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of
confucius
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confucius
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title
:
the
sayings
of
confucius
author
:
confucius
translator
:
leonard
a.
lyall
release
date
:
december
##number##
,
##number##
[
ebook
#
##number##
]
language
:
english
character
set
encoding
:
ascii
*
*
*
start
of
this
project
gutenberg
ebook
the
sayings
of
confucius
*
*
*
produced
by
sankar
viswanathan
,
thierry
alberto
,
henry
craig
,
and
the
online
distributed
proofreading
team
at
http
:
//www.pgdp.net
(
this
file
was
produced
from
images
generously
made
available
by
the
internet
archive
)
transcriber
's
note
:
the
table
of
contents
is
not
part
of
the
original
book.
the
sayings
of
confucius
translated
by
leonard
a.
lyall
longmans
,
green
and
co.
london
.
new
york
.
toronto
longmans
,
green
and
co.
ltd.
##number##
paternoster
row
,
london
,
e.c.4
##number##
old
court
house
street
,
calcutta
##number##
nicol
road
,
bombay
36a
mount
road
,
madras
longmans
,
green
and
co.
##number##
fifth
avenue
,
new
york
##number##
east
20th
street
,
chicago
##number##
tremont
street
,
boston
longmans
,
green
and
co.
##number##
university
avenue
,
toronto
*
*
*
*
*
contents
introduction
note
the
sayings
of
confucius
book
i
book
ii
book
iii
book
iv
book
v
book
vi
book
vii
book
viii
book
ix
book
x
book
xi
book
xii
book
xiii
book
xiv
book
xv
book
xvi
book
xvii
book
xviii
book
xix
book
xx
index
*
*
*
*
*
introduction
confucius
was
born
in
the
year
##number##
b.c.
,
[
##number##
]
in
the
land
of
lu
,
in
a
small
village
,
situated
in
the
western
part
of
the
modern
province
of
shantung.
his
name
was
k
'ung
ch
'iu
,
and
his
style
(
corresponding
to
our
christian
name
)
was
chung-ni.
his
countrymen
speak
of
him
as
k
'ung
fu-tzu
,
the
master
,
or
philosopher
k
'ung.
this
expression
was
altered
into
confucius
by
the
jesuit
missionaries
who
first
carried
his
fame
to
europe.
[
footnote
##number##
:
according
to
the
great
historian
ssu-ma
ch
'ien.
other
authorities
say
,
##number##
and
##number##
b.c.
]
since
the
golden
days
of
the
emperors
yao
and
shun
,
the
legendary
founders
of
the
chinese
empire
,
nearly
two
thousand
years
had
passed.
shun
chose
as
his
successor
yue
,
who
had
been
his
chief
minister
,
a
man
whose
devotion
to
duty
was
such
that
when
engaged
in
draining
the
empire
of
the
great
flood
--
a
task
that
took
eight
years
to
accomplish
--
he
never
entered
his
home
till
the
work
was
done
,
although
in
the
course
of
his
labours
he
had
thrice
to
pass
his
door.
he
founded
the
hsia
dynasty
,
which
lasted
till
##number##
b.c.
the
last
emperor
of
this
line
,
a
vile
tyrant
,
was
overthrown
by
t
'ang
,
who
became
the
first
ruler
of
the
house
of
shang
,
or
yin.
this
dynasty
again
degenerated
in
course
of
time
and
came
to
an
end
in
chou
,
or
chou
hsin
(
##number##
b.c.
)
,
a
monster
of
lust
,
extravagance
,
and
cruelty.
the
empire
was
only
held
together
by
the
strength
and
wisdom
of
the
duke
of
chou
,
or
king
wen
,
to
give
him
his
popular
title
,
one
of
the
greatest
men
in
chinese
history.
he
controlled
two-thirds
of
the
empire
;
but
,
believing
that
the
people
were
not
yet
ready
for
a
change
,
he
refrained
from
dethroning
the
emperor.
in
his
day
'the
husbandman
paid
one
in
nine
;
the
pay
of
the
officers
was
hereditary
;
men
were
questioned
at
barriers
and
at
markets
,
but
there
were
no
tolls
;
fishgarths
were
not
preserved
;
the
children
of
criminals
were
sackless.
the
old
and
wifeless
--
the
widower
;
the
old
and
husbandless
--
the
widow
;
the
old
and
childless
--
the
lone
one
;
the
young
and
fatherless
--
the
orphan
;
these
four
are
the
people
most
in
need
below
heaven
,
and
they
have
no
one
to
whom
to
cry
,
so
when
king
wen
reigned
his
love
went
out
first
to
them
'
(
mencius
,
book
ii
,
chapter
##number##
)
.
after
his
death
,
his
son
,
king
wu
,
decided
that
the
nation
was
ripe
for
change.
he
overcame
chou
hsin
by
force
of
arms
,
and
,
placing
himself
on
the
throne
,
became
the
founder
of
the
chou
dynasty.
in
the
time
of
confucius
the
chou
dynasty
still
filled
the
throne.
but
it
had
long
since
become
effete
,
and
all
power
had
passed
into
the
hands
of
the
great
vassals.
the
condition
of
china
was
much
like
that
of
germany
in
the
worst
days
of
the
holy
roman
empire.
the
emperor
was
powerless
,
the
various
vassal
states
were
independent
in
all
but
name
,
and
often
at
war
one
with
the
other.
these
states
again
were
disintegrated
,
and
their
rulers
impotent
against
encroaching
feudatories.
in
confucius
'
native
state
,
lu
,
the
duke
was
a
mere
shadow.
the
younger
branches
of
his
house
had
usurped
all
power.
three
in
number
,
they
were
called
the
three
clans.
the
most
important
of
the
three
was
the
chi
,
or
chi-sun
clan
,
whose
chiefs
chi
huan
and
chi
k
'ang
are
often
mentioned
by
confucius.
but
the
power
of
the
chi
,
too
,
was
ill-secured.
the
minister
yang
huo
overawed
his
master
,
and
once
even
threw
him
into
prison.
nor
was
the
condition
of
the
other
states
of
the
empire
better
than
that
of
lu.
confucius
thought
it
worse.
into
this
turbulent
world
confucius
was
born.
though
his
father
was
only
a
poor
military
officer
,
he
could
trace
his
descent
from
the
imperial
house
of
yin.
confucius
married
at
nineteen
,
and
is
known
to
have
had
one
son
and
one
daughter.
shortly
after
his
marriage
he
entered
the
service
of
the
state
as
keeper
of
the
granary.
a
year
later
he
was
put
in
charge
of
the
public
fields.
in
##number##
b.c.
his
mother
died
,
and
,
in
obedience
to
chinese
custom
,
he
had
to
retire
from
public
life.
when
the
years
of
mourning
were
over
,
he
did
not
again
take
office
,
but
devoted
himself
instead
to
study
and
teaching.
as
the
years
rolled
by
his
fame
grew
,
and
a
band
of
pupils
gathered
round
him.
in
##number##
b.c.
the
anarchy
in
lu
reached
such
a
pitch
that
confucius
moved
to
the
neighbouring
land
of
ch
'i.
here
he
had
several
interviews
with
the
reigning
duke
,
but
met
with
little
encouragement
(
xviii.
##number##
)
.
so
he
soon
returned
to
his
native
country
,
and
resumed
for
fifteen
years
his
work
as
student
and
teacher.
during
these
fifteen
years
the
power
of
the
duke
sank
lower
and
lower
,
and
the
chi
was
menaced
by
his
minister
yang
huo.
in
times
so
dark
,
men
that
loved
quiet
sought
in
the
world
of
thought
an
escape
from
the
gloom
around
them
,
whilst
others
that
were
less
resigned
turned
over
in
their
minds
the
causes
of
the
realm
's
decay.
lao-tzu
,
the
founder
of
the
mystic
taoist
philosophy
,
taught
that
in
inaction
alone
peace
can
be
found
;
mo-tzu
proclaimed
the
doctrine
of
universal
love
:
that
we
should
love
all
men
as
we
love
self
,
love
the
parents
of
others
as
we
love
our
own
parents.
upright
men
were
driven
or
fled
from
the
world.
confucius
often
met
them
in
his
wanderings
,
and
was
reproved
for
not
doing
as
they
did.
but
his
practical
mind
told
him
that
inaction
could
not
help
the
world
,
and
that
to
find
a
remedy
for
the
nation
's
ills
,
their
cause
must
first
be
learned.
this
could
only
be
done
by
historical
study.
he
therefore
devoted
himself
to
the
study
of
past
times
,
edited
in
later
life
the
_book
of
history_
,
and
compiled
the
work
called
_spring
and
autumn_
,
a
history
of
his
native
state
from
##number##
to
##number##
b.c.
to
bring
again
the
golden
days
of
yao
and
shun
a
return
must
be
made
to
the
principles
of
wen
and
wu
,
the
kings
that
had
rebuilt
the
empire
after
tyranny
and
selfishness
had
laid
it
low.
of
impracticable
ideals
and
renunciation
of
the
world
no
good
could
come.
at
last
in
##number##
b.c.
yang
huo
was
forced
to
flee
from
lu
,
and
prospects
brightened.
a
year
later
confucius
was
appointed
governor
of
a
town.
so
great
was
his
success
as
governor
that
before
long
he
was
promoted
to
be
superintendent
of
works
,
and
then
to
be
chief
criminal
judge.
he
won
great
influence
with
his
master
,
and
did
much
to
lighten
the
general
misery.
he
so
strengthened
the
power
of
the
duke
that
neighbouring
states
grew
jealous.
to
sow
dissension
between
duke
and
minister
the
men
of
ch
'i
sent
the
duke
a
gift
of
singing
girls.
such
joy
they
gave
him
that
for
three
days
no
court
was
held.
on
this
confucius
left
the
land
,
##number##
b.c.
for
the
next
thirteen
years
confucius
wandered
from
land
to
land
,
followed
by
his
disciples
,
seeking
in
vain
for
a
ruler
that
was
willing
to
employ
him
,
and
whom
he
was
willing
to
serve.
at
times
he
was
exposed
to
danger
,
at
other
times
to
want.
but
as
a
rule
he
was
treated
with
consideration
,
although
his
teachings
were
ignored.
yet
thirteen
years
of
homeless
wandering
,
of
hopes
deferred
and
frustrated
,
must
have
been
hard
to
bear.
when
he
left
office
confucius
was
already
fifty-three
years
old
,
and
his
life
so
far
seemed
a
failure.
the
sense
of
his
wasted
powers
may
well
have
tempted
him
now
and
again
to
take
office
under
an
unworthy
ruler
;
but
knowing
that
no
good
could
come
of
it
he
refrained
,
and
probably
he
never
seriously
thought
of
doing
so.
in
##number##
b.c.
,
when
confucius
was
sixty-six
years
old
,
through
the
influence
of
his
disciple
jan
yu
,
who
was
in
the
service
of
the
chi
,
the
master
was
invited
to
return
to
his
native
land.
here
he
remained
till
his
death
in
##number##
b.c.
he
had
many
interviews
with
the
reigning
duke
and
the
head
of
the
chi
clan
,
but
gained
no
influence
over
either
of
them.
so
he
turned
once
more
to
his
favourite
studies
;
edited
the
_book
of
poetry_
--
perhaps
the
most
interesting
collection
of
ancient
songs
extant
--
and
wrote
_spring
and
autumn_.
his
closing
years
were
darkened
by
the
loss
of
those
dearest
to
him.
first
his
son
died
,
then
yen
yuean
,
the
disciple
whom
he
loved
best.
at
his
death
the
master
was
overcome
by
grief
,
and
he
left
none
behind
him
that
loved
learning.
lastly
tzu-lu
,
the
frank
and
bold
,
was
killed
in
battle.
a
little
later
,
in
his
seventy-first
year
,
confucius
himself
passed
away
,
##number##
b.c.
this
book
of
the
master
's
sayings
is
believed
by
the
chinese
to
have
been
written
by
the
disciples
of
confucius.
but
there
is
nothing
to
prove
this
,
and
some
passages
in
the
book
point
the
other
way.
book
viii
speaks
of
the
death
of
tseng-tzu
,
who
did
not
die
till
##number##
b.c.
,
forty-two
years
after
the
master.
the
chief
authority
for
the
text
as
it
stands
to-day
is
a
manuscript
found
in
the
house
of
confucius
in
##number##
b.c.
,
hidden
there
,
in
all
likelihood
,
between
the
years
##number##
and
##number##
b.c.
,
when
the
reigning
emperor
was
seeking
to
destroy
every
copy
of
the
classics.
we
find
no
earlier
reference
to
the
book
under
its
present
name.
but
mencius
(
##number##
b.c.
)
quotes
seven
passages
from
it
,
in
language
all
but
identical
with
the
present
text
,
as
the
words
of
confucius.
no
man
ever
talked
the
language
of
these
sayings.
such
pith
and
smoothness
is
only
reached
by
a
long
process
of
rounding
and
polishing.
we
shall
probably
come
no
nearer
to
the
truth
than
legge
's
conclusion
that
the
book
was
put
together
by
the
pupils
of
the
disciples
of
confucius
,
from
the
words
and
notebooks
of
their
masters
,
about
the
year
##number##
b.c.
leonard
a.
lyall.
amalfi
,
_january
,
1909_
*
*
*
*
*
note
such
information
as
seemed
necessary
to
enable
the
reader
to
understand
the
text
,
or
that
appeared
to
me
to
be
of
general
interest
,
i
have
given
in
the
notes
at
the
foot
of
the
page.
further
details
about
the
men
and
places
mentioned
in
the
text
will
be
found
in
the
index.
dates
i
have
taken
from
legge
,
hirth
and
other
standard
authors.
in
chinese
names
,
consonants
are
generally
pronounced
as
in
english
,
vowels
as
in
italian.
_e_
,
when
not
joined
with
_i_
,
is
pronounced
nearly
as
german
_oe_
,
or
much
as
_u_
in
english
l_u_ck.
_ao_
rhymes
approximately
with
h_ow_
_ei_
"
"
"
th_ey_
_ou_
"
"
"
th_ough_
_uo_
"
"
"
p_oo_r
,
the
_u_
being
equivalent
to
_w_.
_chih_
and
_shih_
rhyme
approximately
with
_her_.
_tzu_
is
pronounced
much
as
_sir_
in
the
vulgar
_yessir_
,
but
with
a
hissing
sound
prefixed.
*
*
*
*
*
the
sayings
of
confucius
book
i
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
learn
and
then
do
,
is
not
that
a
pleasure
?
when
friends
come
from
afar
do
we
not
rejoice
?
to
live
unknown
and
not
fret
,
is
not
that
to
be
a
gentleman
?
##number##
yu-tzu
[
##number##
]
said.
few
men
that
are
good
sons
and
good
brothers
are
fond
of
withstanding
those
over
them.
a
man
that
is
not
fond
of
withstanding
those
over
him
and
is
yet
fond
of
broils
is
nowhere
found.
a
gentleman
heeds
the
roots.
when
the
root
has
taken
,
the
way
is
born.
and
to
be
a
good
son
and
a
good
brother
,
is
not
that
the
root
of
love
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
smooth
words
and
fawning
looks
are
seldom
found
with
love.
##number##
tseng-tzu
[
##number##
]
said
,
thrice
daily
i
ask
myself
:
in
dealing
for
others
,
have
i
been
unfaithful
?
have
i
been
untrue
to
friends
?
do
i
practise
what
i
preach
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
guide
a
land
of
a
thousand
chariots
,
honour
business
and
be
true
;
spend
little
and
love
men
;
time
thy
calls
on
the
people.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
young
should
be
dutiful
at
home
,
modest
abroad
,
careful
and
true
,
overflowing
in
kindness
for
all
,
but
in
brotherhood
with
love.
and
if
they
have
strength
to
spare
they
should
spend
it
on
the
arts.
##number##
tzu-hsia
[
##number##
]
said
,
if
a
man
eschews
beauty
and
honours
worth
,
if
he
serves
his
father
and
mother
with
all
his
strength
,
if
he
is
ready
to
give
his
life
for
his
lord
,
and
keeps
faith
with
his
friends
,
though
others
may
say
he
has
no
learning
,
i
must
call
him
learned.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
will
not
be
looked
up
to
unless
he
is
staid
,
nor
will
his
learning
be
sound.
put
faithfulness
and
truth
first
;
have
no
friends
unlike
thyself
;
be
not
ashamed
to
mend
thy
faults.
##number##
tseng-tzu
[
##number##
]
said
,
heed
the
dead
,
follow
up
the
past
,
and
the
soul
of
the
people
will
again
grow
great.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
##number##
tzu-ch
'in
[
##number##
]
said
to
tzu-kung
,
[
##number##
]
when
he
comes
to
a
country
the
master
always
hears
how
it
is
governed
;
does
he
ask
,
or
is
it
told
him
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
tzu-kung
said
,
the
master
gets
it
by
his
warmth
and
honesty
,
by
politeness
,
modesty
and
yielding.
the
way
the
master
asks
is
unlike
other
men
's
asking.
##number##
the
master
said
,
whilst
thy
father
lives
look
for
his
purpose
;
when
he
is
gone
,
look
how
he
walked.
to
change
nothing
in
thy
father
's
ways
for
three
years
may
be
called
pious.
##number##
,
yu-tzu
[
##number##
]
said
,
to
behave
with
ease
is
the
best
part
of
courtesy.
this
was
the
beauty
of
the
old
kings
'
ways
;
this
they
followed
in
small
and
great.
but
knowing
this
,
it
will
not
do
to
give
way
to
ease
,
unchecked
by
courtesy.
this
too
is
wrong.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
##number##
yu-tzu
said
,
if
pledges
are
close
to
right
,
word
can
be
kept.
if
attentions
are
close
to
courtesy
,
shame
will
be
kept
far.
if
we
do
not
choose
our
leaders
wrong
,
we
may
worship
them
too.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
that
does
not
seek
to
eat
his
fill
,
nor
look
for
ease
in
his
home
,
who
is
earnest
at
work
and
careful
of
speech
,
who
walks
with
those
that
keep
the
way
,
and
is
guided
by
them
,
may
be
said
to
love
learning.
##number##
tzu-kung
[
##number##
]
said
,
poor
,
but
no
flatterer
;
rich
,
but
not
proud
:
how
would
that
be
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
it
would
do
,
said
the
master
;
but
better
still
were
poor
but
merry
;
rich
,
but
loving
courtesy.
tzu-kung
said
,
when
the
poem
says
:
if
ye
cut
,
if
ye
file
,
if
ye
polish
and
grind
,
is
that
what
is
meant
?
the
master
said
,
now
i
can
begin
to
talk
of
poetry
to
tz
'u.
tell
him
what
is
gone
,
and
he
knows
what
shall
come.
##number##
the
master
said
,
not
to
be
known
is
no
sorrow.
my
sorrow
is
not
knowing
men.
book
ii
##number##
the
master
said
,
he
that
rules
by
mind
is
like
the
north
star
,
steady
in
his
seat
,
whilst
the
stars
all
bend
to
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
three
hundred
poems
are
summed
up
in
the
one
line
,
think
no
evil.
##number##
the
master
said
,
guide
the
people
by
law
,
aline
them
by
punishment
;
they
may
shun
crime
,
but
they
will
want
shame.
guide
them
by
mind
,
aline
them
by
courtesy
;
they
will
learn
shame
and
grow
good.
##number##
the
master
said
,
at
fifteen
,
i
had
the
will
to
learn
;
at
thirty
,
i
could
stand
;
at
forty
,
i
had
no
doubts
;
at
fifty
,
i
understood
the
heavenly
bidding
;
at
sixty
,
my
ears
were
opened
[
##number##
]
;
at
seventy
,
i
could
do
as
my
heart
lusted
without
trespassing
from
the
square.
[
footnote
##number##
:
_lit._
,
obedient.
]
##number##
meng
yi
asked
the
duty
of
a
son.
the
master
said
,
not
to
transgress.
as
fan
chi
'ih
[
##number##
]
was
driving
him
,
the
master
said
,
meng-sun
[
##number##
]
asked
me
the
duty
of
a
son
;
i
answered
,
not
to
transgress.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
meng
yi.
]
what
did
ye
mean
?
said
fan
chi
'ih.
to
serve
our
father
and
mother
with
courtesy
whilst
they
live
;
to
bury
them
with
courtesy
when
they
die
,
and
to
worship
them
with
courtesy.
##number##
meng
wu
asked
the
duty
of
a
son.
the
master
said
,
he
should
not
grieve
his
father
and
mother
by
anything
but
illness.
##number##
tzu-yu
[
##number##
]
asked
the
duty
of
a
son.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
the
master
said
,
he
that
can
feed
his
parents
is
now
called
a
good
son.
but
both
dogs
and
horses
are
fed
,
and
unless
we
honour
our
parents
,
what
is
the
difference
?
##number##
tzu-hsia
[
##number##
]
asked
the
duty
of
a
son.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
the
master
said
,
our
manner
is
the
hard
part.
for
the
young
to
be
a
stay
in
toil
and
leave
the
wine
and
food
to
their
elders
,
is
this
to
fulfil
their
duty
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
if
i
talk
all
day
to
hui
,
[
##number##
]
like
a
dullard
,
he
never
differs
from
me.
but
when
he
is
gone
,
if
i
watch
him
when
alone
,
he
can
carry
out
what
i
taught.
no
,
hui
is
no
dullard
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
yen
yuean.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
see
what
he
does
;
watch
what
moves
him
;
search
what
pleases
him
:
can
the
man
lie
hidden
?
can
the
man
lie
hidden
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
keep
old
knowledge
warm
and
get
new
makes
the
teacher.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
not
a
vessel.
##number##
tzu-kung
[
##number##
]
asked
,
what
is
a
gentleman
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
the
master
said
,
he
puts
words
into
deeds
first
,
and
follows
these
up
with
words.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
broad
and
fair
;
the
small
man
takes
sides
and
is
narrow.
##number##
the
master
said
,
learning
without
thought
is
naught
;
thought
without
learning
is
dangerous.
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
fight
strange
doctrines
does
harm.
##number##
the
master
said
,
yu
,
[
##number##
]
shall
i
teach
thee
what
is
wisdom
?
to
know
what
we
know
,
and
know
what
we
do
not
know
,
is
wisdom.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-lu.
]
##number##
tsu-chang
[
##number##
]
learned
with
an
eye
to
pay.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
the
master
said
,
hear
much
,
leave
all
that
is
doubtful
alone
,
speak
warily
of
everything
else
,
and
few
will
be
offended.
see
much
,
leave
all
that
is
dangerous
alone
,
deal
warily
with
everything
else
,
and
thou
wilt
have
little
to
rue.
if
thy
words
seldom
give
offence
,
and
thy
deeds
leave
little
to
rue
,
pay
will
follow.
##number##
duke
ai
[
##number##
]
asked
,
what
should
i
do
to
win
the
people
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
of
lu.
]
confucius
answered
,
lift
up
the
straight
,
put
away
the
crooked
;
and
the
people
will
be
won.
lift
up
the
crooked
,
put
away
the
straight
;
and
the
people
will
not
be
won.
##number##
chi
k
'ang
[
##number##
]
asked
how
to
make
the
people
lowly
,
faithful
and
painstaking.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
head
of
the
chi
clan.
]
the
master
said
,
meet
them
with
dignity
,
they
will
be
lowly
;
be
a
good
son
and
merciful
,
they
will
be
faithful
;
lift
up
the
good
and
teach
the
unskilled
,
and
they
will
take
pains.
##number##
one
said
to
confucius
,
why
do
ye
not
govern
,
sir
?
the
master
said
,
what
does
the
book
[
##number##
]
say
of
a
good
son
?
'to
be
a
good
son
and
a
friend
to
thy
brothers
is
to
show
how
to
govern.
'
this
,
too
,
is
to
govern.
must
one
be
in
office
to
govern
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
book
of
history.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
man
without
truth
,
i
know
not
what
good
he
is
!
a
cart
without
a
crosspole
,
a
carriage
without
a
yoke
,
how
can
they
be
moved
?
