–1. But the Australians defeated India in the next two matches held at Sydney and Melbourne with a score line of 5–4 and 3–1 respectively. At the Sydney match on 24 September, Indian striker Lumsden scored the first hat-trick for India against the Australian side which includes a penalty kick.[18]\nThe national team played their first match as an independent nation in 1948 in the first round of the 1948 Summer Olympics against France. Using mainly barefooted players, India were defeated 2–1 in London.[19]\nGolden years (1950s–1960s)\nIn 1950, India managed to qualify for the 1950 FIFA World Cup, which was scheduled to take place in Brazil, after the withdrawal of all opponents in their group during the qualifying round. But later, India as well withdrew from the tournament due to travel costs, lack of practice time, and valuing the Olympics more than the World Cup.[20]\nIndian team at a melee against Australia at the 1956 Olympics.\nDespite the reason given out by the AIFF, many historians and pundits believe India withdrew from the World Cup due to FIFA imposing a rule banning players from playing barefoot.FIFA offered to pay the travel expenses of the Indian team hence India withdrawing due to travel costs is incorrect.[21][22][23][24] However, according to the then captain of India, Sailen Manna, the story of the team not being allowed to play due to wanting to play barefoot was not true[25] and was just an excuse to cover up the real reasons the AIFF decided not to travel to Brazil.[20] Since then, India has not come close to qualifying for another World Cup.[26]\nDespite not participating in the World Cup in 1950, the following years until 1964 are usually considered to be the \"golden era\" of Indian football. India, coached by Hyderabad City Police head coach Syed Abdul Rahim, became one of the best teams in Asia.[27] In March 1951, Rahim led India to their first ever triumph during the 1951 Asian Games. Hosted in India, the team defeated Iran 1–0 in the gold medal match to gain their first trophy.[28] Sahu Mewalal scored the winning goal for India in that match.[28] The next year India went back to the Olympics but were once again defeated in the first round, this time by Yugoslavia and by a heavy score of 10–1.[29] Upon returning to India, the AIFF made it mandatory for footballers to wear boots.[19] After taking the defeat in Finland, India participated in various minor tournaments, such as the Colombo Cup, which they won four times from 1952 to 1955.[30]\nIn 1954, India returned to the Asian Games as defending champions in Manila. Despite their achievement three years prior, India was unable to go past the group stage as the team finished second in Group C during the tournament, two points behind Indonesia.[31] Two years later, during the 1956 Summer Olympics, India went on to achieve the team's greatest result in a competitive tournament. The team finished in fourth place during the Summer Olympics football tournament, losing the bronze-medal match to Bulgaria 3–0.[32] The tournament is also known for Neville D'Souza's hat-trick against Australia in the quarterfinals. D'Souza's hat-trick was the first scored by an Asian in Olympic history.[32]\nAfter their good performance during the Summer Olympics, India participated in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo. The team once again finished fourth, losing the bronze-medal match to Indonesia 4–1.[33] The next year the team traveled to Malaysia where they took part in the Merdeka Cup and finished as the tournament runners-up.[34]\nIndian team at the 1960 Olympics\nIndia began the 1960s with the 1960 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers. Despite the qualifiers for the West Zone being held in Kochi, India finished last in their qualification group and thus missed out the tournament.[35] Despite the set-back, India went on to win the gold medal during the Asian Games for the second time in 1962. The team defeated South Korea 2–1 to win their second major championship.[36]\nTwo years later, following their Asian Games triumph, India participated in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup after all the other teams in their qualification group withdrew. Despite their automatic entry into the continental tournament, India managed to finish as the runners-up during the tournament, losing out to the hosts, Israel, by two points. This remains India's best performance in the AFC Asian Cup.[37]\nDecline (1970s–2000)\nIndia returned to the Asian Games in 1966. Despite their performance two years prior during the AFC Asian Cup, India could not go beyond the group stage as the team finished third, behind Japan and Iran.[38] Four years later, during the 1970 Asian Games, India came back and took third place during the tournament. The team defeated Japan 1–0 during the bronze-medal match.[39]\nIn 1974, India's performance in the Asian Games once again sharply declined as they finished the 1974 edition in last place in their group, losing all three matches, scoring two, and conceding 14 goals in the first round.[40] India then showed steady improvement during the 1978 tournament, finishing second in their group of three. The team were then knocked-out in the next round, finishing last in their group with three defeats from three matches.[41] The 1982 tournament proved to be better for India as the side managed to qualify for the quarter-finals before losing to Saudi Arabia 1–0.[42]\nIn 1984, India managed to qualify for the AFC Asian Cup for the first time since their second place triumph in 1964. During the 1984 tournament, India finished in last place in their five team group in the first round.[43] India's only non-defeat during the tournament came against Iran, a 0–0 draw.[43]\nDespite India's decline from a major football power in Asia, the team still managed to assert its dominance as the top team in South Asia. India managed to win the football competition of the South Asian Games in 1985 and then again won the gold medal in 1987.[44] The team then began the 1990s by winning the inaugural SAFF Championship in 1993.[45] The team ended the 20th century by winning the SAFF Championship again in 1997 and 1999.[45]\nResurgence (2001–2011)\nIndia playing against Syria at the 2007 Nehru Cup\nIndia's first competitive matches of the 21st century were the 2002 FIFA World Cup first round qualifiers. India took a very bright start, defeating the United Arab Emirates 1–0, drawing Yemen 1–1, as well as two victories over Brunei, including a 5–0 victory in Bangalore. However, they finished a point away from qualification for the next round.[46] In 2003, India took part in the 2003 SAFF Championship. The team qualified for the semi-finals but fell to Bangladesh 2–1.[47]\nLater in 2003, India participated in the Afro-Asian Games being held in Hyderabad. Under the coaching of Stephen Constantine, India managed to make it to the final of the tournament after defeating Zimbabwe, a team ranked 85 places above India in the FIFA rankings at the time, 5–3.[48] Despite the major victory, during the gold-medal match India were defeated 1–0 by Uzbekistan.[49] Because of this achievement, Constantine was voted as the Asian Football Confederation's Manager of the Month for October 2003. The tournament result also gave India more recognition around the country and around the world.[48]\nConstantine was replaced by Syed Nayeemuddin in 2005 but the Indian head coach only lasted for a little over a year as India suffered many heavy defeats during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers.[50] During this time India were defeated 6–0 by Japan, 3–0 by Saudi Arabia and Yemen respectively at home, and 7–1 away in Jeddah.[51] Former Malmö and China coach Bob Houghton was brought in as head coach in May 2006.[52]\nIndian team celebrating their 2008 AFC Challenge Cup victory\nUnder Houghton, India witnessed massive improvement in their football standing. In August 2007, Houghton won the country the restarted Nehru Cup after India defeated Syria 1–0 in the final.[53] Pappachen Pradeep scored the winning goal for India that match. The next year, Houghton led India during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup, which was hosted in Hyderabad and Delhi. During the tournament, India breezed through the group stage before defeating Myanmar in the semi-finals. In the final against Tajikistan, India, through a Sunil Chhetri hat-trick, won the match 4–1. The victory not only earned India the championship but it also allowed India to qualify for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, the nation's first Asian Cup appearance in 27 years.[54] In order to prepare for the Asian Cup, Houghton had the team stay together as a squad for eight months from June 2010 till the start of the tournament, meaning the players would not play for their clubs.[55]\nIndia were drawn into Group C for the Asian Cup with Australia, South Korea, and Bahrain.[56] Even though they stayed together as a team for eight months, India lost all three of their matches during the Asian Cup, including a 4–0 defeat to Australia.[57] Despite the results, India were praised by fans and pundits for their valiant efforts during the tournament.[57]\n2011–present\nAfter participating the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, India's campaign to qualify for the 2015 Asian Cup began in February 2011 with the AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers. Bob Houghton decided to change the makeup of the India squad, replacing many of the older players from the Asian Cup with some young players from the AIFF development side in the I-League, Indian Arrows.[58] Even with a young side, India managed to qualify for the AFC Challenge Cup.[59] Despite qualifying for the AFC Challenge Cup, the AIFF decided to terminate the contract of Bob Houghton as he was charged with racial abuse towards referee[60][61] which ultimately resulted him resigning as the head coach of India.[62][63]\nAfter having Dempo coach Armando Colaco as interim head coach, the AIFF signed Savio Medeira as head coach in October 2011.[64] Medeira led India to another SAFF Championship victory, but also to their worst performance in the AFC Challenge Cup in March 2012. The team lost all three of their group matches, unable to score a single goal during the tournament.[65] After the tournament, Medeira was replaced as head coach by Dutchman, Wim Koevermans.[66] Koevermans' first job as head coach was the 2012 Nehru Cup. India won their third successive Nehru Cup, defeating Cameroon on penalties.[67][68]\nIn March 2013, India failed to qualify for the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup and thus also failed to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup.[69] The team also failed to retain the SAFF Championship, losing 2–0 to Afghanistan in the 2013 final.[70] After more bad results in friendlies, Koevermans resigned as head coach in October 2014.[71]\nBy March 2015, after not playing any matches, India reached their lowest FIFA ranking position of 173.[72] A couple months prior, Stephen Constantine was re-hired as the head coach after first leading India more than a decade before.[73] Constantine's first major assignment back as the India head coach were the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. After making it through the first round of qualifiers, India crashed out during the second round, losing seven of their eight matches and thus, once again, failed to qualify for the World Cup.[74]\nIndia playing XI against Thailand at 2019 AFC Asian Cup\nDespite failure to qualify for the World Cup, India managed to reach the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers after defeating Laos in the play-off round on aggregate 7–1.[75] On 11 October 2017, India secured qualification for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup after a 4–1 victory over Macau.[76]\nThough defeated at 2018 SAFF Championship final by 1–2 to Maldives in September 2018,[77] India regained the momentum with some friendlies against China, Jordan and Oman as they began the 2019 AFC Asian Cup with a 4–1 victory against Thailand; this was their biggest ever win at the Asia Cup, and their first in 55 years.[78][79] Nevertheless, they lost both of their next two group matches against UAE and Bahrain by 0−2 and 0−1 respectively[80][81] and finished at the bottom of the group, thus failed to move to knock out stage.[82] Stephen Constantine immediately resigned from his position as head coach following the failure to progress further in the tournament.[83]\nOn 15 May 2019, the AIFF announced former Croatian player and coach Igor Štimac as the team's head coach after the departure of Stephen Constantine.[84] His first major assignment with India was 2022 World Cup qualification, where it began with a 1–2 home loss to Oman.[85] But in the second match they earned a respectable point after managing a goalless draw against the 2019 Asian Champion and 2022 FIFA World Cup host Qatar.[86] However, in the third match, the home leg against Bangladesh saw them managing a disappointing 1−1 draw.[87] A similar result was repeated in the away leg against Afghanistan.[88] In the away leg, India lost yet again to Oman by a solitary goal, thus shortening their hopes to qualify for the next round.[89] After several postponements due to COVID-19, the team finally flew to Doha to play their remainder of games. In the return leg against Qatar, India went down to the hosts with a single goal and got knocked out of the world cup qualification contention with two games to spare. The team then made a comeback by winning their next match against Bangladesh with 2–0, and ended their campaign with a 1–1 draw against Afghanistan. With seven points in total, India finished third on the table behind Qatar and Oman, thus getting eliminated from the world cup during the second round. However they were qualified into the third round of 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification.[90]\nTeam image\nNicknames\nIndia is officially known by the nickname 'Blue Tigers' since 2013. It is adopted from the colour Blue which forms the major colour of India's home kit (similar to the Indian national teams of other sports) and the Tiger which is the national animal of India.[91][92]\nPrior to being nicknamed as Blue Tigers, the team was known as 'Bhangra Boys'. The old nickname came about during the friendly match between India and West Bromwich Albion on July 26, 2000.[93] The crowd comprised mostly of Indian or Indian origin fans, created a great atmosphere with drums and dhols to cheer India until the final scoreline of 0–0. That night the term the 'Bhangra Boys' was born and over those three tours it became India's nickname with which the fans could identify. Especially in 2002 when India took on Jamaica in a tour which was named the Reggae Boyz vs the Bhangra Boys in the JamIn Tour.[93]\nKit and colours\nSee also: Kit history\nIndia national team jerseys with different shades of blue used in different occasions.\nThe success of the India cricket team and field hockey teams in blue jerseys made the colour more prominent. The football team, however, has used some sort of shade of blue for decades.[94]\nAt the turn of the 21st century, India wore a sky blue shirt with black shorts and sky blue socks as their kit.[94] In 2002, the All India Football Federation signed a deal with German manufacturer Adidas to produce the India kit.[95] The first kit made by Adidas was all-white.[95] After four years with Adidas, the AIFF signed an agreement for seven years with American company Nike on 27 February 2006.[96] Nike's first kits for India were in darker blue while the away kit was changed from white to orange.[97]\nIndia in 2007, wearing their traditional blue jersey.\nFor the 2011 AFC Asian Cup, in which India were participating, Nike designed India's kit using the same template it used for other national teams such as Brazil.[98] In January 2013. it was announced that the AIFF's deal with Nike was extended for an extra five years.[99] In September 2017, prior to the India U17 side's participation in the FIFA U-17 World Cup, Nike unveiled an all sky blue kit for the India senior and youth teams.[100] A year later, on 17 December 2018, it was announced that Indian manufacturer SIX5SIX would replace Nike as India's kit maker.[101] In becoming India's new kit makers, Six5Six also became the first manufacturer to pay for the rights to produce India kits, after both Nike and Adidas didn't pay.[101] Six5Six unveiled their first jerseys for the team before the 2019 AFC Asian Cup,[102] from which the home colour had a similar sky blue shade and the away colour was changed to white from orange. Both jerseys had a unique design embellished on the sleeves representing tiger stripes to pay homage to the Indian football fans, who affectionately calls the team \"Blue Tigers\".[103]\nHome stadiums\nSee also: Home Stadiums\nThe Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata (left) and the Ambedkar Stadium in Delhi\nNumerous venues around India have hosted home matches for the national team. There is no specific home ground for the India national team. India matches have been played at stadiums such as the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Delhi, the Fatorda Stadium in Margao, the Sree Kanteerava Stadium in Bangalore, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Kochi, the Mumbai Football Arena in Mumbai, the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium in Guwahati and the EKA Arena in Ahmedabad.[104][105][106][107][108]\nIn recent times, competitions like 2011 SAFF Championship and 2012 Nehru Cup were held at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Delhi, the 2015 SAFF Championship at Trivandrum International Stadium, 2017 Hero Tri-Nation Series & 2018 Intercontinental Cup at Mumbai Football Arena and 2019 Intercontinental Cup at the EKA Arena. Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium, Sree Kanteerava Stadium and Fatorda stadium have seen AFC Asian Cup and FIFA World Cup qualifiers.[109][110][111][112][113][114][115]\nSupporters\nSee also: Blue Pilgrims\nBlue Pilgrims, 2018, displaying tri-colour and their banners\nTill the 21st century, the Indian football fans were mostly scattered, being widely based in West Bengal, North-East India, Goa and Kerala.[116][117][118][119][120] Other than matches in Asian Games, Nehru Cup or SAFF Championship,[121][122][123] the crowd showed up in small numbers when the team played as the fans were not organised under any single banner as happens in Europe or South America. Fans of different clubs used to support the team in their respective local venues but were not grouped together to support a single cause, that of the national team, until 2017 when \"Blue Pilgrims\" was established as the first organised fan club for the national team.[124][125][126][127]\nThe Blue Pilgrims formed with a motive to support the national team and the U-17 team during the historic 2017 U17 World Cup,[128] India's first ever FIFA competition participation. Started with 300 odd fans,[129][128] now they are in thousands as a unification of fans from different regions with different allegiances came together for just one cause, the Blue Tigers.[124][125] They call themselves the devotees of the Blue Tigers,[125][126] and their motto is to support India national football teams of all gender and age, wherever they play[124][125] and for such dedication they are called as the 12th man of the team.[129][128]\nThe 3D Blue Tiger tifo displayed by Blue Pilgrims in June 2018\nThe Blue Pilgrims's most common chants are: \"Oh India!\", \"In Unity we stand\", \"Oh India we stand for you!\", \"Vande Mataram\".[130][131] Their sports anthems are \"Oh when the blues go marching in, I wanna be in that number!\" and \"Hum honge kaamyab\" (We shall overcome).[129] Since its formation, the Blue Pilgrims use to celebrate after every match with Viking clap with the national team members.[132][133] Fans of the India national team display the country's tricolour National flag and also wear blue jerseys in solidarity with the team. They used to display their banner Blue Pilgrims along with \"Inquilab-e-Indian football\" (Revolution of Indian football)[124][125][134] and often shout their common slogan, We love you, wherever you go, we follow!\".[130] On 2 June 2018, the then captain Sunil Chhetri posted a video on social media. In his video he urged the fans to come out at Mumbai to support the team after a poor crowd appearance of only 2569 at a match against Chinese Taipei in the 2018 Intercontinental Cup. India achieved a massive victory in that match, winning by 5−0 with Chhetri scoring a hat-trick, but there were very few people present to celebrate.[135][136] Responding to the captain's call, the Blue Pilgrims and football supporters including the fan clubs like Manjappada, West Block Blues and East Bengal Ultras made sure that the stadiums were full during the next few matches.[136][137] In the final of that tournament, the Blue Pilgrims displayed a 30 ft (9.1 m) tall 3D tifo of a Blue Tiger, the first ever in the team's history.[132][138][139]\nMedia coverage\nFurther information: Football broadcast in India\nIndia's competitive international games are covered on television by Star Sports and on its OTT service, Hotstar.[140] Prior to this deal, the AIFF had struck a ten-year deal with Zee Sports in 2006 to broadcast Indian national team's games on its channel with the initiative of 'Goal 2010' . The aim of this whole exercise was to help India qualify for the 2010 World Cup.[141]\nResults and fixtures\nMain articles: India national football team results and India national football team results (2020–present)\nMatches\nThe following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.\n2021\nOman v India\n25 March 2021 (2021-03-25) Friendly Oman 1–1 India Dubai, United Arab Emirates\n17:45 UTC+4:00\nA. Singh 43' (o.g.)\nReport\nM. Singh 55'\nStadium: Maktoom Bin Rashid\nUnited Arab Emirates v India\n29 March 2021 (2021-03-29) Friendly United Arab Emirates 6–0 India Dubai, United Arab Emirates\n19:00 UTC+4:00\nMabkhout 12', 32' (pen.), 60'\nIbrahim 64'\nde Lima 71'\nTagliabué 84'\nReport Stadium: Zabeel\nIndia v Qatar\n3 June 2021 (2021-06-03) 2022 AFC WC Q India 0–1 Qatar Doha, Qatar\n22:30 IST Report\nHatem 33'\nStadium: Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium\nReferee: Ma Ning (China)\nBangladesh v India\n7 June 2021 (2021-06-07) 2022 AFC WC Q Bangladesh 0–2 India Doha, Qatar\n19:30 IST Report\nChhetri 79', 90+2'\nStadium: Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium\nReferee: Zaid Thamer Mohammed (Iraq)\nIndia v Afghanistan\n15 June 2021 (2021-06-15) 2022 AFC WC Q India 1–1 Afghanistan Doha, Qatar\n19:30 IST\nAzizi 75' (o.g.)\nReport\nZamani 82'\nStadium: Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium\nReferee: Ali Reda (Lebanon)\nNepal v India\n2 September 2021 (2021-09-02) Friendly Nepal 1–1 India Kathmandu, Nepal\n17:30 UTC+5:45\nBista 36'\nReport\nThapa 60'\nStadium: Dasharath Rangasala\nNepal v India\n5 September 2021 (2021-09-05) Friendly Nepal 1–2 India Kathmandu, Nepal\n17:30 UTC+5:45 Tamang 87' Report Choudhary 62'\nChhetri 80' Stadium: Dasharath Rangasala\nBangladesh v India\n4 October 2021 (2021-10-04) SAFF G.S. Bangladesh v India Malé, Maldives\n16:00 UTC+5:00 Stadium: National Football Stadium\nIndia v Sri Lanka\n7 October 2021 (2021-10-07) SAFF G.S. India v Sri Lanka Malé, Maldives\n16:00 UTC+5:00 Stadium: National Football Stadium\nNepal v India\n10 October 2021 (2021-10-10) SAFF G.S. Nepal v India Malé, Maldives\n21:00 UTC+5:00 Stadium: National Football Stadium\nIndia v Maldives\n13 October 2021 (2021-10-13) SAFF G.S. India v Maldives Malé, Maldives\n21:00 UTC+5:00 Stadium: National Football Stadium\nCoaching staff\nCurrent personnel\nOn 15 May 2019, Igor Štimac was announced as the head coach of the national team.[1] Joining him as the other technical staffs were his fellow Croats Luka Radman[142] and Tomislav Rogić[143] as Fitness and Goalkeeping coach respectively. The assistant coach Shanmugam Venkatesh continued as the assistant coach after his appointment back in February 2015.[144]\nThe AIFF's technical committee conducted a virtual meeting on 29 May in 2021, where they decided to hand over an extension to the head coach Igor Štimac's tenure for three more months. The committee also decided not to extend the technical director, Doru Isac's contract and appointed Savio Medeira as the interim technical director. On 20 June 2021, the technical committee decided to hand over a one-year extension to Igor Štimac which will last till September 2022 in accordance to the 3rd Round of Asian Cup Qualifiers starting from Feb.[145][146]\nName\nRole\nIgor Štimac[1] Head Coach\nShanmugam Venkatesh[144] Assistant Coach\nLuka Radman[142] Fitness Coach\nTomislav Rogić[147] Goalkeeping Coach\nSavio Medeira[146] Technical Director (Interim)\nPast head coaches\nSee also: India national football team records and statistics\nSince India's independence, there have been twenty-nine different head coaches for the national team, out of which eleven foreign. The most successful head coach for India was Syed Abdul Rahim, who led India to gold in both the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games while also achieving a fourth-place finish during the 1956 Summer Olympics. The most successful foreign head coaches for India were Bob Houghton and Stephen Constantine; both of them helped the team to qualify for AFC Asian Cup. With Houghton in charge from 2006 to 2011,[148] India won the Nehru Cup twice and the AFC Challenge Cup in 2008 which allowed India to participate in their first AFC Asian Cup for 27 years.[148] Since Houghton resigned as India team Head coach in 2011, the Indian national team's FIFA ranking touched its lowest at 173 in the team history in March 2015,[149][150] but Constantine, who was appointed for the second time as the head coach of India,[151][152] revived the Indian team from its meagre condition. Under him, the team remained unbeaten for two years from June 2016 to March 2018 winning 11 matches and drawn 2 matches,[153][154] which helped them to qualify for 2019 AFC Asian Cup after 8 years since Houghton left.[155] He also helped the team to reach a better FIFA ranking of 96 in July 2017, which was the best in last 21 years.[149][150]\nSyed Abdul Rahim, the most successful Indian coach for the national team\nStephen Constantine, one of the most successful foreign coaches for the national team (2015-2019)\nIgor Stimac is the current coach of the national team\nName\nPeriod\nBalaidas Chatterjee 1948\nSyed Abdul Rahim 1951–1952[156]\nBalaidas Chatterjee 1953[157]\nSyed Abdul Rahim 1954[156]\nBalaidas Chatterjee 1954[158]\nSaroj Bose 1955[159]\nSyed Abdul Rahim 1956–1962[156]\nT. Shome 1958[160]\nSailendra Nath Manna 1961[161]\nG. M. Pentiah 1963[162]\nHarry Wright 1964[163]\nMohammed Hussain 1964–1967[164][165]\nSachindranath Mitra 1966[166]\nS. R. Deb 1967[167]\nSailendra Nath Manna 1968[168]\nJarnail Singh 1969[169]\nG. M. H. Basha 1970–1971[170]\nP. K. Banerjee 1972–1974[171][172][173]\nJarnail Singh 1976[174]\nSahu Mewalal 1977[175]\nG. M. H. Basha 1977[176]\nArun Ghosh 1978[177]\nG. M. H. Basha 1980[178]\nP. K. Banerjee 1981–1982[173][179][180]\nBob Bootland 1982[181][182]\nJoe Kinnear 1983[183]\nMilovan Ćirić 1984–1985[184][185]\nArun Ghosh 1985[186]\nP. K. Banerjee 1985–1986[173]\nSyed Nayeemuddin 1987−1989[187][188][189]\nJózsef Gelei 1990–1991[190]\nDerek D'Souza 1992–1993[191]\nJiří Pešek 1993−1994[192][193][194][195]\nRustam Akramov 1995−1996[196]\nSyed Nayeemuddin 1997–1998[187]\nSukhwinder Singh 1999–2001[197]\nIslam Ahmedov 2001[198]\nStephen Constantine 2002–2005[199][151]\nSukhwinder Singh 2005[200][201][202]\nSyed Nayeemuddin 2005–2006[187][200]\nBob Houghton 2006–2011[203][204]\nArmando Colaco 2011[205]\nSavio Medeira 2011–2012[206][207]\nWim Koevermans 2012–2015[208][209]\nStephen Constantine 2015–2019[151][210]\nIgor Štimac 2019−present[211]\nPlayers\nSee also: List of India international footballers\nCurrent squad\nThe following 25 players were named in the final squad for the friendly matches against Nepal .[212]\nNo.\nPos.\nPlayer\nDate of birth (age)\nCaps\nGoals\nClub\n1 1GK\nGurpreet Singh Sandhu (Vice Captain)\n(1992-02-03) 3 February 1992 (age 29) 43 0 Bengaluru\n13 1GK\nDheeraj Singh Moirangthem\n(2000-07-04) 4 July 2000 (age 21) 0 0 Goa\n23 1GK\nAmrinder Singh\n(1993-05-27) 27 May 1993 (age 28) 7 0 ATK Mohun Bagan\n2 2DF\nRahul Bheke\n(1990-12-06) 6 December 1990 (age 30) 13 0 Mumbai City\n3 2DF\nSubhasish Bose\n(1995-08-18) 18 August 1995 (age 26) 23 0 ATK Mohun Bagan\n4 2DF\nChinglensana Singh\n(1996-11-27) 27 November 1996 (age 24) 5 0 Hyderabad\n17 2DF\nMandar Rao Dessai\n(1992-03-18) 18 March 1992 (age 29) 38 0 Mumbai City\n19 2DF\nAkash Mishra\n(2001-11-27) 27 November 2001 (age 19) 4 0 Hyderabad\n20 2DF\nPritam Kotal\n(1993-09-08) 8 September 1993 (age 28) 39 0 ATK Mohun Bagan\n26 2DF\nSeriton Fernandes\n(1992-10-26) 26 October 1992 (age 28) 2 0 Goa\n5 3MF\nJeakson Singh Thounaojam\n(2001-06-21) 21 June 2001 (age 20) 1 0 Kerala Blasters\n6 3MF\nPronay Halder\n(1993-02-25) 25 February 1993 (age 28) 22 1 Jamshedpur\n7 3MF\nAnirudh Thapa\n(1998-01-15) 15 January 1998 (age 23) 27 3 Chennaiyin\n8 3MF\nGlan Martins\n(1994-07-01) 1 July 1994 (age 27) 5 0 Goa\n10 3MF\nBrandon Fernandes\n(1994-09-20) 20 September 1994 (age 26) 10 0 Goa\n14 3MF\nBipin Singh\n(1995-03-10) 10 March 1995 (age 26) 5 0 Mumbai City\n15 3MF\nSahal Abdul Samad\n(1997-04-01) 1 April 1997 (age 24) 11 0 Kerala Blasters\n16 3MF\nMohammad Yasir\n(1998-04-14) 14 April 1998 (age 23) 3 0 Hyderabad\n18 3MF\nLalengmawia\n(2000-10-17) 17 October 2000 (age 20) 6 0 Mumbai City\n21 3MF\nSuresh Singh Wangjam\n(2000-08-07) 7 August 2000 (age 21) 6 0 Bengaluru\n9 4FW\nManvir Singh\n(1995-11-07) 7 November 1995 (age 25) 22 4 ATK Mohun Bagan\n11 4FW\nSunil Chhetri (Captain)\n(1984-08-03) 3 August 1984 (age 37) 120 75 Bengaluru\n12 4FW\nFarukh Choudhary\n(1996-11-08) 8 November 1996 (age 24) 5 1 Jamshedpur\n17 4FW\nListon Colaço\n(1998-11-12) 12 November 1998 (age 22) 5 0 ATK Mohun Bagan\n22 4FW\nRahim Ali\n(2000-04-21) 21 April 2000 (age 21) 2 0 Chennaiyin\nRecent callups\nThe following players have been called up to India within the last twelve months.\nPos.\nPlayer\nDate of birth (age)\nCaps\nGoals\nClub\nLatest call-up\nGK\nSubhasish Roy Chowdhury\n(1986-09-27) 27 September 1986 (age 34) 4 0 NorthEast United NT camp, March 2021\nGK\nVishal Kaith\n(1996-07-22) 22 July 1996 (age 25) 4 0 Chennaiyin NT camp, August 2021\nDF\nAshutosh Mehta\n(1991-02-21) 21 February 1991 (age 30) 1 0 ATK Mohun Bagan v. Oman, 25 March 2021\nDF\nAsish Rai\n(1999-01-27) 27 January 1999 (age 22) 0 0 Hyderabad NT camp, August 2021\nDF\nNarender Gahlot\n(2001-04-24) 24 April 2001 (age 20) 3 1 Jamshedpur NT camp, August 2021\nDF\nMashoor Shereef\n(1993-01-05) 5 January 1993 (age 28) 1 0 NorthEast United v. United Arab Emirates, 29 March 2021\nDF\nAdil Khan\n(1988-07-07) 7 July 1988 (age 33) 12 1 SC East Bengal NT camp, August 2021\nDF\nSandesh JhinganINJ\n(1993-07-21) 21 July 1993 (age 28) 40 4 Šibenik v. Afghanistan, 15 June 2021\nMF\nHitesh Sharma\n(1997-12-25) 25 December 1997 (age 23) 3 0 Hyderabad v. United Arab Emirates, 29 March 2021\nMF\nHalicharan Narzary\n(1994-05-10) 10 May 1994 (age 27) 27 1 Hyderabad v. United Arab Emirates, 29 March 2021\nMF\nAshique KuruniyanINJ\n(1997-06-18) 18 June 1997 (age 24) 21 1 Bengaluru v. Afghanistan, 15 June 2021\nMF\nRowllin Borges\n(1992-06-05) 5 June 1992 (age 29) 34 2 Mumbai City NT camp, June 2021\nMF\nLallianzuala ChhangteINJ\n(1997-06-08) 8 June 1997 (age 24) 13 4 Chennaiyin NT camp, June 2021\nFW\nUdanta Singh Kumam\n(1996-06-14) 14 June 1996 (age 25) 29 1 Bengaluru NT camp, August 2021\nFW\nIshan Pandita\n(1998-05-26) 26 May 1998 (age 23) 2 0 Jamshedpur NT camp, August 2021\nINJ Withdrew from the squad due to injury\nCOV Tested positive for COVID-19\nNotable players\nSee also: Notable Players\nPostage stamp issued in 1998, to honour Gostha Pal\nDuring the early 20th century, India produced one of the best footballers from Asia at that time, Gostha Pal. Pal began playing professional football at the age of 16 in 1911, becoming India's first captain, and was considered one of the best defenders India had ever produced. He was also the first footballer to be awarded Padma Shree in the year 1962,[213] and in 1998, the Government of India introduced a postal stamp in his honour.[14][15] In the later 1930s, players like R. Lumsden, Noor Mohammed, T. Rahim, K. Prosad, A. Nandi under the leadership of Karuna Bhattacharya played for India who scored a total of 56 goals in 17 matches during the 1938 Australia tour out of which 5 matches were against Australia, where Lumsden scored the first international hat-trick for India.[214][18]\nPostage stamp issued in 2018, to honour Talimeren Ao\nIndia's first captain after the country gained independence was Talimeren Ao. At a very young age, using footballs made out of rags, Ao gradually improved his skills as a defensive midfielder. He was given the responsibility of leading the team at the 1948 Olympics, India's first major tournament[215][216] and also was the flag bearer of Indian contingents in London.[217] Also during this era, India produced Sailen Manna, one of the country's best defenders.[218] He was given the India captaincy in 1951 during the Asian Games, led the team to the gold medal, India's first major internationally honour,[218] and also captained the team during the 1952 Olympics and 1954 Asian Games.[218] In 1953, England Football Association rated Manna among \"10 Best Skippers of the World\" in its yearbook,[219] the Government of India awarded him Padma Shri in 1971[213] and AIFF honoured him as \"AIFF Player-of-the-Millennium\" in 2000.[218]\nDuring India's golden era between the 1950s and early 60s, the country produced coveted strikers such as Sheoo Mewalal, Neville D'Souza, Chuni Goswami and Tulsidas Balaram. Mewalal was India's starting striker during the 1948 Olympics, 1952 Olympics and 1951 Asian games where he ended as the tournament top goalscorer with four goals.[220][221] Mewalal was the first Indian player to score a hat-trick since the country gained independence when he scored it against Burma during the 1952 Colombo Cup.[222] D'Souza meanwhile became the first Asian player to score a hat-trick at the Olympic Games,[223] scoring a hat-trick against Australia during the 1956 Olympics.[224] D'Souza also tied for top goalscorer in that edition of the Olympics, which helped India reach the semi-finals.[225] Goswami represented India at the 1958 Asian Games and the 1960 Olympics, and captained the side during the 1962 Asian Games and the 1964 Asian Cup.[226] He was bestowed with Padma Shri by the Government of India and AFC honoured him as \"Best Striker of Asia\" in 1962.[227]\nP. K. Banerjee, a winger who represented India at the 1956 Olympics and later captained the side during the 1960 Olympics, was named as the best \"Indian player of the 20th Century\".[228] Peter Thangaraj was the starting goalkeeper for India during the later stage of India's golden era, being named as best \"Indian keeper of the 20th Century\" by IFFHS.[228] P. K. Banerjee was honoured with Padma Shri by Government of India in 1990, and in 2004 FIFA bestowed him with \"FIFA Centennial Order of Merit\" Award, the highest honour awarded by FIFA.[229][230]\nFrom the 1970s to the 2000s, India saw a decline in their results. Despite the lack of tournament victories, the country managed to produce players like Syed Nayeemuddin who led India to bronze at the 1970 Asian Games.[231] During the 1990s, I. M. Vijayan, India's best player at the time, was capped 66 times for India while scoring 29 goals and captaining the team several times.[232]\nSunil Chhetri celebrating after scoring a goal\nIn 1995, Bhaichung Bhutia debuted for India. With Bhutia, India qualified for the AFC Asian Cup after a drought of 27 years.[233] He was the captain of the team for over ten years.[234][235][236] Considered one of the greatest footballers of India, he is the second-most-capped player of India with 82 caps and scored 27 times for India. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2008[213] and IFFHS listed him among the legendary players of football in 2016.[237] Under Bhutia's captaincy Sunil Chhetri debuted for India who is now the only footballer in India's history to have played 100 international matches and is the all-time highest goal-scorer of India.[238][239] Chhetri led the national team to many victories, most importantly qualifying for the AFC Asian Cup and under his leadership the team achieved its highest FIFA ranking of 96 after twenty-one years.[149][150] His goal-scoring ability and skills made him the only Indian striker to score three hat-tricks for India.[240][241][242]\nCompetitive record\nSee also: India national football team records and statistics § Competition records\nFIFA World Cup\nIndia has never played in the finals of a FIFA World Cup.[243] After gaining independence in 1947, India managed to qualify for the World Cup held in 1950. This was due to Myanmar, Indonesia, and the Philippines withdrawing from qualification.[243] However, prior to the start of the tournament, India themselves withdrew due to the expenses required in getting the team to Brazil.[243] Other reasons cited for why India withdrew include FIFA not allowing Indian players to play in the tournament barefoot and the All India Football Federation not considering the World Cup an important tournament compared to the Olympics.[243]\nAfter withdrawing from the 1950 FIFA World Cup, India did not enter the qualifying rounds of the tournament between 1954 and 1982.[244] Since the 1986 qualifiers, with the exception of the 1990 edition of the tournament, the team participated in World Cup qualification, but has yet to qualify for the finals again.[244]\nFIFA World Cup record\nFIFA World Cup qualification record\nYear\nResult\nPosition\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\nSquad\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\n1930\nto\n1938 Did not enter Did not enter\n1950 Withdrew Qualified by default\n1954 Denied by FIFA Denied by FIFA\n1958\nto\n1982 Did not enter Did not enter\n1986 Did not qualify 6 2 3 1 7 6\n1990 Withdrew from qualification\n1994 8 1 1 6 8 22\n1998 3 1 1 1 3 7\n2002 6 3 2 1 11 5\n2006 6 1 1 4 2 18\n2010 2 0 1 1 3 6\n2014 2 0 1 1 2 5\n2018 10 2 1 7 7 18\n2022 8 1 4 3 6 7\n2026 To be determined To be determined\nTotal\n0/22\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n51\n11\n15\n25\n49\n93\nAFC Asian Cup\nMain article: India at the AFC Asian Cup\nIndia has qualified for the AFC Asian Cup four times. The team played their first Asian Cup in 1964. The team managed to qualify following other nations' refusal to play against India due to political reasons.[245][246] India managed to finish the tournament as runners-up to hosts Israel, with Inder Singh finishing as joint top-scorer.[246] Since then India has failed to progress beyond the first round of the Asian Cup with their participation at the 1984[247] and 2011 Asian Cups,[248] and most recently the 2019 Asian Cup.[82]\nAFC Asian Cup record\nAFC Asian Cup qualification record\nHost/Year\nResult\nPosition\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\nSquad\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\n1956 Did not enter Did not enter\n1960 Did not qualify 6 2 0 4 7 9\n1964 Runners-up 2nd 3 2 0 1 5 3 Squad Bye\n1968 Did not qualify 3 0 1 2 2 6\n1972\nto\n1980 Did not enter Did not enter\n1984 Group stage 10th 4 0 1 3 0 7 Squad 4 3 0 1 8 2\n1988\nto\n2007 Did not qualify 21 2 4 15 17 57\n2011 Group stage 16th 3 0 0 3 3 13 Squad 2008 AFC Challenge Cup winners\n2015 Did not qualify Failed to win 2012 & did not qualify for 2014 AFC Challenge Cup\n2019 Group stage 17th 3 1 0 2 4 4 Squad 18 8 2 8 25 24\n2023 To be determined In progress\nTotals\nRunners-up\n4/17\n13\n3\n1\n9\n12\n27\n42\n13\n6\n23\n50\n86\nSummer Olympics\nSee also: India at the Olympics\nTalimeren Ao (left), leading India out at the Cricklefield Stadium to play against France in 1948\nIndia competed in four straight Olympic football tournaments between 1948 and 1960. Their sole 1948 Olympics match against France was also India's first ever international match since the country gained independence in 1947.[19] During the match, a majority of the Indian side played barefoot.[19] The match ended in a 2–1 defeat, with Sarangapani Raman scoring the lone goal for India.[19] India then returned to the Olympics four years later where they took on Yugoslavia in the preliminary rounds. The team suffered a 10–1 defeat, India's largest margin of defeat, and were knocked out.[249]\nFour years later, during the 1956 Olympics, India managed to reach the semi-finals and finish fourth. After India's first round opponents, Hungary, withdrew from the tournament, the team played against hosts Australia in the quarter-finals. A Neville D'Souza hat-trick, the first by an Asian footballer in the Olympics, helped India win 4–2.[250] However, in the semi-finals, India once again suffered defeat against Yugoslavia, going down 4–1. In the bronze medal match, India were defeated 3–0 by Bulgaria.[250]\nIn 1960, India competed in Group D with Hungary, France and Peru. India ended the group in last place, drawing once.[251] India have since failed to qualify for another Olympic games.\nSummer Olympics record\nSummer Olympics qualification record\nHost/Year\nResult\nPosition\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\nSquad\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\n1908– 1936 Did not enter Did not enter\n1948 Round 1 11th 1 0 0 1 1 2 Squad Qualified automatically\n1952 Preliminaries 25th 1 0 0 1 1 10 Squad\n1956 Semi-finals 4th 3 1 0 2 5 9 Squad Bye\n1960 Round 1 13th 3 0 1 2 3 6 Squad 4 4 0 0 13 4\n1964– 1988 Did not qualify 20 6 1 13 34 38\nTotal\nSemi-finals\n4 / 17\n8\n1\n1\n6\n10\n27\n24\n10\n1\n13\n47\n42\nAsian Games\nIndia competed in eleven Asian Games starting from 1951 to 1998 except the 1990 and 1994 editions.[252] In 1951 Asiad India won their first match against Indonesia in the first round and then defeated Japan in semi-final and went on to win against Iran in the final infront of the home crowd. The achievement of the Indian team was a special one as they became the first ever Asian Games gold medalists and also the first ever Asian football champions.[253]\nThough the next two tournaments proved less successful for the team, but they bounced back by winning the gold at the 1962 Asian games by defeating the Asian Cup winners South Korea in the final to win their second continental title. The team failed to defend their title in 1966 and went on to claim the bronze medal in 1970.