##number##
tzu-chang
[
##number##
]
asked
whether
we
can
know
what
is
to
be
ten
generations
hence.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
the
master
said
,
the
yin
[
##number##
]
took
over
the
manners
of
the
hsia
;
the
harm
and
the
good
that
they
did
them
can
be
known.
the
chou
took
over
the
manners
of
the
yin
;
the
harm
and
the
good
that
they
did
them
can
be
known.
and
we
may
know
what
shall
be
,
even
an
hundred
generations
hence
,
whoever
follows
chou.
[
footnote
##number##
:
up
to
the
time
of
confucius
,
china
had
been
ruled
by
three
lines
of
kings.
first
the
t
'ang
,
next
the
yin
or
shang
,
then
the
chou.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
worship
the
ghosts
of
men
not
akin
to
us
is
fawning.
to
see
the
right
and
not
do
it
is
want
of
courage.
book
iii
##number##
of
the
chi
having
eight
rows
of
dancers
[
##number##
]
in
his
courtyard
,
confucius
said
,
if
this
is
to
be
borne
,
what
is
not
to
be
borne
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
an
imperial
prerogative.
]
##number##
when
the
sacrifice
was
ended
,
the
three
clans
had
the
yung
hymn
sung.
the
master
said
,
princes
and
dukes
assist.
solemn
is
the
son
of
heaven
;
what
meaning
has
this
in
the
courtyard
of
the
three
clans
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
man
without
love
,
what
is
courtesy
to
him
?
a
man
without
love
,
what
is
music
to
him
?
##number##
lin
fang
asked
what
good
form
is
at
root.
the
master
said
,
a
big
question
!
at
high-tides
,
thrift
is
better
than
waste
;
at
burials
,
grief
is
worth
more
than
nicety.
##number##
the
master
said
,
every
wild
tribe
has
its
lord
,
whereas
the
lands
of
hsia
[
##number##
]
have
none
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
china.
]
##number##
the
chi
sacrificed
to
mount
t
'ai.
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
prerogative
of
the
duke
of
lu.
]
the
master
said
to
jan
yu
,
[
##number##
]
canst
thou
not
stop
this
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple
in
the
service
of
the
chi.
]
he
answered
,
i
cannot.
alas
!
said
the
master
;
dost
thou
think
mount
t
'ai
less
wise
than
lin
fang
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
never
strives
with
others.
or
must
he
,
perhaps
,
in
shooting
?
but
then
,
as
he
bows
and
makes
way
in
going
up
or
steps
down
to
drink
,
[
##number##
]
his
strife
is
that
of
a
gentleman.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
loser
had
to
drink
a
cup
of
wine.
]
##number##
tzu-hsia
asked
,
what
is
the
meaning
of
:
her
cunning
smiles
,
her
dimples
light
,
her
lovely
eyes
,
so
clear
and
bright
,
all
unadorned
,
the
background
white.
colouring
,
said
the
master
,
is
second
to
the
plain
ground.
then
good
form
is
second
,
said
tzu-hsia.
shang
,
[
##number##
]
said
the
master
,
thou
hast
hit
my
meaning
!
now
i
can
talk
of
poetry
to
thee.
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-hsia.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
can
speak
of
the
manners
of
hsia
;
but
as
proof
of
them
chi
[
##number##
]
is
not
enough.
i
can
speak
of
the
manners
of
yin
;
but
as
proof
of
them
sung
is
not
enough.
this
is
due
to
their
dearth
of
books
and
great
men.
if
there
were
enough
of
these
,
i
could
use
them
as
proofs.
[
footnote
##number##
:
chi
was
the
homeland
of
the
house
of
hsia
,
sung
that
of
the
house
of
yin.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
after
the
drink
offering
at
the
great
sacrifice
,
i
have
no
wish
to
see
more.
##number##
one
asked
the
meaning
of
the
great
sacrifice.
the
master
said
,
i
do
not
know.
he
that
knew
the
meaning
would
overlook
all
below
heaven
as
i
do
this
--
and
he
pointed
to
his
palm.
##number##
he
worshipped
as
if
those
whom
he
worshipped
were
before
him
;
he
worshipped
the
spirits
as
if
they
were
before
him.
the
master
said
:
for
me
,
to
take
no
part
in
the
sacrifice
is
the
same
as
not
sacrificing.
##number##
wang-sun
chia
[
##number##
]
said
,
what
is
the
meaning
of
,
it
is
better
to
court
the
hearth-god
than
the
god
of
the
home
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
wang-sun
chia
was
minister
of
wei
,
and
had
more
influence
than
his
master.
the
hearth-god
ranks
below
the
god
of
the
home
(
the
roman
_lares_
)
,
but
since
he
sees
all
that
goes
on
in
the
house
,
and
ascends
to
heaven
at
the
end
of
the
year
to
report
what
has
happened
,
it
is
well
to
be
on
good
terms
with
him.
]
not
so
,
said
the
master.
a
sin
against
heaven
leaves
no
room
for
prayer.
##number##
the
master
said
,
chou
[
##number##
]
looks
back
on
two
lines
of
kings.
how
rich
,
how
rich
it
is
in
art
!
i
follow
chou.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
royal
house
of
chou
,
which
was
then
ruling
china.
]
##number##
on
going
into
the
great
temple
the
master
asked
about
everything.
one
said
,
who
says
that
the
tsou
man
's
son
knows
the
rites
?
on
going
into
the
great
temple
he
asked
about
everything.
when
he
heard
this
,
the
master
said
,
such
is
the
rite.
##number##
the
master
said
,
in
shooting
,
the
arrow
need
not
go
right
through
the
target
,
for
men
are
not
the
same
in
strength.
this
was
the
old
rule.
##number##
tzu-kung
wished
to
do
away
with
the
sheep
offering
at
the
new
moon.
the
master
said
,
thou
lovest
the
sheep
,
tz
'u
:
i
love
the
rite.
##number##
the
master
said
:
serve
the
king
with
all
courtesy
,
men
call
it
fawning.
##number##
duke
ting
asked
how
a
lord
should
treat
his
lieges
,
and
how
lieges
should
serve
their
lord.
confucius
answered
,
the
lord
should
treat
his
lieges
with
courtesy
;
lieges
should
serve
their
lord
faithfully.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
poem
_the
osprey_
is
glad
,
but
not
wanton
;
it
is
sad
,
but
not
morbid.
##number##
duke
ai
asked
tsai
wo
about
the
earth-altars.
tsai
wo
answered
,
the
emperors
of
the
house
of
hsia
grew
firs
round
them
;
the
men
of
yin
grew
cypress
;
the
men
of
chou
grew
chestnut
,
which
was
to
say
,
let
the
people
tremble.
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
_tremble_
and
_chestnut_
have
the
same
sound
in
chinese.
]
on
hearing
this
,
the
master
said
,
i
do
not
speak
of
what
is
ended
,
chide
what
is
settled
,
or
find
fault
with
what
is
past.
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
in
old
times
men
had
been
sacrificed
at
the
earth-altars
,
and
tsai
wo
's
answer
might
seem
to
approve
the
practice.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
how
shallow
was
kuan
chung
!
but
,
said
one
,
was
not
kuan
chung
thrifty
?
the
kuan
,
said
the
master
,
owned
san
kuei
,
and
no
one
of
his
household
held
two
posts
:
was
that
thrift
?
at
least
kuan
chung
knew
good
form.
the
master
said
,
kings
screen
their
gates
with
trees
;
the
kuan
,
too
,
had
trees
to
screen
his
gate.
when
two
kings
are
carousing
,
they
have
a
stand
for
the
turned-down
cups
;
the
kuan
had
a
turned-down
cup-stand
,
too
!
if
the
kuan
knew
good
form
,
who
does
not
know
good
form
?
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
kuan
chung
(
+
##number##
b.c.
)
,
a
famous
man
in
his
day
,
was
chief
minister
to
the
duke
of
ch
'i
,
whom
he
raised
to
such
wealth
and
power
that
he
became
the
leading
prince
of
the
empire.
his
chief
merit
lay
in
taming
the
barbarous
frontier
tribes.
the
rest
of
his
work
was
built
upon
sand
and
died
with
him.
]
##number##
the
master
said
to
the
great
master
[
##number##
]
of
lu
,
we
can
learn
how
to
play
music
;
at
first
each
part
in
unison
;
then
a
swell
of
harmony
,
each
part
distinct
,
rolling
on
to
the
finish.
[
footnote
##number##
:
of
music.
]
##number##
the
warden
of
yi
asked
to
see
confucius
,
saying
,
no
gentleman
has
ever
come
here
whom
i
have
failed
to
see.
the
followers
took
him
in.
on
leaving
he
said
,
my
two-three
boys
,
why
lament
your
fall
?
the
way
has
long
been
lost
below
heaven
!
now
heaven
shall
make
the
master
into
a
warning
bell.
##number##
the
master
said
of
the
music
of
shao
,
it
is
thoroughly
beautiful
,
and
thoroughly
good
,
too.
of
the
music
of
wu
,
he
said
,
it
is
thoroughly
beautiful
,
but
not
thoroughly
good.
##number##
the
master
said
,
rank
without
beauty
;
ceremony
without
reverence
;
mourning
without
grief
,
why
should
i
cast
them
a
glance
?
book
iv
##number##
the
master
said
,
love
makes
a
spot
beautiful
:
who
chooses
not
to
dwell
in
love
,
has
he
got
wisdom
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
loveless
men
cannot
bear
need
long
,
they
cannot
bear
fortune
long.
loving
men
find
peace
in
love
,
the
wise
find
profit
in
it.
##number##
the
master
said
,
love
alone
can
love
others
,
or
hate
others.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
will
set
on
love
is
free
from
evil.
##number##
the
master
said
,
wealth
and
honours
are
what
men
desire
;
but
do
not
go
from
the
way
,
to
keep
them.
lowliness
and
want
are
hated
by
men
;
but
do
not
go
from
the
way
,
to
escape
them.
shorn
of
love
,
is
a
gentleman
worthy
of
the
name
?
not
for
one
moment
may
a
gentleman
sin
against
love
;
he
must
not
do
so
in
flurry
and
haste
,
nor
do
so
in
utter
overthrow.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
have
seen
no
one
that
loves
love
and
hates
uncharity.
he
that
loves
love
will
set
nothing
higher.
the
hater
of
uncharity
is
so
given
to
love
that
no
uncharity
can
enter
into
his
life.
if
a
man
were
to
give
his
strength
to
love
for
one
day
,
i
have
seen
no
one
whose
strength
would
fail
him.
there
may
be
such
men
,
but
i
have
not
seen
one.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
man
and
his
faults
are
of
a
piece.
by
watching
his
faults
we
learn
whether
love
be
his.
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
learn
the
way
at
daybreak
and
die
at
eve
were
enough.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
knight
[
##number##
]
in
quest
of
the
way
,
who
is
ashamed
of
bad
clothes
and
bad
food
,
it
is
idle
talking
to.
[
footnote
##number##
:
_shih
:
_
a
gentleman
entitled
to
bear
arms
,
not
a
knight
in
armour.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
has
no
likes
or
dislikes
below
heaven.
he
follows
right.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
gentleman
cherishes
mind
,
the
small
man
cherishes
dirt.
gentlemen
trust
in
the
law
,
the
small
man
trusts
in
favour.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
chase
of
gain
is
rich
in
hate.
##number##
the
master
said
,
what
is
it
to
sway
a
kingdom
by
courteous
yielding
?
if
we
cannot
sway
a
kingdom
by
courteous
yielding
,
what
is
our
courtesy
worth
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
care
not
for
want
of
place
;
care
for
thy
readiness
to
fill
one.
care
not
for
being
unknown
,
but
seek
to
be
worthy
of
note.
##number##
the
master
said
,
one
line
,
shen
,
[
##number##
]
runs
through
my
way.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tseng-tzu.
]
yes
,
said
tseng-tzu.
after
the
master
had
left
,
the
disciples
asked
what
was
meant.
tseng-tzu
said
,
the
master
's
way
is
no
more
than
faithfulness
and
fellow-feeling.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
gentleman
is
learned
in
right
;
the
small
man
is
learned
in
gain.
##number##
the
master
said
,
at
sight
of
worth
,
think
to
grow
like
it
;
at
sight
of
baseness
,
search
thyself
within.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
father
or
a
mother
may
be
gently
chidden.
if
thou
seest
they
have
no
will
to
follow
thee
,
be
the
more
lowly
,
but
do
not
give
way
;
nor
murmur
at
the
trouble
they
give
thee.
##number##
the
master
said
,
whilst
thy
father
and
mother
are
living
,
do
not
wander
afar.
if
thou
must
travel
,
hold
a
set
course.
##number##
the
master
said
,
he
that
changes
nothing
in
his
father
's
ways
for
three
years
may
be
called
pious.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
father
and
mother
's
years
must
be
borne
in
mind
;
with
gladness
on
the
one
hand
and
fear
on
the
other.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
men
of
old
were
loth
to
speak
,
for
not
to
live
up
to
their
words
would
have
shamed
them.
##number##
the
master
said
,
we
shall
seldom
get
lost
if
we
hold
to
main
lines.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
wishes
to
be
slow
to
speak
and
quick
to
do.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
great
soul
is
never
friendless
:
he
has
always
neighbours.
##number##
tzu-yu
said
,
nagging
at
kings
brings
disgrace
,
nagging
at
friends
estrangement.
book
v
##number##
of
kung-yeh
ch
'ang
the
master
said
,
a
girl
might
be
wedded
to
him.
though
he
has
been
in
fetters
that
was
not
his
crime.
he
gave
him
his
daughter
to
wed.
of
nan
jung
the
master
said
,
when
the
land
keeps
the
way
he
will
not
be
neglected
;
and
if
the
land
loses
the
way
he
will
escape
punishment
and
death.
he
gave
him
his
brother
's
daughter
to
wed.
##number##
of
tzu-chien
[
##number##
]
the
master
said
,
what
a
gentleman
he
is
!
but
if
there
were
no
gentlemen
in
lu
,
where
could
he
have
picked
it
up
?
##number##
tzu-kung
asked
,
and
what
of
me
?
thou
art
a
vessel
,
said
the
master.
what
kind
of
vessel
?
a
rich
temple
vessel.
##number##
one
said
,
yung
[
##number##
]
has
love
,
but
he
is
not
glib.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple
born
in
lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
chung-kung.
]
the
master
said
,
what
is
the
good
of
being
glib
?
fighting
men
with
tongue-craft
mostly
makes
men
hate
you.
whether
love
be
his
i
do
not
know
,
but
what
is
the
good
of
being
glib
?
##number##
the
master
moved
ch
'i-tiao
k
'ai
to
take
office.
he
answered
,
for
this
i
want
confidence.
the
master
was
pleased.
##number##
the
master
said
,
forsaken
is
the
way
!
i
must
take
ship
and
stem
the
seas
;
and
yu
[
##number##
]
shall
go
with
me.
when
tzu-lu
heard
this
he
was
glad.
the
master
said
,
yu
loves
daring
more
than
i
do
,
but
he
is
at
a
loss
how
to
take
things.
##number##
meng
wu
asked
whether
tzu-lu
had
love.
i
do
not
know
,
said
the
master.
he
asked
again.
a
land
of
a
thousand
chariots
might
give
yu
charge
of
its
levies
;
but
whether
love
be
his
i
do
not
know.
and
how
about
ch
'iu
?
[
##number##
]
a
town
of
a
thousand
households
,
a
clan
of
an
hundred
chariots
might
make
ch
'iu
governor
;
but
whether
love
be
his
i
do
not
know.
and
how
about
ch
'ih
?
[
##number##
]
standing
in
the
court
,
girt
with
his
sash
,
ch
'ih
might
entertain
the
guests
;
but
whether
love
be
his
i
do
not
know.
##number##
the
master
said
to
tzu-kung
,
which
is
the
better
man
,
thou
or
hui
[
##number##
]
?
he
answered
,
how
dare
i
look
as
high
as
hui
?
when
hui
hears
one
thing
,
he
understands
ten
;
when
i
hear
one
thing
i
understand
two.
the
master
said
,
thou
art
not
his
like.
neither
art
thou
his
like
,
nor
am
i.
##number##
tsai
yue
[
##number##
]
slept
in
the
daytime.
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
jan
yu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
kung-hsi
hua.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tsai
wo.
]
the
master
said
,
rotten
wood
cannot
be
carved
,
nor
are
dung
walls
plastered.
why
chide
with
yue
?
the
master
said
,
when
i
first
met
men
i
listened
to
their
words
and
took
their
deeds
on
trust.
when
i
meet
them
now
,
i
listen
to
their
words
and
watch
their
deeds.
i
righted
this
on
yue.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
have
met
no
firm
man.
one
answered
,
shen
ch
'ang.
the
master
said
,
ch
'ang
is
passionate
;
how
can
he
be
firm
?
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
what
i
do
not
wish
done
to
me
,
i
likewise
wish
not
to
do
to
others.
the
master
said
,
that
is
still
beyond
thee
,
tz
'u.
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
to
hear
the
master
on
his
art
and
precepts
is
granted
us
;
but
to
hear
him
on
man
's
nature
and
the
way
of
heaven
is
not.
##number##
until
tzu-lu
could
do
what
he
had
heard
,
his
only
fear
was
to
hear
more.
##number##
tzu-kung
asked
,
why
was
k
'ung-wen
called
cultured
?
the
master
said
,
he
was
quick
and
loved
learning
;
he
was
not
ashamed
to
ask
those
beneath
him
:
that
is
why
he
was
called
cultured.
##number##
the
master
said
,
of
the
ways
of
a
gentleman
tzu-ch
'an
had
four.
his
life
was
modest
;
he
honoured
those
that
he
served.
he
was
kind
in
feeding
the
people
,
and
he
was
just
in
his
calls
upon
them.
##number##
the
master
said
,
yen
p
'ing
was
a
good
friend.
the
longer
he
knew
you
,
the
more
attentive
he
grew.
##number##
the
master
said
,
tsang
wen
lodged
his
tortoise
with
hills
on
the
pillars
and
reeds
on
the
uprights
:
was
this
his
wisdom
?
##number##
tzu-chang
said
,
the
chief
minister
,
tzu-wen
,
was
thrice
made
minister
without
showing
gladness
,
thrice
he
left
office
with
unmoved
looks.
he
always
told
the
new
ministers
how
the
old
ones
had
governed
:
how
was
that
?
he
was
faithful
,
said
the
master.
but
was
it
love
?
i
do
not
know
,
said
the
master
:
how
should
this
amount
to
love
?
when
ts
'ui
murdered
the
lord
of
ch
'i
,
ch
'en
wen
threw
up
ten
teams
of
horses
and
left
the
land.
on
coming
to
another
kingdom
he
said
,
'like
my
lord
ts
'ui
,
'
and
left
it.
on
coming
to
a
second
kingdom
he
said
again
,
'like
my
lord
ts
'ui
,
'
and
left
it
:
how
was
that
?
he
was
clean
,
said
the
master.
but
was
it
love
?
i
do
not
know
,
said
the
master
:
how
should
this
amount
to
love
?
##number##
chi
wen
thought
thrice
before
acting.
on
hearing
this
the
master
said
,
twice
is
enough.
##number##
the
master
said
,
whilst
the
land
kept
the
way
ning
wu
showed
wisdom
;
when
his
land
lost
the
way
he
grew
simple.
his
wisdom
we
may
come
up
to
;
such
simplicity
is
beyond
us.
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
ning
wu
was
minister
of
the
duke
of
wei
in
the
middle
of
the
seventh
century
b.c.
the
duke
was
driven
from
his
throne
and
deserted
by
the
wise
and
prudent
;
but
ning
wu
,
in
his
simplicity
,
stuck
to
his
master
and
finally
effected
his
restoration.
]
##number##
when
he
was
in
ch
'en
the
master
said
,
home
,
i
must
go
home
!
zealous
,
or
rash
,
or
finished
scholars
,
my
young
sons
at
home
do
not
know
what
pruning
they
still
need
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
because
po-yi
and
shu-ch
'i
never
remembered
old
wickedness
they
made
few
enemies.
[
##number##
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
who
can
call
wei-sheng
kao
straight
?
a
man
begged
him
for
vinegar
:
he
begged
it
of
a
neighbour
,
and
gave
it.
##number##
the
master
said
,
smooth
words
,
fawning
looks
,
and
overdone
humility
,
tso
ch
'iu-ming
thought
shameful
,
and
so
do
i.
he
thought
it
shameful
to
hide
ill-will
and
ape
friendship
,
and
so
do
i.
##number##
as
yen
yuean
and
chi-lu
[
##number##
]
were
sitting
with
him
,
the
master
said
,
why
not
each
of
you
tell
me
thy
wishes
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
po-yi
and
shu-ch
'i
were
sons
of
the
king
of
ku-chu.
their
father
left
the
throne
to
the
younger
of
the
two
;
but
he
would
not
supplant
the
elder
,
nor
would
the
elder
go
against
his
father
's
wishes.
so
they
both
retired
into
obscurity.
when
king
wu
overthrew
the
tyrant
chou
(
##number##
b.c.
)
,
they
starved
to
death
,
rather
than
live
under
a
new
dynasty.
of
po-yi
mencius
tells
us
(
book
x
,
chapter
##number##
)
:
'his
eyes
would
not
look
on
an
evil
face
,
his
ears
would
not
listen
to
an
evil
sound.
he
served
none
but
his
own
lord
,
he
ruled
none
but
his
own
people.
he
came
in
when
there
was
order
,
and
withdrew
when
tumults
came.
where
lawless
rule
showed
,
or
lawless
people
stayed
,
he
could
not
bear
to
dwell.
to
be
together
with
country
folk
he
thought
like
sitting
in
court
dress
and
court
cap
on
dust
and
ashes.
in
chou
's
time
he
dwelt
by
the
north
sea
shore
,
waiting
for
all
below
heaven
to
grow
clean.
so
,
hearing
the
ways
of
po-yi
,
the
fool
grows
honest
,
and
the
weakling
's
purpose
stands.
'
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
tzu-lu
said
,
i
should
like
carriages
and
horses
,
and
clothes
of
light
fur
to
share
with
my
friends
,
and
,
if
they
spoiled
them
,
not
to
get
angry.
yen
yuean
said
,
i
should
like
to
make
no
boast
of
talent
or
show
or
merit.
tzu-lu
said
,
we
should
like
to
hear
your
wishes
,
sir.
the
master
said
,
to
give
the
old
folk
peace
,
to
be
true
to
friends
,
and
to
have
a
heart
for
the
young.
##number##
the
master
said
,
it
is
finished
!
i
have
met
no
one
that
can
see
his
own
faults
and
arraign
himself
within.
##number##
the
master
said
,
in
a
hamlet
of
ten
houses
there
must
be
men
that
are
as
faithful
and
true
men
as
i
,
but
they
do
not
love
learning
as
i
do.
book
vi
##number##
the
master
said
,
yung
[
##number##
]
might
fill
the
seat
of
a
prince.
and
might
tzu-sang
po-tzu
?
asked
chung-kung.
yes
,
said
the
master
;
but
he
is
slack.
to
be
stern
to
himself
,
said
chung-kung
,
and
slack
in
his
claims
on
the
people
,
might
do
;
but
to
be
slack
himself
and
slack
with
others
must
surely
be
too
slack.
the
master
said
,
what
yung
says
is
true.
##number##
duke
ai
asked
which
disciples
loved
learning.
confucius
answered
,
yen
hui
[
##number##
]
loved
learning.
he
did
not
carry
over
anger
;
he
made
no
mistake
twice.
alas
!
his
mission
was
short
,
he
died.
now
that
he
is
gone
,
i
hear
of
no
one
that
loves
learning.