[254]\nThis was the last time India ever finished on the medal podium, the next years proved to be hard for the Indian team to regain their dominance as the side went through a sharp decline.[255] After two disappointing editions in 1974 and 1978, India performed much better in the 1982 Asiad, which they hosted for the second time by reaching the quarter-finals but lost to Saudi Arabia. Due to the Poor performance in 1986 Asian Games the authorities decided not to send the team for the upcoming games.[256] The team made their return in 1998.\nAsian Games record\nHost/Year\nResult\nPosition\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\nSquad\n1951 Champions 1st 3 3 0 0 7 0 Squad\n1954 Round 1 8th 2 1 0 1 3 6 Squad\n1958 Semi-finals 4th 5 2 0 3 12 13 Squad\n1962 Champions 1st 5 4 0 1 11 6 Squad\n1966 Round 1 8th 3 1 0 2 4 7 Squad\n1970 Third place 3rd 6 3 1 2 8 5 Squad\n1974 Round 1 13th 3 0 0 3 2 14 Squad\n1978 Round 2 8th 5 1 0 4 5 13 Squad\n1982 Quarter-finals 6th 4 2 1 1 5 3 Squad\n1986 Round 1 16th 3 0 0 3 1 8 Squad\n1990 Did not enter\n1994 Did not enter\n1998 Round 2 16th 5 1 0 4 3 8 Squad\nTotal\n2 Titles\n11 / 13\n44\n18\n2\n24\n61\n83\nSAFF Championship\nIndia has played in all twelve editions of the SAFF Championship and has been the most successful team in the competition winning an overall seven titles.[257] The team played in knockout stage of every tournament except in 1993 where the tournament was in a league format.[258] The team also boasts a prestigious record of claiming medal at every championships played so far.[259]\nIndia has played in the final of every championship except the 2003 tournament where they claimed bronze medal for the first time.[260] India also boasts several records such as the team has scored the most goals, conceded least numbers of goals, registered most wins, fewest draws and fewest defeats than any other team in the competition's history.[261]\nSAFF Championship record\nYear\nResult\nPosition\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\n1993 Champions 1st 3 2 1 0 4 1\n1995 Runners-up 2nd 3 0 2 1 2 3\n1997 Champions 1st 4 3 1 0 12 3\n1999 Champions 1st 4 3 1 0 6 1\n2003 Semi-finals 3rd 5 2 1 2 8 5\n2005 Champions 1st 5 4 1 0 8 2\n2008 Runners-up 2nd 5 4 0 1 9 3\n2009 Champions 1st 5 3 1 1 3 2\n2011 Champions 1st 5 4 1 0 16 2\n2013 Runners-up 2nd 5 2 1 2 4 5\n2015 Champions 1st 4 4 0 0 11 4\n2018 Runners-up 2nd 4 3 0 1 8 3\n2021 Qualified\nTotal\n7 Titles\n12/12\n52\n34\n10\n8\n91\n34\nAFC Challenge Cup\nIndia has participated in AFC Challenge Cup four time.[262] The tournament was originally created for countries categorized as emerging association, though India was invited to take part by AFC along with other developing association countries.[263] The team won the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup and qualified to the Asian Cup after 27 years.[264][265]\nAFC Challenge Cup record\nAFC Challenge Cup Qualification record\nHost/Year\nResult\nPosition\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\nSquad\nPld\nW\nD\nL\nGF\nGA\n2006 Quarter-final 8 4 1 2 1 3 4 Squad Qualified automatically\n2008 Champions 1st 5 4 1 0 9 3 Squad Qualified as hosts\n2010 Group Stage 8 3 0 0 3 1 6 Squad Qualified automatically\n2012 Group stage 8th 3 0 0 3 0 8 Squad 3 2 1 0 7 2\n2014 Did not qualify 3 2 0 1 6 2\nTotals\n1 Title\n4/5\n15\n5\n3\n7\n13\n21\n6\n4\n1\n1\n13\n4\nSee also\nIndia portal\nAssociation football portal\nYouth Teams\nIndia U-23\nIndia U-20\nIndia U-17\nFootball in India\nWomen's football in India\nHistory of Indian football\nMission XI Million\nFutsal Association of India\nIndia national beach soccer team\nMiscellaneous\nList of India national football team hat-tricks\nList of Indian football players in foreign leagues\nReferences\n^ a b c \"AIFF appoints Igor Stimac as new men's senior national team coach\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.\n^ a b Dey, Subrata. \"India – Record international players\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.\n^ \"The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking\". FIFA. 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.\n^ \"India jump four spots to enter top 150 of FIFA men's rankings\". Scroll. TheField Scroll. 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.\n^ \"India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings\". The Indian Express. 3 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.\n^ \"India football team tour of Australia 1938\". Retrieved 14 February 2021.\n^ \"India's first ever match as independent nation\". Retrieved 14 February 2021.\n^ \"India's Melbourne magic\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2021.\n^ \"India 6-0 win over Cambodia\". Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2021.\n^ \"Soviet Union 11:1 India\". eu-football.info. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2016.\n^ Elo rankings change compared to one year ago. \"World Football Elo Ratings\". eloratings.net. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.\n^ a b \"World Football Elo Ratings: India\". World Football Elo Ratings. Archived from the original on 24 April 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.\n^ a b c \"Gostha Pal\". Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.\n^ a b \"GOSTHO PAL - THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA - GREAT ICON OF KOLKATA FOOTBALL\". Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.\n^ a b \"LEGENDS OF INDIAN FOOTBALL : GOSTHA PAL\". Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2018.\n^ \"INDIA FOOTBALL\". Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.\n^ a b \"Matches 1938\". fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.\n^ a b Greg Stock, Thomas Esamie,John Punshon. \"Socceroo Internationals for 1938\". ozfootball.net. OZfootball. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.\n^ a b c d e \"Triumphs and Disasters: The Story of Indian Football, 1889--2000\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ a b Kapadia, Novy (2 July 2013). \"The 1950 FIFA World Cup: A missed opportunity for India\". SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"FIFA World Cup: Here's why India withdrew from quadrennial event in 1950 despite qualifying\". Times Now. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n^ Lisi (2007), p. 49\n^ \"1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil – Overview\". FIFA. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012.\n^ \"Were India Banned From World Cup 1950 For Wanting To Play Barefoot?\". Peter Jones. World Football Index. 11 July 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n^ \"The Indian National Football Team\". twelfthman blog. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2019.\n^ \"Indian football.de 1950 World Cup\". Archived from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 4 May 2021.\n^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta (26 December 2010). \"Legends of Indian Football: Rahim Saab\". Thehardtackle.com. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ a b Ghoshal, Amoy. \"Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1951 New Delhi\". SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ \"Colombo Cup\". IndianFootball.De. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ \"Asian Games 1954\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ a b \"Melbourne, 1956\". FIFA. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2017.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1958 Tokyo Asian Games\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1960 Seoul Asia Cup Qualifiers\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1962 D'Jakarta Asian Games\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1964 Tel Aviv Asia Cup\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1966 Bangkok Asian Games\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1970 Bangkok Asian Games\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ \"Asian Games 1974\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ \"Asian Games 1978\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ \"Asian Games 1982\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ a b Arunava Chaudhuri. \"The Indian Senior Team at the 1984 Singapore Asia Cup\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.\n^ \"South Asian Games\". IndianFootball.De. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ a b \"SAFF CHAMPIONSHIP: REMEMBERING INDIA'S SAFF TITLE TRIUMPHS\". The Hard Tackle. 27 August 2013. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"World Cup qualifying\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ \"SAFF 2003\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ a b \"Constantine's rising stock\". IndianFootball.De. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"Uzbekistan win football gold\". Rediff. 23 October 2003. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"National football team's coach sacked\". Hindustan Times. 9 March 2006. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"AFC Asian Cup 2007\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ \"Bob Houghton is India's football coach\". Rediff. 28 May 2006. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"Nehru Cup 2007\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ \"India win AFC Challenge Cup\". Rediff.com. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ Rizvi, Ahmed (7 July 2009). \"Houghton prepares in earnest\". The National. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"AFC Asian Cup 2011: Group C preview\". The World Game. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ a b \"INDIA IN AFC ASIAN CUP 2011: PERFORMANCE REVIEW\". The Hard Tackle. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ Sengupta, Rahul (17 February 2011). \"AIFF Announces New Look Indian Squad for the AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers\". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ Deb, Debapriya (27 March 2011). \"2012 AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers: team India performance report card – Part 1\". The Hard Tackle. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"Houghton's tenure as Indian football coach over: sources\". The Times of India. 21 April 2011. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2019.\n^ Nelson, Dean (24 February 2011). \"India to sack British football manager Bob Houghton over racism allegations\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2019.\n^ \"Coach Bob Houghton resigns after bitter stand-off with AIFF\". The Indian Express. 23 September 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2019.\n^ \"Football coach Bob Houghton resigns after bitter stand-off with AIFF\". ITGD Bureau. India Today. 23 April 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2019.\n^ \"Indian Coach Profile – Savio Medeira\". WIFA. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ De Sousa, Jonathan (15 March 2012). \"Indian football: AFC Challenge Cup 2012 Review – A look at the blue tigers\". The Hard Tackle. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ Ayush Srivastava (15 June 2012). \"Wim Koevermans named as new India senior team coach\". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"India beat Cameroon to win third successive Nehru Cup title\". India Today. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"India rejoices Nehru Cup treble:FIFA.com\". Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.\n^ \"India Lose To Myanmar in AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers\". NDTV Sports. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ Noronha, Anselm (11 September 2013). \"Afghanistan are the SAFF Championship 2013 champions, beat India 2-0\". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2017.\n^ \"Indian football team goes down to Palestine; coach Koevermans resigns\". Rediff. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.\n^ \"India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings\". Indian Express. 5 November 2015. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.\n^ \"Stephen Constantine appointed Indian men's football head coach\". Indian Express. 16 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.\n^ Sequiera, Sean (5 September 2016). \"2018 World Cup qualification was never possible for India: Stephen Constantine\". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.\n^ \"India thrashes Laos\". The Hindu. 7 June 2016. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n^ \"India qualify for AFC Asian Cup 2019\". Goal.com. 11 October 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2017.\n^ \"SAFF Cup 2018: Youthfull India to face Maldives\". Sportskeeda. 9 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n^ \"Group A: Thailand 1-4 India\". The AFC.com. 6 January 2019. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n^ \"AFC Asian Cup 2019: Thailand 1-4 India, Player Ratings\". FOX Sports Asia. 6 January 2019. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.\n^ \"UAE Steal India'S Thunder\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. 10 January 2019. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n^ \"AFC Asian Cup UAE 2019, India vs Bahrain\". the-afc.com. AFC. Archived from the original on 18 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n^ a b Ishfaq Ahmed, Shiddant Aney, Vaibhav Raghunandan (14 January 2019). \"India Lose to Bahrain, Crash Out of AFC Asian Cup - Highlights and Analysis\". newsclick.in. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n^ \"Breaking: Indian head coach Stephen Constantine resigns after AFC Asian Cup exit\". FOX Sports Asia. 15 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n^ \"AIFF appoint's Igor Štimac as men's team head coach\". AIFF. 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.\n^ \"Late Oman comeback sinks India\". AIFF. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.\n^ \"India holds Asian champion Qatar to goalless draw\". AIFF. 11 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.\n^ \"India, Bangladesh play out a draw out in World Cup qualifier\". AIFF. 15 October 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.\n^ \"Super sub Doungel helps Blue Tigers earns a point in Dushanbe\". AIFF. 14 November 2019. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2019.\n^ \"India go down by a solitary goal in Muscat\". AIFF. Archived from the original on 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.\n^ \"India vs Afghanistan Highlights: Blue Tigers bag a point, qualify for 3rd round of 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers\". The Indian Express. 15 June 2021. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.\n^ \"Football (Soccer) Team Nicknames\". Topendsports. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2021.\n^ \"Why are Indian Cricket Team, Hockey Team and other sport jerseys blue in colour?\". Sportkeeda. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.\n^ a b \"Why was team India once nicknamed Bhangra Boys\". Sportkeeda. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.\n^ a b Bharali, Abhijit (16 September 2018). \"The evolution of the Indian football team jersey over the years\". SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ a b \"The evolution of the Indian football team jersey over the years\". SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ \"Nike to sponsor Indian football team\". Hindustan Times. 27 February 2006. Archived from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ \"The evolution of the Indian football team jersey over the years\". SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ Sengupta, Rahul (6 September 2010). \"Indian National Team: Nike India Introduces 2010 National Team Kit For The Indian Football Team\". Goal.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ \"Nike unveils Indian national football team kit:AIFF.com\". Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.\n^ \"India's New Football Kit Sets Blue Tigers Up to Create History\". Nike. 7 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ a b Laghate, Gaurav (17 December 2018). \"Six5Six to replace Nike as Indian football's kit sponsor\". Economic Times. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.\n^ \"NEW YEAR, NEW KIT FOR INDIAN FOOTBALL\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.\n^ \"AFC Asian Cup 2019: India national team kit and price revealed\". foxsportsasia.com. Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.\n^ \"2011 SAFF Championship Stadium Guide: New Delhi – Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium\". goal.com. goal.com India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\n^ \"Sunil Chhetri strikes brace as India beat Malaysia 3-2 in international friendly\". Jagran Post. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\n^ \"India vs Nepal at Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium, Guwahati\". fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2018.\n^ \"India vs Iran at Sree Kranteerava Stadium\". fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\n^ \"FIVE-STAR INDIA EASE PAST CHINESE TAIPEI\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.\n^ \"India at the SAFF Cup\". wifa.in. WIFA. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\n^ \"India win 2012 Nehru Cup\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. TOI. Archived from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\n^ \"India wins 2015 SAFF Cup: Who said what\". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\n^ \"INDIA ARE HERO TRI-NATION FOOTBALL SERIES 2017 CHAMPIONS\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\n^ \"OUR PRIMARY TARGET IS TO WIN THE TOURNAMENT: CONSTANTINE\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\n^ \"AFC ASIAN CUP UAE 2019\". the-afc.com. AFC. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\n^ \"The experienced duo of Sunil Chhetri and Clifford Miranda were on target as India beat Nepal 2-0 in a comfortable win\". goal.com. GOAL. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2019.\n^ \"Can Indian football make it to the top league?\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.\n^ \"Fifa World Cup 2018: Which Indian state watches football extravaganza the most?\". IB Times. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n^ \"World Cup 2018: Sorry, Bengalis. You are not India's greatest football fans\". Daily O. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"Bend it like Bengal: Every four years, the cup comes home\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2019.\n^ \"Kolkata reinstated as the 'Mecca of Indian football'\". goal.com. GOAL. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"India win Nehru Cup for the thrd time\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ Basu, Jaydeep (27 August 2007). \"Bhaichung leads dazzling display - Nehru Cup - India demolish Kyrgyzstan 3-0 to make final for first time\". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ \"SAFF Cup: India beat Afghanistan 2-1 in final to lift title for seventh time\". Indian Express. 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2018.\n^ a b c d \"About Us-Introduction to BluePilgrims\". bluepilgrims.com. Blue Pilgrims. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ a b c d e \"Indian national football teams to have dedicated fan base named 'Blue Pilgrims\". www.sportskeeda.com. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2019.\n^ a b \"Blue Tigers find support in Blue Pilgrims\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"Blue Pilgrims are delighted to announce further collaborations for the game vs Bangladesh in VYBK\". Blue Pilgrims. Twitter. 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.\n^ a b c \"Blue Pilgrims right behind Men in Blues\". Asian Age. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ a b c \"Blue Pilgrims, the 12th man of Indian football\". redbull.com. 29 November 2017. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ a b \"List of Blue Pilgrims chants (with lyrics) Part 1\". Indian football Ultras. YouTube. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2019.\n^ \"List of Blue Pilgrims chants (with lyrics) Part 2\". Indian football Ultras. YouTube. 25 September 2019. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 2 October 2019.\n^ a b \"Intercontinental Cup 2018: 5 Things India gained from the Intercontinental Cup\". sportskeeda.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"Watch: Sunil Chhetri leads incredible Viking clap with Indian fans post Thailand AFC Asian Cup win\". Fox Sports Asia. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"Inquilab-e-Indian football\". Blue Pilgrims. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"Sunil Chhetri's plea to Indian fans marked as Golden Tweet by Twitter India\". indiatoday.in. India Today. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ a b \"Chhetri called and the Indian football fans answered\". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"After Sunil Chhetri's plea, tickets for India game sold out\". The Hindu. 4 June 2018. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"Blue Pilgrims plans 3D tifo display for Chhetri and co\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"From a handful to plenty\". Deccan Chronicles. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.\n^ \"India's international footballing fixtures to be broadcast live on Star Sports\". AIFF. 23 May 2017. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.\n^ \"ZEE Sports readies Indian football team for 2010\". Biz Asia Live. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.\n^ a b \"Luka Radman is very knowledgeable and has worked with a lot of top players- Sunil Chhetri\". Khelnow. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.\n^ \"Rogic is the best goalkeeping coach I have seen in national team set-up: Gurpreet Singh Sandhu\". AIFF. 31 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.\n^ a b \"New support staff for national team\". AIFF. 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.\n^ \"AIFF Technical Committee conducts online meeting\". AIFF. 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.\n^ a b \"Savio Medeira – Who is the new interim technical director of AIFF?\". IFTWC. 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.\n^ \"Tomislav Rogic is the best Goalkeeping coach I worked with says Gurpreet\". Retrieved 3 September 2021.\n^ a b Nandi, Dhirtiman (23 August 2015). \"Performance of Foreign Coaches in Indian National Football Team\". IndianFootballNetwork. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.\n^ a b c \"How India rose from a historical low\". scroll.in. The Scroll. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ a b c \"FIFA ranking: Indian football team up to 96, achieve best position in 21 years\". hindustantimes.com. HindustanTimes. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ a b c Kunti, Samindra. \"Meet the man responsible for kickstarting a new era in Indian football—again\". qz.com. Quartz India. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Interview with Stephen Constantine\". scroll.in. Scroll. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Indian football team maintain unbeaten streak in International football\". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Asian Cup Qualifiers: India's 12-match unbeaten streak ends\". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"India lose 1-2 to Kyrgyzstan, 13-match unbeaten run ends\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. TOI. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ a b c Sharma, Bhargab. \"Remembering Rahim Saab, the man who put India on the world football map\". catchnews.com. Catchnews. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.\n^ \"1953 Rangoon quadrangular cup\". indiafootball.de. indiafootball.de. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018.\n^ Ghosal, Amoy. \"Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1954 Manila\". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.\n^ Chaudhuri, Arunava. \"1955 Dhaka quadrangular\". indianfootball.de. indiafootball.de. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1958 Asian Games\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1961 Madeka\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1964 olympic qualifiers\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1964 Asian Cup\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1965 Madeka\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1958 Asian Games\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1966 Maderka\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1968 Asian CUPQ\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1968 maderka\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1969 maderka\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1970 maderka\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1972 maderka\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1974 AG\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ a b c \"Know your Indian Football Heroes: PK Banerjee\". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1976 Jasson\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1977 kingscup\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1977 Prescup\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1978 AG\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"The senior National Team at 1980 OLY Q\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"1982 Maderka Result\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"1982 Asian games result\". indiafootball.de. IndiaFootball. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"Coach Bob Bootland dies\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n^ \"MAGPIES TURN TO KINNEAR\". FOOTBALL365. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"A Bible for soccer lovers\". tribuneindia.com. TheTribune. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2018.\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2010. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2018. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n^ a b c \"The Agony of Syed Nayeemuddin\". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior Team at 1987 Nehru Cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1989 Nehru Cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1991 Nehru cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball.de. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1992 Asian Cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1993 nehru cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1994 WC qualifier\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1993 saarc cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1994 rajiv gandhi cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1995 nehru cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 1999 safgames\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 2011 M.cup\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ Roach, Stuart. \"Constantine's rising stock\". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ a b \"The Indian Senior team 2005 coach appointment\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 2005 pak tour\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"The Indian Senior team at 2005 fiji tour\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2018.\n^ \"Houghton's tenure as Indian football coach over: sources\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. TOI. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Houghton resigns as national coach - AIFF trying hard to change bob's mind\". telegraphindia.com. Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Newly appointed coach of the Indian football team\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. TOI. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Savio should've taken over from Houghton\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. TOI. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Savio Madeira stamps his authority on SAFF cup win\". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Wim Koevermans appointed as new Indian football coach\". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. TOI. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Indian national football team coach Wim Koevermans resigns\". sportskeeda.com. Sportskeeda. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"Stephen Constantine resigns as India coach after Asian Cup exit\". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n^ \"AIFF APPOINTS IGOR STIMAC AS NEW MEN'S SENIOR NATIONAL TEAM COACH\". the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.\n^ \"Stimac names Indian squad for Friendlies against Nepal\". AIFF. 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.\n^ a b c \"Award winning Indian footballer\". indianfootball.de. IndianFootball. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.\n^ \"1938 Indian Tour of Australia\". ozfootball.net. Australian Online Football Museum. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018.\n^ \"Talimenren Ao achievements\". kolkatafootball.com. Kolkata Football. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.\n^ \"Remembering a Naga doctor-footballer who led India in the 1948 Olympics\". scroll.in. The Scroll. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.\n^ \"Story of a legend – Dr. T. Ao the first Naga Olympian and football genius\". thenagarepublic.com. The Naga Republic. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 2 November 2018.\n^ a b c d \"AIFF Condoles Sailen Manna's death\". www.the-aiff.com. AIFF. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.\n^ \"A natural leader\". Sports Star. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2018.\n^ \"Remembering India's most prolific centre forward - Sahoo Mewalal\". sportskeeda.com. SportsKeeda. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"Legend of Indian football:Sheoo Mewalal\". thehardtackle.com. The Hard Tackle. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"India Senior team 1952 Quadrangular Cup\". indianfootball.de. Indian Football. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"India Football Hall of Fame, Neville D'Souza\". indianfootball.de. Indian Football. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"Match Report Australia - India\". www.fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"Olympics 1956 Statistics\". www.fifa.com. FIFA. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.\n^ \"Chuni Goswami: A legend in every sense of the word\". theweek.in. The Week. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.\n^ \"Indian Football Legends\". kolkatafootball.com. Kolkata Football. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.\n^ a b \"IFFHS' Players and Keepers of the Century for many countries\". rsssf.com. RSSSF. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2018.\n^ \"FIFA award for Banerjee\". The Hindu. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2018. [dead link]\n^ \"PK Banerjee gets FIFA Centennial Order of Merit awards\". outlookindia.com. The Outlook India. Archived from the original on 12 September 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.\n^ \"1970 Asian Games Bronze Medallist and former India number one Bandya Kakade passes away\". goal.com. Goal. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2018.\n^ \"Invalappil Mani Vijayan - Goals in International Matches\". rsssf.com. RSSSF. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 November 2018.\n^ \"Baichung Bhutia Biography\". www.mapsofindia.com. Maps of India. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.\n^ \"Bhaichung Bhutia-Inspirational leader both on and off the field\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.\n^ \"Bhutia brings down the curtain on his international career\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2018.\n^ \"Bhaichung Bhutia Retires From International Football at the Age of 34\". goal.com. Goal.Com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.\n^ \"IFFHS ANNOUNCE THE 48 FOOTBALL LEGEND PLAYERS\". iffhs.com. IFFHS. Archived from the original on 20 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.\n^ \"Sunil Chhetri 100th Match: Wishes Pour In, From Sachin Tendulkar, Virender Sehwag And Many More\". ndtv.com. NDTV. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.\n^ \"Sunil Chhetri Overtakes Lionel Messi With Second-Highest International Goals Among Active Players\". ndtv.com. NDTV. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.\n^ \"Chhetri stars as India wins\". The Hindu. 14 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2018.\n^ \"Sunil Chetri's hat-trick sinks Vietnam\". The Hindu. 9 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2018.\n^ \"Chhetri helps himself to a triple-strike\". The Hindu. 2 June 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.\n^ a b c d Choudhury, Chandrahas (11 June 2014). \"Blame India's World Cup Drought on the Shoes\". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2016.\n^ a b \"The Indian National Team's World Cup qualifying\". Indianfootball.de. Archived from the original on 14 June 2010.\n^ \"India's performances at the AFC Asian Cup\". goal.com. GOAL. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n^ a b \"Asian Nations Cup 1964\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2017.\n^ \"Asian Nations Cup 1984\". rsssf.com. RSSSF. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n^ \"Asian Nations Cup 2011\". rsssf.com. RSSSF. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2019.\n^ \"Yugoslavia 10-1 India\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2018.\n^ a b \"Olympics 1956\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008.\n^ \"Olympics 1960\". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2018.\n^ \"When India Conquered the continent\". Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"Indian football team at the 1951 Asian Games\". Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"The best technical team in Asia\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"Disaster against Myanmar\". Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"India football team at the 1986 Asian Games\". Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"SAFF Cup, indianfootball.de\". Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"RSSSF 1993 SAFF Cup\". Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"India land tough saff championship draw: AFC.com\". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.\n^ \"India's Prestigious records at SAFF Championship\". Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"Asian tournament records Sportskeeda.com\". Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"RSSSF 2008 AFC Challenge Cup\". Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"World football.net\". Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"There was no way we could lose\". Retrieved 22 January 2021.\n^ \"2008 AFC Challenge Cup Winners\". Retrieved 22 January 2021.\nExternal links\nWikimedia Commons has media related to India national association football team.\nAll India Football Federation\nFIFA team profile\nv\nt\ne\nIndia national football team\nGeneral\nAll India Football Federation\nHistory\nKits\nNotable players\nManagers\nVenues\nSalt Lake Stadium\nJ.N. Stadium (Delhi)\nJ.N. Stadium (Kochi)\nJ.N. Stadium (Chennai)\nAmbedkar Stadium\nSree Kanteerava Stadium\nIndira Gandhi Athletic Stadium\nFatorda Stadium\nTrivandrum International Stadium\nMumbai Football Arena\nEKA Arena\nRecords and stats\nCompetitive record\nOlympics record\nAFC Asian Cup record\nPlayer records\nHead-to-head record\nPlayer list\nGoals by Sunil Chhetri\nHat-tricks\nmen\nwomen\nResults\nMen's\nIndia\n1933–46\n1947–59\n1960–69\n1970–79\n1980–89\n1990–99\n2000–09\n2010–19\n2020–present\nUnofficial\nWomen's\nIndia women's\n1980–1989\n1990–1999\n2000–2009\n2010–2019\n2020–2029\nOther teams\nMen's\nU-23\nU-20\nU-17\nWomen's\nW U-20\nW U-17\nOther linked articles\nv\nt\ne\nIndia national football team matches\nAsian Games Finals\n1951\n1962\nSAFF Championship Finals\n1995\n1997\n1999\n2005\n2008\n2009\n2011\n2013\n2015\n2018\nAFC Challenge Cup Finals\n2008\nNehru Cup Finals\n2007\n2009\n2012\nv\nt\ne\nIndia national football team – managers\nChatterjee (1948)\nRahim (1950–63)\nWright (1963–64)\nP. K. Banerjee (1972–81)\nBootland (1982)\nKinnear (1983)\nĆirić (1984–85)\nP. K. Banerjee (1985)\nNayeemuddin (1986)\nDutta (1987–88)\nGelei (1990–91)\nPešek (1993–94)\nAkramov (1995–97)\nNayeemuddin (1997–98)\nSingh (1998–2001)\nConstantine (2002–05)\nSingh (2005)\nNayeemuddin (2005–06)\nHoughton (2006–11)\nColaco (2011)\nMedeira (2011–12)\nKoevermans (2012–15)\nConstantine (2015–19)\nŠtimac (2019–)\nTitles\nAchievements\nPreceded by\nInaugural Champions Asian Games Champions\n1951 (First title) Succeeded by\n1954 Chinese Taipei\nPreceded by\n1958 Chinese Taipei Asian Games Champions\n1962 (Second title) Succeeded by\n1966 Myanmar\nPreceded by\n2006 Tajikistan AFC Challenge Cup Champions\n2008 (First title) Succeeded by\n2010 North Korea\nv\nt\ne\nAsian Games football men's tournament winners\n1951: India\n1954: Republic of China\n1958: Republic of China\n1962: India\n1966: Burma\n1970: Burma / South Korea\n1974: Iran\n1978: North Korea / South Korea\n1982: Iraq\n1986: South Korea\n1990: Iran\n1994: Uzbekistan\n1998: Iran\n2002: Iran\n2006: Qatar\n2010: Japan\n2014: South Korea\n2018: South Korea\nv\nt\ne\nAFC Challenge Cup winners\n2006: Tajikistan\n2008: India\n2010: North Korea\n2012: North Korea\n2014: Palestine\nv\nt\ne\nFootball in India\nAll India Football Federation\nState Football Associations\nHistory\nLeague system\nState leagues\nClubs\nChampions (Asian competition)\nStadiums\nWomen's football\nNational teams\nMen\nIndia\nU-23\nU-20\nU-17\nWomen\nIndia\nU-20\nU-17\nLeague competitions\nLevel 1\nIndian Super League\nI-League\nLevel 2\nI-League 2nd Division\nState/District\nArunachal Pradesh\nAssam\nBangalore\nCalcutta\nDelhi\nGoa\nKerala\nManipur\nMizoram\nMumbai\nNagaland\nOdisha\nPune\nPunjab\nRajasthan\nShillong\nSikkim\nUttarakhand\nWomen\nIndian Women's League\nWomen State/District\nCalcutta\nKarnataka\nOdisha\nYouth\nElite League\nCup competitions\nClub\nSuper Cup\nState/District\nSantosh Trophy\nWomen's Championship\nOther\nDurand Cup\nSubroto Cup\nMir Iqbal Hussain Trophy\nB.C. Roy Trophy\nIFA Shield\nFutsal competition\nFutsal Club Championship (AIFF)\nPremier Futsal Championship (FAI)\nDefunct leagues\nNational Football League (1996–2007)\nBengal Premier League Soccer (2011–2013)\nNational Football League Second Division (1997-2007)\nNational Football League Third Division (2006-07)\nNational Football League (Under-19) (2001-2005)\nDefunct cups\nFederation Cup (1977–2017)\nNehru Cup (1982–2012) (international)\nSuper Cup (1997–2011)\nSports complexes\nAIFF National Center of Excellence\nv\nt\ne\nNational men's football teams of Asia (AFC)\nAFC Asian Cup\nWest Asia (WAFF)\nBahrain\nIraq\nJordan\nKuwait\nLebanon\nOman\nPalestine\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSyria\nUnited Arab Emirates\nYemen\nCentral Asia (CAFA)\nAfghanistan\nIR Iran\nKyrgyz Republic\nTajikistan\nTurkmenistan\nUzbekistan\nSouth Asia (SAFF)\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nIndia\nMaldives\nNepal\nPakistan\nSri Lanka\nEast Asia (EAFF)\nChina PR\nChinese Taipei\nGuam\nHong Kong\nJapan\nKorea DPR\nKorea Republic\nMacau\nMongolia\nNorthern Mariana Islands1\nSoutheast Asia (AFF)\nAustralia\nBrunei\nCambodia\nIndonesia\nLaos\nMalaysia\nMyanmar\nPhilippines\nSingapore\nThailand\nTimor-Leste\nVietnam\nDefunct\nMalaya\nNorth Vietnam\nSouth Vietnam\nSouth Yemen\nFormer\nIsrael (moved to UEFA in 1994)\nKazakhstan (moved to UEFA in 2002)\nNew Zealand (formed the OFC in 1966)\n1 Not a member of FIFA\nv\nt\ne\nNational sports teams of India\nA1GP\nBadminton\nBaseball\nM\nW\nBasketball\nM\nM U18\nM U16\nM 3x3\nW\nW U18\nW U16\nW 3x3\nBeach soccer\nCricket\nM\nM A\nM U19\nBlind\nW\nField hockey\nM\nM U21\nW\nW U21\nFootball\nM\nM U23\nM U20\nM U17\nW\nW U20\nW U17\nHandball\nM\nW\nIce hockey\nM\nM U20\nM U18\nW\nInline hockey\nKabaddi\nM\nW\nKorfball\nNetball\nRoller hockey\nRugby league\nRugby union\nRugby 7s\nM\nW\nSoftball\nM\nW\nSquash\nM\nW\nTennis\nM\nW\nX\nVolleyball\nM\nW\nW U20\nW U18\nWater polo\nOlympics\nParalympics\nAsian Games\nCommonwealth Games\nLusofonia Games\nWorld Games\nIndia finalists\nv\nt\ne\n1964 AFC Asian Cup finalists\nChampions\nIsrael\nRunners-up\nIndia\nThird place\nSouth Korea\nFourth place\nHong Kong\nv\nt\ne\n1984 AFC Asian Cup finalists\nChampions\nSaudi Arabia\nRunners-up\nChina PR\nThird place\nKuwait\nFourth place\nIran\nGroup stage\nIndia\nQatar\nSingapore\nSyria\nSouth Korea\nUnited Arab Emirates\nv\nt\ne\n2011 AFC Asian Cup finalists\nChampions\nJapan\nRunners-up\nAustralia\nThird place\nSouth Korea\nFourth place\nUzbekistan\nQuarter-finals\nIran\nIraq\nJordan\nQatar\nGroup stage\nBahrain\nChina PR\nIndia\nKuwait\nNorth Korea\nSaudi Arabia\nSyria\nUnited Arab Emirates\nv\nt\ne\n2019 AFC Asian Cup finalists\nChampions\nQatar\nRunners-up\nJapan\nSemi-finals\nIran\nUnited Arab Emirates\nQuarter-finals\nAustralia\nChina PR\nSouth Korea\nVietnam\nRound of 16\nBahrain\nIraq\nJordan\nKyrgyzstan\nOman\nSaudi Arabia\nThailand\nUzbekistan\nGroup stage\nIndia\nLebanon\nNorth Korea\nPalestine\nPhilippines\nSyria\nTurkmenistan\nYemen\nIndia squads\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 1948 Summer Olympics\nGK Uchil\nGK Varadaraj\nDF Manna\nDF Mohammed\nDF Varghese\nMF Ao (c)\nMF Basheer\nMF Kaiser\nMF A. Nandy\nMF Prasad\nMF Vajravelu\nFW Das\nFW Dhanraj\nFW Khan\nFW Mewalal\nFW S. Nandy\nFW Parab\nFW Raman\nCoach: Chatterjee\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 1952 Summer Olympics\n1 B. Anthony\n2 Azizuddin\n3 Manna (c)\n4 Latif\n5 Rawat\n6 Noor\n7 Venkatesh\n8 Sattar\n9 Mewalal\n10 Khan\n11 Saleh\n12 Varadaraj\n13 Bose\n14 Sarbadhikari\n15 Shanmugham\n16 Moinuddin\n17 Thakurta\n18 J. Anthony\nCoach: Rahim\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 1956 Summer Olympics – fourth place\n1 S. Banerjee (c)\n2 Kittu\n3 Pal\n4 Nandy\n5 P. K. Banerjee\n6 Kempaiah\n7 Kannayan\n8 Rahman\n9 Azizuddin\n10 Latif\n11 Noor\n12 Ahmed\n13 Abdul Salam\n14 D'Souza\n15 Balaram\n16 Thangaraj\n17 Narayan\n18 Zulfiqaruddin\nCoach: Rahim\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 1960 Summer Olympics\nGK Narayan\nGK Thangaraj\nDF Chandrashekar\nDF Ghosh\nDF Latif\nDF Singh\nMF Chettri\nMF Franco\nMF Kempaiah\nMF Khan\nMF Lahri\nFW Balaram\nFW P. K. Banerjee (c)\nFW Devdas\nFW Goswami\nFW Hakim\nFW Hamid\nFW Kannan\nFW Sundararaj\nCoach: Rahim\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 1964 AFC Asian Cup runners-up\nGK Narayan\nGK Thangaraj\nDF Banerjee\nDF Chandrashekar\nDF Ghosh\nDF Nayeemuddin\nDF J. Singh\nDF Sinha\nMF Chettri\nMF Franco\nMF Khan\nMF Mukharjee\nFW Appalraju\nFW Goswami (c)\nFW Hamid\nFW Nayagam\nFW Samajapati\nFW I. Singh\nCoach: Wright\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 1984 AFC Asian Cup\n1 Atanu\n2 Dorji\n3 T. Dey\n4 Chatterjee\n5 Roy\n6 Banerjee\n7 Panji\n8 K. Dey\n9 Thapa\n10 Ali (c)\n11 Biswajit\n12 Pereira\n14 Singh\n15 Mani\n16 Subrata\n17 Afonso\n18 Majeed\n20 Brahmanand\nCoach: Ćirić\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 2011 AFC Asian Cup\n1 Pal\n2 G. Singh\n3 Manju\n4 Masih\n5 Anwar Ali\n6 B. Singh\n7 Pradeep\n8 R. Singh\n9 Yadav\n10 Miranda\n11 Chhetri\n12 Deepak\n13 Sandhu\n14 Gawli\n15 Bhaichung (c)\n16 Mehraj\n17 Surkumar\n18 Rafi\n19 Gouramangi\n20 Climax\n21 Subhasish\n22 Nabi\n23 Dias\nCoach: Houghton\nv\nt\ne\nIndia squad – 2019 AFC Asian Cup\n1 Sandhu\n2 S. Singh\n3 Bose\n4 Golui\n5 Jhingan\n6 G. Singh\n7 Thapa\n8 Rai\n9 Passi\n10 B. Singh\n11 Chhetri (c)\n12 Lalpekhlua\n13 Kuruniyan\n14 Halder\n15 U. Singh\n16 Kaith\n17 Borges\n18 J. Singh\n19 Narzary\n20 Kotal\n21 Das\n22 Edathodika\n23 A. Singh\nCoach: Constantine\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_football_team&oldid=1043856812\"\nCategories:\nIndia national football team\nFootball in India\nAsian national association football teams\nAFC Challenge Cup-winning countries\n1948 establishments in India\nHidden categories:\nCS1 maint: multiple names: authors list\nCS1 maint: archived copy as title\nAll articles with dead external links\nArticles with dead external links from April 2021\nArticles with short description\nShort description matches Wikidata\nWikipedia semi-protected pages\nWikipedia pending changes protected pages\nUse dmy dates from May 2020\nUse Indian English from March 2017\nAll Wikipedia articles written in Indian English\nPages using infobox national football team with unknown parameters\nCommons category link is on Wikidata\nPages using national squad without sport or team link\nPages using national squad without comp link\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nView source\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nLanguages\nالعربية\nتۆرکجه\nবাংলা\nБеларуская\nČeština\nDansk\nDeutsch\nEesti\nΕλληνικά\nEspañol\nفارسی\nFrançais\nGalego\n한국어\nՀայերեն\nहिन्दी\nBahasa Indonesia\nItaliano\nעברית\nҚазақша\nLatviešu\nLietuvių\nMagyar\nമലയാളം\nमराठी\nBahasa Melayu\nNederlands\nनेपाली\n日本語\nNorsk bokmål\nPolski\nPortuguês\nRomână\nРусский\nSimple English\nСрпски / srpski\nSuomi\nSvenska\nதமிழ்\nไทย\nTürkçe\nУкраїнська\nTiếng Việt\n吴语\n中文\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 12 September 2021, at 10:17 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:27:15Z","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:88b840a4-1ad5-48ea-89f5-e050797baa51>","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:9592053d-072a-4ff2-991d-63266b3ea6fc>","warc-type":"conversion","content-length":"100757","warc-block-digest":"sha1:EV4JJPCT423DQHR3JPDHLASKF72SMSEW","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","content-type":"text/plain","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_football_team"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.7444313},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[{"label":"en","prob":0.99017185},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96501213},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9559453},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8755675},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8925237},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8591181},{"label":"en","prob":0.84967643},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92840296},{"label":"en","prob":0.88704073},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9483391},{"label":"en","prob":0.8296355},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9225485},{"label":"en","prob":0.83039176},{"label":"en","prob":0.8378911},{"label":"en","prob":0.85196227},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9107898},{"label":"en","prob":0.98574173},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8987123},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99928147},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92483926},{"label":"en","prob":0.8670675},{"label":"en","prob":0.9481435},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8409992},{"label":"en","prob":0.9481435},{"label":"en","prob":0.80246615},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9726404},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9481435},{"label":"en","prob":0.804741},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9481435},{"label":"en","prob":0.83844835},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8904699},{"label":"en","prob":0.9980567},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95162976},{"label":"en","prob":0.9890561},{"label":"en","prob":0.97023094},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9856881},{"label":"en","prob":0.982336},{"label":"en","prob":0.88153267},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8598087},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89668006},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90377706},{"label":"en","prob":0.9114738},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9737855},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97272664},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91579616},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99810964},{"label":"en","prob":0.8636141},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8035442},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99356246},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8778631},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8192087},{"label":"en","prob":0.9912985},{"label":"en","prob":0.9442926},{"label":"en","prob":0.99642855},{"label":"en","prob":0.98846763},{"label":"en","prob":0.95450866},{"label":"en","prob":0.9781909},{"label":"en","prob":0.9926307},{"label":"en","prob":0.98929584},{"label":"en","prob":0.98866165},{"label":"en","prob":0.95565706},{"label":"en","prob":0.97395056},{"label":"en","prob":0.98300266},{"label":"en","prob":0.97534317},{"label":"en","prob":0.9620814},{"label":"en","prob":0.92189103},{"label":"en","prob":0.9741991},{"label":"en","prob":0.9692953},{"label":"en","prob":0.91932344},{"label":"en","prob":0.9853496},{"label":"en","prob":0.972556},{"label":"en","prob":0.9715892},{"label":"en","prob":0.9614756},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.965662},{"label":"en","prob":0.9774973},{"label":"en","prob":0.9720907},{"label":"en","prob":0.9919148},{"label":"en","prob":0.8892771},{"label":"en","prob":0.97343737},{"label":"en","prob":0.9906508},{"label":"en","prob":0.9418083},{"label":"en","prob":0.972663},{"label":"en","prob":0.9860278},{"label":"en","prob":0.96764755},{"label":"en","prob":0.97663766},{"label":"en","prob":0.95753026},{"label":"en","prob":0.94611204},{"label":"en","prob":0.9849782},{"label":"en","prob":0.977745},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9674962},{"label":"en","prob":0.9886066},{"label":"en","prob":0.94458085},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93978757},{"label":"en","prob":0.966762},{"label":"en","prob":0.9729726},{"label":"en","prob":0.97798294},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87033135},{"label":"en","prob":0.90770686},{"label":"en","prob":0.8252997},{"label":"en","prob":0.92370605},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8537979},{"label":"en","prob":0.9732153},{"label":"en","prob":0.9509518},{"label":"en","prob":0.90605986},{"label":"en","prob":0.9353172},{"label":"en","prob":0.92972916},{"label":"en","prob":0.8156769},{"label":"en","prob":0.97256625},{"label":"en","prob":0.9303209},{"label":"en","prob":0.8844243},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9892752},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81038284},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9041382},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8179175},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80918},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9850404},{"label":"en","prob":0.86772627},{"label":"en","prob":0.9956656},{"label":"en","prob":0.95617574},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92473805},{"label":"en","prob":0.81110406},{"label":"en","prob":0.94576305},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.882112},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98578167},{"label":"en","prob":0.8249054},{"label":"en","prob":0.97743773},{"label":"en","prob":0.9085947},{"label":"en","prob":0.88914984},{"label":"en","prob":0.90336674},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96711797},{"label":"en","prob":0.99418676},{"label":"en","prob":0.9987138},{"label":"es","prob":0.9391919},{"label":"en","prob":0.83287597},{"label":"en","prob":0.96574116},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9063543},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80451703},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88953966},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8676913},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80100226},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9131314},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84838384},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8568097},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82173765},{"label":"en","prob":0.9094243},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9237023},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87494946},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8095933},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8639379},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90779835},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82024413},{"label":"en","prob":0.8215101},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84135264},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80105776},{"label":"en","prob":0.8017427},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8641643},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99102145},{"label":"es","prob":0.9391919},{"label":"en","prob":0.83287597},{"label":"en","prob":0.96574116},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9063543},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90065336},{"label":"en","prob":0.89197874},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87739885},{"label":"en","prob":0.99537826},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9107756},{"label":"en","prob":0.99537826},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90346235},{"label":"en","prob":0.99537826},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8263345},{"label":"en","prob":0.99537826},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91871},{"label":"en","prob":0.99537826},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8605369},{"label":"en","prob":0.99537826},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9255729},{"label":"en","prob":0.96973604},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89269716},{"label":"en","prob":0.96973604},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86771077},{"label":"en","prob":0.96973604},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9148407},{"label":"en","prob":0.96973604},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9329886},{"label":"en","prob":0.96973604},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94067734},{"label":"en","prob":0.99992716},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.882739},{"label":"en","prob":0.99992716},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8450653},{"label":"en","prob":0.9941146},{"label":"en","prob":0.8280124},{"label":"en","prob":0.9994496},{"label":"en","prob":0.9039034},{"label":"en","prob":0.9727936},{"label":"en","prob":0.9857237},{"label":"en","prob":0.92787886},{"label":"en","prob":0.97516936},{"label":"en","prob":0.97744095},{"label":"en","prob":0.98714757},{"label":"en","prob":0.9751031},{"label":"en","prob":0.88722897},{"label":"en","prob":0.9708982},{"label":"en","prob":0.8917017},{"label":"en","prob":0.8022758},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96295816},{"label":"en","prob":0.95893264},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87243384},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9999369},{"label":"en","prob":0.8836302},{"label":"en","prob":0.96606076},{"label":"en","prob":0.98895764},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9999369},{"label":"en","prob":0.87732124},{"label":"en","prob":0.83474976},{"label":"en","prob":0.9770101},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.8045204},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84535265},{"label":"en","prob":0.9740353},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81153816},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87243384},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8786856},{"label":"en","prob":0.85283375},{"label":"en","prob":0.9398889},{"label":"en","prob":0.85290706},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9999369},{"label":"en","prob":0.87928265},{"label":"en","prob":0.8312178},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9999369},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84405595},{"label":"en","prob":0.9599704},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99713564},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8670675},{"label":"en","prob":0.89574975},{"label":"en","prob":0.92931277},{"label":"en","prob":0.9781203},{"label":"en","prob":0.98744535},{"label":"en","prob":0.96689504},{"label":"en","prob":0.87180525},{"label":"en","prob":0.8812327},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87243384},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83742714},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.850826},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9809063},{"label":"en","prob":0.983793},{"label":"en","prob":0.969314},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87243384},{"label":"en","prob":0.88000333},{"label":"en","prob":0.89032274},{"label":"en","prob":0.85415405},{"label":"en","prob":0.820197},{"label":"en","prob":0.892899},{"label":"en","prob":0.87218},{"label":"en","prob":0.80133474},{"label":"en","prob":0.85147786},{"label":"en","prob":0.88004375},{"label":"en","prob":0.8471685},{"label":"en","prob":0.8253699},{"label":"en","prob":0.81735164},{"label":"en","prob":0.81182045},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98260486},{"label":"en","prob":0.98497},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82157195},{"label":"en","prob":0.9629867},{"label":"en","prob":0.8096006},{"label":"en","prob":0.80469644},{"label":"en","prob":0.844199},{"label":"en","prob":0.8227418},{"label":"en","prob":0.9652283},{"label":"en","prob":0.8123275},{"label":"en","prob":0.80246},{"label":"en","prob":0.9555102},{"label":"en","prob":0.8023886},{"label":"en","prob":0.9744304},{"label":"en","prob":0.8214815},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98066366},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87243384},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94046766},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9772699},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83534616},{"label":"en","prob":0.8558173},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9981378},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81360835},{"label":"en","prob":0.9710353},{"label":"en","prob":0.8861179},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9004384},{"label":"en","prob":0.837422},{"label":"en","prob":0.9860409},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8960976},{"label":"en","prob":0.8065697},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90459687},{"label":"en","prob":0.91298527},{"label":"en","prob":0.84506965},{"label":"en","prob":0.93953097},{"label":"en","prob":0.9058663},{"label":"en","prob":0.90638053},{"label":"en","prob":0.8569211},{"label":"en","prob":0.83958614},{"label":"en","prob":0.8135339},{"label":"en","prob":0.8620224},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82013565},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8773145},{"label":"en","prob":0.9548555},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8861947},{"label":"en","prob":0.87872434},{"label":"en","prob":0.92385656},{"label":"en","prob":0.8670451},{"label":"en","prob":0.86772406},{"label":"en","prob":0.8410398},{"label":"en","prob":0.8088202},{"label":"en","prob":0.8861483},{"label":"en","prob":0.88624287},{"label":"en","prob":0.88061124},{"label":"en","prob":0.87173724},{"label":"en","prob":0.86433905},{"label":"en","prob":0.88141483},{"label":"en","prob":0.88443995},{"label":"en","prob":0.88175255},{"label":"en","prob":0.8055022},{"label":"en","prob":0.80875766},{"label":"en","prob":0.80431587},{"label":"en","prob":0.87566465},{"label":"en","prob":0.9065902},{"label":"en","prob":0.8452546},{"label":"en","prob":0.91549045},{"label":"en","prob":0.8509606},{"label":"en","prob":0.8680536},{"label":"en","prob":0.94002074},{"label":"en","prob":0.91012883},{"label":"en","prob":0.8393794},{"label":"en","prob":0.9404664},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87567466},{"label":"en","prob":0.8883333},{"label":"en","prob":0.86885124},{"label":"en","prob":0.8680061},{"label":"en","prob":0.87793714},{"label":"en","prob":0.8515717},{"label":"en","prob":0.9535386},{"label":"en","prob":0.90469164},{"label":"en","prob":0.92637306},{"label":"en","prob":0.9329561},{"label":"en","prob":0.9017742},{"label":"en","prob":0.8587197},{"label":"en","prob":0.9438903},{"label":"en","prob":0.94313693},{"label":"en","prob":0.86001253},{"label":"en","prob":0.88541293},{"label":"en","prob":0.87314546},{"label":"en","prob":0.9303219},{"label":"en","prob":0.9000577},{"label":"en","prob":0.9593687},{"label":"en","prob":0.87350523},{"label":"en","prob":0.9334432},{"label":"en","prob":0.95426613},{"label":"en","prob":0.8973776},{"label":"en","prob":0.9196223},{"label":"en","prob":0.90148973},{"label":"en","prob":0.9025792},{"label":"en","prob":0.84526604},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9081691},{"label":"en","prob":0.94420326},{"label":"en","prob":0.8772223},{"label":"en","prob":0.9258744},{"label":"en","prob":0.90479666},{"label":"en","prob":0.8664493},{"label":"en","prob":0.9170228},{"label":"en","prob":0.9195534},{"label":"en","prob":0.9128555},{"label":"en","prob":0.89628905},{"label":"en","prob":0.9515556},{"label":"en","prob":0.89653474},{"label":"en","prob":0.8658303},{"label":"en","prob":0.9224104},{"label":"en","prob":0.890465},{"label":"en","prob":0.8050203},{"label":"en","prob":0.91561395},{"label":"en","prob":0.9073017},{"label":"en","prob":0.9326324},{"label":"en","prob":0.8570789},{"label":"en","prob":0.8280095},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8286809},{"label":"en","prob":0.8376927},{"label":"en","prob":0.8276727},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92380214},{"label":"en","prob":0.8335467},{"label":"en","prob":0.89807314},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82493097},{"label":"en","prob":0.9690931},{"label":"en","prob":0.9207502},{"label":"en","prob":0.8556576},{"label":"en","prob":0.8732963},{"label":"en","prob":0.92740494},{"label":"en","prob":0.9677536},{"label":"en","prob":0.89731926},{"label":"en","prob":0.8464476},{"label":"en","prob":0.92732334},{"label":"en","prob":0.8299529},{"label":"en","prob":0.8963588},{"label":"en","prob":0.9222698},{"label":"en","prob":0.89096457},{"label":"en","prob":0.8843437},{"label":"en","prob":0.9122661},{"label":"en","prob":0.9040043},{"label":"en","prob":0.9073706},{"label":"en","prob":0.8580577},{"label":"en","prob":0.8780452},{"label":"en","prob":0.9079785},{"label":"en","prob":0.95597017},{"label":"en","prob":0.94268453},{"label":"en","prob":0.93314886},{"label":"en","prob":0.8528817},{"label":"en","prob":0.87051505},{"label":"en","prob":0.9169466},{"label":"en","prob":0.9305682},{"label":"en","prob":0.9791829},{"label":"en","prob":0.9533144},{"label":"en","prob":0.9101563},{"label":"en","prob":0.93161005},{"label":"en","prob":0.9357953},{"label":"en","prob":0.96693134},{"label":"en","prob":0.8624078},{"label":"en","prob":0.9044448},{"label":"en","prob":0.83167845},{"label":"en","prob":0.8856426},{"label":"en","prob":0.91974115},{"label":"en","prob":0.84789157},{"label":"en","prob":0.8506238},{"label":"en","prob":0.81163216},{"label":"en","prob":0.80792433},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8188013},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87308764},{"label":"en","prob":0.87850046},{"label":"en","prob":0.8695985},{"label":"en","prob":0.871035},{"label":"en","prob":0.867525},{"label":"en","prob":0.8492447},{"label":"en","prob":0.8419356},{"label":"en","prob":0.8498767},{"label":"en","prob":0.84143203},{"label":"en","prob":0.84376204},{"label":"en","prob":0.8417792},{"label":"en","prob":0.8415315},{"label":"en","prob":0.8537832},{"label":"en","prob":0.80720484},{"label":"en","prob":0.8694399},{"label":"en","prob":0.8288522},{"label":"en","prob":0.8464443},{"label":"en","prob":0.852817},{"label":"en","prob":0.8587331},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9294837},{"label":"en","prob":0.8314669},{"label":"en","prob":0.8602564},{"label":"en","prob":0.90449417},{"label":"en","prob":0.902996},{"label":"en","prob":0.8448706},{"label":"en","prob":0.90502775},{"label":"en","prob":0.879881},{"label":"en","prob":0.8579059},{"label":"en","prob":0.91769},{"label":"en","prob":0.87159324},{"label":"en","prob":0.8655139},{"label":"en","prob":0.8683909},{"label":"en","prob":0.881498},{"label":"en","prob":0.9043051},{"label":"en","prob":0.8868607},{"label":"en","prob":0.8728832},{"label":"en","prob":0.8564208},{"label":"en","prob":0.9093435},{"label":"en","prob":0.88926303},{"label":"en","prob":0.8739061},{"label":"en","prob":0.9327705},{"label":"en","prob":0.9259508},{"label":"en","prob":0.90589094},{"label":"en","prob":0.90025944},{"label":"en","prob":0.92827505},{"label":"en","prob":0.91238993},{"label":"en","prob":0.8632273},{"label":"en","prob":0.9468115},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8550775},{"label":"en","prob":0.89667046},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8590169},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85344875},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8317691},{"label":"en","prob":0.83559126},{"label":"en","prob":0.84923},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8813205},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8334005},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81456065},{"label":"en","prob":0.9049047},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8739952},{"label":"en","prob":0.91576654},{"label":"en","prob":0.85847205},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81390655},{"label":"en","prob":0.8647305},{"label":"en","prob":0.9256517},{"label":"en","prob":0.92873967},{"label":"en","prob":0.92948055},{"label":"en","prob":0.81290084},{"label":"en","prob":0.8906204},{"label":"en","prob":0.8815038},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.812669},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8269794},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83825994},{"label":"en","prob":0.86042637},{"label":"en","prob":0.9323257},{"label":"en","prob":0.9328183},{"label":"en","prob":0.92262715},{"label":"en","prob":0.91652435},{"label":"en","prob":0.9107673},{"label":"en","prob":0.82525945},{"label":"en","prob":0.87646794},{"label":"en","prob":0.9307599},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8512789},{"label":"en","prob":0.9884437},{"label":"en","prob":0.85106283},{"label":"en","prob":0.9069926},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9994496},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9192936},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8149332},{"label":"en","prob":0.8917017},{"label":"en","prob":0.92988455},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8475822},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96245074},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9445687},{"label":"en","prob":0.9627075},{"label":"en","prob":0.8676217},{"label":"en","prob":0.99998987},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8093051},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8834634},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99520195},{"label":"en","prob":0.9906},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9044673},{"label":"en","prob":0.99998987},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99520195},{"label":"en","prob":0.8432328},null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.89894545},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84152895},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8009759},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85941815},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8393405},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8958668},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99854624},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9697308},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99854624},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96026856},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99854624},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96534336},null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.9710874},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.89180344},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.81360835},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8485913},{"label":"en","prob":0.9626282},{"label":"en","prob":0.83454144},{"label":"en","prob":0.86132914},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9840875},{"label":"en","prob":0.83079785},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95395416},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93299687},{"label":"en","prob":0.8004826},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9352543},{"label":"en","prob":0.8282278},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82985336},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9710677},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8004826},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.938396},{"label":"en","prob":0.83280736},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81374675},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94356334},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98253655},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94414884},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8127232},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.96415114},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8339016},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83734155},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9856609},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8869185},{"label":"en","prob":0.8788419},{"label":"en","prob":0.87468725},{"label":"en","prob":0.9331676},{"label":"en","prob":0.99107903},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.8391984},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93386865},{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.8951848},{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.8058675},{"label":"en","prob":0.97775924},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.86659175},{"label":"en","prob":0.98366094},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90653944},{"label":"en","prob":0.8597821},{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9575435},{"label":"en","prob":0.97568834},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.90102667},{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9404261},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.95089394},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9288247},{"label":"en","prob":0.81274956},{"label":"en","prob":0.9406208},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.8717454},{"label":"en","prob":0.9577654},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.8667117},{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.81274956},{"label":"en","prob":0.8058675},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88302135},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.9954802},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99433696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9925931},{"label":"en","prob":0.8717454},{"label":"en","prob":0.86659175},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95267576},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99713564},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9301757},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91430134},null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99713564},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9301757},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91430134},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96295077},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99713564},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9301757},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91430134},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.954121},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96295077},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99713564},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.850826},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.954121},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9762453},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96295077},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83734155},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.8187041},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8139459},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86926866},{"label":"en","prob":0.9815002},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8206971},{"label":"en","prob":0.8285487},{"label":"de","prob":0.8839253},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98618066},{"label":"en","prob":0.97239465},{"label":"en","prob":0.837936},{"label":"en","prob":0.95847076},{"label":"en","prob":0.9623956},{"label":"en","prob":0.9255032},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.80877733},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8455882},{"label":"fr","prob":0.94412434},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8579066},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99189913},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.85350025},null,{"label":"fi","prob":0.8924969},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"fr","prob":0.8979801},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99189913},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.8138813},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89036185},{"label":"en","prob":0.92417145},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89464444},{"label":"it","prob":0.8765073},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91545576},{"label":"en","prob":0.84737325},{"label":"en","prob":0.9501045},{"label":"en","prob":0.8945119},{"label":"en","prob":0.938107},{"label":"en","prob":0.97505456},{"label":"en","prob":0.89198637},{"label":"en","prob":0.9291166},{"label":"en","prob":0.8795935},{"label":"en","prob":0.8704982},{"label":"en","prob":0.99189913},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.936939},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89036185},{"label":"en","prob":0.92417145},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8684069},{"label":"en","prob":0.9078455},{"label":"it","prob":0.8765073},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91545576},{"label":"en","prob":0.9213582},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98744696},{"label":"en","prob":0.9291166},{"label":"en","prob":0.95928764},{"label":"en","prob":0.91335475},{"label":"en","prob":0.80567217},{"label":"en","prob":0.98342985},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8894483},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99505943},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,{"label":"id","prob":0.88285655},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83840233},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89711154},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8707938},null,{"label":"uz","prob":0.8819305},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96922255},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,{"label":"ro","prob":0.9756597},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.99371207},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9414738},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81360835},{"label":"en","prob":0.8078132},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9799771},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9172455},{"label":"en","prob":0.83347005},{"label":"en","prob":0.9447816},{"label":"en","prob":0.856612},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94906133},{"label":"en","prob":0.974456},{"label":"en","prob":0.8366622},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.887592},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"et","prob":1.000088},{"label":"el","prob":0.98782945},{"label":"es","prob":0.8222208},null,null,null,{"label":"ko","prob":1.00007},{"label":"hy","prob":1.00008},{"label":"hi","prob":0.883866},{"label":"id","prob":0.9134856},null,null,{"label":"kk","prob":0.98558193},{"label":"lv","prob":0.9998077},{"label":"lt","prob":1.0000594},null,{"label":"ml","prob":1.0000544},{"label":"mr","prob":0.9926708},{"label":"ms","prob":0.8052252},{"label":"nl","prob":0.99833286},null,{"label":"ja","prob":1.0000484},null,null,{"label":"pt","prob":0.9997072},{"label":"ro","prob":0.99815744},null,null,{"label":"sr","prob":0.8570989},{"label":"fi","prob":0.9453278},{"label":"sv","prob":0.8383157},{"label":"ta","prob":0.98073053},{"label":"th","prob":1.00008},null,{"label":"uk","prob":0.8764461},{"label":"vi","prob":0.99561477},null,{"label":"zh","prob":0.81862706},{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.9825652},null]}}
{"content":"Map of the Kanawha River watershed, with the New River (dark blue) and its watershed (light yellow) highlighted.\nLocation\nCountry\nUnited States\nState\nNorth Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia\nCounties\nAshe NC, Alleghany NC, Watauga NC, Grayson VA, Carroll VA, Wythe VA, Pulaski VA, Montgomery VA, Giles VA, Mercer County, West Virginia, Summers County, West Virginia, Raleigh County, West Virginia, Fayette County, West Virginia\nPhysical characteristics\nSource\nSouth Fork New River\n• location\nBoone, NC\n• coordinates\n36°12′16″N 81°38′59″W / 36.20444°N 81.64972°W / 36.20444; -81.64972\n• elevation\n3,104 ft (946 m)\n2nd source\nNorth Fork New River\n• location\nElk Knob, Watauga County, NC\n• coordinates\n36°19′59″N 81°41′04″W / 36.33306°N 81.68444°W / 36.33306; -81.68444\n• elevation\n4,446 ft (1,355 m)\nSource confluence\n• location\nAshe County, NC\n• coordinates\n36°32′45″N 81°21′09″W / 36.54583°N 81.35250°W / 36.54583; -81.35250\n• elevation\n2,546 ft (776 m)\nMouth\nKanawha River[1]\n• location\nGauley Bridge, West Virginia\n• coordinates\n38°09′42″N 81°11′47″W / 38.16167°N 81.19639°W / 38.16167; -81.19639Coordinates: 38°09′42″N 81°11′47″W / 38.16167°N 81.19639°W / 38.16167; -81.19639\n• elevation\n653 ft (199 m)\nLength\n320 mi (510 km)\nDischarge\n• location\nThurmond, WV, max and min at Glen Lyn, VA[2][3][4]\n• average\n8,730 cu ft/s (247 m3/s)\n• minimum\n538 cu ft/s (15.2 m3/s)\n• maximum\n226,000 cu ft/s (6,400 m3/s)\nBasin features\nTributaries\n• left\nBluestone River, East River\n• right\nLittle River, Indian Creek, Greenbrier River\nNational Wild and Scenic River\nType\nScenic\nDesignated\nApril 13, 1976\nThe New River is a river which flows through the U.S. states of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia before joining with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River at the town of Gauley Bridge, West Virginia. Part of the Ohio River watershed, it is about 360 miles (580 km) long.[1]\nThe origins of the name are unclear. Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia, an Indian name meaning \"new waters\", or the surname of an early settler.[5] It was once called Wood's River for Colonel Abraham Wood, an English explorer from Virginia, who explored the river in the mid 17th century. Despite its name, the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically.[6] However this claim is disputed by the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey and the National Park Service.[7][8]\nThis low-level crossing of the Appalachians, many millions of years old, has long been a biogeographical corridor allowing numerous species of plants and animals to spread between the lowlands of the American East Coast and those of the Midwest. Unusual kinds of plants occur on the gorge's cliffs or rim-top ledges.[9] Portions of this corridor are now also used by various railroads and highways, and some segments of the river have been dammed for hydroelectric power production.\nThe New River Gorge is not only quite scenic, but also offers numerous opportunities for white-water recreation such as rafting and kayaking. Many open ledges along the rim of the gorge offer popular views, with favorites including Hawks Nest State Park and various overlooks on lands of the New River Gorge National Park and Preserve.\nThe New River Gorge and the U.S. 19 bridge crossing it are shown on the West Virginia State Quarter, minted in 2005.\nContents\n1 Course\n2 Dams and bridges\n3 Geology\n4 Natural history\n4.1 Plants\n4.2 Animals\n4.3 Fish\n5 History\n6 Recreation\n7 Parks, forests, and trails\n8 Environmental factors and climate change\n9 Variant names\n10 See also\n11 References\n11.1 Citations\n11.2 Further reading\n12 External links\nCourse[edit]\nThis ancient river begins in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina near the City of Boone, North Carolina, flows generally northeastward through the Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Appalachian Valley, Ridge and Valley Province, and the Allegheny Front in western North Carolina and Virginia, before turning and following a more northwestward course into West Virginia, where it then cuts through the Appalachian Plateau (in the New River Gorge) to meet the Gauley River and become the Kanawha River in south-central West Virginia.[6] The Kanawha then flows into the Ohio River at Point Pleasant, West Virginia. Much of the river's course is lined with steep cliffs and rock outcrops, particularly in its gorge in West Virginia.[6][9]\nThe New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19 in West Virginia\nThe New River is formed by the confluence of the South Fork New River and the North Fork New River on the Ashe County-Alleghany County line in North Carolina. It then flows through Alleghany County into southwestern Virginia, passing near Galax, Virginia. It is impounded by three small dams between Galax and Ivanhoe: at Fries, by Byllesby Dam, and by Buck Dam. Continuing north, the river enters Pulaski County, Virginia, where it is impounded by Claytor Dam, creating Claytor Lake. North of the dam the New River accepts the Little River, bends around three sides of the city of Radford, Virginia and bends again around the Radford Army Ammunition Plant, marking the boundary between Pulaski and Montgomery County, Virginia, before passing through Walker Mountain via a narrow water gap. After flowing north through Giles County, Virginia and the town of Narrows, the river crosses into West Virginia.\nDams and bridges[edit]\nThe New River is impounded by Bluestone Dam, creating Bluestone Lake in Summers County, West Virginia. The Bluestone River tributary joins the New River in Bluestone Lake. Just below the dam the Greenbrier River joins the New River, which continues its northward course into the New River Gorge. Near the end of the gorge the river flows by the town of Fayetteville, West Virginia. A few miles northwest of Fayetteville, much of the New River's flow is diverted through the 3-mile (4.8 km) Hawks Nest Tunnel for use in power generation. The water re-enters the river just upstream of Gauley Bridge, where the New merges with the Gauley River to form the Kanawha River. The Kanawha is a tributary of the Ohio River, which in turn is a tributary of the Mississippi River.\nFew highways cross the gorge, with the most dramatic bridge by far being the New River Gorge Bridge on U.S. 19, a steel arch bridge spanning 1,700 feet (518 m), with the roadway 876 feet (267 m) above the average level of the river. This structure is the third-longest single-arch bridge in the world, and is also the world's twenty-third-highest vehicular[10] bridge, and the fourth highest in the Americas. At the time it was built, New River Gorge Bridge was the world's highest bridge carrying a regular roadway, a title it held until the 2001 opening of the Liuguanghe Bridge in China.\nGeology[edit]\nIronically, the New River is considered by some geologists to be one of the oldest rivers in the world,[11] and certainly one of the oldest rivers in North America.[12] The New River flows in a generally south-to-north course, at times cutting through the southwest-to-northeast-trending ridges and geological texture of the Appalachian Mountains, and flows directly through the Appalachian Plateau, contrasting with the west-to-east flow of most other major rivers to the east and northeast in Virginia and North Carolina, and on the west side of the Appalachians on the Plateau.\nIt may have been in its present course for at least 65 million years. In the geologic past, the New River was a much longer stream. Geologists have named it the Teays.[12][13] The last advance of Pleistocene continental glacial ice buried most of this river. At that time, the waters of the New were diverted into rivers (the present-day Ohio & Kanawha Rivers) created by the glaciers.