##number##
when
tzu-hua
[
##number##
]
was
sent
to
ch
'i
,
the
disciple
jan
asked
for
grain
for
his
mother.
the
master
said
,
give
her
six
pecks.
he
asked
for
more.
the
master
said
,
give
her
sixteen.
jan
gave
her
eight
hundred.
the
master
said
,
on
his
way
to
ch
'i
,
ch
'ih
[
##number##
]
was
drawn
by
sleek
horses
and
clad
in
light
furs.
i
have
heard
that
gentlemen
help
the
needy
,
not
that
they
swell
riches.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
chung-kung.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
kung-hsi
hua
,
or
kung-hsi
ch
'ih.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
kung-hei
ch
'ih.
]
when
yuean
ssu
was
made
governor
he
was
given
nine
hundred
measures
of
grain
,
which
he
refused.
not
so
,
said
the
master
:
why
not
take
it
and
give
it
to
thy
neighbours
and
countryfolk
?
##number##
the
master
said
of
chung-kung
,
if
the
calf
of
a
brindled
cow
be
red
and
horned
,
though
men
be
shy
to
offer
him
,
will
the
hills
and
streams
reject
him
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
for
three
months
together
hui
's
[
##number##
]
heart
never
sinned
against
love.
the
others
may
hold
out
for
a
day
,
or
a
month
,
but
no
more.
##number##
chi
k
'ang
[
##number##
]
asked
whether
chung-yu
[
##number##
]
was
fit
to
govern.
the
master
said
,
yu
[
##number##
]
is
firm
;
what
would
governing
be
to
him
?
and
is
tz
'u
[
##number##
]
fit
to
govern
?
tz
'u
is
thorough
;
what
would
governing
be
to
him
?
and
is
ch
'iu
[
##number##
]
fit
to
govern
?
ch
'in
is
clever
;
what
would
governing
be
to
him
?
##number##
the
chi
sent
to
make
min
tzu-ch
'ien
[
##number##
]
governor
of
pi.
min
tzu-ch
'ien
said
,
make
some
good
excuse
for
me.
if
he
sends
again
i
must
be
across
the
wen.
##number##
when
po-niu
[
##number##
]
was
ill
the
master
asked
after
him.
grasping
his
hand
through
the
window
,
he
said
,
he
is
going.
it
is
the
bidding
;
but
why
this
man
of
such
an
illness
?
why
this
man
of
such
an
illness
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
head
of
the
chi
clan
after
chi
huan.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-kung.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
jan
yu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
##number##
the
master
said.
what
a
man
was
hui
!
[
##number##
]
a
bowl
of
rice
,
a
gourd
of
water
,
in
a
low
alley
;
man
cannot
bear
such
misery
!
yet
hui
never
fell
from
mirth.
what
a
man
he
was
!
##number##
jan
ch
'iu
[
##number##
]
said
,
it
is
not
that
i
take
no
pleasure
in
the
master
's
way
:
i
want
strength.
[
footnote
##number##
:
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
jan
yu.
]
the
master
said
,
he
that
wants
strength
faints
midway
;
but
thou
drawest
a
line.
##number##
the
master
said
to
tzu-hsia
,
study
to
be
a
gentleman
,
not
as
the
small
man
studies.
##number##
when
tzu-yu
was
governor
of
wu-ch
'eng
,
the
master
said
,
hast
thou
gotten
any
men
?
he
answered
,
i
have
tan-t
'ai
mieh-ming.
he
will
not
take
a
short
cut
when
walking
,
and
he
has
never
come
to
my
house
except
on
business.
##number##
the
master
said
,
meng
chih-fan
never
brags.
he
was
covering
the
rear
in
a
rout
;
but
on
coming
to
the
gate
he
whipped
his
horse
and
cried
,
not
courage
kept
me
behind
;
my
horse
won
't
go
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
unless
we
are
glib
as
the
reader
t
'o
and
fair
as
chao
of
sung
,
escape
is
hard
in
the
times
that
be
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
who
can
go
out
except
by
the
door
?
why
is
it
no
one
keeps
to
the
way
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
matter
outweighing
art
begets
roughness
;
art
outweighing
matter
begets
pedantry.
matter
and
art
well
blent
make
a
gentleman.
##number##
the
master
said
,
man
is
born
straight.
if
he
grows
crooked
and
yet
lives
,
he
is
lucky
to
escape.
##number##
the
master
said
,
he
that
knows
is
below
him
that
loves
,
and
he
that
loves
below
him
that
delights
therein.
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
men
above
the
common
we
can
talk
of
higher
things
;
to
men
below
the
common
we
must
not
talk
of
higher
things.
##number##
fan
ch
'ih
[
##number##
]
asked
,
what
is
wisdom
?
the
master
said
,
to
foster
right
among
the
people
;
to
honour
ghosts
and
spirits
,
and
yet
keep
aloof
from
them
,
may
be
called
wisdom.
he
asked
,
what
is
love
?
the
master
said
,
to
rank
the
effort
above
the
prize
may
be
called
love.
##number##
the
master
said
,
wisdom
delights
in
water
;
love
delights
in
hills.
wisdom
is
stirring
;
love
is
quiet.
wisdom
is
merry
;
love
grows
old.
##number##
the
master
said
,
by
one
revolution
ch
'i
might
grow
to
be
lu
;
by
one
revolution
lu
might
reach
the
way.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
drinking
horn
that
is
no
horn
!
what
a
horn
!
what
a
drinking
horn
!
##number##
tsai
wo
[
##number##
]
said
,
if
a
man
of
love
were
told
that
a
man
is
in
a
well
,
would
he
go
in
after
him
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
the
master
said
,
why
should
he
?
a
gentleman
might
be
got
to
the
well
,
but
not
trapped
into
it
,
he
may
be
cheated
,
but
not
fooled.
##number##
the
master
said
,
by
breadth
of
reading
and
the
ties
of
courtesy
,
a
gentleman
is
kept
,
too
,
from
false
paths.
##number##
the
master
saw
nan-tzu.
[
##number##
]
tzu-lu
was
displeased.
the
master
took
an
oath
,
saying
,
if
i
have
done
wrong
,
may
heaven
forsake
me
,
may
heaven
forsake
me
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
highest
minds
cleave
to
the
centre
,
the
common.
they
have
long
been
rare
among
the
people.
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
to
treat
the
people
with
bounty
and
help
the
many
,
how
were
that
?
could
it
be
called
love
?
the
master
said
,
what
has
this
to
do
with
love
?
must
it
not
be
holiness
?
yao
and
shun
[
##number##
]
still
yearned
for
this.
seeking
a
foothold
for
self
,
love
finds
a
foothold
for
others
;
seeking
light
for
itself
,
it
enlightens
others
too.
to
learn
from
the
near
at
hand
may
be
called
the
clue
to
love.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
dissolute
wife
of
duke
ling
of
wei.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
two
emperors
of
the
golden
age.
]
book
vii
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
teller
and
not
a
maker
,
one
that
trusts
and
loves
the
past
;
i
might
liken
myself
to
our
old
p
'eng.
[
##number##
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
think
things
over
in
silence
,
to
learn
and
be
always
hungry
,
to
teach
and
never
weary
;
is
any
of
these
mine
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
not
making
the
most
of
my
mind
,
want
of
thoroughness
in
learning
,
failure
to
do
the
right
when
told
it
,
lack
of
strength
to
overcome
faults
;
these
are
my
sorrows.
##number##
in
his
free
moments
the
master
was
easy
and
cheerful.
##number##
the
master
said
,
how
deep
is
my
decay
!
it
is
long
since
i
saw
the
duke
of
chou
[
##number##
]
in
a
dream.
##number##
the
master
said
,
keep
thy
will
on
the
way
,
lean
on
mind
,
rest
in
love
,
move
in
art.
##number##
the
master
said
,
from
the
man
that
paid
in
dried
meat
upwards
,
i
have
withheld
teaching
from
no
one.
##number##
the
master
said
,
only
to
those
fumbling
do
i
open
,
only
for
those
stammering
do
i
find
the
word.
[
footnote
##number##
:
we
should
be
glad
to
know
more
of
old
p
'eng
,
but
nothing
is
known
of
him.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
died
##number##
b.c.
he
was
the
younger
brother
of
king
wu
,
the
founder
of
the
chou
dynasty
,
as
great
in
peace
as
the
king
in
war.
he
was
so
bent
on
carrying
out
the
old
principles
of
government
that
'if
anything
did
not
tally
with
them
,
he
looked
up
and
thought
,
till
day
passed
into
night
,
and
if
by
luck
he
found
the
answer
he
sat
and
waited
for
the
dawn
'
(
mencius
,
book
viii
,
chapter
##number##
)
.
]
if
i
lift
one
corner
and
the
other
three
are
left
unturned
,
i
say
no
more.
##number##
when
eating
beside
a
mourner
the
master
never
ate
his
fill.
on
days
when
he
had
been
wailing
,
he
did
not
sing.
##number##
the
master
said
to
yen
yuean
,
to
go
forward
when
in
office
and
lie
quiet
when
not
;
only
i
and
thou
can
do
that.
tzu-lu
said
,
if
ye
had
to
lead
three
armies
,
sir
,
whom
would
ye
have
with
you
?
no
man
,
said
the
master
,
that
would
face
a
tiger
bare-fisted
,
or
plunge
into
a
river
and
die
without
a
qualm
;
but
one
,
indeed
,
who
,
fearing
what
may
come
,
lays
his
plans
well
and
carries
them
through.
##number##
the
master
said
,
if
shouldering
a
whip
were
a
sure
road
to
riches
i
should
turn
carter
;
but
since
there
is
no
sure
road
,
i
tread
the
path
i
love.
##number##
the
master
gave
heed
to
abstinence
,
war
and
sickness.
##number##
when
he
was
in
ch
'i
,
for
three
months
after
hearing
the
shao
played
,
the
master
knew
not
the
taste
of
flesh.
i
did
not
suppose
,
he
said
,
that
music
could
reach
such
heights.
##number##
jan
yu
said
,
is
the
master
for
the
lord
of
wei
?
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
grandson
of
duke
ling
,
the
husband
of
nan-tzu.
his
father
had
been
driven
from
the
country
for
plotting
to
kill
nan-tzu.
when
duke
ling
died
,
he
was
succeeded
by
his
grandson
,
who
opposed
by
force
his
father
's
attempts
to
seize
the
throne.
]
i
shall
ask
him
,
said
tzu-kung.
he
went
in
,
and
said
,
what
kind
of
men
were
po-yi
[
##number##
]
and
shu-ch
'i
?
worthy
men
of
yore
,
said
the
master.
did
they
rue
the
past
?
they
sought
love
and
found
it
;
what
had
they
to
rue
?
tzu-kung
went
out
,
and
said
,
the
master
is
not
for
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
eating
coarse
rice
and
drinking
water
,
with
bent
arm
for
pillow
,
we
may
be
merry
;
but
ill-gotten
wealth
and
honours
are
to
me
a
wandering
cloud.
##number##
the
master
said
,
given
a
few
more
years
,
making
fifty
for
learning
the
yi
,
[
##number##
]
i
might
be
freed
from
gross
faults.
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
book
v
,
sec.
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
an
abstruse
,
ancient
classic
,
usually
called
the
book
of
changes.
]
##number##
the
master
liked
to
talk
of
poetry
,
history
,
and
the
upkeep
of
courtesy.
of
all
these
he
liked
to
talk.
##number##
the
duke
of
she
asked
tzu-lu
about
confucius.
tzu-lu
did
not
answer.
the
master
said
,
why
didst
thou
not
say
,
he
is
a
man
that
forgets
to
eat
in
his
eagerness
,
whose
sorrows
are
forgotten
in
gladness
,
who
knows
not
that
age
draws
near
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
was
not
born
to
wisdom
:
i
loved
the
past
,
and
sought
it
earnestly
there.
##number##
the
master
never
talked
of
goblins
,
strength
,
disorder
,
or
spirits.
##number##
the
master
said
,
walking
three
together
i
am
sure
of
teachers.
i
pick
out
the
good
and
follow
it
;
i
see
the
bad
and
shun
it.
##number##
the
master
said
,
heaven
begat
the
mind
in
me
;
what
can
huan
t
'ui
[
##number##
]
do
to
me
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
my
two-three
boys
,
do
ye
think
i
hide
things
?
i
hide
nothing
from
you.
i
am
a
man
that
keeps
none
of
his
doings
from
his
two-three
boys.
##number##
the
master
taught
four
things
:
art
,
conduct
,
faithfulness
and
truth.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
holy
man
i
shall
not
live
to
see
;
enough
could
i
find
a
gentleman
!
a
good
man
i
shall
not
live
to
see
;
enough
could
i
find
a
steadfast
one
!
but
when
nothing
poses
as
something
,
cloud
as
substance
and
want
as
riches
,
it
is
hard
indeed
to
be
steadfast
!
##number##
the
master
angled
,
but
he
did
not
fish
with
a
net
;
he
shot
,
but
not
at
birds
sitting.
##number##
the
master
said
,
there
may
be
men
that
do
things
without
knowing
why.
i
do
not.
to
hear
much
,
pick
out
the
good
and
follow
it
;
to
see
much
and
think
it
over
;
this
comes
next
to
wisdom.
##number##
to
talk
to
the
hu
village
was
hard.
when
a
lad
was
seen
by
the
master
,
the
disciples
doubted.
the
master
said
,
i
allow
his
coming
,
not
what
he
does
later.
why
be
so
harsh
?
if
a
man
cleans
himself
to
come
in
,
i
admit
his
cleanness
,
but
do
not
warrant
his
past.
[
footnote
##number##
:
in
##number##
b.c.
,
during
confucius
's
wanderings
,
huan
t
'ui
sent
a
band
of
men
to
kill
him
;
but
why
he
did
so
is
not
known.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
is
love
so
far
a
thing
?
i
long
for
love
,
and
lo
!
love
is
come.
##number##
a
judge
of
ch
'en
asked
whether
duke
chao
[
##number##
]
knew
good
form.
confucius
answered
,
he
knew
good
form.
after
confucius
had
left
,
the
judge
beckoned
wu-ma
ch
'i
[
##number##
]
to
him
,
and
said
,
i
had
heard
that
gentlemen
are
of
no
party
,
but
do
they
,
too
,
take
sides
?
this
lord
married
a
wu
,
whose
name
was
the
same
as
his
,
and
called
her
miss
tzu
of
wu
:
if
he
knew
good
form
,
who
does
not
know
good
form
?
when
wu-ma
ch
'i
told
the
master
this
he
said
,
how
lucky
i
am
!
if
i
go
wrong
,
men
are
sure
to
know
it
!
##number##
when
anyone
sang
to
the
master
,
and
sang
well
,
he
made
him
sing
it
again
and
joined
in.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
have
no
more
reading
than
others
;
to
live
as
a
gentleman
is
not
yet
mine.
##number##
the
master
said
,
how
dare
i
lay
claim
to
holiness
or
love
?
a
man
of
endless
craving
,
who
never
tires
of
teaching
,
i
might
be
called
,
but
that
is
all.
that
is
just
what
we
disciples
cannot
learn
,
said
kung-hsi
hua.
##number##
when
the
master
was
very
ill
,
tzu-lu
asked
leave
to
pray.
is
it
done
?
said
the
master.
[
footnote
##number##
:
duke
chao
of
lu
(
+
##number##
b.c.
)
was
the
duke
that
first
employed
confucius.
it
is
against
chinese
custom
for
a
man
to
marry
a
girl
whose
surname
is
the
same
as
his.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple
of
confucius.
]
it
is
,
answered
tzu-lu.
the
memorials
say
,
pray
to
the
spirits
above
and
to
the
earth
below.
the
master
said
,
long-lasting
has
my
prayer
been.
##number##
the
master
said
,
waste
makes
men
unruly
,
thrift
makes
them
mean
;
but
they
are
better
mean
than
unruly.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
calm
and
spacious
;
the
small
man
is
always
fretting.
##number##
the
master
's
manner
was
warm
yet
dignified.
he
was
stern
,
but
not
fierce
;
humble
,
yet
easy.
book
viii
##number##
the
master
said
,
t
'ai-po
[
##number##
]
may
be
said
to
have
carried
nobility
furthest.
thrice
he
refused
all
below
heaven.
men
were
at
a
loss
how
to
praise
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
without
good
form
attentions
grow
into
fussiness
,
heed
becomes
fearfulness
,
daring
becomes
unruliness
,
frankness
becomes
rudeness.
when
gentlemen
are
true
to
kinsfolk
,
love
will
thrive
among
the
people
;
if
they
do
not
forsake
old
friends
,
the
people
will
not
steal.
##number##
when
tseng-tzu
lay
sick
he
called
his
disciples
and
said
,
uncover
my
feet
,
uncover
my
arms.
the
poem
says
,
as
if
a
deep
gulf
were
yawning
below
,
as
crossing
thin
ice
,
take
heed
how
ye
go.
my
little
children
,
i
have
known
how
to
keep
myself
unhurt
until
now
and
hereafter.
[
##number##
]
##number##
when
tseng-tzu
was
sick
meng
ching
[
##number##
]
came
to
ask
after
him.
[
footnote
##number##
:
t
'ai-po
was
the
eldest
son
of
the
king
of
chou.
the
father
wished
his
third
son
to
succeed
him
,
so
that
the
throne
might
pass
later
to
his
grandson
,
afterwards
known
as
king
wen.
to
enable
this
plan
to
be
carried
out
t
'ai-po
and
his
second
brother
went
into
exile.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
chinese
say
:
'the
body
is
born
whole
by
the
mother
;
it
should
be
returned
whole
by
the
son.
'
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
chief
of
the
meng
clan
,
minister
of
lu.
]
tseng-tzu
said
,
when
a
bird
is
dying
his
notes
are
sad
;
when
man
is
dying
his
words
are
good.
three
branches
of
the
way
are
dear
to
a
gentleman
:
to
banish
from
his
bearing
violence
and
disdain
;
to
sort
his
face
to
the
truth
,
and
to
banish
from
his
speech
what
is
low
or
unseemly.
the
ritual
of
chalice
and
platter
[
##number##
]
has
servitors
to
see
to
it.
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
when
we
can
,
to
ask
those
that
cannot
;
when
we
are
more
,
to
ask
those
that
are
less
;
having
,
to
seem
wanting
;
real
,
to
seem
shadow
;
when
gainsaid
,
never
answering
back
;
i
had
a
friend
[
##number##
]
once
that
could
do
thus.
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
a
man
to
whom
an
orphan
,
a
few
feet
high
,
or
the
fate
of
an
hundred
towns
,
may
be
entrusted
,
and
whom
no
crisis
can
corrupt
,
is
he
not
a
gentleman
,
a
gentleman
indeed
?
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
the
knight
had
need
be
strong
and
bold
;
for
his
burden
is
heavy
,
the
way
is
far.
his
burden
is
love
,
is
it
not
a
heavy
one
?
no
halt
before
death
,
is
that
not
far
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
poetry
rouses
us
,
we
stand
upon
courtesy
,
music
is
our
crown.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
people
may
be
made
to
follow
,
we
cannot
make
them
understand.
##number##
the
master
said
,
love
of
daring
and
hatred
of
poverty
lead
to
crime
;
a
man
without
love
,
if
he
is
sorely
harassed
,
turns
to
crime.
##number##
the
master
said
,
all
the
comely
gifts
of
the
duke
of
chou
,
[
##number##
]
coupled
with
pride
and
meanness
,
would
not
be
worth
a
glance.
[
footnote
##number##
:
for
sacrifice.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
probably
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
book
vii
,
sec.
##number##
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
man
to
whom
three
years
of
learning
have
borne
no
fruit
would
be
hard
to
find.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
man
of
simple
faith
,
who
loves
learning
,
who
guards
and
betters
his
way
unto
death
,
will
not
enter
a
tottering
kingdom
,
nor
stay
in
a
lawless
land.
when
all
below
heaven
follows
the
way
,
he
is
seen
;
when
it
loses
the
way
,
he
is
unseen.
while
his
land
keeps
the
way
,
he
is
ashamed
to
be
poor
and
lowly
;
but
when
his
land
has
lost
the
way
,
wealth
and
honours
shame
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
out
of
place
,
discuss
not
policy.
##number##
the
master
said
,
in
the
first
days
of
the
music-master
chih
how
the
hubbub
[
##number##
]
of
the
kuan-chue
rose
sea
beyond
sea
!
how
it
filled
the
ear
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
of
men
that
are
zealous
,
but
not
straight
;
dull
,
but
not
simple
;
helpless
,
but
not
truthful
,
i
will
know
nothing.
##number##
the
master
said
,
learn
as
though
the
time
were
short
,
like
one
that
fears
to
lose.
##number##
the
master
said
,
how
wonderful
were
shun
[
##number##
]
and
yue
[
##number##
]
!
to
have
all
below
heaven
was
nothing
to
them
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
how
great
a
lord
was
yao
[
##number##
]
!
wonderful
!
heaven
alone
is
great
;
yao
alone
was
patterned
on
it.
vast
,
boundless
!
men
's
words
failed
them.
the
wonder
of
the
work
done
by
him
!
the
flame
of
his
art
and
precepts
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
last
part
of
the
music
,
when
all
the
instruments
were
played
together.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
introduction.
]
##number##
shun
had
five
ministers
,
and
there
was
order
below
heaven.
king
wu
[
##number##
]
said
,
i
have
ten
uncommon
ministers.
confucius
said
,
'the
dearth
of
talent
,
'
is
not
that
the
truth
?
when
yue
[
##number##
]
followed
t
'ang
[
##number##
]
the
times
were
rich
in
talent
;
yet
there
were
but
nine
men
in
all
,
and
one
woman.
in
greatness
of
soul
we
may
say
that
chou
[
##number##
]
was
highest
:
he
had
two-thirds
of
all
below
heaven
and
bent
it
to
the
service
of
yin.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
see
no
flaw
in
yue.
he
ate
and
drank
little
,
yet
he
was
lavish
in
piety
to
the
ghosts
and
spirits.
his
clothes
were
bad
,
but
in
his
cap
and
gown
he
was
fair
indeed.
his
palace
buildings
were
poor
,
yet
he
gave
his
whole
strength
to
dykes
and
ditches.
no
kind
of
flaw
can
i
see
in
yue.
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
introduction.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
shun.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
yao.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
king
wen
,
duke
of
chou.
]
book
ix
##number##
the
master
seldom
spake
of
gain
,
or
love
,
or
the
bidding.
##number##
a
man
of
the
village
of
ta-hsiang
said
,
the
great
confucius
,
with
his
vast
learning
,
has
made
no
name
in
anything.
when
the
master
heard
this
,
he
said
to
his
disciples
,
what
shall
i
take
up
?
shall
i
take
up
driving
,
or
shall
i
take
up
shooting
?
i
shall
take
up
driving.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
linen
cap
is
good
form
;
now
silk
is
worn.
it
is
cheap
,
so
i
follow
the
many.
to
bow
below
is
good
form
;
now
it
is
done
above.
this
is
arrogance
,
so
,
breaking
with
the
many
,
i
still
bow
below.
##number##
from
four
things
the
master
was
quite
free
:
by-ends
and
'must
'
and
'shall
'
and
'i.
'
##number##
when
he
was
afraid
in
k
'uang
,
[
##number##
]
the
master
said
,
since
the
death
of
king
wen
,
is
not
the
seat
of
culture
here
?
if
heaven
had
meant
to
destroy
our
culture
,
a
later
mortal
would
have
had
no
part
in
it.
until
heaven
condemns
our
culture
,
what
can
the
men
of
k
'uang
do
to
me
?
##number##
a
high
minister
said
to
tzu-kung
,
the
master
must
be
a
holy
man
,
he
can
do
so
many
things
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
during
the
master
's
wanderings.
k
'uang
is
said
to
have
been
a
small
state
near
lu
which
had
been
oppressed
by
yang
huo.
confucius
resembled
him
,
and
the
men
of
k
'uang
set
upon
him
,
mistaking
him
for
their
enemy.
the
commentators
say
that
the
master
was
not
afraid
,
only
'roused
to
a
sense
of
danger.
'
i
cannot
find
that
the
text
says
so.
]
tzu-kung
said
,
heaven
has
,
indeed
,
given
him
so
much
that
he
is
almost
holy
,
and
he
can
do
many
things
,
too.
when
the
master
heard
this
,
he
said
,
does
the
minister
know
me
?
because
i
was
poor
when
young
,
i
can
do
many
paltry
things.
but
does
doing
many
things
make
a
gentleman
?
no
,
not
doing
many
does.
lao
said
,
the
master
would
say
,
as
i
had
no
post
i
learned
the
crafts.
##number##
the
master
said
,
have
i
in
truth
wisdom
?
i
have
no
wisdom.
but
when
a
common
fellow
emptily
asks
me
anything
,
i
tap
it
on
this
side
and
that
,
and
sift
it
to
the
bottom.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
phoenix
comes
not
,
the
river
gives
forth
no
sign
:
all
is
over
with
me
!
##number##
when
the
master
saw
folk
clad
in
mourning
,
or
in
cap
and
gown
,
or
a
blind
man
,
he
always
rose
--
even
for
the
young
,
--
or
,
if
he
was
passing
them
,
he
quickened
his
step.
##number##
yen
yuean
heaved
a
sigh
,
and
said
,
as
i
look
up
it
grows
higher
,
deeper
as
i
dig
!
i
catch
sight
of
it
ahead
,
and
on
a
sudden
it
is
behind
me
!
the
master
leads
men
on
,
deftly
bit
by
bit.
he
widens
me
with
culture
,
he
binds
me
with
courtesy.
if
i
wished
to
stop
i
could
not
until
my
strength
were
spent.
what
seems
the
mark
stands
near
;
but
though
i
long
to
reach
it
,
i
find
no
way.
##number##
when
the
master
was
very
ill
,
tzu-lu
made
the
disciples
act
as
ministers.
during
a
better
spell
the
master
said
,
yu
has
long
been
feigning.
this
show
of
ministers
,
when
i
have
no
ministers
,
whom
will
it
take
in
?
will
heaven
be
taken
in
?
and
is
it
not
better
to
die
in
the
arms
of
my
two-three
boys
than
to
die
in
the
arms
of
ministers
?
and
,
if
i
miss
a
big
burial
,
shall
i
die
by
the
roadside
?
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
if
i
had
here
a
fair
piece
of
jade
,
should
i
hide
it
away
in
a
case
,
or
seek
a
good
price
and
sell
it
?
sell
it
,
sell
it
!
said
the
master.
i
tarry
for
my
price.
##number##
the
master
wished
to
dwell
among
the
nine
tribes.
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
in
the
east
of
shantung.
]
one
said
,
they
are
low
;
how
could
ye
?
the
master
said
,
wherever
a
gentleman
lives
,
will
there
be
anything
low
?
##number##
the
master
said.
after
i
came
back
from
wei
to
lu
the
music
was
set
straight
and
each
song
found
its
place.
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
serve
dukes
and
ministers
abroad
and
father
and
brothers
at
home
;
in
matters
of
mourning
not
to
dare
to
be
slack
;
and
to
be
no
thrall
to
wine
:
to
which
of
these
have
i
won
?
##number##
as
he
stood
by
a
stream
,
the
master
said
,
hasting
away
like
this
,
day
and
night
,
without
stop
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
have
seen
no
one
that
loves
mind
as
he
loves
looks.
##number##
the
master
said
,
in
making
a
mound
,
if
i
stop
when
one
more
basket
would
finish
it
,
i
stop.
when
flattening
ground
,
if
,
after
overturning
one
basket
,
i
go
on
,
i
go
ahead.
##number##
the
master
said
,
never
listless
when
spoken
to
,
such
was
hui.
[
##number##
]
##number##
speaking
of
yen
yuean
,
the
master
said
,
the
pity
of
it
!
i
saw
him
go
on
,
but
i
never
saw
him
stop
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
some
sprouts
do
not
blossom
,
some
blossoms
bear
no
fruit
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
awe
is
due
to
youth.
may
not
to-morrow
be
bright
as
to-day
?
to
men
of
forty
or
fifty
,
who
are
still
unknown
,
no
awe
is
due.
##number##
the
master
said
,
who
would
not
give
ear
to
a
downright
word
?
but
to
mend
is
better.
who
would
not
be
pleased
by
a
guiding
word
?
but
to
think
it
out
is
better.
with
such
as
are
pleased
but
do
not
think
out
,
or
who
listen
but
do
not
mend
,
i
can
do
nothing.
##number##
the
master
said
,
put
faithfulness
and
truth
first
;
have
no
friends
unlike
thyself
;
be
not
ashamed
to
mend
thy
faults.
##number##
the
master
said
,
three
armies
may
be
robbed
of
their
leader
,
no
wretch
can
be
robbed
of
his
will.
##number##
the
master
said
,
yu
[
##number##
]
is
the
man
to
stand
,
clad
in
a
worn-out
quilted
gown
,
unashamed
,
amid
robes
of
fox
and
badger
!
without
hatred
or
greed
,
what
but
good
does
he
do
?
but
when
tzu-lu
was
everlastingly
humming
these
words
,
the
master
said
,
this
is
the
way
towards
it
,
but
how
much
short
of
goodness
itself
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
erst
the
cold
days
show
how
fir
and
cypress
are
last
to
fade.
##number##
the
master
said
,
wisdom
has
no
doubts
;
love
does
not
fret
;
the
bold
have
no
fears.
##number##
the
master
said
,
with
some
we
can
learn
together
,
but
we
cannot
go
their
way
;
we
can
go
the
same
way
with
others
,
though
our
standpoint
is
not
the
same
;
and
with
some
,
though
our
standpoint
is
the
same
our
weights
and
scales
are
not.
##number##
the
blossoms
of
the
plum
tree
are
dancing
in
play
;
my
thoughts
are
with
thee
,
in
thy
home
far
away.
the
master
said
,
her
thoughts
were
not
with
him
,
or
how
could
he
be
far
away
?
book
x
##number##
among
his
own
country
folk
confucius
wore
a
homely
look
,
like
one
that
has
no
word
to
say.
in
the
ancestral
temple
and
at
court
his
speech
was
full
,
but
cautious.
##number##
at
court
he
talked
frankly
to
men
of
low
rank
,
winningly
to
men
of
high
rank.
when
the
king
was
there
,
he
looked
intent
and
solemn.
##number##
when
the
king
bade
him
receive
guests
,
his
face
seemed
to
change
and
his
legs
to
bend.
he
bowed
left
and
right
to
those
beside
him
,
straightened
his
robes
in
front
and
behind
,
and
swept
forward
,
with
arms
spread
like
wings.
when
the
guest
had
left
,
he
brought
back
word
,
saying
,
the
guest
is
no
longer
looking.
##number##
as
he
went
in
at
the
palace
gate
he
stooped
,
as
though
it
were
too
low
for
him.
he
did
not
stand
in
the
middle
of
the
gate
,
or
step
on
the
threshold.
when
he
passed
the
throne
,
his
face
seemed
to
change
and
his
legs
to
bend
:
he
spake
with
bated
breath.
as
he
went
up
the
hall
to
audience
,
he
lifted
his
robes
,
bowed
his
back
,
and
masked
his
breathing
till
it
seemed
to
stop.
as
he
came
down
,
he
relaxed
his
face
below
the
first
step
and
looked
pleased.
from
the
foot
of
the
steps
he
swept
forward
with
arms
spread
like
wings
;
and
when
he
was
back
in
his
seat
,
he
looked
intent
as
before.
##number##
when
he
carried
the
sceptre
,
his
back
bent
,
as
under
too
heavy
a
burden
;
he
lifted
it
no
higher
than
in
bowing
and
no
lower
than
in
making
a
gift.
his
face
changed
,
as
it
will
with
fear
,
and
he
dragged
his
feet
,
as
though
they
were
fettered.
when
he
offered
his
present
his
manner
was
formal
;
but
at
the
private
audience
he
was
cheerful.
##number##
the
gentleman
was
never
decked
in
violet
or
mauve
;
even
at
home
he
would
not
wear
red
or
purple.
in
hot
weather
he
wore
an
unlined
linen
gown
,
but
always
over
other
clothes.
with
lamb-skin
he
wore
black
,
with
fawn
,
white
,
and
with
fox-skin
,
yellow.
at
home
he
wore
a
long
fur
gown
,
with
the
right
sleeve
short.
his
nightgown
was
always
half
as
long
again
as
his
body.
in
the
house
he
wore
thick
fur
,
of
fox
or
badger.
when
he
was
not
in
mourning
there
was
nothing
missing
from
his
girdle.
except
for
sacrificial
dress
,
he
was
sparing
of
stuff.
he
did
not
wear
lamb
's
fur
,
or
a
black
cap
,
on
a
mourning
visit.
at
the
new
moon
he
always
put
on
court
dress
and
went
to
court.
##number##
on
his
days
of
abstinence
he
always
wore
linen
clothes
of
a
pale
colour
;
and
he
changed
his
food
and
moved
from
his
wonted
seat.
##number##
he
did
not
dislike
well-cleaned
rice
or
hash
chopped
small.
he
did
not
eat
sour
or
mouldy
rice
,
bad
fish
,
or
tainted
flesh.
he
did
not
eat
anything
that
had
a
bad
colour
or
that
smelt
bad
,
or
food
that
was
badly
cooked
or
out
of
season.
food
that
was
badly
cut
or
served
with
the
wrong
sauce
he
did
not
eat.
however
much
flesh
there
might
be
,
it
could
not
conquer
his
taste
for
rice.
to
wine
alone
he
set
no
limit
,
but
he
did
not
drink
enough
to
muddle
him.
he
did
not
drink
bought
wine
,
or
eat
ready-dried
market
meat.
he
never
went
without
ginger
at
a
meal.
he
did
not
eat
much.
after
a
sacrifice
at
the
palace
he
did
not
keep
the
flesh
over-night.
he
never
kept
sacrificial
flesh
more
than
three
days.
if
it
had
been
kept
longer
it
was
not
eaten.
he
did
not
talk
at
meals
,
nor
speak
when
he
was
in
bed.
even
at
a
meal
of
coarse
rice
,
or
herb
broth
,
or
gourds
,
he
made
his
offering
with
all
reverence.
##number##
if
his
mat
was
not
straight
,
he
would
not
sit
down.
##number##
when
the
villagers
were
drinking
wine
,
as
those
that
walked
with
a
staff
left
,
he
left
too.
at
the
village
exorcisms
he
put
on
court
dress
and
stood
on
the
east
steps.
##number##
when
sending
a
man
with
enquiries
to
another
land
,
he
bowed
twice
to
him
and
saw
him
out.
when
k
'ang
gave
him
some
drugs
,
he
bowed
,
accepted
them
,
and
said
,
i
have
never
taken
them
;
i
dare
not
taste
them.
##number##
on
coming
back
from
court
after
his
stables
had
been
burnt
,
the
master
said
,
is
anyone
hurt
?
he
did
not
ask
about
the
horses.
##number##
when
the
king
sent
him
cooked
meat
,
he
put
his
mat
straight
,
and
tasted
it
first
;
when
he
sent
him
raw
flesh
,
he
had
it
cooked
,
and
offered
it
to
the
spirits
;
when
he
sent
him
a
live
beast
,
he
kept
it
alive.
when
he
ate
in
attendance
on
the
king
,
the
king
made
the
offering
,
he
tasted
things
first.
when
he
was
sick
and
the
king
came
to
see
him
,
he
lay
with
his
head
to
the
east
,
with
his
court
dress
over
him
and
his
girdle
across
it.
when
he
was
called
by
the
king
's
bidding
,
he
walked
,
without
waiting
for
his
carriage.
##number##
on
going
into
the
great
temple
he
asked
about
everything.
##number##
when
a
friend
died
,
who
had
no
home
to
go
to
,
he
said
,
it
is
for
me
to
bury
him.
when
friends
sent
him
anything
,
even
a
carriage
and
horses
,
he
never
bowed
,
unless
the
gift
was
sacrificial
flesh.
##number##
he
did
not
sleep
like
a
corpse.
at
home
he
unbent.
even
if
he
knew
him
well
,
his
face
changed
when
he
saw
a
mourner.
even
when
he
was
in
undress
,
if
he
saw
anyone
in
full
dress
,
or
a
blind
man
,
he
looked
grave.
to
men
in
deep
mourning
and
to
the
census-bearers
he
bowed
over
the
cross-bar.
before
choice
meats
he
rose
with
changed
look.
at
sharp
thunder
,
or
a
fierce
wind
,
his
look
changed.
##number##
when
mounting
his
carriage
he
stood
straight
and
grasped
the
cord.
when
he
was
in
it
,
he
did
not
look
round
,
or
speak
fast
,
or
point.
##number##
seeing
a
man
's
face
,
she
rose
,
flew
round
and
settled.
the
master
said
,
hen
pheasant
on
the
ridge
,
it
is
the
season
,
it
is
the
season.
tzu-lu
went
towards
her
:
she
sniffed
thrice
and
rose.
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
this
passage
cannot
belong
here.
it
is
corrupt
and
unintelligible.
]
book
xi
##number##
the
master
said
,
savages
!
the
men
that
first
went
into
courtesy
and
music
!
gentlemen
!
those
that
went
into
them
later
!
my
use
is
to
follow
the
first
lead
in
both.
##number##
the
master
said
,
not
one
of
my
followers
in
ch
'en
or
ts
'ai
comes
any
more
to
my
door
!
yen
yuean
,
min
tzu-ch
'ien
,
jan
po-niu
and
chung-kung
were
men
of
noble
life
;
tsai
wo
and
tzu-kung
were
the
talkers
;
jan
yu
and
chi-lu
were
statesmen
;
tzu-yu
and
tzu-hsia
,
men
of
arts
and
learning.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
get
no
help
from
hui.
[
##number##
]
no
word
i
say
but
delights
him
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
how
good
a
son
is
min
tzu-ch
'ien
!
no
one
finds
fault
with
anything
that
his
father
,
or
his
mother
,
or
his
brethren
say
of
him.
##number##
nan
jung
would
thrice
repeat
_the
sceptre
white_.
[
##number##
]
confucius
gave
him
his
brother
's
daughter
for
wife.
##number##
chi
k
'ang
asked
which
disciples
loved
learning.
confucius
answered
,
there
was
yen
hui
[
##number##
]
loved
learning.
alas
!
his
mission
was
short
,
he
died.
now
there
is
no
one.
[
footnote
##number##
:
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
verse
runs
--
a
flaw
can
be
ground
from
a
sceptre
white
;
a
slip
of
the
tongue
no
man
can
right.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
yen
yuean.
]
##number##
when
yen
yuean
died
,
yen
lu
[
##number##
]
asked
for
the
master
's
carriage
to
furnish
an
outer
coffin.
the
master
said
,
brains
or
no
brains
,
each
of
us
speaks
of
his
son.
when
li
[
##number##
]
died
he
had
an
inner
but
not
an
outer
coffin
:
i
would
not
go
on
foot
to
furnish
an
outer
coffin.
as
i
follow
in
the
wake
of
the
ministers
i
cannot
go
on
foot.
##number##
when
yen
yuean
died
the
master
said
,
woe
is
me
!
heaven
has
undone
me
!
heaven
has
undone
me
!
##number##
when
yen
yuean
died
the
master
gave
way
to
grief.
his
followers
said
,
sir
,
ye
are
giving
way.
the
master
said
,
am
i
giving
way
?
if
i
did
not
give
way
for
this
man
,
for
whom
should
i
give
way
to
grief
?
##number##
when
yen
yuean
died
the
disciples
wished
to
bury
him
in
pomp.
the
master
said
,
this
must
not
be.
the
disciples
buried
him
in
pomp.
the
master
said
,
hui
treated
me
as
his
father.
i
have
failed
to
treat
him
as
a
son.
no
,
not
i
;
but
ye
,
my
two-three
boys.
##number##
chi-lu
[
##number##
]
asked
what
is
due
to
the
ghosts
of
the
dead
?
the
master
said
,
when
we
cannot
do
our
duty
to
the
living
,
how
can
we
do
it
to
the
dead
?
he
dared
to
ask
about
death.
we
know
not
life
,
said
the
master
,
how
can
we
know
death
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
father
of
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
master
's
son.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
##number##
seeing
the
disciple
min
standing
at
his
side
with
winning
looks
,
tzu-lu
with
warlike
front
,
jan
yu
and
tzu-kung
frank
and
free
,
the
master
's
heart
was
glad.
a
man
like
yu
,
[
##number##
]
he
said
,
dies
before
his
day.
##number##
the
men
of
lu
were
building
the
long
treasury.
min
tzu-ch
'ien
said
,
would
not
the
old
one
do
?
why
must
it
be
rebuilt
?
the
master
said
,
that
man
does
not
talk
,
but
when
he
speaks
he
hits
the
mark.
##number##
the
master
said
,
what
has
the
lute
of
yu
[
##number##
]
to
do
,
twanging
at
my
door
?
but
when
the
disciples
looked
down
on
tzu-lu
,
the
master
said
,
yu
has
come
up
into
hall
,
but
he
has
not
yet
entered
the
inner
rooms.
##number##
tzu-kung
asked
,
which
is
the
better
,
shih
[
##number##
]
or
shang
[
##number##
]
?
the
master
said
,
shih
goes
too
far
,
shang
not
far
enough.
then
is
shih
the
better
?
said
tzu-kung.
too
far
,
said
the
master
,
is
no
nearer
than
not
far
enough.
##number##
the
chi
was
richer
than
the
duke
of
chou
;
yet
ch
'iu
[
##number##
]
became
his
tax-gatherer
and
made
him
still
richer.
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
this
prophecy
came
true.
tzu-lu
and
tzu-kao
were
officers
of
wei
when
troubles
arose.
tzu-lu
hastened
to
the
help
of
his
master.
he
met
tzu-kao
withdrawing
from
the
danger
,
and
was
advised
to
do
the
same.
but
tzu-lu
would
not
desert
the
man
whose
pay
he
drew.
he
plunged
into
the
fight
and
was
killed.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-chang.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-hsia.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
jan
yu.
]
he
is
no
disciple
of
mine
,
said
the
master.
my
little
children
,
ye
may
beat
your
drums
and
make
war
on
him.
##number##
ch
'ai
[
##number##
]
is
simple
,
shen
[
##number##
]
is
dull
,
shih
[
##number##
]
is
smooth
,
yu
[
##number##
]
is
coarse.
##number##
the
master
said
,
hui
[
##number##
]
is
almost
faultless
,
and
he
is
often
empty.
tz
'u
[
##number##
]
will
not
bow
to
the
bidding
,
and
he
heaps
up
riches
;
but
his
views
are
often
sound.
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
,
what
is
the
way
of
a
good
man
?
the
master
said
,
he
does
not
tread
the
beaten
track
;
and
yet
he
does
not
enter
the
inner
rooms.
##number##
the
master
said
,
commend
a
man
for
plain
speaking
:
he
may
prove
a
gentleman
,
or
else
but
seeming
honest.
##number##
tzu-lu
said
,
shall
i
do
all
i
am
taught
?
the
master
said
,
whilst
thy
father
and
elder
brothers
live
,
how
canst
thou
do
all
thou
art
taught
?
jan
yu
asked
,
shall
i
do
all
i
am
taught
?
the
master
said
,
do
all
thou
art
taught.
kung-hsi
hua
said
,
yu
[
##number##
]
asked
,
shall
i
do
all
i
am
taught
?
and
ye
said
,
sir
,
whilst
thy
father
and
elder
brothers
live.
ch
'iu
[
##number##
]
asked
,
shall
i
do
all
i
am
taught
?
and
ye
said
,
sir
,
do
all
thou
art
taught.
i
am
in
doubt
,
and
dare
to
ask
you
,
sir.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
kao
ch
'ai
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tseng-tzu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-chang.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
yen
yuean.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-kung.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
jan
yu.
]
the
master
said
,
ch
'iu
is
bashful
,
so
i
egged
him
on
;
yu
is
twice
a
man
,
so
i
held
him
back.
##number##
when
the
master
was
in
fear
in
k
'uang
,
yen
yuean
fell
behind.
the
master
said
,
i
held
thee
for
dead.
he
answered
,
whilst
my
master
lives
how
should
i
dare
to
die
?
##number##
chi
tzu-jan
[
##number##
]
asked
whether
chung
yu
[
##number##
]
or
jan
ch
'iu
[
##number##
]
could
be
called
a
great
minister.
the
master
said
,
i
thought
ye
would
ask
me
a
riddle
,
sir
,
and
ye
ask
about
yu
[
##number##
]
and
ch
'iu.
[
##number##
]
he
that
holds
to
the
way
in
serving
his
lord
and
leaves
when
he
cannot
do
so
,
we
call
a
great
minister.
now
yu
and
ch
'iu
i
should
call
tools.
who
are
just
followers
then
?
nor
would
they
follow
,
said
the
master
,
if
told
to
kill
their
lord
or
father.
##number##
tzu-lu
made
tzu-kao
governor
of
pi.
the
master
said
,
thou
art
undoing
a
man
's
son.
tzu-lu
said
,
what
with
the
people
and
the
spirits
of
earth
and
corn
,
must
a
man
read
books
to
become
learned
?
the
master
said
,
this
is
why
i
hate
a
glib
tongue.
##number##
the
master
said
to
tzu-lu
,
tseng
hsi
,
[
##number##
]
jan
yu
and
kung-hsi
hua
as
they
sat
beside
him
,
i
may
be
a
day
older
than
you
,
but
forget
that.
ye
are
wont
to
say
,
i
am
unknown.
well
,
if
ye
were
known
,
what
would
ye
do
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
younger
brother
of
chi
huan
,
the
head
of
the
chi
clan.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
he
and
jan
yu
had
taken
office
under
the
chi.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
jan
yu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple
:
the
father
of
tseng-tzu.
]
tzu-lu
answered
lightly.
give
me
a
land
of
a
thousand
chariots
,
crushed
between
great
neighbours
,
overrun
by
soldiers
and
searched
by
famine
,
and
within
three
years
i
could
put
courage
into
it
and
high
purpose.
the
master
smiled.
what
wouldst
thou
do
,
ch
'iu
[
##number##
]
?
he
said.
he
answered
,
give
me
a
land
of
sixty
or
seventy
,
or
fifty
or
sixty
square
miles
,
and
within
three
years
i
could
give
the
people
plenty.
as
for
courtesy
and
music
,
they
would
wait
the
coming
of
a
gentleman.
and
what
wouldst
thou
do
,
ch
'ih
[
##number##
]
?
he
answered
,
i
do
not
speak
of
what
i
can
do
,
but
of
what
i
should
like
to
learn.
at
services
in
the
ancestral
temple
,
or
at
the
grand
audience
,
i
should
like
to
fill
a
small
part.
and
what
wouldst
thou
do
,
tien
[
##number##
]
?
tien
stopped
playing
,
pushed
his
still
sounding
lute
aside
,
rose
and
answered
,
my
choice
would
be
unlike
those
of
the
other
three.
what
harm
in
that
?
said
the
master.
each
but
spake
his
mind.
in
the
last
days
of
spring
,
all
clad
for
the
springtime
,
with
five
or
six
young
men
and
six
or
seven
lads
,
i
would
bathe
in
the
yi
,
be
fanned
by
the
wind
in
the
rain
god
's
glade
,
and
go
back
home
singing.
the
master
said
with
a
sigh
,
i
side
with
tien.
tseng
hsi
stayed
after
the
other
three
had
left
,
and
said
,
what
did
ye
think
,
sir
,
of
what
the
three
disciples
said
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
jan
yu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
kung-hsi
hua.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tseng
hsi.