\nNatural history[edit]\nOn its journey through the New River Gorge, the New River passes through an extensive geological formation. Emergent rocks and rock outcrops are found to provide diverse habitat producing rich and abundant flora and fauna species. In the gorge, there is typically a 1000 feet difference in elevation between the river bottom and the adjacent plateau. The New River dissects all physiographic provinces of the Appalachian Mountains, and therefore is believed to be a corridor facilitating the movement of southern plant and animal species into West Virginia. In addition to serving as a refuge for some species, New River Gorge provides a geographical barrier that limits the east-west distribution of other species.[13]\nBecause the New River is so old, its habitats and wildlife have been able to achieve a form of stability. Millions of years of available passage have allowed many species of plants and animals to move in and persist in the area. Since the New River cuts from east to west through the Appalachians, we find species that are typically Atlantic coastal plain and piedmont, such as melic grass, living with northern mountain species. Because time has favored the New River Gorge, certain unique species have been able to carve their own niches here. Several species of fish have evolved that are endemic (found nowhere else) to this river.[14]\nPlants[edit]\nNew River Gorge lies at the core of the largest remaining block of relatively unfragmented, mid-latitude forest in the world. The gorge section of New River supports the most diverse plant assemblage of any river gorge in the central and southern Appalachians. This is due, in part, to the moisture gradient extremes that exist between the rim and river. This portion of southern West Virginia falls within the Mixed Mesophytic Forest Region. Recognized forest types include oak-hickory, mixed oak, oak-maple, oak-yellow pine, hemlock-hardwoods, northern hardwoods, cove hardwoods, and bottomland and floodplain hardwoods.[13]\nAlso located in the gorge is the rare Appalachian Flatrock plant community which includes sedges, cedars and pines. This plant assemblage occurs on flat sandstone ledges along the New River and is dependent on the scouring caused by occasional flooding for its long-term integrity.[13]\nAnimals[edit]\nA wide variety of animals live in and around the New River, the Gorge, and the surrounding forests. The New River has long served as a migration corridor for both plants and animals. For this reason, animals more commonly found much farther south may reach the northern extent of their range in the New River Gorge area. Likewise, animals more commonly associated with the northern forests may reach the southern extent of their range in this area. Other animals are found only in the New River area. These species, called endemics, were isolated from similar populations by the steep, rugged terrain of New River Gorge and/or the tumultuous rapids and waterfalls of New River. Thus isolated, these animals evolved to be adapted to the unique circumstances of New River Gorge.[13]\nApproximately 65 species of mammals are known to occur in the New River Gorge area, such as beaver, mink, muskrat, river otter. Continuous forest, abandoned mine portals, rivers and streams provide habitat for a diverse variety of amphibians like hellbenders (large aquatic salamanders). There are nearly 40 species of reptiles like the eastern fence lizard, five-lined skinks, copperhead snake, black rat snake, river cooter, stinkpot turtles (common musk turtle) and snapping turtles. And many Benthic Macroinvertebrates including worm, crustaceans and immature forms of aquatic insects such as dragon fly, stonefly and mayfly nymphs.[13]\nThe New River and the gorge area provides critical habitat for birds such as bald eagles, osprey, great blue herons, kingfishers, numerous ducks and migrating waterfowl like loons, cormorants, hooded mergansers and other migratory birds including the Cerulean warbler, a species in decline elsewhere in its range.[13]\nFish[edit]\nThe New River basin has seven endemic species of fish, which are the: Appalachia darter, bigmouth chub, bluestone sculpin, candy darter, Kanawha darter, Kanawha minnow, and New River shiner.\nHistory[edit]\nThe fur trading Batts and Fallam expedition of 1671, sent by Colonel Abraham Wood, was the first recorded exploration of the river.[15] Variant names of the New River include \"Wood River\" and \"Wood's River\", after Abraham Wood. Mary Draper Ingles traversed the gorge during her 1755 escape from captivity among the Shawnees.[16] Hiking or driving through New River Gorge today will provide glimpses of old stone walls, foundations of homes and buildings, coal mine entrances, and coke ovens decaying alongside the railroad tracks.[17]\nThe New River and its Gorge and Valley have been turned into protected parks and recreation areas along much of the river. Congress has designated the New River Gorge the \"New River Gorge National River\". The choice of national river designation came about through a long series of discussions among interested parties. A grassroots coalition formed and pleaded the case for protection of the area in Congress. The initial goal, however, was not protective designation of the gorge in West Virginia, but stopping an engineering project on the Virginia-North Carolina border. Plans had been proposed in the early 1960s to dam the New River in Virginia, backing up water into North Carolina for pumped storage, the production of hydroelectric power, and the regular flushing of pollution downstream. Proponents called it the Blue Ridge Pumped Storage Project. Many citizens in West Virginia felt that such a dam would negatively affect the gorge. Water flow and quality were major concerns. These West Virginia opponents to the dam joined those in Virginia and North Carolina and helped block the dam before shifting attention toward protection of the New River in West Virginia. The coalition ultimately chose a designation for the New River Gorge that would have a chance of success in Congress. That designation passed Congress in 1978.[18]\nRecreation[edit]\nThe New River is spanned by the New River Gorge Bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia, which is open for BASE jumping on Bridge Day. It is also a very popular river for white water rafting (class II-IV in season, IV-V during the spring run-off), and several commercial outfitters offer a variety of guided trips. Though the water is colder in spring, the river is more challenging. Near the bridge, there are over 1400 single pitch sport climbs[19] and trails suitable for hiking and mountain biking.\nThe New River in Giles County, Virginia (photo courtesy of InFlight Aerial Imaging Services, LLC)\nThe New River Gorge and Bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia\nParks, forests, and trails[edit]\nNew River in Montgomery Co., Virginia\nListed from upstream to downstream:\nPisgah National Forest (on the South Fork)\nElk Knob State Park (on the North Fork)\nNew River State Park, North Carolina\nNew River Trail State Park, Virginia\nShot Tower Historical State Park, Virginia\nClaytor Lake State Park, Virginia\nJefferson National Forest\nAppalachian National Scenic Trail\nBluestone Wildlife Management Area\nBluestone State Park, West Virginia\nNew River Gorge National Park and Preserve\nBabcock State Park, West Virginia\nHawks Nest State Park, West Virginia\nEnvironmental factors and climate change[edit]\nSee also: Climate change in North Carolina\nMuch of the river's course through West Virginia is designated as the New River Gorge National Park and Preserve, and the New River is one of the nation's American Heritage Rivers. In 1975, North Carolina designated a 26.5-mile (42.6 km) segment of the river as \"New River State Scenic River\", by including it in the state's Natural and Scenic Rivers System.[20][21] The segment was added to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System the following year.\nThe quality of the surface water resources of the New River has been studied in recent years by both the State of West Virginia and New River Gorge Park Resource Management staff. Data from these studies suggest the presence of metals, organic contaminants and influx of raw sewage are common in many tributaries of the New River. Metals contamination, resulting from mining activities and or urban surface flows, are present in most tributaries. Other sources of pollutants within park boundaries include unlined landfills, illegal dumps, pesticide sprayed directly into the New River, agricultural runoff, road salt runoff, direct discharge of residential sewage, inadequate municipal sewage treatment facilities, recreation waste streams, and industrial discharges. Pollution of rural streams by fecal coliform bacteria is a widespread issue. Since fecal coliform bacteria live in the gut of warm-blooded animals, fecal contamination of rural streams can come not only from humans, but also from livestock, pets, and wildlife (including birds). Several research efforts have been made to understand the role of these various potential sources of bacteria. One of these studies was conducted in New River Gorge by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service. The results indicate that human-caused wastewater pollution is present in each of the four New River Gorge tributaries sampled. The report also found other sources of contamination in some streams.[13]\nMost of the original deciduous forest stands and understory species have been impacted by past and current activities associated with timbering, mining, agriculture, transportation, utilities, and the exclusion of fire. Internal development projects, increasing recreational activities, and expanding commercial and residential influences on the boundary continue to put pressure on a highly fragmented base resource. Power lines and rights-of-way present additional problems. There is currently only limited information on all such areas throughout the park. Right-of-ways are routinely maintained with herbicides application or mechanically treated. There are currently no Special Use Permits in place to regulate this activity. Herbicides are managed through the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. The park lies directly in the path of the leading edge of gypsy moth infestation. Baseline data on the condition of resources, which would be the indicators of the effects of defoliation, does not exist. Critical documents, such as the Environmental Assessment for gypsy moth management, require detailed information and hard scientific data in order to justify management actions.[13]\nMany areas within New River Gorge have been impacted by either strip or deep mining for coal, as well as by oil and gas operations. The park has completed an Abandoned Mine Lands Inventory (AML Inventory) that identifies 115 sites that are abandoned. Many of these sites were abandoned prior to the 1977 Surface Mining Reclamation Act (SMCRA), and are completely or partially unreclaimed. Since 1987, the National Park Service and the Office of Surface Mining (OSM) have worked together to mitigate the most severe safety hazards identified on this inventory.[13]\nAir pollution sources resulting from activities within the park includes windblown soil and dust from construction activities, smoke from residential wood burning, automobile emissions, and forest fires. A significant issue for the park is solid waste management. Hundreds of illegal dumps and roadside trash create both aesthetic and health and safety problems. Hazardous waste is also an issue. The area has active rail lines and abandoned mine operations. There is great potential for hazardous material spills to occur within the gorge. Also, some potential development sites within the New River Gorge have been surveyed during preliminary development concept planning. Asbestos has been found in several historic structures within the park, and this has lengthened the time and costs involved in renovation of these buildings.[13]\nOver time, the New River Gorge has provided a refuge for plants and animals as habitats have shifted with changing weather patterns. As global climate change progresses, the New River Gorge will provide critical habitat for species displaced from warmer climates.[13]\nVariant names[edit]\nAccording to the Geographic Names Information System, the New River has also been known as:\nConhaway River\nGreat Konhaway River\nKanawha River\nKunhaway River\nMon-don-ga-cha-te\nWood River\nWood's River\nWoods River\nThe New River in the New River Gorge.\nSee also[edit]\nNew River Gorge National Park and Preserve\nNew River Gorge Bridge\nSandstone, West Virginia\nList of North Carolina rivers\nList of Virginia rivers\nList of West Virginia rivers\nReferences[edit]\nCitations[edit]\n^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: New River\n^ \"accessed 2011-06-16\" (PDF). Retrieved September 14, 2013.\n^ \"accessed 2011-06-16\" (PDF). Retrieved September 14, 2013.\n^ United States Geological Survey; USGS 03176500 NEW RIVER AT GLEN LYN, VA; retrieved April 19, 2008.\n^ \"A History of The Middle New River Settlements and Contiguous Territory\". Retrieved September 8, 2015.\n^ a b c Frye, Keith (1986). Roadside Geology of Virginia. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press. pp. x + 278.\n^ \"WVGES Geology: Geology of the New River Gorge\". www.wvgs.wvnet.edu. Retrieved July 31, 2019.\n^ Box 246, Mailing Address: P. O.; Jean, 104 Main Street Glen; Us, WV 25846 Phone:465-0508 Contact. \"The New River: Fact or Fiction - New River Gorge National River (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2019.\n^ a b Strausbaugh, P.D. & E.L. Core (1978). Flora of West Virginia (Second ed.). Morgantown, West Virginia: Seneca Books, Inc. pp. xl + 1079.\n^ The non-automotive Royal Gorge Bridge in Colorado, USA, a suspension bridge, has a higher deck than the New River Gorge Bridge, at 1,053 ft (321 m) above the Arkansas River.\n^ \"New River\". Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries. Retrieved October 10, 2017.\n^ a b \"New River History\". Radford University. Retrieved October 10, 2017.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l This article incorporates public domain material from the National Park Service document: \"New River Gorge National River\". Retrieved October 10, 2017.\n^ \"New River Gorge: Natural Features & Ecosystems - New River Gorge National River (U.S. National Park Service)\". US National Park Service. Retrieved October 11, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n^ \"\"Time Trail, West Virginia\" September 1997 Programs\". West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Retrieved June 4, 2010.\n^ Gary Jennings, \"An Indian Captivity,\" American Heritage Magazine, August 1968, Vol. 19, Issue 5.\n^ \"\"New River Gorge: Places\"\". National Park Service. Retrieved October 10, 2017.\n^ \"\"New River Gorge National River\"\" (PDF). National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior, 2008. Retrieved October 10, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n^ \"Climbing at New River Gorge (National Park Service)\".\n^ \"Size of the North Carolina State Parks System\" (PDF). North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation. January 1, 2011. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2011.\n^ \"Directory of State Parks and Recreation Areas\" (PDF). North Carolina Office of Administrative Hearings. May 1, 2010. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2011.\nFurther reading[edit]\nAdams, Noah (2001). Far Appalachia: Following the New River North. Delacorte Press. ISBN 0-385-32010-8. provides an informal, personal account of the river's natural history and local culture\nDeLorme Atlas & Gazetteer of North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.\nRice, Otis K. (1984), History of the New River Gorge Area, West Virginia Institute of Technology.\nExternal links[edit]\nWikimedia Commons has media related to New River (Kanawha River tributary).\n\"Fishing in the New River\". National Park Service.\nGeology of the New River Gorge in West Virginia\nv\nt\ne\nAmerican Heritage Rivers\nRivers\nBlackstone and Woonasquatucket\nConnecticut\nCuyahoga\nDetroit\nHanalei\nHudson\nLower Mississippi\nPotomac\nNew\nRio Grande\nSt. Johns\nUpper Mississippi\nUpper Susquehanna and Lackawanna\nWillamette\nv\nt\ne\nProtected areas of North Carolina\nFederal\nNational Parks\nGreat Smoky Mountains\nNational Historic Sites\nCarl Sandburg Home\nFort Raleigh\nNational Memorials\nWright Brothers\nNational Military Parks\nGuilford Courthouse\nNational Battlefields\nMoores Creek\nNational Parkways\nBlue Ridge Parkway\n(Crabtree Falls\nCraggy Gardens\nCumberland Knob\nDoughton Park\nE.B. Jeffress Park\nJulian Price Memorial Park\nLinville Falls\nMoses H. Cone Memorial Park\nMount Pisgah\nWaterrock Knob)\nNational Trails\nAppalachian Trail\nOvermountain Victory National Historic Trail\nNational Seashores\nCape Hatteras\nCape Lookout\nNational Marine Sanctuary\nMonitor\nNational Estuarine\nResearch Reserve\nCurrituck Banks\nRachel Carson\nMasonboro Island\nZeke’s Island\nNational Forests\nCherokee\nCroatan\nNantahala\nPisgah\nUwharrie\nNational Wildlife Refuges\nAlligator River\nCedar Island\nCurrituck\nGreat Dismal Swamp\nMackay Island\nMattamuskeet\nMountain Bogs\nPea Island\nPee Dee\nPocosin Lakes\nRoanoke River\nSwanquarter\nWilderness Areas\nBirkhead Mountains\nCatfish Lake South\nEllicott Rock\nJoyce Kilmer-Slickrock\nLinville Gorge\nMiddle Prong\nPocosin\nPond Pine\nSheep Ridge\nShining Rock\nSouthern Nantahala\nSwanquarter\nWilderness Study Areas\nCraggy Mountain\nHarper Creek\nLost Cove\nOverflow\nSnowbird\nWild and Scenic Rivers\nChattooga River\nHorsepasture River\nLumber River\nNew River\nWilson Creek\nState\nState Parks\nCarolina Beach\nCarvers Creek\nChimney Rock\nCliffs of the Neuse\nCrowders Mountain\nDismal Swamp\nElk Knob\nEno River\nFort Macon\nGoose Creek\nGorges\nGrandfather Mountain\nHammocks Beach\nHanging Rock\nHaw River\nJockey's Ridge\nJones Lake\nLake James\nLake Norman\nLake Waccamaw\nLumber River\nMayo River\nMedoc Mountain\nMerchants Millpond\nMorrow Mountain\nMount Mitchell\nNew River\nPettigrew\nPilot Mountain\nPisgah View\nRaven Rock\nSingletary Lake\nSouth Mountains\nStone Mountain\nWilliam B. Umstead\nState Recreation Areas\nFalls Lake\nFort Fisher\nJordan Lake\nKerr Lake\nState Natural Areas\nHemlock Bluffs\nLea Island\nMasonboro Island\nMount Jefferson\nOcconeechee Mountain\nTheodore Roosevelt\nWeymouth Woods\nSee also List of North Carolina State Natural Areas\nState Lakes\nBay Tree Lake\nJones Lake\nLake Phelps\nSalters Lake\nSingletary Lake\nLake Waccamaw\nWhite Lake\nState Trails\nDan River\nDeep River\nEast Coast Greenway\nFonta Flora\nFrench Broad River\nHickory Nut Gorge\nMountains-to-Sea\nNorthern Peaks\nOvermountain Victory\nWilderness Gateway\nYadkin River\nState Rivers\nHorsepasture River\nLinville River\nLumber River\nNew River\nState Forests\nBladen Lakes\nDuPont\nHeadwaters\nEducational State Forests\nClemmons\nHolmes\nJordan Lake\nMountain Island\nRendezvous Mountain\nTurnbull Creek\nTuttle\nState Historic Sites\nAlamance Battleground\nCharles B. Aycock Birthplace\nHistoric Bath\nBennett Place\nBentonville Battleground\nBrunswick Town / Fort Anderson\nC.S.S. Neuse and Governor Caswell Memorial\nCharlotte Hawkins Brown Memorial\nDuke Homestead\nHistoric Edenton\nFort Dobbs\nFort Fisher\nHistoric Halifax\nHorne Creek Living Historical Farm\nHouse in the Horseshoe\nNorth Carolina Transportation Museum\nPresident James K. Polk Historic Site\nReed Gold Mine\nSomerset Place\nStagville\nState Capitol\nTown Creek Indian Mound\nTryon Palace Historic Sites & Gardens\nZebulon B. Vance Birthplace\nThomas Wolfe Memorial\nNC Coastal Reserve\nKitty Hawk Woods\nEmily and Richardson Preyer Buckridge\nBuxton Woods\nPermuda Island\nBald Head Woods\nBird Island\nOther\nNature centers\nList of nature centers in North Carolina\nAuthority control: National libraries\nUnited States\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_River_(Kanawha_River_tributary)&oldid=1031600188\"\nCategories:\nNew River (Kanawha River tributary)\nAmerican Heritage Rivers\nRivers of North Carolina\nRivers of Virginia\nRivers of West Virginia\nTributaries of the Kanawha River\nNew River Gorge National Park and Preserve\nProtected areas established in 1975\nWild and Scenic Rivers of the United States\nHidden categories:\nWikipedia articles incorporating text from the National Park Service\nUse mdy dates from February 2013\nArticles with short description\nShort description is different from Wikidata\nCoordinates on Wikidata\nCommons category link from Wikidata\nArticles with LCCN identifiers\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nLanguages\nCebuano\nDeutsch\nFrançais\nمصرى\n日本語\nРусский\n中文\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 2 July 2021, at 14:30 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"content-type":"text/plain","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_(Kanawha_River_tributary)","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","warc-date":"2021-09-16T11:56:27Z","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:76876bf3-5a57-48b0-acfb-30684688757c>","warc-block-digest":"sha1:M7C2PGWZ7WUI2LPUQYZCDAWXCEPSABF2","warc-type":"conversion","content-length":"29360","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:a2dee08a-c3ab-4702-ba80-19fb53e908cc>"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.69315624},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[{"label":"en","prob":0.8857538},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88533676},{"label":"en","prob":0.8917886},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84229946},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8384391},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.879906},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96870345},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81984353},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9084555},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8253644},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9595208},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83839035},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8234745},{"label":"en","prob":0.88145196},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98138845},{"label":"en","prob":0.96824133},{"label":"en","prob":0.9509937},{"label":"en","prob":0.9648388},{"label":"en","prob":0.9570803},{"label":"en","prob":0.9647293},{"label":"en","prob":0.89042413},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8673831},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94508964},{"label":"en","prob":0.90946966},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98988706},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82035947},{"label":"en","prob":0.85662687},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9386966},{"label":"en","prob":0.8765547},{"label":"en","prob":0.93858945},{"label":"en","prob":0.8225821},{"label":"en","prob":0.9541686},{"label":"en","prob":0.95360607},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95426553},{"label":"en","prob":0.9858303},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9202879},{"label":"en","prob":0.9705301},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9004554},{"label":"en","prob":0.9715736},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9693843},{"label":"en","prob":0.90743357},{"label":"en","prob":0.88928676},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9420942},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9341542},{"label":"en","prob":0.9634565},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97942394},{"label":"en","prob":0.83129513},{"label":"en","prob":0.9407825},{"label":"en","prob":0.9031048},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95589066},{"label":"en","prob":0.8548526},{"label":"en","prob":0.8805396},{"label":"en","prob":0.87359804},{"label":"en","prob":0.8897784},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86037916},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8891315},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9642679},{"label":"en","prob":0.94991803},{"label":"en","prob":0.9410717},{"label":"en","prob":0.97711825},{"label":"en","prob":0.965952},{"label":"en","prob":0.8957174},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97941697},{"label":"en","prob":0.85275286},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92830104},{"label":"en","prob":0.8235787},{"label":"en","prob":0.90675485},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86037916},{"label":"en","prob":0.8625715},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8583587},{"label":"en","prob":0.85190177},{"label":"en","prob":0.8414517},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8404452},{"label":"en","prob":0.84899},{"label":"en","prob":0.8277442},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8490992},{"label":"en","prob":0.8640178},{"label":"en","prob":0.9357602},{"label":"en","prob":0.81380147},{"label":"en","prob":0.84937656},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86995924},{"label":"en","prob":0.8914731},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8011757},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.859809},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.80688137},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.88779324},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8210132},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8753371},{"label":"en","prob":0.86781144},{"label":"en","prob":0.8844038},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8140713},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8307199},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87982124},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87195945},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8917886},{"label":"en","prob":0.8189879},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8901068},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8965382},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8130428},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8066345},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87195945},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90399796},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9245508},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246768},{"label":"en","prob":0.8528038},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94431007},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8174426},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8443393},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87195945},{"label":"en","prob":0.89433414},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90237266},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84430045},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8325814},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8223005},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8265283},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86183906},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9308313},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8903207},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8638705},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83280736},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.882239},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88533676},{"label":"en","prob":0.8148568},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9441845},{"label":"en","prob":0.80688137},{"label":"en","prob":0.84913486},{"label":"en","prob":0.83951944},{"label":"en","prob":0.828066},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86037916},{"label":"en","prob":0.92762357},{"label":"en","prob":0.9121623},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9807151},{"label":"en","prob":0.856612},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.887592},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"ja","prob":1.0000484},null,{"label":"zh","prob":0.81862706},{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.9927821},null]}}
{"content":"For other uses of the word, see Modernism (disambiguation). For the period in sociology beginning with industrialization, see Modernity.\nFor related terms, see Modern, contemporary, and postmodern.\nPhilosophical and art movement during the late 19th and early 20th century\nPablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907). This proto-cubist work is considered a seminal influence on subsequent trends in modernist painting.\nFrank Lloyd Wright, Solomon Guggenheim Museum 1946–1959[1]\nModernism is both a philosophical movement and an art movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, and social organization which reflected the newly emerging industrial world, including features such as urbanization, new technologies, and war. Artists attempted to depart from traditional forms of art, which they considered outdated or obsolete. The poet Ezra Pound's 1934 injunction to \"Make it New\" was the touchstone of the movement's approach.\nModernist innovations included abstract art, the stream-of-consciousness novel, montage cinema, atonal and twelve-tone music, and divisionist painting. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism[a][2][3] and made use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody.[b][c][4] Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists also rejected religious belief.[5][d] A notable characteristic of modernism is self-consciousness concerning artistic and social traditions, which often led to experimentation with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating works of art.[7]\nWhile some scholars see modernism continuing into the 21st century, others see it evolving into late modernism or high modernism.[8] Postmodernism is a departure from modernism and rejects its basic assumptions.[9][10][11]\nContents\n1 Definition\n2 Early history\n2.1 Origins\n2.2 The beginnings in the late nineteenth century\n3 Main period\n3.1 Early 20th century to 1930\n3.2 Modernism continues: 1930–1945\n4 After World War II (mainly the visual and performing arts)\n4.1 Introduction\n4.2 Theatre of the Absurd\n4.3 Pollock and abstract influences\n4.4 International figures from British art\n4.5 In the 1960s after abstract expressionism\n4.6 Pop art\n4.7 Minimalism\n4.7.1 Minimal music\n4.7.2 Postminimalism\n4.7.3 Collage, assemblage, installations\n4.7.4 Neo-Dada\n4.7.5 Performance and happenings\n4.7.6 Intermedia, multi-media\n4.7.7 Fluxus\n4.8 Avant-garde popular music\n4.9 Late period\n5 Modernism in Africa and Asia\n6 Differences between modernism and postmodernism\n7 Attack and criticism to modernism\n8 See also\n9 Footnotes\n10 References\n11 Sources\n12 Further reading\n13 External links\nDefinition[edit]\nSome commentators define modernism as a mode of thinking—one or more philosophically defined characteristics, like self-consciousness or self-reference, that run across all the novelties in the arts and the disciplines.[12] More common, especially in the West, are those who see it as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge, or technology.[e] From this perspective, modernism encouraged the re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was 'holding back' progress, and replacing it with new ways of reaching the same end.\nAccording to Roger Griffin, modernism can be defined as a broad cultural, social, or political initiative, sustained by the ethos of \"the temporality of the new\". Modernism sought to restore, Griffin writes, a \"sense of sublime order and purpose to the contemporary world, thereby counteracting the (perceived) erosion of an overarching ‘nomos’, or ‘sacred canopy’, under the fragmenting and secularizing impact of modernity.\" Therefore, phenomena apparently unrelated to each other such as \"Expressionism, Futurism, vitalism, Theosophy, psychoanalysis, nudism, eugenics, utopian town planning and architecture, modern dance, Bolshevism, organic nationalism – and even the cult of self-sacrifice that sustained the hecatomb of the First World War – disclose a common cause and psychological matrix in the fight against (perceived) decadence.\" All of them embody bids to access a \"supra-personal experience of reality\", in which individuals believed they could transcend their own mortality, and eventually that they had ceased to be victims of history to become instead its creators.[14]\nEarly history[edit]\nOrigins[edit]\nEugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People, 1830, a Romantic work of art\nAccording to one critic, modernism developed out of Romanticism's revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values: \"The ground motive of modernism, Graff asserts, was criticism of the nineteenth-century bourgeois social order and its world view [...] the modernists, carrying the torch of romanticism.\"[a][2][3] While J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851), one of the greatest landscape painters of the 19th century, was a member of the Romantic movement, as \"a pioneer in the study of light, colour, and atmosphere\", he \"anticipated the French Impressionists\" and therefore modernism \"in breaking down conventional formulas of representation; [though] unlike them, he believed that his works should always express significant historical, mythological, literary, or other narrative themes.\"[16]\nA Realist portrait of Otto von Bismarck. The modernists rejected realism.\nThe dominant trends of industrial Victorian England were opposed, from about 1850, by the English poets and painters that constituted the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, because of their \"opposition to technical skill without inspiration.\"[17]: 815 They were influenced by the writings of the art critic John Ruskin (1819–1900), who had strong feelings about the role of art in helping to improve the lives of the urban working classes, in the rapidly expanding industrial cities of Britain.[17]: 816 Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists: \"There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the pre-Raphaelites (and even before them, as proto-proto-Modernists, the German Nazarenes). The Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet (1832–1883), with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, holding that its realism wasn't truthful enough.\"[18] Rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55)[19] and later Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), both of whom had significant influence on existentialism and nihilism.[20]: 120 \nHowever, the Industrial Revolution continued. Influential innovations included steam-powered industrialization, and especially the development of railways, starting in Britain in the 1830s,[21] and the subsequent advancements in physics, engineering, and architecture associated with this. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron and plate glass exhibition hall built for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station (1854)[22] and King's Cross station (1852).[23] These technological advances led to the building of later structures like the Brooklyn Bridge (1883) and the Eiffel Tower (1889). The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be. These engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. The human experience of time itself was altered, with the development of the electric telegraph from 1837,[24] and the adoption of standard time by British railway companies from 1845, and in the rest of the world over the next fifty years.[25]\nDespite continuing technological advances, the idea that history and civilization were inherently progressive, and that progress was always good, came under increasing attack in the nineteenth century. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, and could not move forward in its present form. Early in the century, the philosopher Schopenhauer (1788–1860) (The World as Will and Representation, 1819) had called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche.[19] Two of the most significant thinkers of the mid nineteenth century were biologist Charles Darwin (1809–1882), author of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859), and political scientist Karl Marx (1818–1883), author of Das Kapital (1867). Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness. In particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as \"lower animals\" proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality.[26] Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, and that the workers were anything but free.[27]\nOdilon Redon, Guardian Spirit of the Waters, 1878, charcoal on paper, Art Institute of Chicago\nThe beginnings in the late nineteenth century[edit]\nHistorians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Historian William Everdell, for example, has argued that modernism began in the 1870s, when metaphorical (or ontological) continuity began to yield to the discrete with mathematician Richard Dedekind's (1831–1916) Dedekind cut, and Ludwig Boltzmann's (1844–1906) statistical thermodynamics.[12] Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–1886 with Seurat's Divisionism, the \"dots\" used to paint A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. On the other hand, visual art critic Clement Greenberg called Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) \"the first real Modernist\",[28] though he also wrote, \"What can be safely called Modernism emerged in the middle of the last century—and rather locally, in France, with Baudelaire in literature and Manet in painting, and perhaps with Flaubert, too, in prose fiction. (It was a while later, and not so locally, that Modernism appeared in music and architecture).\"[18] The poet Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), and Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857.\nIn the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France, beginning in the 1860s. The first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors (en plein air). Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, but instead see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from the most important commercial show of the time, the government-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists organized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by inferior artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention, and opened commercial doors to the movement. The second French school was Symbolism, which literary historians see beginning with Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867), and including the later poets, Arthur Rimbaud (1854–1891) Une Saison en Enfer (A Season in Hell, 1873), Paul Verlaine (1844–1896), Stéphane Mallarmé (1842–1898), and Paul Valéry (1871–1945). The symbolists \"stressed the priority of suggestion and evocation over direct description and explicit analogy,\" and were especially interested in \"the musical properties of language.\"[29]\nCabaret, which gave birth to so many of the arts of modernism, including the immediate precursors of film, may be said to have begun in France in 1881 with the opening of the Black Cat in Montmartre, the beginning of the ironic monologue, and the founding of the Society of Incoherent Arts.[30]\nHenri Matisse, Le bonheur de vivre, 1905–06, Barnes Foundation, Merion, PA. An early Fauvist masterpiece.\nInfluential in the early days of modernism were the theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer, 1895). Central to Freud's thinking is the idea \"of the primacy of the unconscious mind in mental life,\" so that all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. Freud's description of subjective states involved an unconscious mind full of primal impulses, and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions derived from social values.[17]: 538 \nHenri Matisse, The Dance, 1910, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with \"wild\", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Matisse's second version of The Dance signifies a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.[31]\nFriedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was another major precursor of modernism,[32] with a philosophy in which psychological drives, specifically the \"will to power\" (Wille zur Macht), was of central importance: \"Nietzsche often identified life itself with 'will to power', that is, with an instinct for growth and durability.\"[33][34] Henri Bergson (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific, clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time.[20]: 131 His work on time and consciousness \"had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists,\" especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941).[35] Also important in Bergson's philosophy was the idea of élan vital, the life force, which \"brings about the creative evolution of everything.\"[20]: 132 His philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect.[20]: 132 \nImportant literary precursors of modernism were Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–1881), who wrote the novels Crime and Punishment (1866) and The Brothers Karamazov (1880);[36] Walt Whitman (1819–1892), who published the poetry collection Leaves of Grass (1855–1891); and August Strindberg (1849–1912), especially his later plays, including the trilogy To Damascus 1898–1901, A Dream Play (1902) and The Ghost Sonata (1907). Henry James has also been suggested as a significant precursor, in a work as early as The Portrait of a Lady (1881).[37]\nOut of the collision of ideals derived from Romanticism, and an attempt to find a way for knowledge to explain that which was as yet unknown, came the first wave of works in the first decade of the 20th century, which, while their authors considered them extensions of existing trends in art, broke the implicit contract with the general public that artists were the interpreters and representatives of bourgeois culture and ideas. These \"Modernist\" landmarks include the atonal ending of Arnold Schoenberg's Second String Quartet in 1908, the expressionist paintings of Wassily Kandinsky starting in 1903, and culminating with his first abstract painting and the founding of the Blue Rider group in Munich in 1911, and the rise of fauvism and the inventions of cubism from the studios of Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and others, in the years between 1900 and 1910.\nMain period[edit]\nFrank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater, Mill Run, Pennsylvania (1937). Fallingwater was one of Wright's most famous private residences (completed 1937).