]
each
but
spake
his
mind
,
said
the
master.
why
did
ye
smile
at
yu
,
[
##number##
]
sir
?
lands
are
swayed
by
courtesy
,
but
what
he
said
was
not
modest.
that
was
why
i
smiled.
yet
did
not
ch
'iu
speak
of
a
state
?
where
would
sixty
or
seventy
,
or
fifty
or
sixty
,
square
miles
be
found
that
are
not
a
state
?
and
did
not
ch
'ih
too
speak
of
a
state
?
who
but
great
vassals
are
there
in
the
ancestral
temple
,
or
at
the
grand
audience
?
but
if
ch
'ih
were
to
take
a
small
part
,
who
could
fill
a
big
one
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
book
xii
##number##
yen
yuean
asked
,
what
is
love
?
the
master
said
,
love
is
to
conquer
self
and
turn
to
courtesy.
if
we
could
conquer
self
and
turn
to
courtesy
for
one
day
,
all
below
heaven
would
turn
to
love.
does
love
flow
from
within
,
or
does
it
flow
from
others
?
yen
yuean
said
,
may
i
ask
what
are
its
signs
?
the
master
said
,
to
be
always
courteous
of
eye
and
courteous
of
ear
;
to
be
always
courteous
in
word
and
courteous
in
deed.
yen
yuean
said
,
though
i
am
not
clever
,
i
hope
to
live
by
these
words.
##number##
chung-kung
asked
,
what
is
love
?
the
master
said
,
without
the
door
to
behave
as
though
a
great
guest
were
come
;
to
treat
the
people
as
though
we
tendered
the
great
sacrifice
;
not
to
do
unto
others
what
we
would
not
they
should
do
unto
us
;
to
breed
no
wrongs
in
the
state
and
breed
no
wrongs
in
the
home.
chung-kung
said
,
though
i
am
not
clever
,
i
hope
to
live
by
these
words.
##number##
ssu-ma
niu
[
##number##
]
asked
,
what
is
love
?
the
master
said
,
love
is
slow
to
speak.
to
be
slow
to
speak
!
can
that
be
called
love
?
the
master
said
,
can
that
which
is
hard
to
do
be
lightly
spoken
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
##number##
ssu-ma
niu
asked
,
what
is
a
gentleman
?
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
knows
neither
sorrow
nor
fear.
no
sorrow
and
no
fear
!
can
that
be
called
a
gentleman
?
the
master
said.
he
searches
his
heart
:
it
is
blameless
;
so
why
should
he
sorrow
,
what
should
he
fear
?
##number##
ssu-ma
niu
cried
sadly
,
all
men
have
brothers
,
i
alone
have
none
!
tzu-hsia
said
,
i
have
heard
that
life
and
death
are
allotted
,
that
wealth
and
honours
are
in
heaven
's
hand.
a
gentleman
is
careful
and
does
not
trip
;
he
is
humble
towards
others
and
courteous.
all
within
the
four
seas
are
brethren
;
how
can
a
gentleman
lament
that
he
has
none
?
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
,
what
is
insight
?
the
master
said
,
not
to
be
moved
by
lap
and
wash
of
slander
,
or
by
plaints
that
pierce
to
the
quick
,
may
be
called
insight.
yea
,
whom
lap
and
wash
of
slander
,
or
plaints
that
pierce
to
the
quick
cannot
move
may
be
called
far-sighted.
##number##
tzu-kung
asked
,
what
is
kingcraft
?
the
master
said
,
food
enough
,
troops
enough
,
and
the
trust
of
the
people.
tzu-kung
said
,
if
it
had
to
be
done
,
which
could
best
be
spared
of
the
three
?
troops
,
said
the
master.
and
if
we
had
to
,
which
could
better
be
spared
of
the
other
two
?
food
,
said
the
master.
from
of
old
all
men
die
,
but
without
trust
a
people
cannot
stand.
##number##
chi
tzu-ch
'eng
[
##number##
]
said
,
it
is
the
stuff
alone
that
makes
a
gentleman
;
what
can
art
do
for
him
?
alas
!
my
lord
,
said
tzu-kung
,
how
ye
speak
of
a
gentleman
!
no
team
overtakes
the
tongue
!
the
art
is
no
less
than
the
stuff
,
the
stuff
is
no
less
than
the
art.
without
the
fur
,
a
tiger
or
a
leopard
's
hide
is
no
better
than
the
hide
of
a
dog
or
a
goat.
##number##
duke
ai
said
to
yu
jo
,
[
##number##
]
in
this
year
of
dearth
i
have
not
enough
for
my
wants
;
what
should
be
done
?
ye
might
tithe
the
people
,
answered
yu
jo.
a
fifth
is
not
enough
,
said
the
duke
,
how
could
i
do
with
a
tenth
?
when
all
his
folk
have
enough
,
answered
yu
jo
,
shall
the
lord
alone
not
have
enough
?
when
none
of
his
folk
have
enough
,
shall
the
lord
alone
have
enough
?
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
how
to
raise
the
mind
and
scatter
delusions.
the
master
said
,
put
faithfulness
and
truth
first
,
and
follow
the
right
;
the
mind
will
be
raised.
we
wish
life
to
what
we
love
and
death
to
what
we
hate.
to
wish
it
both
life
and
death
is
a
delusion.
whether
prompted
by
wealth
,
or
not
,
yet
ye
made
a
distinction.
[
footnote
##number##
:
minister
of
wei.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple
of
confucius.
]
##number##
ching
,
[
##number##
]
duke
of
ch
'i
,
asked
confucius
,
what
is
kingcraft
?
confucius
answered.
for
the
lord
to
be
lord
and
the
liege
,
liege
,
the
father
to
be
father
and
the
son
,
son.
true
indeed
!
said
the
duke.
if
the
lord
were
no
lord
and
the
liege
no
liege
,
the
father
no
father
and
the
son
no
son
,
though
the
grain
were
there
,
could
i
get
anything
to
eat
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
stint
a
quarrel
with
half
a
word
yu
[
##number##
]
is
the
man.
tzu-lu
never
slept
over
a
promise.
##number##
the
master
said
,
at
hearing
lawsuits
i
am
no
better
than
others.
what
is
needed
is
to
stop
lawsuits.
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
,
what
is
kingcraft
?
the
master
said
,
to
be
tireless
of
thought
and
faithful
in
doing.
##number##
the
master
said
,
breadth
of
reading
and
the
ties
of
courtesy
will
keep
us
,
too
,
from
false
paths.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
shapes
the
good
in
man
,
he
does
not
shape
the
bad
in
him.
the
small
man
does
the
contrary.
##number##
chi
k
'ang
[
##number##
]
asked
confucius
how
to
rule.
confucius
answered
,
to
rule
is
to
set
straight.
if
ye
give
a
straight
lead
,
sir
,
who
will
dare
not
go
straight
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
confucius
was
in
ch
'i
in
##number##
b.c.
the
duke
was
over-shadowed
by
his
ministers
and
thought
of
setting
aside
his
eldest
son.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
on
the
death
of
chi
huan
,
his
brother
chi
k
'ang
set
aside
chi
huan
's
small
son
and
made
himself
head
of
the
clan.
]
##number##
chi
k
'ang
being
troubled
by
robbers
asked
confucius
about
it.
confucius
answered
,
if
ye
did
not
wish
it
,
sir
,
though
ye
rewarded
him
no
man
would
steal.
##number##
chi
k
'ang
,
speaking
of
kingcraft
to
confucius
,
said
,
to
help
those
that
follow
the
way
,
should
we
kill
the
men
that
will
not
?
confucius
answered
,
sir
,
what
need
has
a
ruler
to
kill
?
if
ye
wished
for
goodness
,
sir
,
the
people
would
be
good.
the
gentleman
's
mind
is
the
wind
,
and
grass
are
the
minds
of
small
men
:
as
the
wind
blows
,
so
must
the
grass
bend.
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
,
what
must
a
knight
be
,
for
him
to
be
called
eminent
?
the
master
said
,
what
dost
thou
mean
by
eminence
?
tzu-chang
answered
,
to
be
famous
in
the
state
and
famous
in
his
home.
that
is
fame
,
not
eminence
,
said
the
master.
the
eminent
man
is
plain
and
straight
,
and
loves
right.
he
weighs
words
and
scans
looks
;
he
takes
pains
to
come
down
to
men.
and
he
shall
be
eminent
in
the
state
and
eminent
in
his
house.
the
famous
man
wears
a
mask
of
love
,
but
his
deeds
belie
it.
self-confident
and
free
from
doubts
,
fame
will
be
his
in
the
state
and
fame
be
his
in
his
home.
##number##
whilst
walking
with
the
master
in
the
rain
god
's
glade
fan
ch
'ih
said
to
him
,
may
i
ask
how
to
raise
the
mind
,
amend
evil
and
scatter
errors
?
well
asked
!
said
the
master.
rank
thy
work
above
success
,
will
not
the
mind
be
raised
?
fight
the
bad
in
thee
,
not
the
bad
in
other
men
,
will
not
evil
be
mended
?
one
angry
morning
to
forget
both
self
and
kin
,
is
that
no
error
?
##number##
fan
ch
'ih
asked
,
what
is
love
?
the
master
said
,
to
love
men.
he
asked
,
what
is
wisdom
?
the
master
said
,
to
know
men.
fan
ch
'ih
did
not
understand.
the
master
said
,
lift
up
the
straight
,
put
by
the
crooked
,
and
crooked
men
will
grow
straight.
fan
ch
'ih
withdrew
,
and
seeing
tzu-hsia
,
said
to
him
,
the
master
saw
me
and
i
asked
him
what
wisdom
is.
he
answered
,
lift
up
the
straight
,
put
by
the
crooked
,
and
crooked
men
will
grow
straight.
what
did
he
mean
?
how
rich
a
saying
!
said
tzu-hsia.
when
shun
[
##number##
]
had
all
below
heaven
he
chose
kao-yao
from
the
many
,
lifted
him
up
,
and
the
men
without
love
fled.
when
t
'ang
[
##number##
]
had
all
below
heaven
,
he
chose
yi-yin
[
##number##
]
from
the
many
,
lifted
him
up
,
and
the
men
without
love
fled.
[
footnote
##number##
:
an
emperor
of
the
golden
age.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
founder
of
the
shang
,
or
yin
,
dynasty.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
t
'ang
's
chief
minister.
yi-yin
said
,
whomsoever
i
serve
,
is
he
not
my
lord
?
whomsoever
i
rule
,
are
they
not
my
people
?
he
came
in
when
there
was
order
,
and
came
in
too
when
there
were
tumults.
he
said
,
when
heaven
begat
the
people
,
the
man
that
first
understood
was
sent
to
waken
those
slow
to
understand
,
and
the
man
that
first
woke
was
sent
to
waken
those
slow
to
wake.
i
am
he
that
woke
first
among
heaven
's
people.
with
the
help
of
the
way
,
i
shall
wake
the
people
!
for
man
or
wife
,
of
all
the
people
below
heaven
,
to
have
missed
the
blessings
of
yao
and
shun
was
the
same
,
he
thought
,
as
if
he
himself
had
pushed
him
into
the
ditch.
the
burden
he
shouldered
was
the
weight
of
all
below
heaven.
(
mencius
,
book
x
,
chapter
##number##
)
]
##number##
tzu-kung
asked
about
friends.
the
master
said
,
talk
faithfully
to
them
,
and
guide
them
well.
if
this
is
no
good
,
stop.
do
not
bring
shame
upon
thee.
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
a
gentleman
gathers
friends
by
culture
,
and
stays
love
with
friendship.
book
xiii
##number##
tzu-lu
asked
how
to
rule.
the
master
said
,
go
before
;
work
hard.
when
asked
to
say
more
,
he
said
,
never
flag.
##number##
when
he
was
steward
of
the
chi
,
chung-kung
asked
how
to
rule.
the
master
said
,
let
officers
act
first
;
overlook
small
faults
,
lift
up
brains
and
worth.
chung-kung
said
,
how
shall
i
get
to
know
brains
and
worth
to
lift
them
up
?
lift
up
those
thou
dost
know
,
said
the
master
;
and
those
thou
dost
not
know
,
will
other
men
pass
by
?
##number##
tzu-lu
said
,
the
lord
of
wei
[
##number##
]
waits
for
you
,
sir
,
to
govern.
how
shall
ye
begin
?
surely
,
said
the
master
,
by
putting
names
right.
indeed
,
said
tzu-lu
,
that
is
far-fetched
,
sir.
why
put
them
right
?
what
a
savage
yu
[
##number##
]
is
!
said
the
master.
a
gentleman
is
tongue-tied
when
he
does
not
understand.
if
names
are
not
right
,
words
do
not
fit.
if
words
do
not
fit
,
affairs
go
wrong.
if
affairs
go
wrong
,
neither
courtesy
nor
music
thrive.
if
courtesy
and
music
do
not
thrive
,
law
and
justice
fail.
and
if
law
and
justice
fail
them
,
the
people
can
move
neither
hand
nor
foot.
so
a
gentleman
must
be
ready
to
put
names
into
speech
and
words
into
deed.
a
gentleman
is
nowise
careless
of
his
words.
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
vii
,
sec.
##number##
tzu-lu
was
his
officer.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
##number##
fan
ch
'ih
asked
to
be
taught
husbandry.
the
master
said.
an
old
husbandman
knows
more
than
i
do.
he
asked
to
be
taught
gardening.
the
master
said.
an
old
gardener
knows
more
than
i
do.
after
fan
ch
'ih
had
gone
,
the
master
said
,
how
small
a
man
!
if
those
above
love
courtesy
,
no
one
will
dare
to
slight
them
;
if
they
love
right
,
no
one
will
dare
to
disobey
;
if
they
love
truth
,
no
one
will
dare
to
hide
the
heart.
then
,
from
the
four
corners
of
the
earth
,
folk
will
gather
with
their
children
on
their
backs
;
and
what
need
will
there
be
for
husbandry
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
though
a
man
have
conned
three
hundred
poems
,
if
he
stands
helpless
when
put
to
govern
,
if
he
cannot
answer
for
himself
when
he
is
sent
to
the
four
corners
of
the
earth
,
many
as
they
are
,
what
have
they
done
for
him
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
man
of
upright
life
is
obeyed
before
he
speaks
;
commands
even
go
unheeded
when
the
life
is
crooked.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
governments
of
lu
and
wei
are
brothers.
##number##
speaking
of
ching
,
of
the
ducal
house
of
wei
,
the
master
said
,
he
was
wise
in
his
private
life.
when
he
had
begun
to
save
,
he
said
,
this
seems
enough.
when
he
grew
better
off
,
he
said
,
this
seems
plenty.
when
he
had
grown
rich
,
he
said.
this
seems
splendour.
##number##
when
jan
yu
was
driving
him
to
wei
,
the
master
said.
what
numbers
!
jan
yu
said
,
since
numbers
are
here
,
what
next
is
needed
?
wealth
,
said
the
master.
and
what
comes
next
after
wealth
?
teaching
,
said
the
master.
##number##
the
master
said
,
if
i
were
employed
for
a
twelve-month
,
much
could
be
done.
in
three
years
all
would
be
ended.
##number##
the
master
said
,
if
good
men
were
to
govern
a
land
for
an
hundred
years
,
cruelty
would
be
conquered
and
putting
to
death
done
away
with.
how
true
are
these
words
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
even
if
a
king
were
to
govern
,
a
lifetime
would
pass
before
love
dawned
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
what
is
governing
to
a
man
that
can
rule
himself
?
if
he
cannot
rule
himself
,
how
shall
he
rule
others
?
##number##
as
the
disciple
jan
[
##number##
]
came
back
from
court
,
the
master
said
to
him.
why
so
late
?
i
had
business
of
state
,
he
answered.
household
business
,
said
the
master.
if
it
had
been
business
of
state
,
though
i
am
out
of
office
,
i
should
have
heard
of
it.
##number##
duke
ting
asked
,
is
there
any
one
saying
that
can
bless
a
kingdom
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
jan
yu.
he
was
in
the
service
of
the
chi
,
not
of
the
duke
of
lu.
]
confucius
answered
,
that
is
more
than
words
can
do.
but
men
have
a
saying
,
to
be
lord
is
hard
and
to
be
minister
is
not
easy.
and
if
one
knew
how
hard
it
is
to
be
lord
,
might
not
this
one
saying
almost
bless
a
kingdom
?
and
is
there
any
one
saying
that
can
wreck
a
kingdom
?
that
is
more
than
words
can
do
,
confucius
answered.
but
men
have
a
saying
,
my
only
delight
in
being
lord
is
that
no
one
withstands
what
i
say.
now
if
what
he
says
is
good
,
and
no
one
withstands
him
,
is
not
that
good
too
?
but
if
it
is
not
good
,
and
no
one
withstands
him
,
might
not
this
one
saying
almost
wreck
a
kingdom
?
##number##
the
duke
of
she
asked
,
what
is
kingcraft
?
the
master
answered
,
for
those
near
us
to
be
happy
and
those
far
off
to
come.
##number##
when
he
was
governor
of
chue-fu
,
tzu-hsia
asked
how
to
rule.
the
master
said
,
be
not
eager
for
haste
;
look
not
for
small
gains.
nothing
done
in
haste
is
thorough
,
and
looking
for
small
gains
big
things
are
left
undone.
##number##
the
duke
of
she
told
confucius
,
among
the
upright
men
of
my
clan
if
the
father
steals
a
sheep
his
son
bears
witness.
confucius
answered
,
our
clan
's
uprightness
is
unlike
that.
the
father
screens
his
son
and
the
son
screens
his
father.
there
is
uprightness
in
this.
##number##
fan
ch
'ih
asked
,
what
is
love
?
the
master
said
,
to
be
humble
at
home
,
earnest
at
work
,
and
faithful
to
all.
even
among
wild
tribes
none
of
this
must
be
dropped.
##number##
tzu-kung
asked
,
what
is
it
that
we
call
knighthood
?
the
master
said
,
to
be
called
a
knight
,
a
man
must
be
shamefast
in
all
that
he
does
,
if
he
is
sent
to
the
four
corners
of
the
earth
he
must
not
disgrace
his
lord
's
commands.
may
i
ask
who
would
come
next
?
he
that
his
clansmen
call
a
good
son
and
his
neighbours
call
modest.
and
who
would
come
next
?
a
man
that
clings
to
his
word
and
sticks
to
his
course
,
a
flinty
little
fellow
,
would
perhaps
come
next.
and
how
are
the
crown
servants
of
to-day
?
what
!
the
weights
and
measures
men
!
said
the
master.
are
they
worth
reckoning
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
as
i
cannot
get
men
of
the
middle
way
i
have
to
fall
back
on
zealous
and
austere
men.
zealous
men
push
ahead
and
take
things
up
,
and
there
are
things
that
austere
men
will
not
do.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
men
of
the
south
have
a
saying
,
'unless
he
is
stable
a
man
will
make
neither
a
wizard
nor
a
leech.
'
this
is
true.
'his
instability
of
mind
may
disgrace
him.
'
the
master
said
,
neglect
of
the
omens
,
that
is
all.
##number##
the
master
said
,
gentlemen
unite
,
but
are
not
the
same.
small
men
are
all
the
same
,
but
each
for
himself.
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
if
the
whole
countryside
loved
a
man
,
how
would
that
be
?
it
would
not
do
,
said
the
master.
and
how
would
it
be
,
if
the
whole
countryside
hated
him
?
it
would
not
do
,
said
the
master.
it
would
be
better
if
all
the
good
men
of
the
countryside
loved
him
and
all
the
bad
men
hated
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
easy
to
serve
and
hard
to
please.
if
we
go
from
the
way
to
please
him
,
he
is
not
pleased
;
but
his
commands
are
measured
to
the
man.
a
small
man
is
hard
to
serve
and
easy
to
please.
though
we
go
from
the
way
to
please
him
,
he
is
pleased
;
but
he
expects
everything
of
his
men.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
high-minded
,
not
proud
;
the
small
man
is
proud
,
but
not
high-minded.
##number##
the
master
said
,
strength
and
courage
,
simplicity
and
modesty
are
akin
to
love.
##number##
tzu-lu
asked
,
when
can
a
man
be
called
a
knight
?
the
master
said
,
to
be
earnest
,
encouraging
and
kind
may
be
called
knighthood
:
earnest
and
encouraging
with
his
friends
,
and
kind
to
his
brothers.
##number##
the
master
said
,
if
a
good
man
taught
the
people
for
seven
years
,
they
would
be
fit
to
bear
arms
too.
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
take
untaught
men
to
war
is
called
throwing
them
away.
book
xiv
##number##
hsien
[
##number##
]
asked
,
what
is
shame
?
the
master
said
,
to
draw
pay
when
the
land
keeps
the
way
and
to
draw
pay
when
it
has
lost
the
way
,
is
shame.
##number##
to
eschew
strife
and
bragging
,
spite
and
greed
,
would
that
be
love
?
the
master
said
,
that
may
be
hard
to
do
;
but
i
do
not
know
that
it
is
love.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
knight
that
is
fond
of
ease
does
not
amount
to
a
knight.
##number##
the
master
said
,
whilst
the
land
keeps
the
way
,
be
fearless
of
speech
and
fearless
in
deed
;
when
the
land
has
lost
the
way
,
be
fearless
in
deed
but
soft
of
speech.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
man
of
mind
can
always
talk
,
but
talkers
are
not
always
men
of
mind.
love
is
always
bold
,
though
boldness
is
found
without
love.
##number##
nan-kung
kuo
said
to
confucius
,
yi
[
##number##
]
shot
well
,
ao
pushed
a
boat
over
land
:
each
died
before
his
time.
yue
and
chi
toiled
at
their
crops
,
and
had
all
below
heaven.
the
master
did
not
answer.
but
when
nan-kung
kuo
had
gone
,
he
said
,
what
a
gentleman
he
is
!
how
he
honours
mind
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
yuean
ssu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
yi
was
killed
by
his
best
pupil
,
who
said
to
himself
,
in
all
the
world
no
one
but
yi
shoots
better
than
i
do.
so
he
killed
him.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
alas
!
there
have
been
gentlemen
without
love
!
but
there
has
never
been
a
small
man
that
was
not
wanting
in
love.
##number##
the
master
said
,
can
he
love
thee
that
never
tasks
thee
?
can
he
be
faithful
that
never
chides
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
decrees
were
drafted
by
p
'i
shen
,
criticised
by
shih-shu
,
polished
by
the
foreign
minister
tzu-yue
,
and
given
the
final
touches
by
tzu-ch
'an
of
tung-li.
##number##
when
he
was
asked
what
he
thought
of
tzu-ch
'an
,
the
master
said
,
a
kind-hearted
man.
asked
what
he
thought
of
tzu-hsi
,
the
master
said
,
of
him
!
what
i
think
of
him
!
asked
what
he
thought
of
kuan
chung
,
[
##number##
]
the
master
said
,
he
was
the
man
that
drove
the
po
from
the
town
of
pien
with
its
three
hundred
households
to
end
his
days
on
coarse
rice
,
without
his
muttering
a
word.
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
iii
,
sec.
##number##
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
not
to
grumble
at
being
poor
is
hard
,
not
to
be
proud
of
wealth
is
easy.
##number##
the
master
said
,
meng
kung-ch
'o
is
more
than
fit
to
be
steward
of
chao
or
wei
,
but
he
could
not
be
minister
of
t
'eng
or
hsieh.
##number##
tzu-lu
asked
what
would
make
a
full-grown
man.
the
master
said
,
the
wisdom
of
tsang
wu-chung
,
kung-ch
'o
's
lack
of
greed
,
chuang
of
pien
's
boldness
and
the
skill
of
jan
ch
'iu
,
graced
by
courtesy
and
music
,
might
make
a
full-grown
man.
but
now
,
he
said
,
who
asks
the
like
of
a
full-grown
man
?
he
that
in
sight
of
gain
thinks
of
right
,
who
when
danger
looms
stakes
his
life
,
who
,
though
the
bond
be
old
,
does
not
forget
what
he
has
been
saying
all
his
life
,
might
make
a
full-grown
man.
##number##
speaking
of
kung-shu
wen
,
the
master
said
to
kung-ming
chia
,
is
it
true
that
thy
master
does
not
speak
,
nor
laugh
,
nor
take
a
gift
?
kung-ming
chia
answered
,
that
is
saying
too
much.
my
master
only
speaks
when
the
time
comes
,
so
no
one
tires
of
his
speaking
;
he
only
laughs
when
he
is
merry
,
so
no
one
tires
of
his
laughter
;
he
only
takes
when
it
is
right
to
take
,
so
no
one
tires
of
his
taking.
it
may
be
so
,
said
the
master
;
but
is
it
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
he
held
fang
and
asked
lu
to
appoint
an
heir
,
though
tsang
wu-chung
said
he
was
not
forcing
his
lord
,
i
do
not
believe
it.
##number##
the
master
said
,
duke
wen
of
chin
was
deep
,
but
dishonest
;
duke
huan
of
ch
'i
was
honest
,
but
shallow.
##number##
tzu-lu
said
,
when
duke
huan
slew
the
young
duke
chiu
,
and
shao
hu
died
with
him
,
but
kuan
chung
did
not
,
was
not
this
want
of
love
?
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
chiu
and
huan
were
brothers
,
sons
of
the
duke
of
ch
'i.
when
their
father
died
,
their
uncle
seized
the
throne.
to
preserve
the
rightful
heir
,
shao
hu
and
kuan
chung
fled
with
chiu
to
lu
,
whilst
huan
escaped
to
another
state.
later
on
the
usurper
was
murdered
,
and
huan
returned
to
ch
'i
and
secured
the
throne.
he
then
required
the
duke
of
lu
to
kill
his
brother
and
deliver
up
to
him
shao
hu
and
kuan
chung.
this
was
done.
but
on
the
way
to
ch
'i
shao
hu
killed
himself.
kuan
chung
,
on
the
other
hand
,
took
service
under
duke
huan
,
became
his
chief
minister
,
and
raised
the
state
to
greatness.
(
see
note
to
book
iii
,
sec.
##number##
)
]
the
master
said
,
duke
huan
gathered
the
great
vassals
round
him
,
not
by
chariots
of
war
,
but
through
the
might
of
kuan
chung.
what
can
love
do
more
?
what
can
love
do
more
?
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
when
duke
huan
slew
the
young
duke
chiu
,
and
kuan
chung
could
not
face
death
and
even
became
his
minister
,
surely
he
showed
want
of
love
?
the
master
said
,
by
kuan
chung
helping
duke
huan
to
put
down
the
great
vassals
and
make
all
below
heaven
one
,
men
have
fared
the
better
from
that
day
to
this.
but
for
kuan
chung
our
hair
would
hang
down
our
backs
and
our
coats
would
button
to
the
left
;
or
should
he
,
like
the
bumpkin
and
his
lass
,
their
troth
to
keep
,
have
drowned
in
a
ditch
,
unknown
to
anyone
?
##number##
the
minister
hsien
,
who
had
been
steward
to
kung-shu
wen
,
went
to
audience
of
the
duke
together
with
wen.
when
the
master
heard
of
it
,
he
said
,
he
is
rightly
called
wen
(
well-bred
)
.
##number##
the
master
spake
of
ling
duke
of
wei
's
contempt
for
the
way.
k
'ang
[
##number##
]
said
,
if
this
be
so
,
how
does
he
escape
ruin
?
confucius
answered
,
with
chung-shu
yue
in
charge
of
the
guests
,
the
reader
t
'o
in
charge
of
the
ancestral
temple
,
and
wang-sun
chia
in
charge
of
the
troops
,
how
should
he
come
to
ruin
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
words
are
unblushing
,
they
are
hard
to
make
good.
[
footnote
##number##
:
chi
k
'ang.
]
##number##
ch
'en
ch
'eng
murdered
duke
chien.
[
##number##
]
confucius
bathed
,
and
went
to
court
and
told
duke
ai
,
saying
,
ch
'en
heng
has
murdered
his
lord
:
pray
,
punish
him.
the
duke
said
,
tell
the
three
chiefs.
confucius
said
,
as
i
follow
in
the
wake
of
the
ministers
,
i
dared
not
leave
this
untold
;
but
the
lord
says
,
tell
the
three
chiefs.
he
told
the
three
chiefs.
it
did
no
good.
confucius
said
,
as
i
follow
in
the
wake
of
the
ministers
,
i
dared
not
leave
this
untold.
##number##
tzu-lu
asked
how
to
serve
a
lord.
the
master
said
,
never
cheat
him
;
stand
up
to
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
's
life
leads
upwards
;
the
small
man
's
life
leads
down.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
men
of
old
learned
for
their
own
sake
;
to-day
men
learn
for
show.
##number##
ch
'ue
po-yue
sent
a
man
to
confucius.
as
they
sat
together
,
confucius
asked
him
,
what
does
your
master
do
?
he
answered
,
my
master
wishes
to
make
his
faults
fewer
,
but
cannot.
when
the
messenger
had
left
,
the
master
said
,
a
messenger
,
a
messenger
indeed
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
not
in
office
discuss
not
policy.
[
footnote
##number##
:
##number##
b.c.
,
two
years
before
the
death
of
confucius
,
who
was
not
at
the
time
in
office.
chien
was
duke
of
ch
'i
,
a
state
bordering
on
lu.
the
three
chiefs
were
the
heads
of
the
three
great
clans
that
were
all-powerful
in
lu.
]
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
even
in
his
thoughts
,
a
gentleman
does
not
outstep
his
place.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
shamefast
of
speech
:
his
deeds
go
further.
##number##
the
master
said
,
in
the
way
of
the
gentleman
there
are
three
things
that
i
cannot
achieve.
love
is
never
troubled
;
wisdom
has
no
doubts
;
courage
is
without
fear.
that
is
what
ye
say
,
sir
,
said
tzu-kung.
##number##
tzu-kung
would
liken
this
man
to
that.
the
master
said
,
what
talents
tz
'u
has
!
now
i
have
no
time
for
this.
##number##
the
master
said
,
sorrow
not
at
being
unknown
;
sorrow
for
thine
own
shortcomings.
##number##
the
master
said
,
not
to
expect
to
be
cheated
,
nor
to
look
for
falsehood
,
and
yet
to
see
them
coming
,
shows
worth
in
a
man.
##number##
wei-sheng
mou
said
to
confucius
,
how
dost
thou
still
find
roosts
to
roost
on
,
ch
'iu
,
unless
by
wagging
a
glib
tongue
?
confucius
answered
,
i
dare
not
wag
a
glib
tongue
;
but
i
hate
stubbornness.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
steed
is
not
praised
for
his
strength
,
but
praised
for
his
mettle.
##number##
one
said
,
to
mete
out
good
for
evil
,
how
were
that
?
and
how
would
ye
meet
good
?
said
the
master.
meet
evil
with
justice
;
meet
good
with
good.
##number##
the
master
said
,
alas
!
no
man
knows
me
!
tzu-kung
said
,
why
do
ye
say
,
sir
,
that
no
man
knows
you
?
the
master
said
,
never
murmuring
against
heaven
,
nor
finding
fault
with
men
;
learning
from
the
lowest
,
cleaving
the
heights.
i
am
known
but
to
one
,
but
to
heaven.
##number##
liao
,
the
duke
's
uncle
,
spake
ill
of
tzu-lu
to
chi-sun.
[
##number##
]
tzu-fu
ching-po
told
this
to
confucius
,
saying
,
my
master
's
mind
is
surely
being
led
astray
by
the
duke
's
uncle
,
but
i
have
still
the
strength
to
expose
his
body
in
the
market-place.
the
master
said
,
if
the
way
is
to
be
kept
,
that
is
the
bidding
,
and
if
the
way
is
to
be
lost
,
this
is
the
bidding.
what
can
the
duke
's
uncle
do
against
the
bidding
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
men
of
worth
flee
the
world
;
the
next
best
flee
the
land.
then
come
those
that
go
at
a
look
,
then
those
that
go
at
words.
##number##
the
master
said
,
seven
men
did
so.
##number##
tzu-lu
spent
a
night
at
shih-men.
the
gate-keeper
asked
him
,
whence
comest
thou
?
from
confucius
,
answered
tzu-lu.
the
man
that
knows
it
is
no
good
and
yet
must
still
be
doing
?
said
the
gate-keeper.
##number##
when
the
master
was
chiming
his
sounding
stones
in
wei
,
a
basket-bearer
said
,
as
he
passed
the
door
,
the
heart
is
full
that
chimes
those
stones
!
but
then
he
said
,
for
shame
!
what
a
tinkling
sound
!
if
no
one
knows
thee
,
have
done
!
wade
the
deep
places
,
lift
thy
robe
through
the
shallows
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
head
of
the
chi
clan
,
in
whose
service
tzu-lu
was.
]
the
master
said
,
where
there
's
a
will
,
that
is
nowise
hard.
##number##
tzu-chang
said
,
what
does
the
book
mean
by
saying
that
kao-tsung
[
##number##
]
in
his
mourning
shed
did
not
speak
for
three
years
?
why
pick
out
kao-tsung
?
said
the
master.
the
men
of
old
were
all
thus.
for
three
years
after
their
lord
had
died
,
the
hundred
officers
did
each
his
duty
and
hearkened
to
the
chief
minister.
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
those
above
love
courtesy
,
the
people
are
easy
to
lead.
##number##
tzu-lu
asked
,
what
makes
a
gentleman
?
the
master
said
,
to
be
bent
on
becoming
better.
is
that
all
?
said
tzu-lu.
by
becoming
better
to
bring
peace
to
men.
and
is
that
all
?
by
becoming
better
to
bring
peace
to
all
men
,
said
the
master.
even
yao
and
shun
were
still
struggling
to
become
better
,
and
so
bring
peace
to
all
men.
##number##
yuean
jang
awaited
the
master
squatting.
unruly
when
young
,
unmentioned
as
man
,
undying
when
old
,
spells
good-for-nothing
!
said
the
master
,
and
he
hit
him
on
the
leg
with
his
staff.
##number##
when
a
lad
from
the
village
of
ch
'ueeh
was
made
messenger
,
someone
asked
,
saying
,
is
it
because
he
is
doing
well
?
the
master
said
,
i
have
seen
him
sitting
in
a
man
's
seat
,
and
seen
him
walking
abreast
of
his
elders.
he
does
not
try
to
do
well
:
he
wishes
to
be
quickly
grown
up.
[
footnote
##number##
:
an
emperor
of
the
yin
dynasty.
]
book
xv
##number##
ling
,
duke
of
wei
,
asked
confucius
about
the
line
of
battle.
confucius
answered.
of
the
ritual
of
dish
and
platter
[
##number##
]
i
have
heard
somewhat
:
i
have
not
learnt
warfare.
he
left
the
next
day.
in
ch
'en
grain
ran
out.
his
followers
were
too
ill
to
rise.
tzu-lu
showed
that
he
was
put
out.
has
a
gentleman
to
face
want
too
?
he
said.
gentlemen
have
indeed
to
face
want
,
said
the
master.
the
small
man
,
when
he
is
in
want
,
runs
to
excess.
##number##
the
master
said
,
tz
'u
,
[
##number##
]
dost
thou
not
take
me
for
a
man
that
has
learnt
much
and
thought
it
over
?
yes
,
he
answered
:
is
it
not
so
?
no
,
said
the
master.
i
string
all
into
one.
##number##
the
master
said
,
yu
,
[
##number##
]
how
few
men
know
great-heartedness
!
[
footnote
##number##
:
for
sacrifice.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-kung.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu
:
probably
said
to
him
on
the
occasion
mentioned
in
sec.
i.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
rule
doing
nothing
,
was
what
shun
did.
for
what
is
there
to
do
?
self-respect
and
to
set
the
face
to
rule
,
is
all.
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
how
to
get
on.
the
master
said
,
be
faithful
and
true
of
word
,
plain
and
lowly
in
thy
walk
;
thou
wilt
get
on
even
in
tribal
lands.
if
thy
words
be
not
faithful
and
true
,
thy
walk
not
plain
and
lowly
,
wilt
thou
get
on
even
in
thine
own
town
?
standing
,
see
these
words
ranged
before
thee
;
driving
,
see
them
written
upon
the
yoke.
then
thou
wilt
get
on.
tzu-chang
wrote
them
on
his
girdle.
##number##
the
master
said
,
straight
indeed
was
the
historian
yue
!
like
an
arrow
whilst
the
land
kept
the
way
;
and
like
an
arrow
when
it
lost
the
way
!
what
a
gentleman
was
ch
'ue
po-yue
!
whilst
the
land
kept
the
way
he
took
office
,
and
when
the
land
had
lost
the
way
he
rolled
himself
up
in
thought.
##number##
the
master
said
,
not
to
speak
to
him
that
has
ears
to
hear
is
to
spill
the
man.
to
speak
to
a
man
without
ears
to
hear
is
to
spill
thy
words.
wisdom
spills
neither
man
nor
words.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
high
will
,
or
a
loving
heart
,
will
not
seek
life
at
cost
of
love.
to
fulfil
love
they
will
kill
the
body.
##number##
tzu-kung
asked
how
to
attain
to
love.
the
master
said
,
a
workman
bent
on
good
work
must
first
sharpen
his
tools.
in
the
land
that
is
thy
home
,
serve
those
that
are
worthy
among
the
great
and
make
friends
with
loving
knights.
##number##
yen
yuean
asked
how
to
rule
a
kingdom.
the
master
said
,
follow
the
hsia
seasons
,
drive
in
the
chariot
of
yin
,
wear
the
head-dress
of
chou
,
take
for
music
the
shao
and
its
dance.
banish
the
strains
of
cheng
and
flee
men
that
are
glib
;
for
the
strains
of
cheng
are
wanton
and
glib
speakers
are
dangerous.
##number##
the
master
said.
without
thought
for
far
off
things
,
there
shall
be
trouble
near
at
hand.
##number##
the
master
said
,
all
is
ended
!
i
have
seen
no
one
that
loves
mind
as
he
loves
looks
!
##number##
the
master
said
,
did
not
tsang
wen
filch
his
post
?
he
knew
the
worth
of
liu-hsia
hui
,
[
##number##
]
and
did
not
stand
by
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
by
asking
much
of
self
and
little
of
other
men
ill
feeling
is
banished.
##number##
the
master
said
,
unless
a
man
say
,
would
this
do
?
would
that
do
?
i
can
do
nothing
for
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
all
day
long
there
is
no
talk
of
right
,
and
little
wiles
find
favour
,
the
company
is
in
hard
case.
##number##
the
master
said
,
right
is
the
stuff
of
which
a
gentleman
is
made.
done
with
courtesy
,
spoken
with
humility
,
rounded
with
truth
,
right
makes
a
gentleman.
##number##
the
master
said
,
his
shortcomings
trouble
a
gentleman
;
to
be
unknown
does
not
trouble
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
fears
that
his
name
shall
be
no
more
heard
when
life
is
done.
[
footnote
##number##
:
another
of
these
_seigneurs
du
temps
jadis_
that
is
more
to
us
than
a
dim
shadow
,
for
he
still
lives
in
the
pages
of
mencius
,
who
tells
us
that
,
he
was
not
ashamed
of
a
foul
lord
,
and
did
not
refuse
a
small
post.
on
coming
in
he
did
not
hide
his
worth
,
but
held
his
own
way.
neglected
and
idle
,
he
did
not
grumble
;
straitened
and
poor
,
he
did
not
mope.
when
brought
together
with
country
folk
he
was
quite
at
his
ease
and
could
not
bear
to
leave
them.
thou
art
thou
,
he
said
,
and
i
am
i
:
standing
beside
me
with
thy
coat
off
,
or
thy
body
naked
,
how
canst
thou
defile
me
?
(
book
x
,
chapter
##number##
)
.
he
stopped
if
a
hand
was
raised
to
stop
him
,
for
he
did
not
care
whether
he
went
or
no
(
book
iii
,
chapter
##number##
)
.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
asks
of
himself
,
the
small
man
asks
of
others.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
firm
,
not
quarrelsome
;
a
friend
,
not
a
partisan.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
does
not
raise
a
man
for
his
words
,
nor
spurn
the
speech
for
the
man.
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
is
there
one
word
by
which
we
may
walk
till
life
ends
?
the
master
said
,
fellow-feeling
,
perhaps.
do
not
do
unto
others
what
thou
wouldst
not
have
done
to
thee.
##number##
the
master
said
,
of
the
men
that
i
meet
,
whom
do
i
cry
down
,
whom
do
i
overpraise
?
or
,
if
i
overpraise
them
,
it
is
after
testing
them.
it
was
owing
to
this
people
that
the
three
lines
of
kings
went
the
straight
way.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
have
still
known
historians
that
would
leave
a
gap
in
their
text
,
and
men
that
would
lend
a
horse
to
another
to
ride.
now
it
is
so
no
more.
##number##
the
master
said
,
cunning
words
confound
the
mind
;
petty
impatience
confounds
great
projects.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
hatred
of
the
many
must
be
looked
into
;
the
love
of
the
many
must
be
looked
into.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
man
can
exalt
the
way
:
it
is
not
the
way
that
exalts
the
man.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
fault
is
to
cleave
to
a
fault.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
have
spent
whole
days
without
food
and
whole
nights
without
sleep
,
thinking
,
and
gained
nothing
by
it.
learning
is
better.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
thinks
of
the
way
;
he
does
not
think
of
food.
sow
,
and
famine
may
follow
;
learn
,
and
pay
may
come
;
but
a
gentleman
grieves
for
the
way
;
to
be
poor
does
not
grieve
him.
##number##
the
master
said
,
what
wisdom
has
got
will
be
lost
again
,
unless
love
hold
it
fast.
wisdom
to
get
and
love
to
hold
fast
,
without
dignity
of
bearing
,
will
not
be
honoured
among
men.
wisdom
to
get
,
love
to
hold
fast
and
dignity
of
bearing
,
without
courteous
ways
are
not
enough.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
has
no
small
knowledge
,
but
he
can
carry
out
big
things
:
the
small
man
can
carry
out
nothing
big
,
but
he
may
be
knowing
in
small
things.
##number##
the
master
said
,
love
is
more
to
the
people
than
fire
and
water.
i
have
seen
men
come
to
their
death
by
fire
and
water
:
i
have
seen
no
man
that
love
brought
to
his
death.
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
love
is
at
stake
yield
not
to
an
army.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
consistent
,
not
changeless.
##number##
the
master
said
,
a
servant
of
the
king
honours
his
work
,
and
puts
food
after
it.
##number##
the
master
said
,
learning
knows
no
rank.
##number##
the
master
said
,
mingle
not
in
projects
with
a
man
whose
way
is
not
thine.
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
whole
end
of
speech
is
to
be
understood.
##number##
when
he
saw
the
music-master
mien
,
the
master
said
,
as
they
came
to
the
steps
,
here
are
the
steps.
on
coming
to
the
mat
,
he
said
,
here
is
the
mat.
when
all
were
seated
,
the
master
told
him
,
he
and
he
are
here.
after
the
music-master
had
gone
,
tzu-chang
said
,
is
this
the
way
to
speak
to
a
music-master
?
the
master
said
,
surely
it
is
the
way
to
help
a
music-master.
[
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
man
being
blind
,
as
so
many
musicians
are
in
the
east.
]
book
xvi
##number##
the
chi
was
about
to
make
war
on
chuan-yue.
[
##number##
]
when
confucius
saw
jan
yu
and
chi-lu
,
[
##number##
]
they
said
to
him
,
the
chi
is
going
to
deal
with
chuan-yue.
confucius
said
,
after
all
,
ch
'iu
,
[
##number##
]
art
thou
not
in
the
wrong
?
the
kings
of
old
made
chuan-yue
lord
of
tung
meng.
[
##number##
]
moreover
,
as
chuan-yue
is
inside
our
borders
it
is
the
liege
of
the
spirits
of
earth
and
corn
of
our
land
;
so
how
can
ye
make
war
upon
it
?
jan
yu
said
,
our
master
wishes
it.
tzu-lu
and
i
,
his
two
ministers
,
do
not
,
either
of
us
,
wish
it.
confucius
said
,
ch
'iu
,
chou
jen
used
to
say
,
'he
that
can
put
forth
his
strength
takes
his
place
in
the
line
;
he
that
cannot
stands
back.
'
who
would
take
to
help
him
a
man
that
is
no
stay
in
danger
and
no
support
in
falling
?
moreover
,
what
thou
sayest
is
wrong.
if
a
tiger
or
a
buffalo
escapes
from
his
pen
,
if
tortoiseshell
or
jade
is
broken
in
its
case
,
who
is
to
blame
?
jan
yu
said
,
but
chuan-yue
is
now
strong
,
and
it
is
near
to
pi
[
##number##
]
;
if
it
is
not
taken
now
,
in
days
to
come
it
will
bring
sorrow
on
our
sons
and
grandsons.
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
small
feudatory
state
of
lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
he
and
jan
yu
were
in
the
service
of
the
chi.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
jan
yu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
mountain
in
chuan-yue.
since
the
emperor
had
given
the
ruler
of
chuan-yue
the
right
to
sacrifice
to
its
mountains
,
that
state
had
some
measure
of
independence
,
though
it
was
feudatory
to
lu
,
and
within
its
borders.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
town
belonging
to
the
chi.
]
ch
'iu
,
said
confucius
,
instead
of
saying
'i
want
it
,
'
a
gentleman
hates
to
plead
that
he
needs
must.
i
have
heard
that
fewness
of
men
does
not
vex
a
king
or
a
chief
,
but
unlikeness
of
lot
vexes
him.
poverty
does
not
vex
him
,
but
want
of
peace
vexes
him.
for
if
wealth
were
even
,
no
one
would
be
poor.
in
harmony
is
number
;
peace
prevents
a
fall.
thus
,
if
far
off
tribes
will
not
submit
,
bring
them
in
by
encouraging
mind
and
art
,
and
when
they
come
in
give
them
peace.
but
now
,
when
far
off
tribes
will
not
submit
,
ye
two
,
helpers
of
your
lord
,
cannot
bring
them
in.
the
kingdom
is
split
and
falling
,
and
ye
cannot
save
it.
yet
inside
our
land
ye
plot
to
move
spear
and
shield
!
the
sorrows
of
chi
's
grandsons
will
not
rise
in
chuan-yue
,
i
fear
:
they
will
rise
within
the
palace
wall.
##number##
confucius
said
,
when
the
way
is
kept
below
heaven
,
courtesy
,
music
and
punitive
wars
flow
from
the
son
of
heaven.
when
the
way
is
lost
below
heaven
,
courtesy
,
music
and
punitive
wars
flow
from
the
great
vassals.
when
they
flow
from
the
great
vassals
they
will
rarely
last
for
ten
generations.
when
they
flow
from
the
great
ministers
they
will
rarely
last
for
five
generations.
when
underlings
sway
the
country
's
fate
they
will
rarely
last
for
three
generations.
when
the
way
is
kept
below
heaven
power
does
not
lie
with
the
great
ministers.
when
the
way
is
kept
below
heaven
common
folk
do
not
argue.
##number##
confucius
said
,
for
five
generations
its
income
has
passed
from
the
ducal
house
;
[
##number##
]
for
four
generations
power
has
lain
with
the
great
ministers
:
and
humbled
,
therefore
,
are
the
sons
and
grandsons
of
the
three
huan.
[
footnote
##number##
:
of
lu.
]
##number##
confucius
said
,
there
are
three
friends
that
help
us
,
and
three
that
do
us
harm.
the
friends
that
help
us
are
a
straight
friend
,
an
outspoken
friend
,
and
a
friend
that
has
heard
much.
the
friends
that
harm
us
are
plausible
friends
,
friends
that
like
to
flatter
,
and
friends
with
a
glib
tongue.
##number##
confucius
said
,
there
are
three
delights
that
do
good
,
and
three
that
do
us
harm.
those
that
do
good
are
delight
in
dissecting
good
form
and
music
,
delight
in
speaking
of
the
good
in
men
,
and
delight
in
having
many
worthy
friends.
those
that
do
harm
are
proud
delights
,
delight
in
idle
roving
,
and
delight
in
the
joys
of
the
feast.