\nEarly 20th century to 1930[edit]\nPalais Stoclet (1905-1911) by modernist architect Josef Hoffmann\nPablo Picasso, Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, 1910, Art Institute of Chicago\nAn important aspect of modernism is how it relates to tradition through its adoption of techniques like reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision and parody in new forms.[b][c]\nPiet Mondrian, View from the Dunes with Beach and Piers, Domburg, 1909, oil and pencil on cardboard, Museum of Modern Art, New York City\nThe Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (MNCARS) is Spain's national museum of 20th-century art, located in Madrid. The photo shows the old building with the addition of one of the contemporary glass towers to the exterior by Ian Ritchie Architects with the closeup of the modern art tower.\nT. S. Eliot made significant comments on the relation of the artist to tradition, including: \"[W]e shall often find that not only the best, but the most individual parts of [a poet's] work, may be those in which the dead poets, his ancestors, assert their immortality most vigorously.\"[40] However, the relationship of Modernism with tradition was complex, as literary scholar Peter Childs indicates: \"There were paradoxical if not opposed trends towards revolutionary and reactionary positions, fear of the new and delight at the disappearance of the old, nihilism and fanatical enthusiasm, creativity and despair.\"[4]\nAn example of how Modernist art can be both revolutionary and yet be related to past tradition, is the music of the composer Arnold Schoenberg. On the one hand Schoenberg rejected traditional tonal harmony, the hierarchical system of organizing works of music that had guided music making for at least a century and a half. He believed he had discovered a wholly new way of organizing sound, based in the use of twelve-note rows. Yet while this was indeed wholly new, its origins can be traced back in the work of earlier composers, such as Franz Liszt,[41] Richard Wagner, Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss and Max Reger.[42][43] Schoenberg also wrote tonal music throughout his career.\nIn the world of art, in the first decade of the 20th century, young painters such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse were causing a shock with their rejection of traditional perspective as the means of structuring paintings,[44][45] though the impressionist Monet had already been innovative in his use of perspective.[46] In 1907, as Picasso was painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Oskar Kokoschka was writing Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen (Murderer, Hope of Women), the first Expressionist play (produced with scandal in 1909), and Arnold Schoenberg was composing his String Quartet No.2 in F sharp minor (1908), his first composition without a tonal centre.\nA primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Cézanne, which were displayed in a retrospective at the 1907 Salon d'Automne.[47] In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form; instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context.[48] Cubism was brought to the attention of the general public for the first time in 1911 at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris (held 21 April – 13 June). Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Le Fauconnier, Robert Delaunay, Fernand Léger and Roger de La Fresnaye were shown together in Room 41, provoking a 'scandal' out of which Cubism emerged and spread throughout Paris and beyond. Also in 1911, Kandinsky painted Bild mit Kreis (Picture with a Circle), which he later called the first abstract painting.[49]: 167 In 1912, Metzinger and Gleizes wrote the first (and only) major Cubist manifesto, Du \"Cubisme\", published in time for the Salon de la Section d'Or, the largest Cubist exhibition to date. In 1912 Metzinger painted and exhibited his enchanting La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a Horse) and Danseuse au Café (Dancer in a Café). Albert Gleizes painted and exhibited his Les Baigneuses (The Bathers) and his monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing). This work, along with La Ville de Paris (City of Paris) by Robert Delaunay, was the largest and most ambitious Cubist painting undertaken during the pre-War Cubist period.[50]\nIn 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke (the Bridge) in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, though they did not use the word itself. A few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinsky's Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903. Among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and August Macke. However, the term \"Expressionism\" did not firmly establish itself until 1913.[49]: 274 Though initially mainly a German artistic movement,[f] most predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910 and 1930, most precursors of the movement were not German. Furthermore, there have been expressionist writers of prose fiction, as well as non-German speaking expressionist writers, and, while the movement had declined in Germany with the rise of Adolf Hitler in the 1930s, there were subsequent expressionist works.\nPortrait of Eduard Kosmack (1910) by Egon Schiele\nLe Corbusier, The Villa Savoye in Poissy (1928–1931)\nExpressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it \"overlapped with other major 'isms' of the modernist period: with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism and Dada.\"[53] Richard Murphy also comments: \"the search for an all-inclusive definition is problematic to the extent that the most challenging expressionists\" such as the novelist Franz Kafka, poet Gottfried Benn, and novelist Alfred Döblin were simultaneously the most vociferous anti-expressionists.[54]: 43 What, however, can be said, is that it was a movement that developed in the early 20th century mainly in Germany in reaction to the dehumanizing effect of industrialization and the growth of cities, and that \"one of the central means by which expressionism identifies itself as an avant-garde movement, and by which it marks its distance to traditions and the cultural institution as a whole is through its relationship to realism and the dominant conventions of representation.\"[54]: 43 More explicitly: that the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism.[54]: 43–48 [55] There was a concentrated Expressionist movement in early 20th century German theatre, of which Georg Kaiser and Ernst Toller were the most famous playwrights. Other notable Expressionist dramatists included Reinhard Sorge, Walter Hasenclever, Hans Henny Jahnn, and Arnolt Bronnen. They looked back to Swedish playwright August Strindberg and German actor and dramatist Frank Wedekind as precursors of their dramaturgical experiments. Oskar Kokoschka's Murderer, the Hope of Women was the first fully Expressionist work for the theatre, which opened on 4 July 1909 in Vienna.[56] The extreme simplification of characters to mythic types, choral effects, declamatory dialogue and heightened intensity would become characteristic of later Expressionist plays. The first full-length Expressionist play was The Son by Walter Hasenclever, which was published in 1914 and first performed in 1916.[57]\nFuturism is yet another modernist movement.[58] In 1909, the Parisian newspaper Le Figaro published F. T. Marinetti's first manifesto. Soon afterwards a group of painters (Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Luigi Russolo, and Gino Severini) co-signed the Futurist Manifesto. Modeled on Marx and Engels' famous \"Communist Manifesto\" (1848), such manifestoes put forward ideas that were meant to provoke and to gather followers. However, arguments in favor of geometric or purely abstract painting were, at this time, largely confined to \"little magazines\" which had only tiny circulations. Modernist primitivism and pessimism were controversial, and the mainstream in the first decade of the 20th century was still inclined towards a faith in progress and liberal optimism.\nJean Metzinger, 1913, En Canot (Im Boot), oil on canvas, 146 x 114 cm (57.5 in × 44.9 in), exhibited at Moderni Umeni, S.V.U. Mánes, Prague, 1914, acquired in 1916 by Georg Muche at the Galerie Der Sturm, confiscated by the Nazis circa 1936–1937, displayed at the Degenerate Art show in Munich, and missing ever since.[59]\nAbstract artists, taking as their examples the impressionists, as well as Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) and Edvard Munch (1863–1944), began with the assumption that color and shape, not the depiction of the natural world, formed the essential characteristics of art.[60] Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. The arts of cultures other than the European had become accessible and showed alternative ways of describing visual experience to the artist. By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy. The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time.[61] Wassily Kandinsky, Piet Mondrian, and Kazimir Malevich all believed in redefining art as the arrangement of pure color. The use of photography, which had rendered much of the representational function of visual art obsolete, strongly affected this aspect of modernism.[62]\nModernist architects and designers, such as Frank Lloyd Wright[63] and Le Corbusier,[64] believed that new technology rendered old styles of building obsolete. Le Corbusier thought that buildings should function as \"machines for living in\", analogous to cars, which he saw as machines for traveling in.[65] Just as cars had replaced the horse, so modernist design should reject the old styles and structures inherited from Ancient Greece or from the Middle Ages. Following this machine aesthetic, modernist designers typically rejected decorative motifs in design, preferring to emphasize the materials used and pure geometrical forms.[66] The skyscraper is the archetypal modernist building, and the Wainwright Building, a 10-story office building built 1890–91, in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, is among the first skyscrapers in the world.[67] Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Seagram Building in New York (1956–1958) is often regarded as the pinnacle of this modernist high-rise architecture.[68] Many aspects of modernist design still persist within the mainstream of contemporary architecture, though previous dogmatism has given way to a more playful use of decoration, historical quotation, and spatial drama.\nAndré Masson, Pedestal Table in the Studio 1922, early example of Surrealism\nIn 1913—which was the year of philosopher Edmund Husserl's Ideas, physicist Niels Bohr's quantized atom, Ezra Pound's founding of imagism, the Armory Show in New York, and in Saint Petersburg the \"first futurist opera\", Mikhail Matyushin's Victory over the Sun—another Russian composer, Igor Stravinsky, composed The Rite of Spring, a ballet that depicts human sacrifice, and has a musical score full of dissonance and primitive rhythm. This caused uproar on its first performance in Paris. At this time though modernism was still \"progressive\", increasingly it saw traditional forms and traditional social arrangements as hindering progress, and was recasting the artist as a revolutionary, engaged in overthrowing rather than enlightening society. Also in 1913 a less violent event occurred in France with the publication of the first volume of Marcel Proust's important novel sequence À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–1927) (In Search of Lost Time). This is often presented as an early example of a writer using the stream-of-consciousness technique, but Robert Humphrey comments that Proust \"is concerned only with the reminiscent aspect of consciousness\" and that he \"was deliberately recapturing the past for the purpose of communicating; hence he did not write a stream-of-consciousness novel.\"[69]\nStream of consciousness was an important modernist literary innovation, and it has been suggested that Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931) was the first to make full use of it in his short story \"Leutnant Gustl\" (\"None but the Brave\") (1900).[70] Dorothy Richardson was the first English writer to use it, in the early volumes of her novel sequence Pilgrimage (1915–1967).[g] The other modernist novelists that are associated with the use of this narrative technique include James Joyce in Ulysses (1922) and Italo Svevo in La coscienza di Zeno (1923).[72]\nHowever, with the coming of the Great War of 1914–1918 and the Russian Revolution of 1917, the world was drastically changed and doubt cast on the beliefs and institutions of the past. The failure of the previous status quo seemed self-evident to a generation that had seen millions die fighting over scraps of earth: prior to 1914 it had been argued that no one would fight such a war, since the cost was too high. The birth of a machine age which had made major changes in the conditions of daily life in the 19th century now had radically changed the nature of warfare. The traumatic nature of recent experience altered basic assumptions, and realistic depiction of life in the arts seemed inadequate when faced with the fantastically surreal nature of trench warfare. The view that mankind was making steady moral progress now seemed ridiculous in the face of the senseless slaughter, described in works such as Erich Maria Remarque's novel All Quiet on the Western Front (1929). Therefore, modernism's view of reality, which had been a minority taste before the war, became more generally accepted in the 1920s.\nIn literature and visual art some modernists sought to defy expectations mainly in order to make their art more vivid, or to force the audience to take the trouble to question their own preconceptions. This aspect of modernism has often seemed a reaction to consumer culture, which developed in Europe and North America in the late 19th century. Whereas most manufacturers try to make products that will be marketable by appealing to preferences and prejudices, high modernists rejected such consumerist attitudes in order to undermine conventional thinking. The art critic Clement Greenberg expounded this theory of modernism in his essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch.[73] Greenberg labeled the products of consumer culture \"kitsch\", because their design aimed simply to have maximum appeal, with any difficult features removed. For Greenberg, modernism thus formed a reaction against the development of such examples of modern consumer culture as commercial popular music, Hollywood, and advertising. Greenberg associated this with the revolutionary rejection of capitalism.\nSome modernists saw themselves as part of a revolutionary culture that included political revolution. In Russia after the 1917 Revolution there was indeed initially a burgeoning of avant-garde cultural activity, which included Russian Futurism. However others rejected conventional politics as well as artistic conventions, believing that a revolution of political consciousness had greater importance than a change in political structures. But many modernists saw themselves as apolitical. Others, such as T. S. Eliot, rejected mass popular culture from a conservative position. Some even argue that modernism in literature and art functioned to sustain an elite culture which excluded the majority of the population.[73]\nSurrealism, which originated in the early 1920s, came to be regarded by the public as the most extreme form of modernism, or \"the avant-garde of Modernism\".[74] The word \"surrealist\" was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. Major surrealists include Paul Éluard, Robert Desnos,[75] Max Ernst, Hans Arp, Antonin Artaud, Raymond Queneau, Joan Miró, and Marcel Duchamp.[76]\nBy 1930, Modernism had won a place in the establishment, including the political and artistic establishment, although by this time Modernism itself had changed.\nModernism continues: 1930–1945[edit]\nModernism continued to evolve during the 1930s. Between 1930 and 1932 composer Arnold Schoenberg worked on Moses und Aron, one of the first operas to make use of the twelve-tone technique,[77] Pablo Picasso painted in 1937 Guernica, his cubist condemnation of fascism, while in 1939 James Joyce pushed the boundaries of the modern novel further with Finnegans Wake. Also by 1930 Modernism began to influence mainstream culture, so that, for example, The New Yorker magazine began publishing work, influenced by Modernism, by young writers and humorists like Dorothy Parker,[78] Robert Benchley, E. B. White, S. J. Perelman, and James Thurber, amongst others.[79] Perelman is highly regarded for his humorous short stories that he published in magazines in the 1930s and 1940s, most often in The New Yorker, which are considered to be the first examples of surrealist humor in America.[80] Modern ideas in art also began to appear more frequently in commercials and logos, an early example of which, from 1916, is the famous London Underground logo designed by Edward Johnston.[81]\nOne of the most visible changes of this period was the adoption of new technologies into daily life of ordinary people in Western Europe and North America. Electricity, the telephone, the radio, the automobile—and the need to work with them, repair them and live with them—created social change. The kind of disruptive moment that only a few knew in the 1880s became a common occurrence. For example, the speed of communication reserved for the stock brokers of 1890 became part of family life, at least in middle class North America. Associated with urbanization and changing social mores also came smaller families and changed relationships between parents and their children.\nLondon Underground logo designed by Edward Johnston. This is the modern version (with minor modifications) of one that was first used in 1916.\nAnother strong influence at this time was Marxism. After the generally primitivistic/irrationalist aspect of pre-World War I Modernism (which for many modernists precluded any attachment to merely political solutions) and the neoclassicism of the 1920s (as represented most famously by T. S. Eliot and Igor Stravinsky—which rejected popular solutions to modern problems), the rise of fascism, the Great Depression, and the march to war helped to radicalise a generation. Bertolt Brecht, W. H. Auden, André Breton, Louis Aragon and the philosophers Antonio Gramsci and Walter Benjamin are perhaps the most famous exemplars of this Modernist form of Marxism. There were, however, also modernists explicitly of 'the right', including Salvador Dalí, Wyndham Lewis, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, the Dutch author Menno ter Braak and others.[82]\nSignificant Modernist literary works continued to be created in the 1920s and 1930s, including further novels by Marcel Proust, Virginia Woolf, Robert Musil, and Dorothy Richardson. The American Modernist dramatist Eugene O'Neill's career began in 1914, but his major works appeared in the 1920s, 1930s and early 1940s. Two other significant Modernist dramatists writing in the 1920s and 1930s were Bertolt Brecht and Federico García Lorca. D. H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover was privately published in 1928, while another important landmark for the history of the modern novel came with the publication of William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury in 1929. In the 1930s, in addition to further major works by Faulkner, Samuel Beckett published his first major work, the novel Murphy (1938). Then in 1939 James Joyce's Finnegans Wake appeared. This is written in a largely idiosyncratic language, consisting of a mixture of standard English lexical items and neologistic multilingual puns and portmanteau words, which attempts to recreate the experience of sleep and dreams.[83] In poetry T. S. Eliot, E. E. Cummings, and Wallace Stevens were writing from the 1920s until the 1950s. While Modernist poetry in English is often viewed as an American phenomenon, with leading exponents including Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Marianne Moore, William Carlos Williams, H.D., and Louis Zukofsky, there were important British Modernist poets, including David Jones, Hugh MacDiarmid, Basil Bunting, and W. H. Auden. European Modernist poets include Federico García Lorca, Anna Akhmatova, Constantine Cavafy, and Paul Valéry.\nJames Joyce statue on North Earl Street, Dublin, by Marjorie FitzGibbon\nThe Modernist movement continued during this period in Soviet Russia. In 1930 composer Dimitri Shostakovich's (1906–1975) opera The Nose was premiered, in which he uses a montage of different styles, including folk music, popular song and atonality. Amongst his influences was Alban Berg's (1985–1935) opera Wozzeck (1925), which \"had made a tremendous impression on Shostakovich when it was staged in Leningrad.\"[84] However, from 1932 Socialist realism began to oust Modernism in the Soviet Union,[85] and in 1936 Shostakovich was attacked and forced to withdraw his 4th Symphony.[86] Alban Berg wrote another significant, though incomplete, Modernist opera, Lulu, which premiered in 1937. Berg's Violin Concerto was first performed in 1935. Like Shostakovich, other composers faced difficulties in this period.\nIn Germany Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) was forced to flee to the U.S. when Hitler came to power in 1933, because of his Modernist atonal style as well as his Jewish ancestry.[87] His major works from this period are a Violin Concerto, Op. 36 (1934/36), and a Piano Concerto, Op. 42 (1942). Schoenberg also wrote tonal music in this period with the Suite for Strings in G major (1935) and the Chamber Symphony No. 2 in E♭ minor, Op. 38 (begun in 1906, completed in 1939).[87] During this time Hungarian Modernist Béla Bartók (1881–1945) produced a number of major works, including Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936) and the Divertimento for String Orchestra (1939), String Quartet No. 5 (1934), and No. 6 (his last, 1939). But he too left for the US in 1940, because of the rise of fascism in Hungary.[87] Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) continued writing in his neoclassical style during the 1930s and 1940s, writing works like the Symphony of Psalms (1930), Symphony in C (1940) and Symphony in Three Movements (1945). He also emigrated to the US because of World War II. Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992), however, served in the French army during the war and was imprisoned at Stalag VIII-A by the Germans, where he composed his famous Quatuor pour la fin du temps (\"Quartet for the End of Time\"). The quartet was first performed in January 1941 to an audience of prisoners and prison guards.[88]\nIn painting, during the 1920s and the 1930s and the Great Depression, modernism was defined by Surrealism, late Cubism, Bauhaus, De Stijl, Dada, German Expressionism, and Modernist and masterful color painters like Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard as well as the abstractions of artists like Piet Mondrian and Wassily Kandinsky which characterized the European art scene. In Germany, Max Beckmann, Otto Dix, George Grosz and others politicized their paintings, foreshadowing the coming of World War II, while in America, modernism is seen in the form of American Scene painting and the social realism and regionalism movements that contained both political and social commentary dominated the art world. Artists like Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, Grant Wood, George Tooker, John Steuart Curry, Reginald Marsh, and others became prominent. Modernism is defined in Latin America by painters Joaquín Torres-García from Uruguay and Rufino Tamayo from Mexico, while the muralist movement with Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, Pedro Nel Gómez and Santiago Martínez Delgado, and Symbolist paintings by Frida Kahlo, began a renaissance of the arts for the region, characterized by a freer use of color and an emphasis on political messages.\nDiego Rivera is perhaps best known by the public world for his 1933 mural, Man at the Crossroads, in the lobby of the RCA Building at Rockefeller Center. When his patron Nelson Rockefeller discovered that the mural included a portrait of Vladimir Lenin and other communist imagery, he fired Rivera, and the unfinished work was eventually destroyed by Rockefeller's staff. Frida Kahlo's works are often characterized by their stark portrayals of pain. Kahlo was deeply influenced by indigenous Mexican culture, which is apparent in her paintings' bright colors and dramatic symbolism. Christian and Jewish themes are often depicted in her work as well; she combined elements of the classic religious Mexican tradition, which were often bloody and violent. Frida Kahlo's Symbolist works relate strongly to Surrealism and to the magic realism movement in literature.\nPolitical activism was an important piece of David Siqueiros' life, and frequently inspired him to set aside his artistic career. His art was deeply rooted in the Mexican Revolution. The period from the 1920s to the 1950s is known as the Mexican Renaissance, and Siqueiros was active in the attempt to create an art that was at once Mexican and universal. The young Jackson Pollock attended the workshop and helped build floats for the parade.\nDuring the 1930s radical leftist politics characterized many of the artists connected to Surrealism, including Pablo Picasso.[89] On 26 April 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Basque town of Gernika was bombed by Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. The Germans were attacking to support the efforts of Francisco Franco to overthrow the Basque government and the Spanish Republican government. Pablo Picasso painted his mural-sized Guernica to commemorate the horrors of the bombing.\nPablo Picasso's Guernica, 1937, protest against fascism\nDuring the Great Depression of the 1930s and through the years of World War II, American art was characterized by social realism and American Scene painting, in the work of Grant Wood, Edward Hopper, Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, and several others. Nighthawks (1942) is a painting by Edward Hopper that portrays people sitting in a downtown diner late at night. It is not only Hopper's most famous painting, but one of the most recognizable in American art. The scene was inspired by a diner in Greenwich Village. Hopper began painting it immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. After this event there was a large feeling of gloominess over the country, a feeling that is portrayed in the painting. The urban street is empty outside the diner, and inside none of the three patrons is apparently looking or talking to the others but instead is lost in their own thoughts. This portrayal of modern urban life as empty or lonely is a common theme throughout Hopper's work.\nAmerican Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood from 1930. Portraying a pitchfork-holding farmer and a younger woman in front of a house of Carpenter Gothic style, it is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art. Art critics had favorable opinions about the painting; like Gertrude Stein and Christopher Morley, they assumed the painting was meant to be a satire of rural small-town life. It was thus seen as part of the trend towards increasingly critical depictions of rural America, along the lines of Sherwood Anderson's 1919 Winesburg, Ohio, Sinclair Lewis's 1920 Main Street, and Carl Van Vechten's The Tattooed Countess in literature.[90] However, with the onset of the Great Depression, the painting came to be seen as a depiction of steadfast American pioneer spirit.\nThe situation for artists in Europe during the 1930s deteriorated rapidly as the Nazis' power in Germany and across Eastern Europe increased. Degenerate art was a term adopted by the Nazi regime in Germany for virtually all modern art. Such art was banned on the grounds that it was un-German or Jewish Bolshevist in nature, and those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions. These included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art entirely. Degenerate Art was also the title of an exhibition, mounted by the Nazis in Munich in 1937. The climate became so hostile for artists and art associated with modernism and abstraction that many left for the Americas. German artist Max Beckmann and scores of others fled Europe for New York. In New York City a new generation of young and exciting Modernist painters led by Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, and others were just beginning to come of age.\nArshile Gorky's portrait of someone who might be Willem de Kooning is an example of the evolution of abstract expressionism from the context of figure painting, cubism and surrealism. Along with his friends de Kooning and John D. Graham, Gorky created biomorphically shaped and abstracted figurative compositions that by the 1940s evolved into totally abstract paintings. Gorky's work seems to be a careful analysis of memory, emotion and shape, using line and color to express feeling and nature.\nAfter World War II (mainly the visual and performing arts)[edit]\nSee also: Late modernism\nIntroduction[edit]\nWhile The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature states that modernism ended by c. 1939[91] with regard to British and American literature, \"When (if) Modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to Modernism occurred.\"[92] Clement Greenberg sees modernism ending in the 1930s, with the exception of the visual and performing arts,[18] but with regard to music, Paul Griffiths notes that, while Modernism \"seemed to be a spent force\" by the late 1920s, after World War II, \"a new generation of composers—Boulez, Barraqué, Babbitt, Nono, Stockhausen, Xenakis\" revived modernism\".[93] In fact many literary modernists lived into the 1950s and 1960s, though generally they were no longer producing major works. The term \"late modernism\" is also sometimes applied to Modernist works published after 1930.[94][95] Among modernists (or late modernists) still publishing after 1945 were Wallace Stevens, Gottfried Benn, T. S. Eliot, Anna Akhmatova, William Faulkner, Dorothy Richardson, John Cowper Powys, and Ezra Pound. Basil Bunting, born in 1901, published his most important Modernist poem Briggflatts in 1965. In addition, Hermann Broch's The Death of Virgil was published in 1945 and Thomas Mann's Doctor Faustus in 1947. Samuel Beckett, who died in 1989, has been described as a \"later Modernist\".[96] Beckett is a writer with roots in the expressionist tradition of Modernism, who produced works from the 1930s until the 1980s, including Molloy (1951), Waiting for Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961), and Rockaby (1981). The terms \"minimalist\" and \"post-Modernist\" have also been applied to his later works.[97] The poets Charles Olson (1910–1970) and J. H. Prynne (born 1936) are among the writers in the second half of the 20th century who have been described as late modernists.[98]\nMore recently the term \"late modernism\" has been redefined by at least one critic and used to refer to works written after 1945, rather than 1930. With this usage goes the idea that the ideology of modernism was significantly re-shaped by the events of World War II, especially the Holocaust and the dropping of the atom bomb.[99]\nThe postwar period left the capitals of Europe in upheaval with an urgency to economically and physically rebuild and to politically regroup. In Paris (the former center of European culture and the former capital of the art world) the climate for art was a disaster. Important collectors, dealers, and Modernist artists, writers, and poets had fled Europe for New York and America. The surrealists and modern artists from every cultural center of Europe had fled the onslaught of the Nazis for safe haven in the United States. Many of those who didn't flee perished. A few artists, notably Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Pierre Bonnard, remained in France and survived.\nThe 1940s in New York City heralded the triumph of American abstract expressionism, a Modernist movement that combined lessons learned from Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, surrealism, Joan Miró, cubism, Fauvism, and early modernism via great teachers in America like Hans Hofmann and John D. Graham. American artists benefited from the presence of Piet Mondrian, Fernand Léger, Max Ernst and the André Breton group, Pierre Matisse's gallery, and Peggy Guggenheim's gallery The Art of This Century, as well as other factors.\nParis, moreover, recaptured much of its luster in the 1950s and 60s as the center of a machine art florescence, with both of the leading machine art sculptors Jean Tinguely and Nicolas Schöffer having moved there to launch their careers—and which florescence, in light of the technocentric character of modern life, may well have a particularly long lasting influence.[100]\nTheatre of the Absurd[edit]\nSamuel Beckett's En attendant Godot, (Waiting for Godot) Festival d'Avignon, 1978\nThe term \"Theatre of the Absurd\" is applied to plays, written primarily by Europeans, that express the belief that human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence.[101] While there are significant precursors, including Alfred Jarry (1873–1907), the Theatre of the Absurd is generally seen as beginning in the 1950s with the plays of Samuel Beckett.\nCritic Martin Esslin coined the term in his 1960 essay \"Theatre of the Absurd\". He related these plays based on a broad theme of the Absurd, similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term in his 1942 essay, The Myth of Sisyphus.[102] The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man's reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and/or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by invisible outside forces. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to vaudeville, mixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism and the concept of the \"well-made play\".\nPlaywrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett (1906–1989), Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994), Jean Genet (1910–1986), Harold Pinter (1930–2008), Tom Stoppard (born 1937), Alexander Vvedensky (1904–1941), Daniil Kharms (1905–1942), Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990), Alejandro Jodorowsky (born 1929), Fernando Arrabal (born 1932), Václav Havel (1936–2011) and Edward Albee (1928–2016).\nJackson Pollock, Blue Poles, 1952, National Gallery of Australia\nPollock and abstract influences[edit]\nDuring the late 1940s Jackson Pollock's radical approach to painting revolutionized the potential for all contemporary art that followed him. To some extent Pollock realized that the journey toward making a work of art was as important as the work of art itself. Like Pablo Picasso's innovative reinventions of painting and sculpture in the early 20th century via Cubism and constructed sculpture, Pollock redefined the way art is made. His move away from easel painting and conventionality was a liberating signal to the artists of his era and to all who came after. Artists realized that Jackson Pollock's process—placing unstretched raw canvas on the floor where it could be attacked from all four sides using artistic and industrial materials; dripping and throwing linear skeins of paint; drawing, staining, and brushing; using imagery and nonimagery—essentially blasted artmaking beyond any prior boundary. Abstract expressionism generally expanded and developed the definitions and possibilities available to artists for the creation of new works of art. The other abstract expressionists followed Pollock's breakthrough with new breakthroughs of their own. In a sense the innovations of Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Mark Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Robert Motherwell, Peter Voulkos and others opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of all the art that followed them. Rereadings into abstract art by art historians such as Linda Nochlin,[103] Griselda Pollock[104] and Catherine de Zegher[105] critically show, however, that pioneering women artists who produced major innovations in modern art had been ignored by official accounts of its history.\nInternational figures from British art[edit]\nHenry Moore (1898–1986) emerged after World War II as Britain's leading sculptor. He was best known for his semi-abstract monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures, usually suggestive of the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces.\nHenry Moore, Reclining Figure (1957). In front of the Kunsthaus Zürich, Switzerland.\nIn the 1950s, Moore began to receive increasingly significant commissions, including a reclining figure for the UNESCO building in Paris in 1958.[106] With many more public works of art, the scale of Moore's sculptures grew significantly. The last three decades of Moore's life continued in a similar vein, with several major retrospectives taking place around the world, notably a prominent exhibition in the summer of 1972 in the grounds of the Forte di Belvedere overlooking Florence. By the end of the 1970s, there were some 40 exhibitions a year featuring his work. On the campus of the University of Chicago in December 1967, 25 years to the minute after the team of physicists led by Enrico Fermi achieved the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, Moore's Nuclear Energy was unveiled.[107][108] Also in Chicago, Moore commemorated science with a large bronze sundial, locally named Man Enters the Cosmos (1980), which was commissioned to recognise the space exploration program.[109]\nThe \"London School\" of figurative painters, including Francis Bacon (1909–1992), Lucian Freud (1922–2011), Frank Auerbach (born 1931), Leon Kossoff (born 1926), and Michael Andrews (1928–1995), have received widespread international recognition.[110]\nFrancis Bacon was an Irish-born British figurative painter known for his bold, graphic and emotionally raw imagery.[111] His painterly but abstracted figures typically appear isolated in glass or steel geometrical cages set against flat, nondescript backgrounds. Bacon began painting during his early 20s but worked only sporadically until his mid-30s. His breakthrough came with the 1944 triptych Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion which sealed his reputation as a uniquely bleak chronicler of the human condition.[112] His output can be crudely described as consisting of sequences or variations on a single motif; beginning with the 1940s male heads isolated in rooms, the early 1950s screaming popes, and mid to late 1950s animals and lone figures suspended in geometric structures. These were followed by his early 1960s modern variations of the crucifixion in the triptych format. From the mid-1960s to early 1970s, Bacon mainly produced strikingly compassionate portraits of friends. Following the suicide of his lover George Dyer in 1971, his art became more personal, inward-looking, and preoccupied with themes and motifs of death. During his lifetime, Bacon was equally reviled and acclaimed.[113]\nLucian Freud was a German-born British painter, known chiefly for his thickly impastoed portrait and figure paintings, who was widely considered the pre-eminent British artist of his time.[114][115][116][117] His works are noted for their psychological penetration, and for their often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model.[118] According to William Grimes of The New York Times, \"Lucien Freud and his contemporaries transformed figure painting in the 20th century. In paintings like Girl with a White Dog (1951–1952),[119] Freud put the pictorial language of traditional European painting in the service of an anti-romantic, confrontational style of portraiture that stripped bare the sitter's social facade. Ordinary people—many of them his friends—stared wide-eyed from the canvas, vulnerable to the artist's ruthless inspection.\"[114]\nIn the 1960s after abstract expressionism[edit]\nMain articles: Post-painterly abstraction, Color field, Lyrical abstraction, Arte Povera, Process art, and Western painting\nIn abstract painting during the 1950s and 1960s several new directions like hard-edge painting and other forms of geometric abstraction began to appear in artist studios and in radical avant-garde circles as a reaction against the subjectivism of abstract expressionism. Clement Greenberg became the voice of post-painterly abstraction when he curated an influential exhibition of new painting that toured important art museums throughout the United States in 1964. color field painting, hard-edge painting and lyrical abstraction[120] emerged as radical new directions.\nBy the late 1960s however, postminimalism, process art and Arte Povera[121] also emerged as revolutionary concepts and movements that encompassed both painting and sculpture, via lyrical abstraction and the postminimalist movement, and in early conceptual art.[121] Process art as inspired by Pollock enabled artists to experiment with and make use of a diverse encyclopedia of style, content, material, placement, sense of time, and plastic and real space. Nancy Graves, Ronald Davis, Howard Hodgkin, Larry Poons, Jannis Kounellis, Brice Marden, Colin McCahon, Bruce Nauman, Richard Tuttle, Alan Saret, Walter Darby Bannard, Lynda Benglis, Dan Christensen, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra, Pat Lipsky, Sam Gilliam, Mario Merz and Peter Reginato were some of the younger artists who emerged during the era of late modernism that spawned the heyday of the art of the late 1960s.[122]\nPop art[edit]\nEduardo Paolozzi. I was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947) is considered the initial standard bearer of \"pop art\" and first to display the word \"pop\".