##number##
confucius
said.
men
that
wait
upon
lords
fall
into
three
mistakes.
to
speak
before
the
time
has
come
is
rashness.
not
to
speak
when
the
time
has
come
is
secrecy.
to
speak
heedless
of
looks
is
blindness.
##number##
confucius
said
,
a
gentleman
has
three
things
to
guard
against.
in
the
days
of
thy
youth
,
ere
thy
strength
is
steady
,
beware
of
lust.
when
manhood
is
reached
,
in
the
fulness
of
strength
,
beware
of
strife.
in
old
age
,
when
thy
strength
is
broken
,
beware
of
greed.
##number##
confucius
said
,
a
gentleman
holds
three
things
in
awe.
he
is
in
awe
of
the
bidding
of
heaven
;
he
is
in
awe
of
great
men
;
and
he
is
awed
by
the
words
of
the
holy.
the
small
man
knows
not
the
bidding
of
heaven
,
and
holds
it
not
in
awe.
he
is
saucy
towards
the
great
;
he
makes
game
of
holy
men
's
words.
##number##
confucius
said
,
the
best
men
are
born
wise.
next
come
those
that
grow
wise
by
learning
;
then
those
that
learn
from
toil.
those
that
do
not
learn
from
toil
are
the
lowest
of
the
people.
##number##
confucius
said
,
a
gentleman
has
nine
aims.
to
see
clearly
;
to
understand
what
he
hears
;
to
be
warm
in
manner
,
dignified
in
bearing
,
faithful
of
speech
,
keen
at
work
;
to
ask
when
in
doubt
;
in
anger
to
think
of
difficulties
;
and
in
sight
of
gain
to
think
of
right.
##number##
confucius
said
,
in
sight
of
good
to
be
filled
with
longing
;
to
look
on
evil
as
scalding
to
the
touch
:
i
have
seen
such
men
,
i
have
heard
such
words.
to
live
apart
and
search
thy
will
;
to
achieve
thy
way
,
by
doing
right
:
i
have
heard
these
words
,
but
i
have
seen
no
such
men.
##number##
ching
,
duke
of
ch
'i
,
had
a
thousand
teams
of
horses
;
but
the
people
,
on
his
death
day
,
found
no
good
in
him
to
praise.
po-yi
[
##number##
]
and
shu-ch
'i
[
##number##
]
starved
at
the
foot
of
shou-yang
,
and
to
this
day
the
people
still
praise
them.
is
not
this
the
clue
to
that
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
v
,
sec.
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
v
,
sec.
##number##
]
##number##
ch
'en
k
'ang
[
##number##
]
asked
po-yue
,
[
##number##
]
apart
from
us
,
have
ye
heard
anything
,
sir
?
he
answered
,
no
:
once
as
my
father
stood
alone
and
i
sped
across
the
hall
,
he
said
to
me
,
art
thou
learning
poetry
?
i
answered
,
no.
he
that
does
not
learn
poetry
,
he
said
,
has
no
hold
on
words.
i
withdrew
and
learned
poetry.
another
day
,
when
he
again
stood
alone
and
i
sped
across
the
hall
,
he
said
to
me
,
art
thou
learning
courtesy
?
i
answered
,
no.
he
that
does
not
learn
courtesy
,
he
said
,
has
no
foothold.
i
withdrew
and
learned
courtesy.
these
two
things
i
have
heard.
ch
'en
k
'ang
withdrew
,
and
cried
gladly
,
i
asked
one
thing
,
and
i
get
three
!
i
hear
of
poetry
;
i
hear
of
courtesy
;
and
i
hear
too
that
a
gentleman
stands
aloof
from
his
son.
##number##
a
king
speaks
of
his
wife
as
'my
wife.
'
she
calls
herself
'handmaid.
'
her
subjects
speak
of
her
as
'our
lord
's
wife
,
'
but
when
they
speak
to
foreigners
,
they
say
'our
little
queen.
'
foreigners
speak
of
her
,
too
,
as
'the
lord
's
wife.
'
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
disciple
tzu-ch
'in.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
son
of
confucius.
]
book
xvii
##number##
yang
huo
[
##number##
]
wished
to
see
confucius.
confucius
did
not
go
to
see
him.
he
sent
confucius
a
sucking
pig.
confucius
chose
a
time
when
he
was
out
,
and
went
to
thank
him.
they
met
on
the
road.
he
said
to
confucius
,
come
,
let
us
speak
together.
to
cherish
a
gem
,
and
undo
the
kingdom
,
can
that
be
called
love
?
it
cannot
,
said
confucius.
to
love
office
,
and
miss
the
hour
again
and
again
,
can
that
be
called
wisdom
?
it
cannot
,
said
confucius.
the
days
and
months
go
by
;
the
years
do
not
wait
for
us.
true
,
said
confucius
;
i
must
take
office.
##number##
the
master
said
,
men
are
near
to
each
other
by
nature
;
the
lives
they
lead
sunder
them.
##number##
the
master
said
,
only
the
wisest
and
stupidest
of
men
never
change.
##number##
as
the
master
came
to
wu-ch
'eng
[
##number##
]
he
heard
sounds
of
lute
and
song.
why
use
an
ox-knife
to
kill
a
fowl
?
said
the
master
,
with
a
pleased
smile.
tzu-yu
answered
,
master
,
once
i
heard
you
say
,
a
gentleman
that
has
learnt
the
way
loves
men
;
small
folk
that
have
learnt
the
way
are
easy
to
rule.
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
all-powerful
,
unscrupulous
minister
of
the
chi.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
very
small
town
,
of
which
the
disciple
tzu-yu
was
governor.
]
my
two-three
boys
,
said
the
master
,
what
yen
[
##number##
]
says
is
true.
i
spake
before
in
play.
##number##
kung-shan
fu-jao
[
##number##
]
held
pi
in
rebellion.
he
called
the
master
,
who
wished
to
go.
tzu-lu
said
in
displeasure.
this
cannot
be
!
why
must
ye
go
to
kung-shan
?
the
master
said
,
he
calls
me
,
and
would
that
be
all
?
could
i
not
make
an
eastern
chou
[
##number##
]
of
him
that
uses
me
?
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
confucius
what
is
love.
confucius
said
,
love
is
to
mete
out
five
things
to
all
below
heaven.
may
i
ask
what
they
are
?
modesty
and
bounty
,
said
confucius
,
truth
,
earnestness
and
kindness.
modesty
escapes
insult
:
bounty
wins
the
many
;
truth
gains
men
's
trust
;
earnestness
brings
success
;
and
kindness
is
enough
to
make
men
work.
##number##
pi
hsi
called
the
master
,
who
wished
to
go.
tzu-lu
said
,
master
,
i
heard
you
say
once
,
to
men
whose
own
life
is
evil
,
no
gentleman
will
go.
pi
hsi
holds
chung-mou
in
rebellion
;
how
could
ye
go
to
him
,
sir
?
yes
,
i
said
so
,
answered
the
master.
but
is
not
a
thing
called
hard
that
cannot
be
ground
thin
;
white
,
if
steeping
will
not
turn
it
black
?
and
am
i
a
gourd
?
can
i
hang
without
eating
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-yu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
steward
of
the
chi
,
and
a
confederate
of
yang
huo.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
kingdom
in
the
east
to
match
chou
in
the
west
,
the
home
of
kings
wen
and
wu.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
hast
thou
heard
the
six
words
,
yu
,
[
##number##
]
and
the
six
they
sink
into
?
he
answered.
no.
sit
down
,
and
i
shall
tell
thee.
the
thirst
for
love
,
without
love
of
learning
,
sinks
into
simpleness.
love
of
knowledge
,
without
love
of
learning
,
sinks
into
vanity.
love
of
truth
,
without
love
of
learning
,
sinks
into
cruelty.
love
of
straightness
,
without
love
of
learning
,
sinks
into
rudeness.
love
of
daring
,
without
love
of
learning
,
sinks
into
turbulence.
love
of
strength
,
without
love
of
learning
,
sinks
into
oddity.
##number##
the
master
said
,
my
little
children
,
why
do
ye
not
learn
poetry
?
poetry
would
ripen
you
;
teach
you
insight
,
friendliness
and
forbearance
;
show
you
how
to
serve
your
father
at
home
;
and
teach
your
lord
abroad
;
and
it
would
teach
you
the
names
of
many
birds
and
beasts
,
plants
and
trees.
##number##
the
master
said
to
po-yue
,
[
##number##
]
hast
thou
done
the
chou-nan
and
shao-nan
?
[
##number##
]
he
that
has
not
done
the
chou-nan
and
shao-nan
is
like
a
man
standing
with
his
face
to
the
wall.
##number##
the
master
said
,
'courtesy
,
courtesy
,
'
is
the
cry
;
but
are
jade
and
silk
the
whole
of
courtesy
?
'music
,
music
,
'
is
the
cry
;
but
are
bells
and
drums
the
whole
of
music
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
fierce
looks
and
weakness
within
are
like
the
small
man
,
like
the
thief
that
breaks
through
or
clambers
over
a
wall.
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
his
son.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
first
two
books
of
_the
book
of
poetry_.
]
##number##
the
master
said
,
the
plain
townsman
is
the
bane
of
mind.
##number##
the
master
said
,
to
tell
unto
the
dust
all
that
we
hear
upon
the
way
is
to
lay
waste
the
mind.
##number##
the
master
said
,
how
can
we
serve
the
king
with
a
low
fellow
,
who
is
itching
to
get
what
he
wants
and
trembling
to
lose
what
he
has
?
this
trembling
to
lose
what
he
has
may
lead
him
anywhere.
##number##
the
master
said
,
men
of
old
had
three
failings
,
which
have
,
perhaps
,
died
out
to-day.
ambitious
men
of
old
were
not
nice
;
now
they
are
unprincipled.
stern
men
of
old
were
hard
;
now
they
are
quarrelsome.
ignorant
men
of
old
were
straight
;
now
they
are
false.
that
is
all.
##number##
the
master
said
,
smooth
words
and
fawning
looks
are
seldom
found
with
love.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
hate
the
ousting
of
scarlet
by
purple.
i
hate
the
strains
of
cheng
,
confounders
of
sweet
music.
i
hate
a
sharp
tongue
,
the
ruin
of
kingdom
and
home.
##number##
the
master
said
,
i
wish
no
word
were
spoken
!
tzu-kung
said
,
sir
,
if
ye
said
no
word
,
what
could
your
little
children
write
?
the
master
said
,
what
are
the
words
of
heaven
?
the
four
seasons
pass
,
the
hundred
things
bear
life.
what
are
the
words
of
heaven
?
##number##
ju
pei
wished
to
see
confucius.
confucius
pleaded
sickness
;
but
,
as
the
messenger
left
his
door
,
he
took
a
lute
and
sang
,
so
the
messenger
should
hear.
##number##
tsai
wo
[
##number##
]
asked
about
mourning
for
three
years.
he
thought
that
one
was
enough.
if
for
three
years
gentlemen
forsake
courtesy
,
courtesy
must
suffer.
if
for
three
years
they
forsake
music
,
music
must
decay.
the
old
grain
passes
,
the
new
grain
sprouts
,
the
round
of
woods
for
the
fire-drill
is
ended
in
one
year.
the
master
said
,
feeding
on
rice
,
clad
in
brocade
,
couldst
thou
be
at
rest
?
i
could
,
he
answered.
then
do
what
gives
thee
rest.
but
a
gentleman
,
when
he
is
mourning
,
has
no
taste
for
sweets
and
no
ear
for
music
;
he
cannot
rest
in
his
home.
so
he
gives
these
up.
now
,
they
give
thee
rest
;
then
keep
them.
after
tsai
wo
had
gone
,
the
master
said
,
yue
's
[
##number##
]
want
of
love
!
at
the
age
of
three
a
child
first
leaves
the
arms
of
his
father
and
mother
,
and
mourning
lasts
for
three
years
everywhere
below
heaven.
but
did
yue
have
for
three
years
the
love
of
his
father
and
mother
?
##number##
the
master
said
,
it
is
hard
indeed
when
a
man
eats
his
fill
all
day
,
and
has
nothing
to
task
the
mind
!
could
he
not
play
at
chequers
?
even
that
were
better.
##number##
tzu-lu
said
,
do
gentlemen
honour
daring
?
they
put
right
higher
,
said
the
master.
with
daring
and
no
sense
of
right
gentlemen
turn
rebels
and
small
men
turn
robbers.
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
do
gentlemen
hate
too
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
tsai
wo.
]
they
do
,
said
the
master.
they
hate
the
sounding
of
evil
deeds
;
they
hate
men
of
low
estate
that
slander
those
over
them
;
they
hate
daring
without
courtesy
;
they
hate
men
that
are
stout
and
fearless
,
but
blind.
and
tz
'u
,
[
##number##
]
he
said
,
dost
thou
hate
too
?
i
hate
those
that
take
spying
for
wisdom
,
who
take
want
of
manners
for
courage
,
and
take
tale-telling
for
honesty.
##number##
the
master
said
,
only
maids
and
serving-lads
are
hard
to
train.
if
we
draw
near
to
them
,
they
get
unruly
;
if
we
hold
them
off
,
they
grow
spiteful.
##number##
the
master
said
,
when
a
man
of
forty
is
hated
,
he
will
be
so
to
the
end.
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-kung.
]
book
xviii
##number##
the
lord
of
wei
[
##number##
]
left
,
the
lord
of
chi
[
##number##
]
was
made
a
slave
,
pi-kan
[
##number##
]
spake
out
,
and
died.
confucius
said
,
three
of
the
yin
had
love.
##number##
whilst
liu-hsia
hui
[
##number##
]
was
chief
knight
[
##number##
]
he
was
dismissed
thrice.
men
said.
is
it
not
yet
time
to
leave.
sir
?
he
answered
,
if
i
serve
men
the
straight
way
,
where
can
i
go
without
being
dismissed
thrice
?
if
i
am
to
serve
men
the
crooked
way
,
why
should
i
leave
the
land
of
my
father
and
mother
?
##number##
speaking
of
how
to
treat
confucius
,
ching
,
duke
of
ch
'i
,
said
,
i
cannot
treat
him
as
i
do
the
chi.
i
put
him
between
chi
and
meng.
i
am
old
,
he
said
;
i
cannot
use
him.
confucius
left.
##number##
the
men
of
ch
'i
[
##number##
]
sent
a
gift
of
music
girls.
chi
huan
accepted
them
,
and
for
three
days
no
court
was
held.
confucius
left.
[
footnote
##number##
:
kinsmen
of
the
tyrant
chou
hsin
,
who
brought
the
house
of
yin
to
an
end.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
kinsmen
of
the
tyrant
chou
hsin
,
who
brought
the
house
of
yin
to
an
end.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
kinsmen
of
the
tyrant
chou
hsin
,
who
brought
the
house
of
yin
to
an
end.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
xv
,
sec.
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
or
criminal
judge.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
to
lu
,
##number##
b.c.
the
turning-point
in
confucius
's
career.
he
left
office
and
his
native
land
,
and
wandered
abroad
for
twelve
long
years.
]
##number##
chieh-yue
,
the
mad-head
of
ch
'u
,
as
he
passed
confucius
,
sang
,
phoenix
,
bright
phoenix
,
thy
glory
is
ended
!
think
of
to-morrow
;
the
past
can
't
be
mended.
up
and
away
!
the
court
is
today
with
danger
attended.
confucius
alighted
,
for
he
wished
to
speak
with
him
:
but
he
hurried
away
,
and
he
could
not
speak
with
him.
##number##
ch
'ang-chue
and
chieh-ni
were
working
in
the
fields.
as
confucius
passed
them
,
he
sent
tzu-lu
to
ask
for
the
ford.
ch
'ang-chue
said
,
who
is
that
holding
the
reins
?
he
is
k
'ung
ch
'iu
,
said
tzu-lu.
is
he
k
'ung
ch
'iu
of
lu
?
yes
,
said
tzu-lu.
he
knows
the
ford
,
said
ch
'ang-chue.
tzu-lu
asked
chieh-ni.
who
are
ye
,
sir
?
he
answered.
i
am
chung
yu.
the
disciple
of
k
'ung
ch
'iu
of
lu
?
yes
,
he
answered.
all
below
heaven
is
seething
and
boiling
,
said
chieh-ni
,
who
can
change
it
?
how
much
better
would
it
be
to
follow
a
knight
that
flees
the
world
than
to
follow
a
knight
that
flees
persons
!
and
he
went
on
hoeing
without
stop.
tzu-lu
went
and
told
the
master
,
whose
face
fell.
can
i
herd
with
birds
and
beasts
?
he
said.
whom
but
these
men
can
i
take
as
fellows
?
and
if
the
way
were
kept
by
all
below
heaven
,
i
should
not
need
to
change
them.
##number##
tzu-lu
,
who
was
following
behind
,
met
an
old
man
carrying
a
basket
on
his
staff.
tzu-lu
asked
him
,
have
ye
seen
the
master
,
sir
?
the
old
man
answered
,
thy
four
limbs
are
idle
,
thou
canst
not
sort
the
five
seeds
:
who
is
thy
master
?
and
he
planted
his
staff
,
and
weeded.
tzu-lu
stood
and
bowed.
he
kept
tzu-lu
for
the
night
,
killed
a
fowl
,
made
millet
,
gave
them
him
to
eat
,
and
presented
his
two
sons.
tzu-lu
left
the
next
day
,
and
told
the
master.
the
master
said
,
he
is
in
hiding.
he
sent
tzu-lu
back
to
see
him
;
but
when
he
arrived
he
had
gone.
tzu-lu
said
,
not
to
take
office
is
not
right.
if
the
ties
of
old
and
young
cannot
be
thrown
off
,
how
can
he
throw
off
the
liege
's
duty
to
his
lord
?
he
wishes
to
keep
his
life
clean
,
but
he
is
unsettling
the
bonds
between
men.
to
discharge
that
duty
a
gentleman
takes
office
,
though
he
knows
beforehand
that
the
way
will
not
be
kept.
##number##
po-yi
,
shu-ch
'i
,
yue-chung
,
yi-yi
,
chu-chang
,
liu-hsia
hui
and
shao-lien
were
men
that
hid
from
the
world.
the
master
said
,
po-yi
[
##number##
]
and
shu-ch
'i
[
##number##
]
did
not
bend
the
will
or
shame
the
body.
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
v
,
sec.
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
v
,
sec.
##number##
]
we
must
say
that
liu-hsia
hui
[
##number##
]
and
shao-lien
bent
the
will
and
shamed
the
body.
their
words
hit
man
's
duty
,
their
deeds
hit
our
hopes.
this
we
can
say
and
no
more.
we
may
say
that
yue-chung
and
yi-yi
lived
hidden
,
but
were
free
of
speech.
their
lives
were
clean
,
their
retreat
was
well
weighed.
but
i
am
unlike
all
of
them
:
there
is
nothing
i
must
,
or
must
not
,
do.
##number##
chih
,
the
great
music-master
,
went
to
ch
'i
;
kan
,
the
conductor
at
the
second
meal
,
went
to
ch
'u
;
liao
,
the
conductor
at
the
third
meal
,
went
to
ts
'ai
;
chueeh
,
the
conductor
at
the
fourth
meal
,
went
to
ch
'in.
the
drum
master
fang-shu
crossed
the
river
;
the
tambourine
master
wu
crossed
the
han
;
yang
the
second
bandmaster
and
hsiang
,
who
played
the
sounding
stones
,
crossed
the
sea.
##number##
the
duke
of
chou
[
##number##
]
said
to
the
duke
of
lu
,
[
##number##
]
a
gentleman
does
not
forsake
kinsmen
,
nor
offend
his
great
lieges
by
not
using
them.
he
will
not
cast
off
an
old
friend
unless
he
have
big
cause
;
he
does
not
ask
everything
of
anyone.
##number##
chou
had
eight
knights
:
po-ta
and
po-kuo
,
chung-tu
and
chung-hu
,
shu-yeh
and
shu-hsia
,
chi-sui
and
chi-kua.
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
xv
,
sec.
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
note
to
book
vii
,
sec.
##number##
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
his
son.
]
book
xix
##number##
tzu-chang
said
,
the
knight
that
stakes
his
life
when
he
sees
danger
,
who
in
sight
of
gain
thinks
of
right
,
and
whose
thoughts
are
reverent
at
worship
,
and
sad
when
he
is
in
mourning
,
will
do.
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
goodness
,
clutched
too
narrowly
;
a
belief
in
the
way
which
is
not
honest
;
can
they
be
said
to
be
,
or
said
not
to
be
?
##number##
the
disciples
of
tzu-hsia
asked
tzu-chang
whom
we
should
choose
as
our
companions.
tzu-chang
said.
what
does
tzu-hsia
say
?
they
answered
,
tzu-hsia
says
,
if
the
men
be
well
for
thee
,
go
with
them
;
if
they
be
not
well
,
push
them
off.
tzu-chang
said.
this
is
not
the
same
as
what
i
had
heard.
a
gentleman
honours
worth
and
bears
with
the
many.
he
applauds
goodness
and
pities
weakness.
if
i
were
a
man
of
great
worth
,
what
could
i
not
bear
with
in
others
?
if
i
am
without
worth
,
men
will
push
me
off
:
why
should
i
push
other
men
off
?
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
though
there
must
be
things
worth
seeing
along
small
ways
,
a
gentleman
does
not
follow
them
,
for
fear
of
being
left
at
last
in
the
mire.
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
he
that
each
day
remembers
his
failings
and
each
month
forgets
nothing
won
may
be
said
to
love
learning
indeed
!
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
by
wide
learning
and
singleness
of
will
,
by
keen
questions
and
home
thinking
we
reach
love.
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
to
master
the
hundred
trades
,
apprentices
work
in
a
shop
;
by
learning
,
a
gentleman
finds
his
way.
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
the
small
man
must
always
gloss
his
faults.
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
a
gentleman
changes
thrice.
looking
up
to
him
he
seems
stern
;
as
we
draw
near
,
he
warms
;
but
his
speech
,
when
we
hear
it
,
is
sharp.
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
until
they
trust
him
,
a
gentleman
lays
no
burdens
on
his
people.
if
they
do
not
trust
him
,
they
will
think
it
cruel.
until
they
trust
him
,
he
does
not
chide
them.
unless
they
trust
him
,
it
will
seem
fault-finding.
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
if
we
keep
within
the
bounds
of
honour
,
we
can
step
to
and
fro
through
propriety.
##number##
tzu-yu
said
,
the
disciples
,
the
little
sons
of
tzu-hsia
,
can
sprinkle
and
sweep
,
attend
and
answer
,
come
in
and
go
out
;
but
what
can
come
of
twigs
without
roots
?
when
tzu-hsia
heard
this
,
he
said
,
yen
yu
[
##number##
]
is
wrong.
if
we
teach
one
thing
in
the
way
of
a
gentleman
first
,
shall
we
tire
before
reaching
the
next
?
thus
plants
and
trees
differ
in
size.
should
the
way
of
a
gentleman
bewilder
him
?
to
learn
it
,
first
and
last
,
none
but
the
holy
are
fit.
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-yu.
]
##number##
tzu-hsia
said
,
a
servant
of
the
crown
should
give
his
spare
strength
to
learning.
with
his
spare
strength
a
scholar
should
serve
the
crown.
##number##
tzu-yu
said
,
mourning
should
stretch
to
grief
,
and
stop
there.
##number##
tzu-yu
said
,
our
friend
chang
[
##number##
]
can
do
hard
things
,
but
love
is
not
yet
his.
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
chang
is
so
spacious
,
so
lordly
,
that
at
his
side
it
is
hard
to
do
what
love
bids.
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
i
have
heard
the
master
say
,
man
never
shows
what
is
in
him
unless
it
be
in
mourning
those
dear
to
him.
##number##
tseng-tzu
said
,
i
have
heard
the
master
say
,
in
all
else
we
may
be
as
good
a
son
as
meng
chuang
,
but
in
not
changing
his
father
's
ministers
,
or
his
father
's
rule
,
he
is
hard
to
match.