\nMain articles: Pop art and Western painting\nIn 1962 the Sidney Janis Gallery mounted The New Realists, the first major pop art group exhibition in an uptown art gallery in New York City. Janis mounted the exhibition in a 57th Street storefront near his gallery. The show sent shockwaves through the New York School and reverberated worldwide. Earlier in England in 1958 the term \"Pop Art\" was used by Lawrence Alloway to describe paintings that celebrated the consumerism of the post World War II era. This movement rejected abstract expressionism and its focus on the hermeneutic and psychological interior in favor of art that depicted and often celebrated material consumer culture, advertising, and the iconography of the mass production age. The early works of David Hockney and the works of Richard Hamilton and Eduardo Paolozzi (who created the groundbreaking I was a Rich Man's Plaything, 1947) are considered seminal examples in the movement. Meanwhile, in the downtown scene in New York's East Village 10th Street galleries, artists were formulating an American version of pop art. Claes Oldenburg had his storefront, and the Green Gallery on 57th Street began to show the works of Tom Wesselmann and James Rosenquist. Later Leo Castelli exhibited the works of other American artists, including those of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein for most of their careers. There is a connection between the radical works of Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray, the rebellious Dadaists with a sense of humor, and pop artists like Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol, and Roy Lichtenstein, whose paintings reproduce the look of Ben-Day dots, a technique used in commercial reproduction.\nMinimalism[edit]\nMain articles: Minimalism, Minimal music, Literary minimalism, Postminimalism, and 20th-century Western painting\nMinimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, wherein artists intend to expose the essence or identity of a subject through eliminating all nonessential forms, features, or concepts. Minimalism is any design or style wherein the simplest and fewest elements are used to create the maximum effect.\nAs a specific movement in the arts it is identified with developments in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with this movement include Donald Judd, John McCracken, Agnes Martin, Dan Flavin, Robert Morris, Ronald Bladen, Anne Truitt, and Frank Stella.[123] It derives from the reductive aspects of modernism and is often interpreted as a reaction against Abstract expressionism and a bridge to Postminimal art practices. By the early 1960s minimalism emerged as an abstract movement in art (with roots in the geometric abstraction of Kazimir Malevich,[124] the Bauhaus and Piet Mondrian) that rejected the idea of relational and subjective painting, the complexity of abstract expressionist surfaces, and the emotional zeitgeist and polemics present in the arena of action painting. Minimalism argued that extreme simplicity could capture all of the sublime representation needed in art. Minimalism is variously construed either as a precursor to postmodernism, or as a postmodern movement itself. In the latter perspective, early minimalism yielded advanced Modernist works, but the movement partially abandoned this direction when some artists like Robert Morris changed direction in favor of the anti-form movement.\nHal Foster, in his essay The Crux of Minimalism,[125] examines the extent to which Donald Judd and Robert Morris both acknowledge and exceed Greenbergian Modernism in their published definitions of minimalism.[125] He argues that minimalism is not a \"dead end\" of Modernism, but a \"paradigm shift toward postmodern practices that continue to be elaborated today.\"[125]\nMinimal music[edit]\nThe terms have expanded to encompass a movement in music that features such repetition and iteration as those of the compositions of La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and John Adams. Minimalist compositions are sometimes known as systems music. The term 'minimal music' is generally used to describe a style of music that developed in America in the late 1960s and 1970s; and that was initially connected with the composers.[126] The minimalism movement originally involved some composers, and other lesser known pioneers included Pauline Oliveros, Phill Niblock, and Richard Maxfield. In Europe, the music of Louis Andriessen, Karel Goeyvaerts, Michael Nyman, Howard Skempton, Eliane Radigue, Gavin Bryars, Steve Martland, Henryk Górecki, Arvo Pärt and John Tavener.\nPostminimalism[edit]\nSmithson's Spiral Jetty from atop Rozel Point, Utah, US, in mid-April 2005. Created in 1970, it still exists although it has often been submerged by the fluctuating lake level. It consists of some 6500 tons of basalt, earth and salt.\nIn the late 1960s Robert Pincus-Witten[121] coined the term \"postminimalism\" to describe minimalist-derived art which had content and contextual overtones that minimalism rejected. The term was applied by Pincus-Whitten to the work of Eva Hesse, Keith Sonnier, Richard Serra and new work by former minimalists Robert Smithson, Robert Morris, Sol LeWitt, Barry Le Va, and others. Other minimalists including Donald Judd, Dan Flavin, Carl Andre, Agnes Martin, John McCracken and others continued to produce late Modernist paintings and sculpture for the remainders of their careers.\nSince then, many artists have embraced minimal or postminimal styles, and the label \"Postmodern\" has been attached to them.\nCollage, assemblage, installations[edit]\nMain articles: Collage, Assemblage (art), and Installation art\nRelated to abstract expressionism was the emergence of combining manufactured items with artist materials, moving away from previous conventions of painting and sculpture. The work of Robert Rauschenberg exemplifies this trend. His \"combines\" of the 1950s were forerunners of pop art and installation art, and used assemblages of large physical objects, including stuffed animals, birds and commercial photographs. Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Larry Rivers, John Chamberlain, Claes Oldenburg, George Segal, Jim Dine, and Edward Kienholz were among important pioneers of both abstraction and pop art. Creating new conventions of art-making, they made acceptable in serious contemporary art circles the radical inclusion in their works of unlikely materials. Another pioneer of collage was Joseph Cornell, whose more intimately scaled works were seen as radical because of both his personal iconography and his use of found objects.\nNeo-Dada[edit]\nMain article: Neo-Dada\nIn the early 20th century Marcel Duchamp submitted for exhibition a urinal as a sculpture.[127] He professed his intent that people look at the urinal as if it were a work of art because he said it was a work of art. He referred to his work as \"readymades\". Fountain was a urinal signed with the pseudonym \"R. Mutt\", the exhibition of which shocked the art world in 1917. This and Duchamp's other works are generally labelled as Dada. Duchamp can be seen as a precursor to conceptual art, other famous examples being John Cage's 4′33″, which is four minutes and thirty three seconds of silence, and Rauschenberg's Erased de Kooning Drawing. Many conceptual works take the position that art is the result of the viewer viewing an object or act as art, not of the intrinsic qualities of the work itself. In choosing \"an ordinary article of life\" and creating \"a new thought for that object\" Duchamp invited onlookers to view Fountain as a sculpture.[128]\nMarcel Duchamp famously gave up \"art\" in favor of chess. Avant-garde composer David Tudor created a piece, Reunion (1968), written jointly with Lowell Cross, that features a chess game in which each move triggers a lighting effect or projection. Duchamp and Cage played the game at the work's premier.[129]\nSteven Best and Douglas Kellner identify Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns as part of the transitional phase, influenced by Duchamp, between Modernism and Postmodernism. Both used images of ordinary objects, or the objects themselves, in their work, while retaining the abstraction and painterly gestures of high Modernism.[130]\nPerformance and happenings[edit]\nMain articles: Performance art, Happening, and Fluxus\nYves Klein in France, and Carolee Schneemann (pictured), Yayoi Kusama, Charlotte Moorman, and Yoko Ono in New York City were pioneers of performance based works of art, that often entailed nudity.[131]\nDuring the late 1950s and 1960s artists with a wide range of interests began to push the boundaries of contemporary art. Yves Klein in France, Carolee Schneemann, Yayoi Kusama, Charlotte Moorman and Yoko Ono in New York City, and Joseph Beuys, Wolf Vostell and Nam June Paik in Germany were pioneers of performance-based works of art. Groups like The Living Theatre with Julian Beck and Judith Malina collaborated with sculptors and painters creating environments, radically changing the relationship between audience and performer, especially in their piece Paradise Now. The Judson Dance Theater, located at the Judson Memorial Church, New York; and the Judson dancers, notably Yvonne Rainer, Trisha Brown, Elaine Summers, Sally Gross, Simonne Forti, Deborah Hay, Lucinda Childs, Steve Paxton and others; collaborated with artists Robert Morris, Robert Whitman, John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and engineers like Billy Klüver. Park Place Gallery was a center for musical performances by electronic composers Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and other notable performance artists including Joan Jonas.\nThese performances were intended as works of a new art form combining sculpture, dance, and music or sound, often with audience participation. They were characterized by the reductive philosophies of minimalism and the spontaneous improvisation and expressivity of abstract expressionism. Images of Schneeman's performances of pieces meant to shock are occasionally used to illustrate these kinds of art, and she is often seen photographed while performing her piece Interior Scroll. However, according to modernist philosophy surrounding performance art, it is cross-purposes to publish images of her performing this piece, for performance artists reject publication entirely: the performance itself is the medium. Thus, other media cannot illustrate performance art; performance is momentary, evanescent, and personal, not for capturing; representations of performance art in other media, whether by image, video, narrative or otherwise, select certain points of view in space or time or otherwise involve the inherent limitations of each medium. The artists deny that recordings illustrate the medium of performance as art.\nDuring the same period, various avant-garde artists created Happenings, mysterious and often spontaneous and unscripted gatherings of artists and their friends and relatives in various specified locations, often incorporating exercises in absurdity, physicality, costuming, spontaneous nudity, and various random or seemingly disconnected acts. Notable creators of happenings included Allan Kaprow—who first used the term in 1958,[132] Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, Red Grooms, and Robert Whitman.[133]\nIntermedia, multi-media[edit]\nMain article: Intermedia\nAnother trend in art which has been associated with the term postmodern is the use of a number of different media together. Intermedia is a term coined by Dick Higgins and meant to convey new art forms along the lines of Fluxus, concrete poetry, found objects, performance art, and computer art. Higgins was the publisher of the Something Else Press, a concrete poet married to artist Alison Knowles and an admirer of Marcel Duchamp. Ihab Hassan includes \"Intermedia, the fusion of forms, the confusion of realms,\" in his list of the characteristics of postmodern art.[134] One of the most common forms of \"multi-media art\" is the use of video-tape and CRT monitors, termed video art. While the theory of combining multiple arts into one art is quite old, and has been revived periodically, the postmodern manifestation is often in combination with performance art, where the dramatic subtext is removed, and what is left is the specific statements of the artist in question or the conceptual statement of their action.\nFluxus[edit]\nMain article: Fluxus\nFluxus was named and loosely organized in 1962 by George Maciunas (1931–1978), a Lithuanian-born American artist. Fluxus traces its beginnings to John Cage's 1957 to 1959 Experimental Composition classes at The New School for Social Research in New York City. Many of his students were artists working in other media with little or no background in music. Cage's students included Fluxus founding members Jackson Mac Low, Al Hansen, George Brecht and Dick Higgins.\nFluxus encouraged a do-it-yourself aesthetic and valued simplicity over complexity. Like Dada before it, Fluxus included a strong current of anti-commercialism and an anti-art sensibility, disparaging the conventional market-driven art world in favor of an artist-centered creative practice. Fluxus artists preferred to work with whatever materials were at hand, and either created their own work or collaborated in the creation process with their colleagues.\nAndreas Huyssen criticises attempts to claim Fluxus for Postmodernism as \"either the master-code of postmodernism or the ultimately unrepresentable art movement—as it were, postmodernism's sublime.\"[135] Instead he sees Fluxus as a major Neo-Dadaist phenomena within the avant-garde tradition. It did not represent a major advance in the development of artistic strategies, though it did express a rebellion against \"the administered culture of the 1950s, in which a moderate, domesticated modernism served as ideological prop to the Cold War.\"[135]\nAvant-garde popular music[edit]\nMain article: Avant-pop\nModernism had an uneasy relationship with popular forms of music (both in form and aesthetic) while rejecting popular culture.[136] Despite this, Stravinsky used jazz idioms on his pieces like \"Ragtime\" from his 1918 theatrical work Histoire du Soldat and 1945's Ebony Concerto.[137]\nIn the 1960s, as popular music began to gain cultural importance and question its status as commercial entertainment, musicians began to look to the post-war avant-garde for inspiration.[138] In 1959, music producer Joe Meek recorded I Hear a New World (1960), which Tiny Mix Tapes' Jonathan Patrick calls a \"seminal moment in both electronic music and avant-pop history [...] a collection of dreamy pop vignettes, adorned with dubby echoes and tape-warped sonic tendrils\" which would be largely ignored at the time.[139] Other early avant-pop productions included the Beatles's 1966 song \"Tomorrow Never Knows\", which incorporated techniques from musique concrète, avant-garde composition, Indian music, and electro-acoustic sound manipulation into a 3-minute pop format, and the Velvet Underground's integration of La Monte Young's minimalist and drone music ideas, beat poetry, and 1960s pop art.[138]\nLate period[edit]\nMain article: Late modernism\nBrice Marden, Vine, 1992–93, oil on linen, 240 by 260 cm (8 by 8+1⁄2 ft), Museum of Modern Art, New York\nThe continuation of abstract expressionism, color field painting, lyrical abstraction, geometric abstraction, minimalism, abstract illusionism, process art, pop art, postminimalism, and other late 20th-century Modernist movements in both painting and sculpture continued through the first decade of the 21st century and constitute radical new directions in those mediums.[140][141][142]\nAt the turn of the 21st century, well-established artists such as Sir Anthony Caro, Lucian Freud, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Agnes Martin, Al Held, Ellsworth Kelly, Helen Frankenthaler, Frank Stella, Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Claes Oldenburg, Jim Dine, James Rosenquist, Alex Katz, Philip Pearlstein, and younger artists including Brice Marden, Chuck Close, Sam Gilliam, Isaac Witkin, Sean Scully, Mahirwan Mamtani, Joseph Nechvatal, Elizabeth Murray, Larry Poons, Richard Serra, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Pat Lipsky, Joel Shapiro, Tom Otterness, Joan Snyder, Ross Bleckner, Archie Rand, Susan Crile, and others continued to produce vital and influential paintings and sculpture.\nModernism in Africa and Asia[edit]\nSee also: Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism and Hanshinkan Modernism\nPeter Kalliney suggests that \"Modernist concepts, especially aesthetic autonomy, were fundamental to the literature of decolonization in anglophone Africa.\"[143] In his opinion, Rajat Neogy, Christopher Okigbo, and Wole Soyinka, were among the writers who \"repurposed modernist versions of aesthetic autonomy to declare their freedom from colonial bondage, from systems of racial discrimination, and even from the new postcolonial state\".[144]\nThe terms \"modernism\" and \"modernist\", according to scholar William J. Tyler, \"have only recently become part of the standard discourse in English on modern Japanese literature and doubts concerning their authenticity vis-a-vis Western European modernism remain\". Tyler finds this odd, given \"the decidedly modern prose\" of such \"well-known Japanese writers as Kawabata Yasunari, Nagai Kafu, and Jun'ichirō Tanizaki\". However, \"scholars in the visual and fine arts, architecture, and poetry readily embraced \"modanizumu\" as a key concept for describing and analyzing Japanese culture in the 1920s and 1930s\".[145] In 1924, various young Japanese writers, including Kawabata and Riichi Yokomitsu started a literary journal Bungei Jidai (\"The Artistic Age\"). This journal was \"part of an 'art for art's sake' movement, influenced by European Cubism, Expressionism, Dada, and other modernist styles\".[146]\nJapanese modernist architect Kenzō Tange (1913–2005) was one of the most significant architects of the 20th century, combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism, and designing major buildings on five continents. Tange was also an influential patron of the Metabolist movement. He said: \"It was, I believe, around 1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to think about what I was later to call structuralism\",[147] He was influenced from an early age by the Swiss modernist, Le Corbusier, Tange gained international recognition in 1949 when he won the competition for the design of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park.\nIn China the \"New Sensationists\" (新感觉派, Xīn Gǎnjué Pài) were a group of writers based in Shanghai who in the 1930s and 1940s were influenced, to varying degrees, by Western and Japanese modernism. They wrote fiction that was more concerned with the unconscious and with aesthetics than with politics or social problems. Among these writers were Mu Shiying and Shi Zhecun.\nIn India, the Progressive Artists' Group was a group of modern artists, mainly based in Mumbai, India formed in 1947. Though it lacked any particular style, it synthesised Indian art with European and North America influences from the first half of the 20th Century, including Post-Impressionism, Cubism and Expressionism.\nDifferences between modernism and postmodernism[edit]\nBy the early 1980s the Postmodern movement in art and architecture began to establish its position through various conceptual and intermedia formats. Postmodernism in music and literature began to take hold earlier. In music, postmodernism is described in one reference work as a \"term introduced in the 1970s\",[148] while in British literature, The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature sees modernism \"ceding its predominance to postmodernism\" as early as 1939.[91] However, dates are highly debatable, especially as according to Andreas Huyssen: \"one critic's postmodernism is another critic's modernism.\"[149] This includes those who are critical of the division between the two and see them as two aspects of the same movement, and believe that late Modernism continues.[149]\nModernism is an encompassing label for a wide variety of cultural movements. Postmodernism is essentially a centralized movement that named itself, based on sociopolitical theory, although the term is now used in a wider sense to refer to activities from the 20th century onwards which exhibit awareness of and reinterpret the modern.[150][151][152]\nPostmodern theory asserts that the attempt to canonise Modernism \"after the fact\" is doomed to undisambiguable contradictions.[153]\nIn a narrower sense, what was Modernist was not necessarily also postmodern. Those elements of Modernism which accentuated the benefits of rationality and socio-technological progress were only Modernist.[154]\nAttack and criticism to modernism[edit]\nFranz Marc, The fate of the animals, 1913, oil on canvas. The work was displayed at the exhibition of \"Entartete Kunst\" (\"degenerate art\") in Munich, Nazi Germany, 1937.\nModernism's stress on freedom of expression, experimentation, radicalism, and primitivism disregards conventional expectations. In many art forms this often meant startling and alienating audiences with bizarre and unpredictable effects, as in the strange and disturbing combinations of motifs in Surrealism or the use of extreme dissonance and atonality in Modernist music. In literature this often involved the rejection of intelligible plots or characterization in novels, or the creation of poetry that defied clear interpretation.\nFrom 1932, socialist realism began to oust Modernism in the Soviet Union;[85] it had previously endorsed Futurism and Constructivism. The Nazi government of Germany deemed modernism narcissistic and nonsensical, as well as \"Jewish\" (see Antisemitism) and \"Negro\".[155] The Nazis exhibited Modernist paintings alongside works by the mentally ill in an exhibition entitled \"Degenerate Art\". Accusations of \"formalism\" could lead to the end of a career, or worse. For this reason many modernists of the postwar generation felt that they were the most important bulwark against totalitarianism, the \"canary in the coal mine\", whose repression by a government or other group with supposed authority represented a warning that individual liberties were being threatened. Louis A. Sass compared madness, specifically schizophrenia, and modernism in a less fascist manner by noting their shared disjunctive narratives, surreal images, and incoherence.[156]\nIn fact, modernism flourished mainly in consumer/capitalist societies, despite the fact that its proponents often rejected consumerism itself. However, high modernism began to merge with consumer culture after World War II, especially during the 1960s. Modernist devices also started to appear in popular cinema, and later on in music videos. Modernist design also began to enter the mainstream of popular culture, as simplified and stylized forms became popular, often associated with dreams of a space age high-tech future.[157][158]\nIn 2008, Janet Bennett published Modernity and Its Critics through The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory.[159] Merging of consumer and high versions of Modernist culture led to a radical transformation of the meaning of \"Modernism\". First, it implied that a movement based on the rejection of tradition had become a tradition of its own. Second, it demonstrated that the distinction between elite Modernist and mass consumerist culture had lost its precision. Modernism had become so institutionalized that it was now \"post avant-garde\", indicating that it had lost its power as a revolutionary movement. Many have interpreted this transformation as the beginning of the phase that became known as postmodernism. For others, such as art critic Robert Hughes, postmodernism represents an extension of modernism.\n\"Anti-modern\" or \"counter-modern\" movements seek to emphasize holism, connection and spirituality as remedies or antidotes to modernism. Such movements see modernism as reductionist, and therefore subject to an inability to see systemic and emergent effects.\nSome traditionalist artists like Alexander Stoddart reject modernism generally as the product of \"an epoch of false money allied with false culture\".[160]\nIn some fields, the effects of modernism have remained stronger and more persistent than in others. Visual art has made the most complete break with its past. Most major capital cities have museums devoted to modern art as distinct from post-Renaissance art (c. 1400 to c. 1900). Examples include the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Tate Modern in London, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. These galleries make no distinction between modernist and Postmodernist phases, seeing both as developments within Modern Art.\nSee also[edit]\nAmerican modernism\nAustralian modernism\nContemporary classical music\nContemporary French literature\nContemporary literature\nExperimental film\nExperimental literature\nExperimental music\nHistory of theatre\nHistory of classical music traditions § 20th century music\nIslamic modernism\nLiterary modernism\nList of modernist writers\nList of modernist women writers\nTwentieth-century English literature\nModern Art Week in Brazil\nModern architecture\nModernism (music)\nModernismo\nModernist film\nModernist poetry\nModernist poetry in English\nPostmodern art\nRemodernism\nRussian avant-garde\n20th-century classical music\nTheosophy and visual arts\nFootnotes[edit]\n^ a b The ground motive of modernism, Graff asserts, was criticism of the nineteenth-century bourgeois social order and its world view. Its artistic strategy was the self-conscious overturning of the conventions of bourgeois realism ... the antirationalist, antirealist, antibourgeois program of modernism ... the modernists, carrying the torch of romanticism, taught us that linearity, rationality, consciousness, cause and effect, naïve illusionism, transparent language, innocent anecdote, and middle-class moral conventions are not the whole story.[15]\n^ a b Each of the types of repetition that we have examined is not limited to the mass media but belongs by right to the entire history of artistic creativity; plagiarism, quotation, parody, the ironic retake are typical of the entire artistic-literary tradition.\nMuch art has been and is repetitive. The concept of absolute originality is a contemporary one, born with Romanticism; classical art was in vast measure serial, and the \"modern\" avant-garde (at the beginning of this century) challenged the Romantic idea of \"creation from nothingness,\" with its techniques of collage, mustachios on the Mona Lisa, art about art, and so on.[38]\n^ a b The Modernist movement which dominated art, music, letters during the first half of the century was, at critical points, a strategy of conservation, of custodianship. Stravinsky's genius developed through phases of recapitulation. He took from Machaut, Gesualdo, Monteverdi. He mimed Tchaikovsky and Gounod, the Beethoven piano sonatas, the symphonies of Haydn, the operas of Pergolesi and Glinka. He incorporated Debussy and Webern into his own idiom. In each instance the listener was meant to recognize the source, to grasp the intent of a transformation which left salient aspects of the original intact.\nThe history of Picasso is marked by retrospection. The explicit variations on classical pastoral themes, the citations from and pastiches of Rembrandt, Goya, Velázquez, Manet, are external products of a constant revision, a 'seeing again' in the light of technical and cultural shifts. Had we only Picasso's sculptures, graphics, and paintings, we could reconstruct a fair portion of the development of the arts from the Minoan to Cézanne.\nIn 20th-century literature, the elements of reprise have been obsessive, and they have organized precisely those texts which at first seemed most revolutionary. The Waste Land, Ulysses, Pound's Cantos are deliberate assemblages, in-gatherings of a cultural past felt to be in danger of dissolution. The long sequence of imitations, translations, masked quotations, and explicit historical paintings in Robert Lowell's History has carried the same technique into the 1970s. [...] In Modernism collage has been the representative device. The new, even at its most scandalous, has been set against an informing background and framework of tradition. Stravinsky, Picasso, Braque, Eliot, Joyce, Pound—the 'makers of the new'—have been neo-classics, often as observant of canonic precedent as their 17th-century forebears.[39]\n^ [James] Joyce's Ulysses is a comedy not divine – ending, like Dante's, in the vision of a God whose will is our peace – but human all-too-human ... .[6]\n^ In the twentieth century, the social processes that bring this maelstrom into being, and keep it in a state of perpetual becoming, have come to be called 'modernization'. These world-historical processes have nourished an amazing variety of visions and ideas that aim to make men and women the subjects as well as the objects of modernization, to give them the power to change the world that is changing them, to make their way through the maelstrom and make it their own. Over the past century, these visions and values have come to be loosely grouped together under the name of 'modernism'.[13]\n^ Note the parallel French movement Fauvism and the English Vorticism: \"The Fauvist movement has been compared to German Expressionism, both projecting brilliant colors and spontaneous brushwork, and indebted to the same late nineteenth-century sources, especially Van Gogh.[51][52]\n^ May Sinclair first applied the term \"stream of consciousness\" in a literary context, in 1918 in her discussion of Richardson's stylistic innovations in a review of Leutnant Gustl and Pilgrimage.[71]\nReferences[edit]\n^ \"Modernist architecture: 30 stunning examples\". 2 September 2016.\n^ a b Graff, Gerald (Winter 1973). \"The myth of the Postmodernist breakthrough\". TriQuarterly. Vol. 26. pp. 383–417. CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n^ a b Graff, Gerald (Spring 1975). \"Babbitt at the abyss: The social context of postmodern American fiction\". TriQuarterly. Vol. 33. pp. 307–337. CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n^ a b Childs, Peter Modernism (Routledge, 2000). ISBN 0-415-19647-7. p. 17. Accessed on 8 February 2009.\n^ Pericles Lewis, Modernism, Nationalism, and the Novel (Cambridge University Press, 2000). pp. 38–39.\n^ Peter Faulkner, Modernism (Taylor & Francis, 1990). p. 60.\n^ Gardner, Helen; de la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991). Gardner's Art through the Ages. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 953. ISBN 0-15-503770-6.\n^ Morris Dickstein, \"An Outsider to His Own Life\", Books, The New York Times, August 3, 1997; Anthony Mellors, Late modernist poetics: From Pound to Prynne.\n^ \"Postmodernism: definition of postmodernism\". Oxford dictionary (American English) (US) – via oxforddictionaries.com.\n^ Ruth Reichl, Cook's November 1989; American Heritage Dictionary's definition of \"postmodern\"\n^ Mura, Andrea (2012). \"The Symbolic Function of Transmodernity\". Language and Psychoanalysis. 1 (1): 68–87. doi:10.7565/landp.2012.0005.\n^ a b Everdell, William, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought, University of Chicago Press, 1997, ISBN 0-226-22480-5.\n^ Berman 1988, p 16\n^ Bar-On, Tamir (1 January 2007). Where have all the fascists gone?. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 9780754671541.\n^ Barth (1979) quotation\n^ \"J.M.W. Turner\". Encyclopædia Britannica.\n^ a b c Wynne-Davies, Marion, ed. (1990). The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature. New York, NY: Prentice Hall.\n^ a b c Greenberg, Clement (February 1980). \"Modern and Postmodern\". Arts. William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, 31 October 1979. Vol. 54 no. 6.\n^ a b \"Søren Kierkegaard\". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab. Stanford University. 2017.\n^ a b c d Collinson, Diané (1987). Fifty Major Philosophers: A reference guide. London, UK: Routledge.\n^ Hylton, Stuart (2007). The Grand Experiment: The birth of the Railway Age, 1820–1845. Ian Allan Publishing.\n^ R.V.J. Butt (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations. Yeovil: Patrick Stephens. p. 180.\n^ \"The Great Northern Railway: Kings Cross Station\". LNER Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2013.\n^ Hubbard, Geoffrey (1965). Cooke, and Wheatstone, and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 78.\n^ Bartky, Ian R. (January 1989). \"The adoption of standard time\". Technology and Culture. 30 (1): 25–56. doi:10.2307/3105430. JSTOR 3105430.\n^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 2 (7th ed.). New York, NY: Norton. 2000. pp. 1051–1052.\n^ Calhoun, Craig J. (2002). Classical Sociological Theory. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 20–23.\n^ Frascina and Harrison 1982, p. 5.\n^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Margaret Drabble, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 966.\n^ Phillip Dennis Cate and Mary Shaw, eds., The Spirit of Montmartre: Cabarets, Humor, and the Avant-Garde, 1875–1905. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University, 1996.\n^ Russell T. Clement. Four French Symbolists. Greenwood Press, 1996. p. 114.\n^ Robert Gooding-Williams, \"Nietzsche's Pursuit of Modernism\", New German Critique, No. 41, Special Issue on the Critiques of the Enlightenment. (Spring–Summer, 1987), pp. 95–108.\n^ Bernd Magnus, \"Friedrich Nietzsche\". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 19 November 2013.\n^ \"Friedrich Nietzsche\". Encyclopædia Britannica.\n^ The Bloomsbury Guides to English Literature: The Twentieth Century, ed. Linda R. Williams. London: Bloomsbury, 1992, pp. 108–109.\n^ David Denby, New Yorker, 11 June 2012, \"Can Dostoevsky Still Kick You in the Gut?\"\n^ M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999), p. 299.\n^ Eco (1990) p. 95\n^ Steiner (1998) pp. 489–490\n^ T. S. Eliot \"Tradition and the individual talent\" (1919), in Selected Essays. Paperback edition. (Faber & Faber, 1999).\n^ Searle, New Grove, 11:28–29.\n^ *Anon. 2000. \"Expressionism Archived 4 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine\". Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2000\n^ Donald Mitchell, Gustav Mahler: The Wunderhorn Years: Chronicles and Commentaries. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2005.\n^ \"Biography of Henri Matisse\".\n^ \"MoMA\".\n^ \"Claude Monet (1840–1926)\".\n^ \"The Collection\".\n^ Jean Metzinger, Note sur la peinture, Pan (Paris), October–November 1910\n^ a b Richard Sheppard, Modernism–Dada–Postmodernism. Northwestern Univ. Press, 2000\n^ Robbins, Daniel, Albert Gleizes 1881–1953, A Retrospective Exhibition (exh. cat.). The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1964, pp. 12–25\n^ Rewald, Sabine (October 2004) [2000]. \"Fauvism\". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York, NY: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. — \"Vorticism can be thought of as English Expressionism\"\n^ Grace, Sherrill E. (1989). Regression and Apocalypse: Studies in North American literary expressionism. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 26.\n^ Grace, Sherrill E. (1989). Regression and Apocalypse: Studies in North American Literary Expressionism. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 26.\n^ a b c Murphy, Richard (1999). Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, Expressionism, and the problem of Postmodernity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.\n^ Walter H. Sokel, The Writer in Extremis. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1959, especially Chapter One.\n^ Berghaus (2005, 55–57).\n^ Rorrison (1998, 475) and Schürer (1997b, ix, xiv).\n^ Günter Berghaus, Handbook of International Futurism, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2018, ISBN 311039099X\n^ \"Stale Session\". emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de.\n^ Rudolph Arnheim, Visual Thinking\n^ Mel Gooding, Abstract Art, Tate Publishing, London, 2000\n^ Sontag, Susan (1977) On Photography, Penguin, London\n^ \"God's work: Frank Lloyd Wright, quintessential American modernist : Larchmont Chronicle\".\n^ Evolution of Modernism in Architecture and its impact on the 21st century\n^ \"Le Corbusier\". Encyclopædia Britannica.\n^ \"Growth, Efficiency, and Modernism\" (PDF). U.S. General Services Administration. 2006 [2003]. pp. 14–15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2017.\n^ \"Skyscraper.\" The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 25 March 2011.\n^ \"Mies van der Rohe Dies at 83; Leader of Modern Architecture\". The New York Times. 17 August 1969. Retrieved 21 July 2007. Mies van der Rohe, one of the great figures of 20th-century architecture.\n^ Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California, 1954), p. 4.\n^ \"Stream of consciousness (literature)\". Encyclopedia Britannica.\n^ May Sinclair, The Egoist, April 1918\n^ Weiss, Beno (1990). \"Review of Italo Svevo: A double life\". Italica. 67 (3): 395–400. doi:10.2307/478649. JSTOR 478649.\n^ a b Clement Greenberg, Art and Culture, Beacon Press, 1961\n^ Guy Debord, 18 November 1958, as quoted in Supreme Height of the Defenders of Surrealism in Paris and the Revelation of their Real Value, Situationist International #2\n^ Dalí, Salvador, Diary of a Genius quoted in The Columbia World of Quotations (1996) Archived 6 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine\n^ Dawn Ades, with Matthew Gale: \"Surrealism\", The Oxford Companion to Western Art. Ed. Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford University Press, 2001. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2007. Accessed 15 March 2007, GroveArt.com\n^ Neighbour, O.W. (2001). \"Schoenberg, Arnold (1874 - 1951), composer : Grove Music Online - oi\". 1. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.25024. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n^ Caren Irr, \"A Gendered Collision: Sentimentalism and Modernism in Dorothy Parker's Poetry and Fiction\" (review). American Literature, Volume 73, Number 4, December 2001 pp. 880–881.\n^ Catherine Keyser, \"Robert Benchley and Dorothy Parker 'In Broadway Playhouses': Middlebrow Theatricality and Sophisticated Humour\". Modernist Cultures, Volume 6, pp. 121–154.\n^ Donald Barthelme, 1982 interview in Partisan Review, Volume 49, p. 185.\n^ \"A full alphabet of Johnston wood letter types\". Exploring 20th Century London. Renaissance London/MLA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2011.\n^ Pericles Lewis, \"Modernist Writing and Reactionary Politics\" (review). Modernism/modernity, Volume 8, Number 4, November 2001, pp. 696–698.\n^ James Mercanton (1967). Les heures de James Joyce. Diffusion PUF.\n^ \"Dmitri Shostakovich Nose - Opera\". www.boosey.com.\n^ a b Sergei V. Ivanov, Unknown Socialist Realism. The Leningrad School, pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-5-901724-21-7\n^ Michael Steinberg, The Symphony: A Listener's Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 541–545.\n^ a b c \"Oxford Music\". Oxford Music Online.\n^ Rebecca Rischin. For the End of Time: The Story of the Messiaen Quartet. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003, p. 5.\n^ Lewis, Helena. Dada Turns Red. 1990. University of Edinburgh Press. A history of the uneasy relations between Surrealists and Communists from the 1920s through the 1950s.\n^ Fineman, Mia, The Most Famous Farm Couple in the World: Why American Gothic still fascinates., Slate, 8 June 2005\n^ a b J. H. Dettmar, \"Modernism\", in The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, ed. David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.\n^ \"Modernism\", in The Oxford Companion to English Literature, ed. Dinah Birch. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online.\n^ Paul Griffiths, \"Modernism\", The Oxford Companion to Music, ed. Alison Latham. Oxford University Press, 2002.\n^ Cheryl Hindrichs, \"Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory\", Literature Compass, Volume 8, Issue 11, pp. 840–855, November 2011\n^ J. H. Dettmar, \"Modernism\", The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, ed. David Scott Kastan. Oxford University Press, 2006.\n^ Morris Dickstein, \"An Outsider to His Own Life\", Books, The New York Times, 3 August 1997.\n^ The Cambridge Companion to Irish Literature, ed. John Wilson Foster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.\n^ Late Modernist Poetics: From Pound to Prynne by Anthony Mellors; see also Prynne's publisher, Bloodaxe Books.\n^ Anthony Mellors, Late Modernist Poetics: From Pound to Prynne\n^ Juliette Bessette (23 January 2018). \"The Machine as Art (in the 20th Century): An Introduction\". Arts. 7: 4. doi:10.3390/arts7010004.\n^ The Hutchinson Encyclopedia, Millennium Edition, Helicon 1999\n^ \"University of Glasgow, School of Modern Languages and Cultures\". Archived from the original on 23 August 2009.\n^ Nochlin, Linda, Ch.1 in: Women Artists at the Millennium (edited by C. Armstrong and C. de Zegher) MIT Press, 2006.\n^ Pollock, Griselda, Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive. Routledge, 2007.\n^ De Zegher, Catherine, and Teicher, Hendel (eds.), 3 X Abstraction. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2005.\n^ \"Moore, Henry\". UNESCO. Retrieved on 16 August 2008.\n^ Illinois Sesquicentennial Commission (1969) [2 December 1967]. \"Nuclear Energy sculpture\". Illinois; Guide & Gazetteer. University of Virginia; Rand-McNally. p. 199.\n^ Jane Beckett and Fiona Russell. Henry Moore: Space, Sculpture, Politics. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2003. p. 221.\n^ Inscribed on the plaque at the base of the sculpture.\n^ Walker, 219–225\n^ Martin Harrison, In Camera: Francis Bacon: Photography, Film and the Practice of Painting, London: Thames and Hudson, 2006, 7\n^ Ken Johnson (3 December 2015). \"Francis Bacon\".\n^ New York Times, \"Obituary\", 29 April 1992.\n^ a b William Grimes. \"Lucian Freud, Figurative Painter Who Redefined Portraiture, Is Dead at 88\". The New York Times. 21 July 2011\n^ Rimanelli, David (January 2012), \"Damien Hirst\", Artforum: \"With the recent death of Lucían Freud, some might argue that Hirst is now the greatest living British artist.\" Retrieved 28 October 2012.\n^ Also see Kennedy, Maev (21 December 2001), \"Palace unveils Freud's gift to Queen\", The Guardian, who calls Freud \"the artist regarded as the greatest living British painter\". Retrieved 28 October 2012.\n^ Darwent, Charles (28 November 1999), \"The 1990s in Review: Visual Arts\", The Independent, says \"Freud becomes the greatest living British artist after his Whitechapel show [of 1993]\". Retrieved 28 October 2012.\n^ \"Lucian Freud Stripped Bare\". The New York Times. 14 December 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2011.\n^ \"'Girl with a White Dog', Lucian Freud - Tate\". Tate.\n^ Aldrich, Larry. \"Young Lyrical Painters\", Art in America, v. 57, n. 6, November–December 1969, pp. 104–113.\n^ a b c Sarah Douglas, Movers and Shakers, New York, \"Leaving C&M\", Art+Auction, March 2007, V.XXXNo7.\n^ Martin, Ann Ray, and Howard Junker. \"The New Art: It's Way, Way Out\", Newsweek, 29 July 1968: pp. 3, 55–63.\n^ Christopher Want, \"Minimalism\" in Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 2009.\n^ \"Minimalism\". Encyclopædia Britannica.\n^ a b c Hal Foster, The Return of the Real: The Avant-garde at the End of the Century, MIT Press, 1996, pp. 44–53. ISBN 0-262-56107-7\n^ \"Notes on The Theatre of Eternal Music and The Tortoise, His Dreams and Journeys\" (original PDF file webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331015833/http://www.melafoundation.org/theatre.pdf ), 2000, Mela Foundation, www.melafoundation.org—Historical account and musical essay where Young explains why he considers himself the originator of the style vs. Tony Conrad and John Cale\n^ \"'Fountain', Marcel Duchamp: Summary - - Tate\". Tate.\n^ \"Blindman No. 2\".\n^ Craig Owens, Beyond Recognition: Representation, Power, and Culture, London and Berkeley: University of California Press (1992), pp. 74–75.\n^ Steven Best, Douglas Kellner, The Postmodern Turn, Guilford Press, 1997, p. 174. ISBN 1-57230-221-6\n^ \"Carolee Schneemann, Biography: Selected Works, Recent and Forthcoming Events\".\n^ \"Fluxus & Happening – Allan Kaprow – Chronology\". Retrieved 4 May 2010.\n^ Finkel, Jori (13 April 2008). \"Happenings Are Happening Again\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2010.\n^ Ihab Hassan in Lawrence E. Cahoone, From Modernism to Postmodernism: An Anthology, Blackwell Publishing, 2003. p. 13. ISBN 0-631-23213-3\n^ a b Andreas Huyssen, Twilight Memories: Marking Time in a Culture of Amnesia, Routledge, 1995. p. 192. ISBN 0-415-90934-1\n^ \"Modernism and Popular Music - Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism\". www.rem.routledge.com. Retrieved 9 September 2021.\n^ \"Why Jazz Musicians Love 'The Rite Of Spring'\". NPR.org. Retrieved 9 September 2021.\n^ a b Albiez, Sean (2017). \"Avant-pop\". In Horn, David (ed.). Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World Vol. XI: Genres: Europe. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 36–38. doi:10.5040/9781501326110-0111. ISBN 9781501326103.\n^ Patrick, Jonathan (8 March 2013). \"Joe Meek's pop masterpiece I Hear a New World gets the chance to haunt a whole new generation of audiophile geeks\". Tiny Mix Tapes.\n^ Ratcliff, Carter. \"The New Informalists\", Art News, v. 68, n. 8, December 1969, p. 72.\n^ Barbara Rose. American Painting. Part Two: The Twentieth Century. Published by Skira–Rizzoli, New York, 1969\n^ Walter Darby Bannard. \"Notes on American Painting of the Sixties.\" Artforum, January 1970, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 40–45.\n^ Peter Kalliney, \"Modernism, African Literature, and the Cold War\". Modern Language Quarterly (2015) 76 (3): 333–368.\n^ Peter Kalliney, \"Modernism, African Literature, and the Cold War\".\n^ Modanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938. Edited by William J. Tyler. University of Hawai'i Press, 2008, [1].\n^ \"Draft confirmed as Kawabata novel\". The Japan Times. 15 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2014.\n^ (cited in Plan 2/1982, Amsterdam)\n^ \"Postmodernism\", The Penguin Companion to Classical Music, ed. Paul Griffiths. London: Penguin, 2004.\n^ a b Bokkilden. \"Postmodern Debates\". Bokkilden.\n^ \"Oxford Dictionaries - Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar\".\n^ \"Postmodern - Definition of postmodern by Merriam-Webster\".\n^ Ruth Reichl, Cook's November 1989; American Heritage Dictionary's definition of the postmodern Archived 9 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine\n^ \"The Po-Mo Page: Postmodern to Post-postmodern\".\n^ Wagner, British, Irish and American Literature, Trier 2002, pp. 210–12\n^ Kühnel, Anita. \"Entartete Kunst\", from Grove Art Online, MoMA website.\n^ Sass, Louis A. (1992). Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought. New York: Basic Books. Cited in Bauer, Amy (2004), \"Cognition, Constraints, and Conceptual Blends in Modernist Music\", in The Pleasure of Modernist Music. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.\n^ \"Out Of This World: Designs Of The Space Age\". NPR.org. Retrieved 9 September 2021.\n^ Novak, Matt. \"Googie: Architecture of the Space Age\". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 9 September 2021.\n^ Jane Bennet book Retrieved 19 January 2021\n^ Jack, Ian (6 June 2009). \"Set in Stone\". The Guardian. London.\nSources[edit]\nJohn Barth (1979) The Literature of Replenishment, later republished in The Friday Book (1984).\nEco, Umberto (1990) Interpreting Serials in The limits of interpretation, pp. 83–100, excerpt\nEverdell, William R. (1997) The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).\nGerald Graff (1973) The Myth of the Postmodernist Breakthrough, TriQuarterly, 26 (Winter, 1973) 383–417; rept in The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction Malcolm Bradbury, ed. (London: Fontana, 1977); reprinted in Proza Nowa Amerykanska, ed., Szice Krytyczne (Warsaw, Poland, 1984); reprinted in Postmodernism in American Literature: A Critical Anthology, Manfred Putz and Peter Freese, eds. (Darmstadt: Thesen Verlag, 1984), 58–81.\nGerald Graff (1975) Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction, TriQuarterly, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–337; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.\nOrton, Fred and Pollock, Griselda (1996) Avant-Gardes and Partisans Reviewed, Manchester University.\nSteiner, George (1998) After Babel, ch.6 Topologies of culture, 3rd revised edition\nArt Berman (1994) Preface to Modernism, University of Illinois Press.\nFurther reading[edit]\nRobert Archambeau. “The Avant-Garde in Babel. Two or Three Notes on Four or Five Words”, Action-Yes vol. 1, issue 8 Autumn 2008.\nArmstrong, Carol and de Zegher, Catherine (eds.), Women Artists as the Millennium, Cambridge, MA: October Books, MIT Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-262-01226-3.\nAspray, William & Philip Kitcher, eds., History and Philosophy of Modern Mathematics, Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science vol. XI, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988\nBäckström, Per (ed.), Centre-Periphery. The Avant-Garde and the Other, Nordlit. University of Tromsø, no. 21, 2007.\nBäckström, Per. ”One Earth, Four or Five Words. The Peripheral Concept of ’Avant-Garde’”, Action-Yes vol. 1, issue 12 Winter 2010\nBäckström, Per & Bodil Børset (eds.), Norsk avantgarde (Norwegian Avant-Garde), Oslo: Novus, 2011.\nBäckström, Per & Benedikt Hjartarson (eds.), Decentring the Avant-Garde, Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi, Avantgarde Critical Studies, 2014.\nBäckström, Per and Benedikt Hjartarson. “Rethinking the Topography of the International Avant-Garde”, in Decentring the Avant-Garde, Per Bäckström & Benedikt Hjartarson (eds.), Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi, Avantgarde Critical Studies, 2014.\nBaker, Houston A., Jr., Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987\nBerman, Marshall, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity. Second ed. London: Penguin, 1982. ISBN 0-14-010962-5.\nBradbury, Malcolm, & James McFarlane (eds.), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930 (Penguin \"Penguin Literary Criticism\" series, 1978, ISBN 0-14-013832-3).\nBrush, Stephen G., The History of Modern Science: A Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution, 1800–1950, Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1988\nCentre Georges Pompidou, Face a l'Histoire, 1933–1996. Flammarion, 1996. ISBN 2-85850-898-4.\nCrouch, Christopher, Modernism in art design and architecture, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000\nEysteinsson, Astradur, The Concept of Modernism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992\nFriedman, Julia. Beyond Symbolism and Surrealism: Alexei Remizov's Synthetic Art, Northwestern University Press, 2010. ISBN 0-8101-2617-6 (Trade Cloth)\nFrascina, Francis, and Charles Harrison (eds.). Modern Art and Modernism: A Critical Anthology. Published in association with The Open University. London: Harper and Row, Ltd. Reprinted, London: Paul Chapman Publishing, Ltd., 1982.\nGates, Henry Louis. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2004.\nHughes, Robert, The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change (Gardners Books, 1991, ISBN 0-500-27582-3).\nKenner, Hugh, The Pound Era (1971), Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1973\nKern, Stephen, The Culture of Time and Space, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983\nKolocotroni, Vassiliki et al., ed.,Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998).\nLevenson, Michael, (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Modernism (Cambridge University Press, \"Cambridge Companions to Literature\" series, 1999, ISBN 0-521-49866-X).\nLewis, Pericles. The Cambridge Introduction to Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).\nNicholls, Peter, Modernisms: A Literary Guide (Hampshire and London: Macmillan, 1995).\nPevsner, Nikolaus, Pioneers of Modern Design: From William Morris to Walter Gropius (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-10571-1).\nThe Sources of Modern Architecture and Design (Thames & Hudson, \"World of Art\" series, 1985, ISBN 0-500-20072-6).\nPollock, Griselda, Generations and Geographies in the Visual Arts. (Routledge, London, 1996. ISBN 0-415-14128-1).\nPollock, Griselda, and Florence, Penny, Looking Back to the Future: Essays by Griselda Pollock from the 1990s. (New York: G&B New Arts Press, 2001. ISBN 90-5701-132-8)\nPotter, Rachael (January 2009). \"Obscene Modernism and the Trade in Salacious Books\". Modernism/Modernity. 16 (1). ISSN 1071-6068.\nSass, Louis A. (1992). Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, Literature, and Thought. New York: Basic Books. Cited in Bauer, Amy (2004). \"Cognition, Constraints, and Conceptual Blends in Modernist Music\", in The Pleasure of Modernist Music. ISBN 1-58046-143-3.\nSchorske, Carl. Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture. Vintage, 1980. ISBN 978-0-394-74478-0.\nSchwartz, Sanford, The Matrix of Modernism: Pound, Eliot, and Early Twentieth Century Thought, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985\nTyler, William J., ed. Modanizumu: Modernist Fiction from Japan, 1913–1938. University of Hawai'i Press, 2008.\nVan Loo, Sofie (ed.), Gorge(l). Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, 2006. ISBN 978-90-76979-35-9.\nWeir, David, Decadence and the Making of Modernism, 1995, University of Massachusetts Press, ISBN 978-0-87023-992-2.\nWeston, Richard, Modernism (Phaidon Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7148-4099-8).\nde Zegher, Catherine, Inside the Visible. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996).\nExternal links[edit]\nLook up modernism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.\nWikimedia Commons has media related to Modernism.\nBallard, J. G., on Modernism.\nDenzer, Anthony S., PhD, Masters of Modernism.\nHoppé, E. O., photographer, Edwardian Modernists.\nMalady of Writing. Modernism you can dance to An online radio show that presents a humorous version of Modernism\nModernism Lab @ Yale University\nModernism/Modernity, official publication of the Modernist Studies Association\nModernism vs. Postmodernism\nPope Pius X's encyclical Pascendi, in which he defines Modernism as \"the synthesis of all heresies\".\nv\nt\ne\nModernism\nMilestones\nLe Déjeuner sur l’herbe (1862–1863)\nOlympia (1863)\nTristan und Isolde (1865)\nA Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1886)\nMont Sainte-Victoir (1887)\nDon Juan (1888)\nThe Starry Night (1889)\nUbu Roi (1896)\nVerklärte Nacht (1899)\nPelléas et Mélisande (1902)\nSalome (opera) (1905)\nLe bonheur de vivre (1905–1906)\nLes Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)\nThe Dance (1909–1910)\nThe Firebird (1910)\nAfternoon of a Faun (1912)\nNude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912)\nThe Rite of Spring (1913)\nIn Search of Lost Time (1913–1927)\nThe Metamorphosis (1915)\nBlack Square (1915)\nFountain (1917)\nThe Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)\nSix Characters in Search of an Author (1921)\nUlysses (1922)\nThe Waste Land (1922)\nThe Magic Mountain (1924)\nBattleship Potemkin (1925)\nThe Sun Also Rises (1926)\nMetropolis (1927)\nThe Threepenny Opera (1928)\nThe Master and Margarita (1928–1940)\nThe Sound and the Fury (1929)\nUn Chien Andalou (1929)\nVilla Savoye (1931)\nThe Blue Lotus (1936)\nFallingwater (1936)\nCitizen Kane (1941)\nMeshes of the Afternoon (1943)\n4'33\" (1952)\nWaiting for Godot (1953)\nVertigo (1958)\nLiterature\nGuillaume Apollinaire\nDjuna Barnes\nAndrei Bely\nTadeusz Borowski\nAndré Breton\nHermann Broch\nMikhail Bulgakov\nAnton Chekhov\nJoseph Conrad\nAlfred Döblin\nE. M. Forster\nWilliam Faulkner\nGustave Flaubert\nFord Madox Ford\nAndré Gide\nMaxim Gorky\nHenry Green\nKnut Hamsun\nJaroslav Hašek\nErnest Hemingway\nHermann Hesse\nJames Joyce\nFranz Kafka\nArthur Koestler\nD. H. Lawrence\nWyndham Lewis\nThomas Mann\nKatherine Mansfield\nFilippo Tommaso Marinetti\nGuy de Maupassant\nRobert Musil\nJohn Dos Passos\nAndrei Platonov\nKatherine Anne Porter\nMarcel Proust\nGertrude Stein\nItalo Svevo\nMiguel de Unamuno\nVirginia Woolf\nPoetry\nAnna Akhmatova\nRichard Aldington\nW. H. Auden\nCharles Baudelaire\nLuca Caragiale\nConstantine P. Cavafy\nBlaise Cendrars\nHart Crane\nH.D.\nRobert Desnos\nT. S. Eliot\nPaul Éluard\nOdysseas Elytis\nF. S. Flint\nStefan George\nMax Jacob\nFederico García Lorca\nAmy Lowell\nRobert Lowell\nMina Loy\nStéphane Mallarmé\nMarianne Moore\nWilfred Owen\nOctavio Paz\nFernando Pessoa\nEzra Pound\nLionel Richard\nRainer Maria Rilke\nArthur Rimbaud\nGiorgos Seferis\nWallace Stevens\nDylan Thomas\nTristan Tzara\nPaul Valéry\nWilliam Carlos Williams\nW. B. Yeats\nVisual art\nJosef Albers\nJean Arp\nBalthus\nGeorge Bellows\nUmberto Boccioni\nPierre Bonnard\nGeorges Braque\nConstantin Brâncuși\nAlexander Calder\nMary Cassatt\nPaul Cézanne\nMarc Chagall\nGiorgio de Chirico\nCamille Claudel\nJoseph Cornell\nJoseph Csaky\nSalvador Dalí\nEdgar Degas\nRaoul Dufy\nWillem de Kooning\nRobert Delaunay\nCharles Demuth\nOtto Dix\nTheo van Doesburg\nMarcel Duchamp\nJames Ensor\nMax Ernst\nJacob Epstein\nPaul Gauguin\nAlberto Giacometti\nVincent van Gogh\nNatalia Goncharova\nJulio González\nJuan Gris\nGeorge Grosz\nRaoul Hausmann\nJacques Hérold\nHannah Höch\nEdward Hopper\nFrida Kahlo\nWassily Kandinsky\nErnst Ludwig Kirchner\nPaul Klee\nOskar Kokoschka\nPyotr Konchalovsky\nAndré Lhote\nFernand Léger\nFranz Marc\nAlbert Marque\nJean Marchand\nRené Magritte\nKazimir Malevich\nÉdouard Manet\nHenri Matisse\nColin McCahon\nJean Metzinger\nJoan Miró\nAmedeo Modigliani\nPiet Mondrian\nClaude Monet\nHenry Moore\nEdvard Munch\nEmil Nolde\nGeorgia O'Keeffe\nMéret Oppenheim\nFrancis Picabia\nPablo Picasso\nCamille Pissarro\nMan Ray\nOdilon Redon\nPierre-Auguste Renoir\nAminollah Rezaei\nAuguste Rodin\nHenri Rousseau\nEgon Schiele\nGeorges Seurat\nPaul Signac\nAlfred Sisley\nEdward Steichen\nAlfred Stieglitz\nHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec\nÉdouard Vuillard\nGrant Wood\nLin Fengmian\nMusic\nGeorge Antheil\nMilton Babbitt\nJean Barraqué\nBéla Bartók\nAlban Berg\nLuciano Berio\nNadia Boulanger\nPierre Boulez\nJohn Cage\nElliott Carter\nAaron Copland\nClaude Debussy\nHenry Cowell\nHenri Dutilleux\nMorton Feldman\nHenryk Górecki\nJosef Matthias Hauer\nPaul Hindemith\nArthur Honegger\nCharles Ives\nLeoš Janáček\nGyörgy Ligeti\nWitold Lutosławski\nOlivier Messiaen\nDarius Milhaud\nLuigi Nono\nHarry Partch\nKrzysztof Penderecki\nFrancis Poulenc\nSergei Prokofiev\nLuigi Russolo\nErik Satie\nPierre Schaeffer\nArnold Schoenberg\nDmitri Shostakovich\nRichard Strauss\nIgor Stravinsky\nKarol Szymanowski\nEdgard Varèse\nHeitor Villa-Lobos\nRichard Wagner\nAnton Webern\nKurt Weill\nIannis Xenakis\nTheatre\nEdward Albee\nMaxwell Anderson\nJean Anouilh\nAntonin Artaud\nSamuel Beckett\nBertolt Brecht\nAnton Chekhov\nFriedrich Dürrenmatt\nJean Genet\nMaxim Gorky\nWalter Hasenclever\nHenrik Ibsen\nWilliam Inge\nEugène Ionesco\nAlfred Jarry\nGeorg Kaiser\nMaurice Maeterlinck\nVladimir Mayakovsky\nArthur Miller\nSeán O'Casey\nEugene O'Neill\nJohn Osborne\nLuigi Pirandello\nErwin Piscator\nGeorge Bernard Shaw\nAugust Strindberg\nJohn Millington Synge\nErnst Toller\nFrank Wedekind\nThornton Wilder\nStanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz\nFilm\nRobert Aldrich\nMichelangelo Antonioni\nTex Avery\nIngmar Bergman\nAnton Giulio Bragaglia\nStan Brakhage\nRobert Bresson\nLuis Buñuel\nMarcel Carné\nCharlie Chaplin\nRené Clair\nJean Cocteau\nJules Dassin\nMaya Deren\nAlexander Dovzhenko\nCarl Theodor Dreyer\nViking Eggeling\nSergei Eisenstein\nJean Epstein\nFederico Fellini\nRobert J. Flaherty\nJohn Ford\nSam Fuller\nAbel Gance\nJean-Luc Godard\nJohn and Faith Hubley\nIsidore Isou\nBuster Keaton\nLev Kuleshov\nAkira Kurosawa\nFritz Lang\nJoseph Losey\nIda Lupino\nLen Lye\nMarcel L'Herbier\nNorman McLaren\nGeorges Méliès\nF. W. Murnau\nYasujiro Ozu\nGeorg Wilhelm Pabst\nVsevolod Pudovkin\nNicholas Ray\nSatyajit Ray\nAlain Renais\nJean Renoir\nTony Richardson\nWalter Ruttmann\nDouglas Sirk\nVictor Sjöström\nJosef von Sternberg\nAndrei Tarkovsky\nJacques Tati\nJacques Tourneur\nFrançois Truffaut\nDziga Vertov\nJean Vigo\nOrson Welles\nRobert Wiene\nDance\nGeorge Balanchine\nMerce Cunningham\nClotilde von Derp\nSergei Diaghilev\nIsadora Duncan\nMichel Fokine\nLoie Fuller\nMartha Graham\nHanya Holm\nDoris Humphrey\nLéonide Massine\nVaslav Nijinsky\nAlwin Nikolais\nAlexander Sakharoff\nTed Shawn\nAnna Sokolow\nRuth St. Denis\nHelen Tamiris\nCharles Weidman\nGrete Wiesenthal\nMary Wigman\nArchitecture\nMarcel Breuer\nGordon Bunshaft\nJack Allen Charney\nWalter Gropius\nHector Guimard\nRaymond Hood\nVictor Horta\nFriedensreich Hundertwasser\nPhilip Johnson\nLouis Kahn\nLe Corbusier\nAdolf Loos\nKonstantin Melnikov\nErich Mendelsohn\nPier Luigi Nervi\nRichard Neutra\nOscar Niemeyer\nHans Poelzig\nAntonin Raymond\nGerrit Rietveld\nEero Saarinen\nRudolf Steiner\nEdward Durell Stone\nLouis Sullivan\nVladimir Tatlin\nPaul Troost\nLudwig Mies van der Rohe\nFrank Lloyd Wright\nRelated\nAmerican modernism\nArmory Show\nArt Deco\nArt Nouveau\nAshcan School\nAvant-garde\nBallets Russes\nBauhaus\nBuddhist modernism\nClassical Hollywood cinema\nConstructivism\nCubism\nDada\nDegenerate art\nDe Stijl\nDer Blaue Reiter\nDie Brücke\nEcomodernism\nExperimental film\nExpressionism\nExpressionist music\nFauvism\nFilm noir\nFourth dimension in art\nFourth dimension in literature\nFuturism\nGrosvenor School of Modern Art\nHanshinkan Modernism\nHigh modernism\nImagism\nImpressionism\nImpressionist music\nImpressionist literature\nIncoherents\nInternational Style\nLate modernism\nLate modernity\nLettrism\nList of art movements\nList of avant-garde artists\nList of modernist poets\nLyrical abstraction\nMaximalism\nMinimalism\nModern art\nModernity\nNeo-Dada\nNeo-primitivism\nNew Hollywood\nNew Objectivity\nOrphism\nPost-Impressionism\nPostminimalism\nPostmodern music\nPostmodernism\nPostmodernist film\nPulp noir\nReactionary modernism\nMetamodernism\nRemodernism\nRomanticism\nSecond Viennese School\nStructural film\nSurrealism\nSymbolism\nSynchromism\nTonalism\nUnderground film\nWarsaw Autumn\n← Romanticism\nCategory\nv\nt\ne\nWestern art movements\nList of art movements\nAncient\nEgyptian\nAmarna style\nThracian\nDacian\nNuragic\nAegean\nCycladic\nMinoan\nMycenaean\nGreek\nSub-Mycenaean\nProtogeometric\nGeometric\nOrientalizing\nArchaic\nBlack-figure\nRed-figure\nSevere style\nClassical\nKerch style\nHellenistic\nBaroque\nNeo-Attic\nEtruscan\nIberian\nGaulish\nRoman\nRepublican\nGallo-Roman\nJulio-Claudian\nPompeian Styles\nTrajanic\nHadrianic [it]\nAntonine [it]\nunder Commodus [it]\nSeveran\nGallienian [it]\nLate antique\nEarly Christian\nDiocletianic [it]\nConstantinian [it]\nTheodosian [it]\nMedieval\nMigration Period\nAnglo-Saxon\nVisigothic\nMozarabic\nRepoblación\nPre-Romanesque\nInsular\nViking\nByzantine\nIconoclast\nMacedonian\nItalo-Byzantine\nMerovingian\nCarolingian\nOttonian\nRomanesque\nNorman-Sicilian\nGothic\nInternational Gothic\nMudéjar\nProto-Renaissance\nRenaissance\nItalian Renaissance\nHigh Renaissance\nVenetian painting\nCanonical painting modes\nSfumato\nUnione\nCangiante\nChiaroscuro\nNorthern Renaissance\nEarly Netherlandish\nGhent-Bruges school\nGerman Renaissance\nAntwerp Mannerism\nDanube school\nCretan school\nRomanism\nMannerism\nNorthern Mannerism\nCounter-Mannerism\nTurquerie\nFontainebleau\n17th century\nBaroque\nFlemish Baroque painting\nLutheran baroque\nGuild of Romanists\nDutch Golden Age\nCaravaggisti\nin Utrecht\nTenebrism\nHeptanese School\nClassicism\n18th century\nChinoiserie\nRocaille\nRococo\nNeoclassicism\nRomanticism\nPicturesque\n19th century\nOrientalism\nTroubadour style\nNazarene\nRealism\nCostumbrismo\nPeredvizhniki\nHistoricism\nBiedermeier\nBarbizon school\nPre-Raphaelites\nAcademic art\nMunich School\nHudson River School\nAestheticism\nMacchiaioli\nJaponisme\nImpressionism\nTonalism\nHeidelberg School\nDecadent\nSymbolism\nIncoherents\nArts and Crafts\nArt pottery\nAmerican\nArt Nouveau\nVienna Secession\nPost-Impressionism\nNeo-Impressionism\nDivisionism\nPointillism\nCloisonnism\nSynthetism\nLes Nabis\nNaïve art\nPrimitivism\n1900-1945\nFauvism\nOutsider art\nDie Brücke\nCubism\nOrphism\nCrystal Cubism\nPurism\nExpressionism\nNeue Künstlervereinigung München\nFuturism\nCubo-Futurism\nAeropittura\nArt Deco\nStreamline Moderne\nMetaphysical art\nRayonism\nDer Blaue Reiter\nSynchromism\nVorticism\nSuprematism\nConstructivism\nAshcan School\nDada\nDe Stijl\nReturn to order\nNovecento Italiano\nAustralian tonalism\nSocial realism\nBauhaus\nKinetic art\nNew Objectivity\nGrosvenor School\nNeues Sehen\nSurrealism\nNeo-Fauvism\nPrecisionism\nAsemic writing\nScuola Romana\nRegionalism\nHeroic realism\nSocialist realism\nNazi art\n1945-2000\nInternational Typographic Style\nAbstract expressionism\nVienna School of Fantastic Realism\nColor Field\nLyrical abstraction\nTachisme\nCOBRA\nAction painting\nAmerican Figurative Expressionism\nNew media art\nLetterist International\nPop art\nSituationist International\nLettrism\nNeo-Dada\nOp art\nNouveau réalisme\nArt & Language\nConceptual art\nLand art\nSystems art\nVideo art\nMinimalism\nFluxus\nPhotorealism\nPerformance art\nLight and Space\nInstallation art\nEndurance art\nNeo-expressionism\nLowbrow art\nMemphis Group\nYoung British Artists\nThe Designers Republic\n21st century\nAltermodern\nArt for art\nArt intervention\nClassical Realism\nExcessivism\nFlat design\nGuerrilla Zoo\nHyperrealism\nKitsch movement\nModern European ink painting\nNeo-futurism\nNeomodern\nNeosymbolism\nRelational art\nSkeuomorphism\nSoFlo Superflat\nSound art\nStuckism\nSuperstroke\nUnilalianism\nWalking art\nRelated\nHistory of art\nAbstract art\nAvant-garde\nCeltic art\nChristian art\nArt in the Protestant Reformation\nCatholic art\nIcon\nLutheran art\nContemporary art\nFeminist art movement (in the US)\nGenre painting\nHierarchy of genres\nHistory painting\nIlluminated manuscript\nKitsch\nModernism\nModern art\nModern sculpture\nLate modernism\nPostmodern art\nPrehistoric art\nWestern painting\nCategory\nv\nt\ne\nPositivism\nPerspectives\nAntihumanism\nEmpiricism\nRationalism\nScientism\nDeclinations\nLegal positivism\nLogical positivism / analytic philosophy\nPositivist school\nPostpositivism\nSociological positivism\nMachian positivism (empirio-criticism)\nRankean historical positivism\nPolish positivism\nRussian Machism\nPrincipal concepts\nConsilience\nDemarcation\nEvidence\nInduction\nJustification\nPseudoscience\nCritique of metaphysics\nUnity of science\nVerificationism\nAntitheses\nAntipositivism\nConfirmation holism\nCritical theory\nFalsifiability\nGeisteswissenschaft\nHermeneutics\nHistoricism\nHistorism\nHuman science\nHumanities\nMethodological dualism\nProblem of induction\nReflectivism\nRelated paradigm shifts\nin the history of science\nNon-Euclidean geometry (1830s)\nUncertainty principle (1927)\nRelated topics\nBehavioralism\nPost-behavioralism\nCritical rationalism\nCriticism of science\nEpistemology\nanarchism\nidealism\nnihilism\npluralism\nrealism\nHolism\nInstrumentalism\nModernism\nNaturalism in literature\nNomothetic–idiographic distinction\nObjectivity in science\nOperationalism\nPhenomenalism\nPhilosophy of science\nDeductive-nomological model\nRamsey sentence\nSense-data theory\nQualitative research\nRelationship between religion and science\nSociology\nSocial science\nPhilosophy\nStructural functionalism\nStructuralism\nStructuration theory\nPositivist-related debate\nMethod\nMethodenstreit (1890s)\nWerturteilsstreit (1909–1959)\nPositivismusstreit (1960s)\nFourth Great Debate in international relations (1980s)\nScience wars (1990s)\nContributions\nThe Course in Positive Philosophy (1830)\nA General View of Positivism (1848)\nCritical History of Philosophy (1869)\nIdealism and Positivism (1879–1884)\nThe Analysis of Sensations (1886)\nThe Logic of Modern Physics (1927)\nLanguage, Truth, and Logic (1936)\nThe Two Cultures (1959)\nThe Universe in a Nutshell (2001)\nProponents\nRichard Avenarius\nA. J. Ayer\nAlexander Bogdanov\nAuguste Comte\nEugen Dühring\nÉmile Durkheim\nErnst Laas\nErnst Mach\nBerlin Circle\nVienna Circle\nCriticism\nMaterialism and Empirio-criticism (1909)\nHistory and Class Consciousness (1923)\nThe Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934)\nThe Poverty of Historicism (1936)\nWorld Hypotheses (1942)\nTwo Dogmas of Empiricism (1951)\nTruth and Method (1960)\nThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)\nConjectures and Refutations (1963)\nOne-Dimensional Man (1964)\nKnowledge and Human Interests (1968)\nThe Poverty of Theory (1978)\nThe Scientific Image (1980)\nThe Rhetoric of Economics (1986)\nCritics\nTheodor W. Adorno\nGaston Bachelard\nMario Bunge\nWilhelm Dilthey\nPaul Feyerabend\nHans-Georg Gadamer\nThomas Kuhn\nGyörgy Lukács\nKarl Popper\nWillard Van Orman Quine\nMax Weber\nConcepts in contention\nKnowledge\nObjectivity\nPhronesis\nTruth\nVerstehen\nCategory\nv\nt\ne\nSub-fields of and approaches to human geography\nSub-fields\nBehavioral\nCognitive\nCultural\nDevelopment\nEconomic\nHealth\nHistorical\nIntegrated\nLanguage\nMarketing\nMilitary\nPolitical\nPopulation\nReligion\nSocial\nStrategic\nTourism\nTransport\nUrban\nApproaches\nCritical\nCulture theory\nFeminist\nMarxist\nModernism\nStructuralism\nSemiotics\nNon-representational theory\nPostmodernism\nPost-structuralism\nDeconstruction\nScientific method\nSexuality and space\nTime\nCategory\nPortal\nCommons\nv\nt\ne\nAesthetics topics\nPhilosophers\nAbhinavagupta\nTheodor W. Adorno\nLeon Battista Alberti\nThomas Aquinas\nHans Urs von Balthasar\nAlexander Gottlieb Baumgarten\nClive Bell\nBernard Bosanquet\nEdward Bullough\nR. G. Collingwood\nAnanda Coomaraswamy\nArthur Danto\nJohn Dewey\nDenis Diderot\nHubert Dreyfus\nCurt John Ducasse\nThierry de Duve\nRoger Fry\nNelson Goodman\nClement Greenberg\nGeorg Hegel\nMartin Heidegger\nDavid Hume\nImmanuel Kant\nPaul Klee\nSusanne Langer\nTheodor Lipps\nGyörgy Lukács\nJean-François Lyotard\nJoseph Margolis\nJacques Maritain\nThomas Munro\nFriedrich Nietzsche\nJosé Ortega y Gasset\nDewitt H. Parker\nStephen Pepper\nDavid Prall\nJacques Rancière\nAyn Rand\nLouis Lavelle\nGeorge Lansing Raymond\nI. A. Richards\nGeorge Santayana\nFriedrich Schiller\nArthur Schopenhauer\nRoger Scruton\nIrving Singer\nRabindranath Tagore\nGiorgio Vasari\nMorris Weitz\nJohann Joachim Winckelmann\nRichard Wollheim\nmore...\nTheories\nClassicism\nEvolutionary aesthetics\nHistoricism\nModernism\nNew Classical\nPostmodernism\nPsychoanalytic theory\nRomanticism\nSymbolism\nmore...\nConcepts\nAesthetic emotions\nAesthetic interpretation\nArt manifesto\nAvant-garde\nAxiology\nBeauty\nBoredom\nCamp\nComedy\nCreativity\nCuteness\nDisgust\nEcstasy\nElegance\nEntertainment\nEroticism\nFun\nGaze\nHarmony\nJudgement\nKama\nKitsch\nLife imitating art\nMagnificence\nMimesis\nPerception\nQuality\nRasa\nRecreation\nReverence\nStyle\nSthayibhava\nSublime\nTaste\nWork of art\nRelated\nAesthetics of music\nApplied aesthetics\nArchitecture\nArt\nArts criticism\nFeminist aesthetics\nGastronomy\nHistory of painting\nHumour\nJapanese aesthetics\nLiterary merit\nMathematical beauty\nMathematics and architecture\nMathematics and art\nMedieval aesthetics\nMusic theory\nNeuroesthetics\nPainting\nPatterns in nature\nPhilosophy of design\nPhilosophy of film\nPhilosophy of music\nPoetry\nSculpture\nTheory of painting\nTheory of art\nTragedy\nVisual arts\nIndex\nOutline\nCategory\nPhilosophy portal\nv\nt\ne\nPhilosophy\nBranches\nTraditional\nMetaphysics\nEpistemology\nLogic\nEthics\nAesthetics\nPhilosophy of...\nAction\nColor\nCulture\nDesign\nMusic\nFilm\nCosmology\nEducation\nEnvironment\nGeography\nHappiness\nHistory\nHuman nature\nHumor\nFeminism\nLanguage\nLaw\nLife\nLiterature\nMathematics\nMedicine\nHealthcare\nPsychiatry\nMind\nPain\nPsychology\nPerception\nPhilosophy\nReligion\nScience\nPhysics\nChemistry\nBiology\nSexuality\nSocial science\nBusiness\nCulture\nEconomics\nPolitics\nSociety\nSpace and time\nSport\nTechnology\nArtificial intelligence\nComputer science\nEngineering\nInformation\nWar\nSchools of thought\nBy era\nAncient\nWestern\nMedieval\nRenaissance\nEarly modern\nModern\nContemporary\nAncient\nChinese\nAgriculturalism\nConfucianism\nLegalism\nLogicians\nMohism\nChinese naturalism\nNeotaoism\nTaoism\nYangism\nChan\nGreco-Roman\nAristotelianism\nAtomism\nCynicism\nCyrenaics\nEleatics\nEretrian school\nEpicureanism\nHermeneutics\nIonian\nEphesian\nMilesian\nMegarian school\nNeoplatonism\nPeripatetic\nPlatonism\nPluralism\nPresocratic\nPyrrhonism\nPythagoreanism\nNeopythagoreanism\nSophistic\nStoicism\nIndian\nHindu\nSamkhya\nNyaya\nVaisheshika\nYoga\nMīmāṃsā\nĀjīvika\nAjñana\nCārvāka\nJain\nAnekantavada\nSyādvāda\nBuddhist\nŚūnyatā\nMadhyamaka\nYogacara\nSautrāntika\nSvatantrika\nPersian\nMazdakism\nMithraism\nZoroastrianism\nZurvanism\nMedieval\nEuropean\nChristian\nAugustinianism\nScholasticism\nThomism\nScotism\nOccamism\nRenaissance humanism\nEast Asian\nKorean Confucianism\nEdo neo-Confucianism\nNeo-Confucianism\nIndian\nVedanta\nAcintya bheda abheda\nAdvaita\nBhedabheda\nDvaita\nNimbarka Sampradaya\nShuddhadvaita\nVishishtadvaita\nNavya-Nyāya\nIslamic\nAverroism\nAvicennism\nIlluminationism\nʿIlm al-Kalām\nSufi\nJewish\nJudeo-Islamic\nModern\nPeople\nCartesianism\nKantianism\nNeo-Kantianism\nHegelianism\nMarxism\nSpinozism\n0\nAnarchism\nClassical Realism\nLiberalism\nCollectivism\nConservatism\nDeterminism\nDualism\nEmpiricism\nExistentialism\nFoundationalism\nHistoricism\nHolism\nHumanism\nAnti-\nIdealism\nAbsolute\nBritish\nGerman\nObjective\nSubjective\nTranscendental\nIndividualism\nKokugaku\nMaterialism\nModernism\nMonism\nNaturalism\nNatural law\nNihilism\nNew Confucianism\nNeo-scholasticism\nPragmatism\nPhenomenology\nPositivism\nReductionism\nRationalism\nSocial contract\nSocialism\nTranscendentalism\nUtilitarianism\nContemporary\nAnalytic\nApplied ethics\nAnalytic feminism\nAnalytical Marxism\nCommunitarianism\nConsequentialism\nCritical rationalism\nExperimental philosophy\nFalsificationism\nFoundationalism / Coherentism\nInternalism and externalism\nLogical positivism\nLegal positivism\nNormative ethics\nMeta-ethics\nMoral realism\nQuinean naturalism\nOrdinary language philosophy\nPostanalytic philosophy\nQuietism\nRawlsian\nReformed epistemology\nSystemics\nScientism\nScientific realism\nScientific skepticism\nTransactionalism\nContemporary utilitarianism\nVienna Circle\nWittgensteinian\nContinental\nCritical theory\nDeconstruction\nExistentialism\nFeminist\nFrankfurt School\nNew Historicism\nHermeneutics\nNeo-Marxism\nPhenomenology\nPosthumanism\nPostmodernism\nPost-structuralism\nSocial constructionism\nStructuralism\nWestern Marxism\nOther\nKyoto School\nObjectivism\nPostcritique\nRussian cosmism\nmore...\nPositions\nAesthetics\nFormalism\nInstitutionalism\nAesthetic response\nEthics\nConsequentialism\nDeontology\nVirtue\nFree will\nCompatibilism\nDeterminism\nHard\nIncompatibilism\nHard\nLibertarianism\nMetaphysics\nAtomism\nDualism\nIdealism\nMonism\nNaturalism\nRealism\nEpistemology\nEmpiricism\nFideism\nNaturalism\nParticularism\nRationalism\nSkepticism\nSolipsism\nMind\nBehaviorism\nEmergentism\nEliminativism\nEpiphenomenalism\nFunctionalism\nObjectivism\nSubjectivism\nNormativity\nAbsolutism\nParticularism\nRelativism\nNihilism\nSkepticism\nUniversalism\nOntology\nAction\nEvent\nProcess\nReality\nAnti-realism\nConceptualism\nIdealism\nMaterialism\nNaturalism\nNominalism\nPhysicalism\nRealism\nBy region\nRelated lists\nMiscellaneous\nBy region\nAfrican\nEthiopian\nAmerindian\nAztec\nEastern\nChinese\nEgyptian\nIndian\nIndonesian\nIranian\nJapanese\nKorean\nTaiwanese\nPakistani\nVietnamese\nMiddle Eastern\nWestern\nAmerican\nAustralian\nBritish\nScottish\nCzech\nDanish\nFrench\nGerman\nGreek\nItalian\nPolish\nRomanian\nRussian\nSlovene\nSpanish\nTurkish\nMaltese\nLists\nOutline\nIndex\nYears\nProblems\nSchools\nGlossary\nPhilosophers\nMovements\nPublications\nMiscellaneous\nNatural law\nSage\nTheoretical philosophy / Practical philosophy\nWomen in philosophy\nPortal\nCategory\nv\nt\ne\nWestern world and culture\nAspects\nCanon\nChristendom\nEsotericism\nLaw\nLiterature\nMedia\nMusic\nPainting (contemporary)\nPhilosophy\nReligion\nHistory\nClassical antiquity\nLate antiquity\nMiddle Ages (early\nhigh\nlate)\nRenaissance\nReformation\nAge of Enlightenment\nEarly modern period\nGreat Divergence\nModernism\nWesternization\nWorld Wars\nCold War\nWar on Terror\nAuthority control\nNational libraries\nFrance (data)\nUnited States\nJapan\nOther\nFaceted Application of Subject Terminology\nInternet Encyclopedia of Ukraine\nMicrosoft Academic\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modernism&oldid=1043687683\"\nCategories:\nModernism\nAesthetics\nArchitectural styles\nArt movements\nModern art\nTheories of aesthetics\nHidden categories:\nCS1 maint: date and year\nWebarchive template wayback links\nCS1 errors: missing periodical\nArticles with short description\nShort description is different from Wikidata\nUse dmy dates from December 2015\nCommons category link from Wikidata\nArticles containing German-language text\nArticles with BNF identifiers\nArticles with LCCN identifiers\nArticles with NDL identifiers\nArticles with FAST identifiers\nArticles with IEU identifiers\nArticles with MA identifiers\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nWikiquote\nLanguages\nAfrikaans\nAlemannisch\nالعربية\nԱրեւմտահայերէն\nঅসমীয়া\nAzərbaycanca\nবাংলা\nBân-lâm-gú\nБеларуская\nБеларуская (тарашкевіца)\nБългарски\nBosanski\nCatalà\nЧӑвашла\nČeština\nCymraeg\nDansk\nالدارجة\nEesti\nΕλληνικά\nEspañol\nEsperanto\nفارسی\nFrançais\nGalego\n贛語\n한국어\nՀայերեն\nहिन्दी\nHrvatski\nBahasa Indonesia\nInterlingua\nÍslenska\nItaliano\nעברית\nಕನ್ನಡ\nქართული\nҚазақша\nKriyòl gwiyannen\nКыргызча\nКырык мары\nLadin\nLatina\nLatviešu\nLietuvių\nLimburgs\nMagyar\nМакедонски\nമലയാളം\nBahasa Melayu\nМонгол\nNederlands\nनेपाली\n日本語\nNorsk bokmål\nNorsk nynorsk\nOccitan\nОлык марий\nOʻzbekcha/ўзбекча\nਪੰਜਾਬੀ\nپنجابی\nPatois\nPortuguês\nRomână\nРусский\nScots\nSimple English\nسنڌي\nSlovenčina\nСрпски / srpski\nSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватски\nSuomi\nSvenska\nதமிழ்\nТатарча/tatarça\nతెలుగు\nไทย\nTürkçe\nУкраїнська\nTiếng Việt\n吴语\n粵語\n中文\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 11 September 2021, at 12:15 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:39:14Z","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:64f07953-d66a-4e96-ad9a-6bc55f3330e2>","content-length":"137315","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","warc-block-digest":"sha1:5GINSLSVM453BP7CDL3GFTP7FCQ5HKN5","content-type":"text/plain","warc-type":"conversion","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:92ba285c-1759-4bdb-ad2b-4a7f139182e3>","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.6500572},"annotation":["short_sentences","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[{"label":"en","prob":0.8844666},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98611635},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96637535},{"label":"en","prob":0.9367412},{"label":"en","prob":0.89019763},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9082552},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93096393},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8819545},{"label":"en","prob":0.80527407},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91441095},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.848478},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80820656},{"label":"en","prob":0.8407874},{"label":"en","prob":0.8231779},{"label":"en","prob":0.99426496},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.821837},{"label":"en","prob":0.84443414},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9425864},{"label":"en","prob":0.93748355},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95122045},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9631299},{"label":"en","prob":0.965098},{"label":"en","prob":0.97634166},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9526159},{"label":"en","prob":0.9468287},{"label":"en","prob":0.9545475},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97060764},{"label":"en","prob":0.88138676},{"label":"en","prob":0.9087138},{"label":"en","prob":0.9581446},{"label":"en","prob":0.95607215},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8776001},{"label":"en","prob":0.88444465},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.899223},{"label":"en","prob":0.826578},{"label":"en","prob":0.9405532},{"label":"en","prob":0.9719237},{"label":"en","prob":0.9660768},{"label":"en","prob":0.9681431},{"label":"en","prob":0.9216474},{"label":"en","prob":0.9752956},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97222245},{"label":"en","prob":0.93330646},{"label":"en","prob":0.8309708},{"label":"en","prob":0.96035725},{"label":"en","prob":0.9229699},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9422958},{"label":"en","prob":0.9697813},{"label":"en","prob":0.98181665},{"label":"en","prob":0.9593668},{"label":"en","prob":0.97398686},{"label":"en","prob":0.9532272},{"label":"en","prob":0.9950365},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95723194},{"label":"en","prob":0.97337407},{"label":"en","prob":0.9719736},{"label":"en","prob":0.9365429},{"label":"en","prob":0.9619497},{"label":"en","prob":0.91467077},{"label":"en","prob":0.98092306},{"label":"en","prob":0.9579537},{"label":"en","prob":0.92576754},{"label":"en","prob":0.9841131},{"label":"en","prob":0.9897132},{"label":"en","prob":0.9778045},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.976519},{"label":"en","prob":0.96540993},{"label":"en","prob":0.9867414},{"label":"en","prob":0.95203525},{"label":"en","prob":0.9136193},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96527195},{"label":"en","prob":0.9829067},{"label":"en","prob":0.96914834},{"label":"en","prob":0.85804355},{"label":"en","prob":0.9695919},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9565625},{"label":"en","prob":0.9546872},{"label":"en","prob":0.8783799},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9444648},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.983769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97311616},{"label":"en","prob":0.9679398},{"label":"en","prob":0.98598576},{"label":"en","prob":0.9802414},{"label":"en","prob":0.8733716},{"label":"en","prob":0.83589107},{"label":"en","prob":0.9708952},{"label":"en","prob":0.9133622},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9202153},{"label":"en","prob":0.91232705},{"label":"en","prob":0.9506887},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92188096},{"label":"en","prob":0.88709027},{"label":"en","prob":0.9320135},{"label":"en","prob":0.9371312},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94241357},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96784395},{"label":"en","prob":0.94828767},{"label":"en","prob":0.9652539},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9711004},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9814132},{"label":"en","prob":0.97404003},{"label":"en","prob":0.8965612},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9591545},{"label":"en","prob":0.93974483},{"label":"en","prob":0.9512343},{"label":"en","prob":0.93730015},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9652802},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97291446},{"label":"en","prob":0.9589238},{"label":"en","prob":0.91821307},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9359952},{"label":"en","prob":0.91979164},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82474977},{"label":"en","prob":0.90074164},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95572066},{"label":"en","prob":0.9179971},{"label":"en","prob":0.9738867},{"label":"en","prob":0.9920227},{"label":"en","prob":0.9556244},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9612804},{"label":"en","prob":0.9562927},{"label":"en","prob":0.84561235},{"label":"en","prob":0.9757541},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9005664},{"label":"en","prob":0.9080715},{"label":"en","prob":0.9643602},{"label":"en","prob":0.9825475},{"label":"en","prob":0.9778259},{"label":"en","prob":0.92550695},{"label":"en","prob":0.86314476},{"label":"en","prob":0.95137},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80553657},{"label":"en","prob":0.9140595},{"label":"en","prob":0.8501207},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90984935},{"label":"en","prob":0.8685479},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8899788},{"label":"en","prob":0.9131551},{"label":"en","prob":0.9023461},{"label":"en","prob":0.9459194},{"label":"en","prob":0.86892885},{"label":"en","prob":0.8544277},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91637784},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8058151},{"label":"en","prob":0.96968865},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91095924},{"label":"en","prob":0.95435363},{"label":"en","prob":0.97410727},{"label":"en","prob":0.9251109},{"label":"en","prob":0.9047928},{"label":"en","prob":0.963375},{"label":"en","prob":0.9207913},{"label":"en","prob":0.9606938},{"label":"en","prob":0.92439336},{"label":"en","prob":0.8881798},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8478948},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80640936},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8053647},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8037074},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90655077},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8245707},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95086426},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92386615},{"label":"en","prob":0.8458617},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9194718},{"label":"en","prob":0.8563296},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8682417},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89925325},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8227824},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8864794},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9579542},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.859587},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8502208},{"label":"en","prob":0.9240495},{"label":"en","prob":0.95040786},{"label":"en","prob":0.8260117},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82097316},{"label":"en","prob":0.8161571},{"label":"en","prob":0.9234333},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82456046},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8328485},{"label":"en","prob":0.86057645},{"label":"en","prob":0.87710196},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96672493},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8876572},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8448149},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8775532},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8323223},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8907592},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,{"label":"fr","prob":0.8442488},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"fr","prob":0.813706},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87204015},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8220381},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.9183029},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82348734},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"ro","prob":0.93039936},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.80817044},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86332875},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8219385},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"hu","prob":0.94550365},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"pl","prob":0.8322413},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.9199261},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97014767},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8460527},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85044205},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.901931},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.8955906},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.94241565},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"fi","prob":0.8167768},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9243959},null,null,null,{"label":"fr","prob":0.86523163},{"label":"en","prob":0.95589066},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.9292277},{"label":"de","prob":0.9879686},{"label":"de","prob":0.99615043},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8456453},{"label":"en","prob":0.8846594},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87527907},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90885645},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8036855},{"label":"en","prob":0.8336926},null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.82342184},{"label":"en","prob":0.93396753},{"label":"en","prob":0.93756425},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90675336},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.8475641},{"label":"en","prob":0.93396753},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8110933},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93435454},{"label":"en","prob":0.8966357},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8590335},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8450573},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96222454},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8902962},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"es","prob":0.9885667},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8060729},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"es","prob":0.9105659},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8647471},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9303119},{"label":"en","prob":0.89295},null,{"label":"it","prob":0.95788336},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8945052},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97042656},{"label":"en","prob":0.9524118},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9812776},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9132969},{"label":"en","prob":0.8358584},{"label":"en","prob":0.87105817},{"label":"en","prob":0.81238514},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8571399},{"label":"en","prob":0.95499843},{"label":"en","prob":0.8582659},{"label":"en","prob":0.97576755},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87278306},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9936933},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9230701},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8294243},{"label":"en","prob":0.9623958},{"label":"en","prob":0.91406083},{"label":"en","prob":0.8165273},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95036834},{"label":"en","prob":0.8749069},{"label":"en","prob":0.93952185},{"label":"fr","prob":0.86523163},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.99615043},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.9772895},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8955968},null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.9879686},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95589066},null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.9292277},{"label":"en","prob":0.8135041},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88098836},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.87232316},{"label":"de","prob":0.8114273},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8197265},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88657063},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92814},{"label":"en","prob":0.81516474},null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.82342184},null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.85415},{"label":"fr","prob":0.9997781},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81358355},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86445653},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9605633},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8830718},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86054933},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90377724},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9243959},{"label":"en","prob":0.81741387},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9294538},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86213875},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92250156},{"label":"en","prob":0.95967567},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.92408454},{"label":"en","prob":0.9102032},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8002166},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9614883},null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84802186},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9540637},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.840114},{"label":"en","prob":0.8818193},{"label":"en","prob":0.8706255},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8287069},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83091664},{"label":"en","prob":0.8076958},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.8808723},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8262205},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88578135},{"label":"en","prob":0.88851553},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82902503},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82455677},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8906872},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9122938},{"label":"en","prob":0.88710725},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80366945},{"label":"en","prob":0.9374093},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96592516},null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.8706444},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9383357},{"label":"en","prob":0.85716283},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8118591},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8793366},null,null,null,null,{"label":"de","prob":0.9928802},null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.9598073},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9561851},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94061214},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9089226},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8062793},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8089567},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89860314},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"ru","prob":0.8391272},null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"fr","prob":0.8524018},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8582659},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8369606},{"label":"en","prob":0.8441208},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8651471},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90723735},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8895124},{"label":"en","prob":0.9243959},{"label":"en","prob":0.8752569},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8400614},{"label":"en","prob":0.8214919},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9596156},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9221063},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89149016},{"label":"en","prob":0.81955796},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82348734},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94913596},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82344157},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9361535},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9715815},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83266914},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8893972},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8634337},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9930763},{"label":"en","prob":0.9796898},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8290107},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8761503},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83532286},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9348332},{"label":"en","prob":0.9522608},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.94570786},{"label":"en","prob":0.8311158},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.848582},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9355178},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8446631},null,null,null,{"label":"lv","prob":0.99992096},{"label":"en","prob":0.9092165},null,null,null,{"label":"lv","prob":0.99792945},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8823825},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84709466},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.95307267},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.97784084},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9819714},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.81278104},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96229845},{"label":"en","prob":0.8588059},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91860914},{"label":"en","prob":0.99714476},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88961107},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8330021},{"label":"en","prob":0.84802186},{"label":"en","prob":0.90474975},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8689142},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83280736},{"label":"en","prob":0.891969},null,{"label":"fr","prob":0.83261424},{"label":"en","prob":0.81821436},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.91413414},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8172404},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85204756},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8588059},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.84802186},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8588059},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.854941},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9004384},{"label":"en","prob":0.854941},{"label":"en","prob":0.88809323},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8420157},{"label":"en","prob":0.8761503},{"label":"en","prob":0.8110933},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9244422},{"label":"en","prob":0.97751164},{"label":"en","prob":0.83468735},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8269423},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8240792},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.93952185},{"label":"en","prob":0.9578578},{"label":"en","prob":0.91860914},{"label":"en","prob":0.9351656},{"label":"en","prob":0.995617},{"label":"en","prob":0.95663595},{"label":"en","prob":0.9860521},{"label":"en","prob":0.99714476},{"label":"en","prob":0.8590335},{"label":"en","prob":0.9922964},{"label":"en","prob":0.975426},{"label":"en","prob":0.8871881},{"label":"en","prob":0.9139325},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98873854},{"label":"en","prob":0.954655},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9888385},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9004384},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8725738},null,null,null,null,{"label":"it","prob":0.8008495},{"label":"en","prob":0.8492293},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83266914},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8005719},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9497761},null,{"label":"es","prob":0.89878416},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88533676},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83280736},{"label":"en","prob":0.8064736},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8697022},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.86654186},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.856612},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9767685},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.887592},null,null,null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.8275079},null,null,{"label":"hy","prob":1.0000483},{"label":"as","prob":0.98142564},{"label":"az","prob":0.9951163},null,null,null,null,{"label":"bg","prob":0.9979911},null,{"label":"ca","prob":0.97929996},{"label":"cv","prob":0.8114353},null,null,null,{"label":"ar","prob":0.99493533},{"label":"et","prob":1.000088},{"label":"el","prob":0.98782945},{"label":"es","prob":0.8222208},null,null,null,null,{"label":"ja","prob":0.966711},{"label":"ko","prob":1.00007},{"label":"hy","prob":1.00008},{"label":"hi","prob":0.883866},{"label":"hr","prob":0.9386292},{"label":"id","prob":0.9134856},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"ka","prob":0.9957717},{"label":"kk","prob":0.98558193},null,{"label":"ky","prob":0.99973524},{"label":"ru","prob":0.86969435},null,null,{"label":"lv","prob":0.9998077},{"label":"lt","prob":1.0000594},null,null,{"label":"mk","prob":0.97717184},{"label":"ml","prob":1.0000544},{"label":"ms","prob":0.8052252},null,{"label":"nl","prob":0.99833286},null,{"label":"ja","prob":1.0000484},null,{"label":"no","prob":0.82973534},null,{"label":"mhr","prob":0.98258823},{"label":"uz","prob":0.8821043},{"label":"pa","prob":0.9999484},{"label":"pnb","prob":0.9576152},null,{"label":"pt","prob":0.9997072},{"label":"ro","prob":0.99815744},null,null,null,{"label":"sd","prob":0.9986095},null,{"label":"sr","prob":0.8570989},null,{"label":"fi","prob":0.9453278},{"label":"sv","prob":0.8383157},{"label":"ta","prob":0.98073053},null,{"label":"te","prob":0.99990374},{"label":"th","prob":1.00008},null,{"label":"uk","prob":0.8764461},{"label":"vi","prob":0.99561477},null,{"label":"zh","prob":0.9998024},{"label":"zh","prob":0.81862706},{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.9812891},null]}}
{"content":"Henry Bradford Endicott (September 11, 1853[1][2] – February 12, 1920[3]) was the founder of the Endicott Johnson Corporation as well as the builder of the Endicott Estate, in Dedham, Massachusetts. During World War I he served in numerous public capacities, including as a labor strike negotiator and as director of the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety.\nHe was born in Dedham, and died of spinal meningitis at the Brooks Hospital in Brookline.[3][4] He was born poor but died a multimillionaire,[4] one of the richest men in the world,[5] and was called \"a typical Horatio Alger type.\"[2] The village of Endicott, New York was named for him.\nContents\n1 Personal life\n2 Business career\n3 Charities and public service\n3.1 World War I\n4 Labor disputes\n5 Endicott Estate\n6 End of life\n6.1 Death and funeral\n6.2 Legacy\n7 Notes\n8 References\n9 Works cited\n10 Further reading\nPersonal life[edit]\nHenry Bradford Endicott was born in the family homestead in Dedham,[2] the son of Augustus Bradford Endicott, a businessman and state and local official, and Sarah Fairbanks.[1][6] He was a descendant of John Endecott, the first governor of Massachusetts, on his father's side[7] and direct descendant of Jonathan Fairbanks on his mother's. He was graduated from Dedham High School after three years.[1]\nHe had two children, Henry Wendell and Gertrude Adele, with his first wife, Caroline Williams Russell, whom he married on May 23, 1876.[1][2][7][nb 1] They divorced in 1904.[4] He remarried in Rye Beach, New Hampshire to fellow Dedhamite Louise Clapp Colburn, a widow with two children from her first marriage to Isaac Colburn (1853–1914), Samuel Clapp Colburn and Katherine Farwell Colburn.[2][4][7] He adopted the Colburn children in 1916.[2][4]\nEndicott liked to hunt and he enjoyed cigars.[4] When about to smoke in the company of a close friend, it was characteristic of him that he would pull a cigar from his vest pocket, clinch it with his teeth and, taking another perfecto from his vest, he would vigorously thrust it into the mouth of his companion.[4]\nBusiness career[edit]\nEndicott spent his boyhood on the farm of his father where his first venture into business was to sell the milk of the farm, the profits of which be divided with his mother.[4] He then went to work for a short time in a plumber's shop, but lost his job because he went to the Massachusetts State Fair in Reading after his boss told him he would be fired if he did so.[4]\nHe was 22 when he went in business for himself.[4] He had obtained work in the leather district and having acquired a little experience and a modest capital he launched the firm of H.B. Endicott & Co.[4] The company, which dealt in sheepskins, was headquartered at 27 High Street in Boston, a few doors down from the offices of the later Endicott Johnson Corporation 10 High Street.[3][4] He became treasurer of the Commonwealth Shoe & Leather Company, and it was through his connection with this firm that he entered the shoe manufacturing business.[4]\nEndicott went to the factory of the Lestershire Boot & Shoe Company near Binghamton, New York, to investigate an order of leather his company had made from them.[4] he was their principal creditor, and the company had fallen into financial difficulties in 1890.[10] Recognizing the potential of the company, he bought it.[4] Under his ownership, the renamed Lestershire Manufacturing Company grew to many times its original size.[4]\nHe sold half of the company to the company's foreman, George F. Johnson, but as Johnson did not have enough any money Endicott loaned him $150,000.[4][10] Their company became the Endicott Johnson Corporation. He operated factories in New York and had tanneries in Maine and Massachusetts.[3][7]\nHe was one of the largest employers in the country but there was never a strike at any of his factories,[3][7] and he did not hesitate to fraternize with his employees.[4] He once stepped into the lunch room at a factory and, sitting beside a group of his employees, he ate a frugal meal which did not cost more than 15 cents.[4] He chatted with the men at his side and spoke complimentary of the meal.[4]\nDuring World War I he made a million dollars or more in profit.[11] Endicott also served as director of the Chase National Bank of New York,[12] the United Shoe Machinery Corporation, the State Street Trust Company,[13] and of the United States Smelting and Refining Company.[4] He joined the board of Shawmut Bank after the Third National Bank closed merged with it.[14][15] In 1920 he called on workers to speed up production, but said that employers must make \"the conditions under which the work is speeded up as bright, sunny, comfortable and attractive as possible in all ways.\"[16]\nWhen the US Government brought a suit against United Shoe pursuant to the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, it named Endicott as a defendant.[17] One of the chief antagonists the case was his fellow Dedhamite, Louis Brandeis.[18]\nCharities and public service[edit]\nWithin 12 hours of the 1917 Halifax Explosion, Endicott organized and sent a relief train to help with the recovery. It was an accomplishment which testified to his remarkable executive ability and power as an organizer for the train left the North Station bearing a large force of doctors and nurses that was assembled in haste from all over the state, as well as supplies.[4] He served as chairman of the Massachusetts–Halifax Relief Commission.[19]\nHe was also chairman of the Emergency Public Health Committee during the influenza epidemic of 1918.[7] During this epidemic he rallied the forces of the state for combating the disease and it is estimated that the service of this committee saved 10,000 lives.[4] He also regularly gave out free shoes to those in need.[20] He showered gifts upon the little New York town in which his big shoe factory was located and has been generous in providing means for public improvement in his native town of Dedham.[4]\nA few years before he died Endicott gave the New York town where his factory was located a $50,000 clubhouse.[4] Every Christmas for many years he gave \"a small sized fortune to the poor people of that town.\"[4] In 1919 it was for $10,000.[4]\nWorld War I[edit]\nHe was appointed by Governor Samuel W. McCall as food administrator and the executive manager of the Massachusetts Committee on Public Safety during World War I.[2][3][4][7] His activities in these two posts kept him constantly in the public eye and it was through his interest in seeing that Massachusetts and New England kept its resources unremittingly behind the government in the prosecution of the war that he first entered the industrial field as an adjuster of disputes.[4] As executive manager of the public safety committee he first directed a general inventory of the state s resources available to aid in the war.[4] As food administrator he laid out a program of food conservation and regulation which was imitated throughout the nation.[4]\nDuring this time he was a dollar-a-year man, taking only $1 in salary,[12] and he tore up the lawn on the Sanderson Street side of his estate to grow potatoes and other vegetables in order to support the war effort and show the need for Victory Gardens.[2][20] Endicott also took out $1 million in liberty bonds from his personal account, and an equal amount from his company's.[4]\nWhen Endicott resigned from his war commission appointments, Governor McCall stated:\nLet me say here that nothing could exceed the patriotism and efficiency of the work you have rendered. I understand that from the time you were appointed until yesterday, a period of 23 months, you have not once been to your place of business. I know that you have devoted yourself wholly to the patriotic work of rendering service to the country in the sore time through which we have passed.[4]\nEndicott himself said that\nI am not a politician. I do not want any public office in this State or in the nation. My sole object in doing the work I am engaged in is to render the public such service as I am capable of—a duty I feel incumbent on every citizen of this country in this crisis. I am enlisted for the war. All my energies, all my time, my business experience, and knowledge of affairs I willingly and gladly give the State and nation. I shall feel amply repaid if I can convince myself that I have been able to contribute something in behalf of the common cause in which the United States is engaged—the defeat of Prussianism and autocracy and the triumph of democracy as we understand it in America.[4]\nIn his war work Endicott never hesitated to cut red tape when by so doing he made the work of his department more efficient and brought speedier and more satisfactory results.[4] He said \"This is the way that private business is run. No private business could be run the way the government conducts its business. It would be in the hands of a receiver in no time.\"[4]\nLabor disputes[edit]\nEndicott enjoyed the confidence of both labor and capital, and he was called upon over and over again to adjust disputes which had engendered much bitter feeling on both sides.[4] Endicott was also appointed by the governor as a strike mediator and settled over 100 strikes, including ones at the Boston and Maine railroad, the elevated Boston railroad companies, and in factories around New England.[4][7] In a single year he settled disputes affecting over 100,000 workers.[21]\nHe said that when attempting to end a strike \"The first principle is to give a square deal to both employer and employee.\" When asked for a specific case, Endicott cited the Boston Elevated Railway strike, saying the carmen demanded 73 cents an hour and that the trustees were only willing to give 53 cents. After investigating the wages paid to the carmen in other large cities, he settled on 60 cents an hour, saying that it was only a fair wage when the importance of the men's work was considered.[4]\nHis reputation brought him appointment by President Woodrow Wilson as one of 15 public representatives at the National Labor Conference in Washington, D.C. in October 1919.[4][7] He was disappointed with the results of the conference.[7]\nEndicott Estate[edit]\nMain article: Endicott Estate\nThe Endicott Estate\nOn January 12, 1904, Endicott's home burnt to the ground while he and his family were away.[22] The fire department was not able to get to the estate in time as they were dealing with three other fires simultaneously,[23] including one at the fire house,[24] and deep snow.[22] The fire was discovered around 10 p.m. by a caretaker who lived in the house.[22] It took several hours to extinguish the flames.[22] The house and furnishings were valued at more than $15,000.[22]\nIt is said that \"Henry took the burning of the homestead as a divine command to rebuild, and rebuild he did, although not without incident.\"[2] He cleared the ashes away and built a new homestead on the 15-acre (61,000 m2) parcel, today known as the Endicott Estate,[23] and bought a new fire truck for the Town.[20]\nThe three story building he constructed has nine bathrooms, eight bedrooms, a library, a music room, a ballroom, a mirrored parlor, a butler's kitchen, a linen room, and servants' quarters.[20] When a radiator burst during the construction, \"causing a raging river to crash down the main stairway,\" he tore down one end of the house and burned a pile of beautiful wall paneling, parquet floors, and elegant woodwork, much to the dismay of his neighbors.[2] An additional 70 feet was then added onto the house.[2] While he was building his mansion, his distant cousins were living in the Fairbanks House just .3 miles (0.48 km) away[25] without electricity or indoor plumbing.[6]\nWhen he died in 1920 he left the building to his wife, who in turn left it to her daughter Katherine in 1944.[20] Katherine died in 1967 without any children and willed the land and the estate to the town for \"public educational purposes, public recreational purposes, or other exclusively public purposes.\"[23][26] At the time \"town didn't know quite what to do with it\" and it was given to the Commonwealth to be used as a governor's mansion, but those plans were scuttled.[2][6][27][28] What was a nine car garage on the Mt. Vernon Street side of the property today serves as the Endicott branch of the Dedham Public Library.[20]\nEnd of life[edit]\nHenry B. Endicott’s grave\nDeath and funeral[edit]\nIn January 1920, while on a hunting trip in North Carolina with other Boston men, which was meant to be a vacation from his public and business affairs, he came down with influenza.[4] The frequent and intense headaches he suffered on the return trip caused him to take up residence at the Hotel Touraine rather than at his home in Dedham so to be closer to his doctors.[4] He was taken to the hospital on February 10 where he was operated on, but remained delirious until his death on the 12th.[4] His family was at his bedside.[4]\nThe funeral services were extremely simple, and took place in the home of Clarence W. Barron at 334 Beacon Street in Boston.[4] A number of prominent men, including Harvard president A. Lawrence Lowell, served as pallbearers at his funeral, with Governors Calvin Coolidge and McCall serving as the head pallbearers.[29][nb 2] The funeral was led by James Hardy Ropes, dean of the Harvard University Extension School.[4][29] He was buried in the Forest Hills Cemetery.[29] McCall and Coolidge issued statements upon his death, with the former saying that he would \"take rank with the great patriots of Massachusetts.\"[21]\nPresident Woodrow Wilson telegramed his condolence to Louise Endicott, saying \"Permit me to express our heartfelt sympathy with you in your bereavement. Mr Endicott's disinterested and public spirited services have made the country his debtor. His loss is a real one.\"[4][21] The presidential message of sympathy was only one of scores from all parts of the United States.[4] The Wall Street Journal ran an editorial praising him saying that it was rare to find someone so adept at both business and statesmanship.[30]\nLegacy[edit]\nThe two executors of his will each posted $18 million bonds, the largest ever in Norfolk County.[31] The \"shoe king's\" estate was worth $11,674,976 in personal property and $92,500 in real estate, including $3.9 million in 'liberty bonds and $6.2 million in Endicott Johnson stock, large amounts of other stock and bonds, and $873,990 in cash.[31][32][33][34] He left nearly the entire amount to his immediate family, with some friends and old servants receiving small bequests.[34]\nHis obituary ran in newspapers across the country. After news of his death reached the stock market, the stock price of the Endicott Johnson Corporation tumbled.[12] In 1928, his estate received a tax refund of $546,599, one of the largest in the country.[35]\nIn 1921 Endicott's widow Louise gave $35,000 to the American Legion to build a clubhouse nearby the family Estate on Whiting Ave.[36] His daughter Gertrude pre-deceased him.[4][7]\nNotes[edit]\n^ Caroline was the daughter of Ira and Louisa (French) Russell.[8] She was born in Dedham on June 15, 1853[8] and died on October 1, 1931.[9]\n^ Others include AC Brown of St Louis, Dr. WA Brooks, B. Preston Clark, FW Curtis of Reading, Pennsylvania, the Rev Paul Revere Frothingham, George F. Johnson, EW Longley, Matthew Luce, George H. Lyman, W. Rodman Peabody, James J. Phelan. AC Ratshesky, James L. Richards, Joseph B. Russell, Frederick E. Snow, John F. Stevens, James J. Storrow, and Robert Winsor.[4]\nReferences[edit]\n^ a b c d McQuillen 1889, p. 92-3.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Martin, Paul (October 31, 2011). \"The Endicott Estate: A Gem in Dedham's Rich History\". Patch.com. Retrieved April 27, 2015.\n^ a b c d e f \"Death of Henry B. Endicott\". The Wilkes-Barre Record. February 13, 1920. p. 5. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax \"Shoe and Leather Reporter\". 137. Shoe and Leather Reporter Company. 1920: 50–52. Retrieved April 27, 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n^ Heald, Hana Janjigian (December 15, 2006). \"Nova Scotia's Christmas Tree gift to Boston has a Dedham connection\". The Dedham Times. 14 (51). p. 3.\n^ a b c Parr, Jim. \"Dedham 375th Trolley Tour Script\" (pdf). Town of Dedham.\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k \"Henry B. Endicott, Shoe Manufacturer, Dies in Hospital\". New-York Tribune (first ed.). February 14, 1920. p. 6. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ a b McQuillen 1889, p. 89.\n^ \"Mrs. Henry B. Endicott\". Daily Boston Globe. October 22, 1931. p. 19.\n^ a b \"Co-Founder of Shoe Firm Dies\". The Monroe News-Star. Monroe, Louisiana. November 29, 1948. p. 6. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"These Men Made Million Dollars of More in War-Time Profit\". Reading Times. Reading, Pennsylvania. December 14, 1934. p. 6. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ a b c \"Endicott-Johnson\". New-York Tribune (1 ed.). February 14, 1920. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"United Shoe Machinery\". The Wall Street Journal. July 12, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Boston Bank Consolidation\". The Wilkes-Barre Record. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. December 2, 1901. p. 13. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"National Shawmut Bank\". Boston Post. April 26, 1904. p. 1. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Labor Leaders Have Great Opportunity to Bring About Needed Increase in Production\". The Sun and The New York Herald (first ed.). February 2, 1920. p. 8. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Government Brings Suit\". Altoona Tribune. Altoona, Pennsylvania. December 13, 1911. p. 8. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Boston Business Men Testify Against Brandeis\". The Wall Street Journal. February 16, 1916. p. 7. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Medical Notes\". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 179 (20): 631. 1918. doi:10.1056/NEJM191811141792008.\n^ a b c d e f Coleman, Sandy (December 12, 2005). \"Historic mansion opens doors in gala celebration of 100 years\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 26, 2006.\n^ a b c \"H.B. Endicott, Shoe Manufacturer, Dies\". The Wall Street Journal. February 14, 1920. p. 10. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ a b c d e \"House of H. B. Endicott of Dedham Damaged by Fire\". Boston Daily Globe. January 13, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved April 27, 2015.\n^ a b c \"History\". The Endicott Estate. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved December 15, 2006.\n^ Hanson, Robert (1999). \"Stories Behind the Pictures in the Images of America: Dedham Book\". Dedham Historical Society Newsletter (December). Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.\n^ \"Google Maps: Fairbanks House to Endicott Estate\". Retrieved 2015-04-27.\n^ \"Katherine Endicott's will\" (pdf). Retrieved April 27, 2015.\n^ Gerwin, Carol (1999). \"Where the heck is the governor's mansion?\". Commonwealth (Fall).\n^ Chapter 471 of the Acts of 1969\n^ a b c \"MANY LABOR MEN AT ENDICOTT FUNDERAL: Simple Services at Home of Clarence W.Barron Gov Coolidge and Ex-Gov McCall Head Honorary Bearers\". Boston Daily Globe. February 16, 1920. p. 6. Retrieved April 25, 2015.\n^ \"Henry B. Endicott\". The Wall Street Journal. February 16, 1920. p. 7. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ a b \"Executors of Endicott Will\". Boston Post. April 1, 1920. p. 4. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Endicott Estate\". The Wall Street Journal. July 17, 1923. p. 9. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Shoe King's Estate Valued at $11,767,476\". The Scranton Republican. Scranton, Pennsylvania. July 16, 1923. p. 2. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ a b \"Endicott Left $10,000,000\". New-York Tribune (first ed.). February 18, 1920. p. 10. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Total of Tax Refunds Over 142 Millions\". The Morning News. Danville, Pennsylvania. December 27, 1928. p. 3. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\n^ \"Open New Clubhouse\". Boston Post. February 23, 1921. p. 2. Retrieved April 27, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.\nWorks cited[edit]\nMcQuillen, H. H. (December 1889). Historical Catalogue of the Dedham High School, Teachers and Students, 1851-1889. Dedham (Mass.). High School.\nFurther reading[edit]\nHenry B. Endicott: A Brief Memoir of His Life and His Services to the State and Nation. McGrath-Sherrill Press. 1921.\nSlafter, Carlos (1905). A Record of Education: The Schools and Teachers of Dedham, Massachusetts. Dedham Transcript Press.\nAuthority control\nGeneral\nVIAF\n1\nWorldCat\nNational libraries\nUnited States\nOther\nFaceted Application of Subject Terminology\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bradford_Endicott&oldid=1025968797\"\nCategories:\n1854 births\n1920 deaths\nBusinesspeople from Dedham, Massachusetts\nPhilanthropists from Dedham, Massachusetts\nHidden categories:\nCS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty\nCS1 errors: missing periodical\nArticles with short description\nShort description matches Wikidata\nArticles with VIAF identifiers\nArticles with LCCN identifiers\nArticles with FAST identifiers\nArticles with WORLDCATID identifiers\nNavigation menu\nPersonal tools\nNot logged in\nTalk\nContributions\nCreate account\nLog in\nNamespaces\nArticle\nTalk\nVariants\nViews\nRead\nEdit\nView history\nMore\nSearch\nNavigation\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\nDonate\nContribute\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nTools\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nWikidata item\nPrint/export\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\nIn other projects\nWikimedia Commons\nLanguages\nالعربية\nEdit links\nThis page was last edited on 30 May 2021, at 16:53 (UTC).\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.","warc_headers":{"content-length":"22283","content-type":"text/plain","warc-record-id":"<urn:uuid:7dfc5a6b-c23e-453a-af9f-0791ab4a4318>","warc-date":"2021-09-16T12:41:31Z","warc-identified-content-language":"eng","warc-type":"conversion","warc-refers-to":"<urn:uuid:1b3ca9c9-c3fd-4b47-9017-d7f18a6c9501>","warc-block-digest":"sha1:N2XJR3Q7S6TBVSAEVVD4RGSTWS4SFZ6E","warc-target-uri":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bradford_Endicott"},"metadata":{"identification":{"label":"en","prob":0.7432217},"annotation":["short_sentences","header","footer"],"sentence_identifications":[{"label":"en","prob":0.9798349},{"label":"en","prob":0.99767625},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96504486},{"label":"en","prob":0.87495065},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8007625},{"label":"en","prob":0.82207596},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9821155},{"label":"en","prob":0.95202506},{"label":"en","prob":0.99658567},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9987165},{"label":"en","prob":0.9900225},{"label":"en","prob":0.99219394},{"label":"en","prob":0.9828242},{"label":"en","prob":0.99531585},{"label":"en","prob":0.972355},{"label":"en","prob":0.9637306},{"label":"en","prob":0.85106176},{"label":"en","prob":0.9870338},{"label":"en","prob":0.99192244},{"label":"en","prob":0.997271},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98392993},{"label":"en","prob":0.9779651},{"label":"en","prob":0.9860266},{"label":"en","prob":0.98708576},{"label":"en","prob":0.99588364},{"label":"en","prob":0.9591082},{"label":"en","prob":0.98926556},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.98478943},{"label":"en","prob":0.9806115},{"label":"en","prob":0.9851523},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9974736},{"label":"en","prob":0.9758625},{"label":"en","prob":0.97226477},{"label":"en","prob":0.98313427},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9956896},{"label":"en","prob":0.9841749},{"label":"en","prob":0.9705318},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96501666},{"label":"en","prob":0.98083913},{"label":"en","prob":0.9601739},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9987127},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.83356255},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8402883},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8524278},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.80345994},null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82503635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8992382},{"label":"en","prob":0.883027},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8523666},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8359085},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8048068},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.82138747},{"label":"en","prob":0.89610326},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.85713273},{"label":"en","prob":0.89822394},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.89710706},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.88533676},{"label":"en","prob":0.83280736},{"label":"en","prob":0.8064736},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.90571195},{"label":"en","prob":0.90123266},{"label":"en","prob":0.8812965},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.856612},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8735821},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.99779063},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8177732},{"label":"en","prob":0.90339315},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8246582},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96736485},null,null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200458},null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.96017635},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8841769},null,null,null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.8200161},{"label":"en","prob":0.98899454},null,{"label":"en","prob":0.887592},null,null,null,{"label":"en","prob":0.9671961},{"label":"en","prob":0.9902922},null]}}