##number##
the
meng
[
##number##
]
made
yang
fu
[
##number##
]
chief
knight
,
[
##number##
]
who
spake
to
tseng-tzu
about
it.
tseng-tzu
said
,
those
above
have
lost
their
way
,
the
people
have
long
been
astray.
when
thou
dost
get
at
the
truth
,
be
moved
to
pity
,
not
puffed
with
joy.
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
chou
[
##number##
]
was
not
so
very
wicked
!
thus
a
gentleman
hates
to
live
in
a
hollow
,
down
into
which
runs
all
that
is
foul
below
heaven.
##number##
tzu-kung
said
,
a
gentleman
's
faults
are
like
the
eating
of
sun
or
moon.
[
##number##
]
all
men
see
them
,
and
when
he
mends
all
men
look
up
to
him.
[
footnote
##number##
:
tzu-chang.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
chief
of
the
meng
clan
,
powerful
in
lu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple
of
tseng-tzu.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
or
criminal
judge.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
the
tyrant
that
ended
the
yin
dynasty.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
an
eclipse.
]
##number##
kung-sun
ch
'ao
of
wei
asked
tzu-kung
,
from
whom
did
chung-ni
[
##number##
]
learn
?
tzu-kung
said
,
the
way
of
wen
and
wu
[
##number##
]
has
not
fallen
into
ruin.
it
lives
in
men
:
the
big
in
big
men
,
the
small
in
small
men.
in
none
of
them
is
the
way
of
wen
and
wu
missing.
how
should
the
master
not
learn
it
?
what
need
had
he
for
a
set
teacher
?
##number##
in
talk
with
the
great
men
of
the
court
shu-sun
wu-shu
[
##number##
]
said
,
tzu-kung
is
worthier
than
chung-ni.
tzu-fu
ching-po
told
this
to
tzu-kung.
tzu-kung
said
,
this
is
like
the
palace
wall.
my
wall
reaches
to
the
shoulder
:
peeping
over
you
see
the
good
home
within.
the
master
's
wall
is
several
fathoms
high
:
no
one
can
see
the
beauty
of
the
ancestral
temple
and
the
wealth
of
its
hundred
officers
,
unless
he
gets
in
by
the
gate.
and
if
only
a
few
men
find
the
gate
,
may
not
my
lord
have
spoken
the
truth
?
##number##
shu-sun
wu-shu
cried
down
chung-ni.
tzu-kung
said
,
it
is
labour
lost.
chung-ni
cannot
be
cried
down.
the
greatness
of
other
men
is
a
hummock
,
over
which
we
can
still
leap.
chung-ni
is
the
sun
or
moon
,
which
no
one
can
overleap.
though
the
man
were
willing
to
kill
himself
,
how
could
he
hurt
the
sun
or
moon
?
that
he
does
not
know
his
own
measure
would
only
be
seen
the
better
!
##number##
ch
'en
tzu-ch
'in
[
##number##
]
said
to
tzu-kung
,
ye
humble
yourself
,
sir.
in
what
is
chung-ni
your
better
?
[
footnote
##number##
:
confucius.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
see
introduction.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
head
of
the
meng
clan.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
a
disciple
of
tzu-kung.
]
tzu-kung
said
,
by
one
word
a
gentleman
shows
wisdom
,
by
one
word
want
of
wisdom.
words
must
not
be
lightly
spoken.
no
one
can
come
up
to
the
master
,
as
heaven
is
not
to
be
climbed
by
steps.
if
the
master
had
power
in
a
kingdom
,
or
a
clan
,
the
saying
would
come
true
,
'what
he
sets
up
stands
;
he
shows
the
way
and
men
go
it
,
he
brings
peace
and
they
come
,
he
stirs
them
and
they
are
at
one.
honoured
in
life
,
he
is
mourned
when
dead
!
'
who
can
come
up
to
him
?
book
xx
[
##number##
]
##number##
yao
said
,
hail
to
thee
,
shun
!
the
count
that
heaven
is
telling
falls
on
thee.
keep
true
hold
of
the
centre.
if
there
be
stress
or
want
within
the
four
seas
,
the
gift
of
heaven
will
pass
for
ever.
shun
laid
the
same
commands
on
yue.
_t
'ang_
said
,
i
,
thy
little
child
li
,
dare
to
offer
this
black
steer
,
and
dare
to
proclaim
before
thee
,
almighty
lord
,
that
i
dare
not
forgive
sin
,
nor
keep
down
thy
ministers.
search
them
,
o
lord
,
in
thine
heart.
if
our
life
be
sinful
,
visit
it
not
upon
the
ten
thousand
homesteads.
if
the
ten
thousand
homesteads
sin
,
the
sin
is
on
our
head.
chou
bestowed
great
gifts
,
and
good
men
grew
rich.
'loving
hearts
are
better
than
near
kinsmen.
all
the
people
blame
no
one
but
me.
'
[
##number##
]
he
saw
to
weights
and
measures
,
revised
the
laws
,
and
brought
back
broken
officers.
order
reigned
everywhere.
he
revived
ruined
kingdoms
and
restored
fiefs
that
had
fallen
in.
all
hearts
below
heaven
turned
to
him.
the
people
's
food
,
burials
and
worship
weighed
most
with
him.
his
bounty
gained
the
many
,
his
truth
won
the
people
's
trust
,
his
earnestness
brought
success
,
his
justice
made
men
glad.
[
footnote
##number##
:
this
chapter
shows
the
principles
on
which
china
was
governed
in
old
times.
yao
and
shun
were
the
legendary
founders
of
the
chinese
empire
,
yue
,
t
'ang
,
and
chou
were
the
first
emperors
of
the
houses
of
hsia
,
shang
and
chou
,
which
had
ruled
china
up
till
the
time
of
confucius.
]
[
footnote
##number##
:
said
by
king
wu
(
chou
)
.
the
people
blamed
him
for
not
dethroning
at
once
the
tyrant
chou
hsin.
]
##number##
tzu-chang
asked
confucius
,
how
should
men
be
governed
?
the
master
said
,
to
govern
men
we
must
honour
five
fair
things
and
spurn
four
evil
things.
tzu-chang
said
,
what
are
the
five
fair
things
?
the
master
said
,
a
gentleman
is
kind
,
but
not
wasteful
;
he
burdens
,
but
he
does
not
embitter
;
he
is
covetous
,
but
not
greedy
;
high-minded
,
but
not
proud
;
stern
,
but
not
fierce.
tzu-chang
said
,
what
is
meant
by
kindness
without
waste
?
the
master
said
,
to
further
what
furthers
the
people
,
is
not
that
kindness
without
waste
?
if
burdens
be
sorted
to
strength
,
who
will
grumble
?
to
covet
love
and
get
love
,
is
that
greed
?
few
or
many
,
small
or
great
,
all
is
one
to
a
gentleman
:
he
dares
not
slight
any
man.
is
not
this
to
be
high-minded
,
but
not
proud
?
a
gentleman
straightens
his
robe
and
cap
,
and
settles
his
look.
he
is
severe
,
and
men
look
up
to
him
with
awe.
is
not
this
to
be
stern
,
but
not
fierce
?
tzu-chang
said
,
what
are
the
four
evil
things
?
the
master
said
,
to
leave
untaught
and
then
kill
is
cruelty
;
not
to
give
warning
and
to
expect
things
to
be
done
is
tyranny
;
to
give
careless
orders
and
be
strict
when
the
day
comes
is
robbery
;
to
be
stingy
in
rewarding
men
is
littleness.
##number##
the
master
said
,
he
that
does
not
know
the
bidding
cannot
be
a
gentleman.
not
to
know
good
form
is
to
have
no
foothold.
not
to
know
words
is
to
know
nothing
of
men.
index
_the
index
has
been
reprinted
with
few
changes
from
the
first
edition
,
whilst
the
book
itself
has
been
revised.
there
are
therefore
slight
differences
here
and
there
between
the
two._
(
aspirated
and
unaspirated
letters
have
been
treated
as
different
letters.
the
aspirated
letter
follows
immediately
the
unaspirated
;
e.g.
_t
'a_
comes
after
_tung_.
)
_ai_
,
duke
of
lu
,
name
chiang
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
;
ii.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
make
his
people
loyal
;
iii.
##number##
,
asks
tsai
wo
about
the
shrines
to
guardian
spirits
;
vi.
##number##
,
asks
which
disciples
are
fond
of
learning
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
to
do
in
this
year
of
dearth
;
xiv.
##number##
,
does
not
avenge
the
murder
of
duke
of
ch
'i.
_ao_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
man
of
the
hsia
dynasty
famous
for
his
strength.
_chang_
,
xix.
##number##
,
##number##
=
tzu-chang
,
whom
see.
_chao_
,
vi.
##number##
,
prince
of
sung
,
his
beauty.
_chao_
,
duke
of
lu
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
;
vii.
##number##
(
and
note
)
,
the
master
deems
him
well
bred.
_chao_
,
one
of
the
great
families
that
governed
the
state
of
chin
;
xiv.
##number##
,
meng
kung-ch
'o
,
fit
to
be
steward
of.
_chao-nan_
,
xvii.
##number##
,
the
first
book
of
the
_book
of
poetry_
,
a
collection
of
old
chinese
songs.
_cheng_
,
a
state
of
ancient
china
;
xv.
##number##
,
its
wanton
music
;
xvii.
##number##
,
its
strains
confound
sweet
music.
_chi_
,
or
_chi-sun_
,
one
of
the
three
great
houses
of
lu
,
who
had
grasped
all
power
in
the
state.
the
others
were
meng-sun
and
shu-sun.
they
were
all
descended
from
duke
huan
by
a
concubine.
_chi_
,
the
chi
,
head
of
the
chi
clan
,
first
chi
huan
and
then
chi
k
'ang
;
iii.
##number##
,
had
eight
rows
of
dancers
in
his
hall
;
iii.
##number##
,
worshipped
on
mount
t
'ai
;
vi.
##number##
,
wishes
to
make
min
tzu-ch
'ien
governor
of
pi
;
xi.
##number##
,
richer
than
the
duke
of
chou
;
xiii.
##number##
,
chung-kung
is
his
steward
;
xvi.
##number##
,
is
about
to
chastise
chuan-yue
;
xviii.
##number##
,
ching
,
duke
of
ch
'i
,
would
set
him
above
confucius.
_chi_
,
xiv.
##number##
=
hou
chi
,
director
of
husbandry
under
the
emperor
yao
,
and
ancestor
of
the
chou
dynasty.
_chi_
,
iii.
##number##
,
a
small
state.
_chi_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
another
small
state.
lord
of
chi
:
an
uncle
of
the
tyrant
chou
,
last
of
the
yin
dynasty.
he
was
imprisoned
for
chiding
the
emperor
,
and
to
escape
death
feigned
madness.
_chi
huan_
,
head
of
the
chi
clan
+
##number##
b.c.
;
xviii.
##number##
,
accepts
singing
girls
from
ch
'i.
_chi-kua_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_chi
k
'ang_
,
of
the
great
house
of
chi
of
lu
,
succeeded
chi
huan
as
chief
,
##number##
b.c.
(
_see_
note
to
xii.
##number##
)
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
how
to
make
the
people
respectful
,
faithful
,
and
willing
;
vi.
##number##
,
asks
whether
certain
disciples
were
fit
for
power
;
x.
##number##
,
presents
the
master
with
medicine
;
xi.
##number##
,
asks
which
disciples
were
fond
of
learning
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
rule
;
xii.
##number##
,
is
vexed
by
robbers
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
whether
we
should
kill
the
bad
;
xiv.
##number##
,
asks
how
duke
ling
escapes
ruin.
_chi-lu_
,
another
name
for
tzu-lu.
_chi-sui_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_chi-sun_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
or
chi
(
which
see
)
,
probably
chi
huan
,
the
head
of
the
house.
_chi
tzu-ch
'eng_
,
xii.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
wei
,
says
,
a
gentleman
is
all
nature.
_chi
tzu-jan_
,
younger
brother
of
chi
huan
;
xi.
##number##
,
asks
whether
yu
and
ch
'iu
are
statesmen.
_chi
wen_
,
v.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
lu
,
thought
thrice
before
acting.
_chieh-ni_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
says
the
world
is
a
seething
torrent.
_chieh-yue_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
a
famous
man
of
ch
'u
,
who
,
disapproving
of
his
king
's
conduct
,
supported
himself
by
husbandry
,
and
feigned
madness
in
order
to
escape
being
forced
into
the
king
's
service.
_chien_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
duke
of
ch
'i
,
murdered
by
ch
'en
ch
'eng
##number##
b.c.
_chih_
,
music-master
of
lu
;
viii.
##number##
,
how
grand
was
the
ending
of
the
kuan-chue
in
his
day
;
xviii.
##number##
,
went
to
ch
'i.
_chin_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
an
ancient
state.
duke
wen
of
chin
was
deep
but
dishonest.
_ching_
,
duke
of
ch
'i.
confucius
was
in
ch
'i
in
##number##
b.c.
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
kingcraft
;
xvi.
##number##
,
had
a
thousand
teams
of
horses
,
but
no
man
praised
him
;
xviii.
##number##
,
would
set
confucius
between
the
chi
and
the
meng.
_ching_
,
xiii.
##number##
,
of
ducal
house
of
wei
,
was
wise
in
his
private
life.
_chiu_
,
brother
of
duke
huan
of
ch
'i
;
xiv.
##number##
,
##number##
,
slain
by
his
brother.
_chou_
,
the
reigning
dynasty
in
confucius
's
time
,
ii.
##number##
,
iii.
##number##
,
iii.
##number##
,
xv.
##number##
,
xviii.
##number##
_chou_
,
viii.
##number##
=
king
wen.
_chou_
,
xx.
##number##
=
king
wu.
_chou_
,
the
duke
of
,
_see_
note
to
vii.
##number##
;
vii.
##number##
,
confucius
sees
him
no
more
in
his
dreams
;
viii.
##number##
,
his
gifts
,
if
coupled
with
pride
and
meanness
,
would
not
be
worth
a
glance
;
xi.
##number##
,
the
chi
richer
than
he
;
xviii.
##number##
,
his
instructions
to
his
son.
_chou_
,
or
_chou
hsin_
(
reigned
##number##
b.c.
)
,
the
last
emperor
of
the
house
of
yin
,
an
infamous
tyrant
,
finally
overthrown
by
king
wu
,
when
he
perished
in
his
burning
palace
;
xix.
##number##
,
his
wickedness
was
not
so
great.
_chou
jen_
,
an
ancient
worthy
;
xvi.
##number##
,
said
,
he
that
can
put
forth
his
strength
....
_chu-chang_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
a
man
who
fled
the
world.
_chuan-yue_
,
a
small
state
in
lu
,
tributary
to
lu
;
xvi.
##number##
,
the
chi
proposes
to
chastise
it.
_chuang
of
pien_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
his
boldness.
_chung-hu_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_chung-kung_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
:
name
jan
yung
,
style
chung-kung
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
v.
##number##
,
said
to
have
a
glib
tongue
;
vi.
##number##
,
might
fill
the
seat
of
a
prince
:
his
views
on
laxity
;
vi.
##number##
,
likened
to
the
red
calf
of
a
brindled
cow
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
of
noble
life
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
love
;
xiii.
##number##
,
when
steward
of
the
chi
asks
how
to
rule.
_chung-mou_
,
a
town
in
chin
,
belonging
to
the
chao
family
;
xvii.
##number##
,
held
by
pi
hsi
in
rebellion.
_chung-ni_
,
xix.
##number##
,
##number##
=
confucius.
_chung-shu
yue_
,
minister
of
wei
,
son
of
k
'ung-wen
;
xiv.
##number##
,
in
charge
of
the
guests.
_chung-tu_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_chung
yu_
:
_see_
tzu-lu.
_chue-fu_
,
xiii.
##number##
,
a
town
in
lu
,
tzu-hsia
governor
of
it.
_chueeh_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
bandmaster
of
lu
,
went
to
ch
'in.
_ch
'ai_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
kao
ch
'ai
,
style
tzu-kao
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
simple
;
xi.
##number##
,
made
governor
of
pi.
_ch
'ang-chue_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
says
confucius
knows
the
ford.
_ch
'en_
,
a
state
in
china
;
v.
##number##
,
xi.
##number##
,
xv.
##number##
_ch
'en_
,
judge
of
;
vii.
##number##
,
asks
whether
duke
chao
was
well
bred.
_ch
'en
ch
'eng_
,
posthumous
title
of
ch
'en
heng
,
minister
of
ch
'i
;
xiv.
##number##
,
murders
duke
chien
of
ch
'i.
_ch
'en
k
'ang_
,
xvi.
##number##
=
tzu-ch
'in
,
whom
see.
_ch
'en
tzu-ch
'in_
=
tzu-ch
'in
,
whom
see.
_ch
'en
wen_
,
a
lord
of
ch
'i
;
v.
##number##
,
forsook
his
land
when
ts
'ui
murdered
the
king.
_ch
'i_
,
a
state
in
ancient
china
,
vii.
##number##
,
xviii.
##number##
,
xviii.
##number##
;
v.
##number##
,
its
king
slain
by
ts
'ui
;
vi.
##number##
,
tzu-hua
sent
there
;
vi.
##number##
,
by
a
single
revolution
might
equal
lu
;
xiv.
##number##
,
duke
huan
of
,
was
honest
but
shallow
;
xvi.
##number##
,
duke
ching
of
,
had
a
thousand
teams
of
horses
;
xviii.
##number##
,
the
men
of
,
send
singing
girls
to
chi
huan.
_ch
'i-tiao
k
'ai_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
style
tzu-jo
;
v.
##number##
,
wants
confidence
to
take
office.
_ch
'ih_
,
the
name
of
kung-hsi
hua
,
whom
see.
_ch
'in_
,
a
state
in
western
china
,
xviii.
##number##
_ch
'iu_
,
the
name
of
jan
yu
,
whom
see
;
xiv.
##number##
,
the
name
of
confucius.
_ch
'u_
,
an
ancient
state
,
xviii.
##number##
,
##number##
_ch
'ue
po-yue_
,
minister
of
wei
,
a
friend
of
confucius
,
who
stayed
with
him
when
in
wei
;
xiv.
##number##
,
sends
an
envoy
to
confucius
;
xv.
##number##
,
what
a
gentleman
he
was
!
_ch
'ueeh_
,
a
village
;
xiv.
##number##
,
a
lad
from
,
made
messenger
by
confucius.
_fan
ch
'ih_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
fan
hsue
,
style
tzu-ch
'ih
;
ii.
##number##
,
asks
meaning
of
obedience
to
parents
;
vi.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
wisdom
,
and
love
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
raise
the
mind
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
love
,
and
wisdom
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
to
be
taught
husbandry
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
love.
_fang_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
town
of
lu
,
a
fief
in
the
hands
of
tsang
wu-chung.
_fang-shu_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
drum-master
of
lu
,
crossed
the
river.
_han_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
the
river
that
enters
the
yangtze
at
hankow.
_hsia_
=
china
,
also
the
name
of
a
dynasty
,
ii.
##number##
,
iii.
##number##
,
##number##
,
xv.
##number##
_hsiang_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
who
played
the
sounding
stones
,
crossed
the
sea.
_hsieh_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
small
state
:
meng
kung-ch
'o
not
fit
to
be
minister
of.
_hsien_
,
xiv.
##number##
:
_see_
yuean
ssu.
_hsien_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
steward
to
kung-shu
wen
;
goes
to
court
with
him.
_hu_
,
vii.
##number##
,
a
village
:
it
was
ill
talking
to
the
people
of.
_huan_
,
the
three
;
xvi.
##number##
,
the
three
sons
of
duke
huan
of
lu
,
from
whom
the
families
of
meng
,
shu
,
and
chi
were
descended
,
as
also
the
powerless
reigning
duke
of
lu.
_huan_
,
duke
of
ch
'i
:
_see_
note
to
xiv.
##number##
;
xiv.
##number##
,
was
honest
but
shallow
;
xiv.
##number##
,
##number##
,
slays
the
young
duke
chiu.
_huan
t
'ui_
,
vii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
sung
,
cannot
harm
the
master
,
if
heaven
protect
him.
_hui_
:
_see_
yen
yuean.
_jan
ch
'iu_
:
_see_
jan
yu.
_jan
po-niu_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
jan
keng
,
style
po-niu
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
of
noble
life.
_jan
yu_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
jan
ch
'in
,
style
tzu-yu
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
iii.
##number##
,
cannot
stop
the
chi
worshipping
on
mount
t
'ai
;
v.
##number##
,
the
master
cannot
say
that
he
has
love
;
vi.
##number##
,
gives
tzu-hua
's
mother
grain
;
vi.
##number##
,
has
ability
and
so
is
fit
to
govern
;
vi.
##number##
,
lacks
strength
to
follow
confucius
;
vii.
##number##
,
asks
whether
the
master
is
for
the
king
of
wei
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
a
statesman
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
fresh
and
frank
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
tax-gatherer
to
the
chi
;
xi.
##number##
,
asks
whether
he
shall
do
all
that
he
is
taught
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
a
tool
,
not
a
statesman
;
xi.
##number##
,
wishes
for
charge
of
sixty
,
or
seventy
,
square
miles
;
xiii.
##number##
,
drives
the
master
towards
wei
;
xiii.
##number##
,
says
business
of
state
detained
him
at
court
;
xiv.
##number##
,
his
skill
;
xvi.
##number##
,
is
minister
to
the
chi
,
when
he
proposes
to
attack
chuan-yue.
_ju
pei_
,
an
officer
of
lu
,
who
had
been
taught
by
confucius
;
xvii.
##number##
,
wishes
to
see
confucius
,
who
pleads
sickness.
_kan_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
music-master
of
lu
,
went
to
ch
'u.
_kao-tsung_
,
the
emperor
wu
ting
of
the
house
of
yin
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
;
xiv.
##number##
,
on
the
death
of
his
predecessor
did
not
speak
for
three
years.
_kao-yao_
,
xii.
##number##
,
made
criminal
judge
by
shun
and
evil
vanished.
_kuan
chung_
,
personal
name
yi-wu
,
chief
minister
to
duke
huan
of
ch
'i
,
+
##number##
b.c.
:
_see_
notes
to
iii.
##number##
,
xiv.
##number##
;
iii.
##number##
,
confucius
calls
him
shallow
;
xiv.
##number##
,
he
thrust
the
po
from
the
town
of
pien
;
xiv.
##number##
,
would
not
die
with
the
young
duke
chiu
;
xiv.
##number##
,
should
he
have
drowned
in
a
ditch
?
_kung-ch
'o_
xiv.
##number##
:
_see_
meng
kung-ch
'o.
_kung-hsi
hua_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
kung-hsi
ch
'ih
,
style
tzu-hua
,
born
in
lu
,
##number##
b.c.
he
was
entrusted
with
the
management
of
the
master
's
funeral
;
v.
##number##
,
the
master
cannot
say
whether
he
has
love
;
vi.
##number##
,
sent
to
ch
'i
;
confucius
is
asked
to
give
his
mother
grain
;
vii.
##number##
,
says
the
disciples
cannot
learn
the
master
's
endless
craving
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
puzzled
by
the
master
's
different
answers
;
xi.
##number##
,
would
like
to
play
an
humble
part
in
ancestral
temple.
_kung-ming
chia_
a
man
of
wei
;
xiv.
##number##
,
says
kung-shu
wen
speaks
when
it
is
time
to
speak.
_kung-shan
fu-jao_
,
xvii.
##number##
,
a
confederate
of
yang
huo
,
held
pi
in
rebellion.
_kung-shu_
,
the
name
of
a
great
family
in
wei.
_kung-shu
wen_
,
of
the
above
family
,
a
minister
of
wei
;
xiv.
##number##
,
said
not
to
speak
,
or
laugh
,
or
take
a
gift
;
xiv.
##number##
,
goes
to
court
with
his
ex-steward.
_kung-sun
ch
'ao_
,
xix.
##number##
,
asks
,
'where
did
confucius
get
his
learning
?
'
_kung-yeh
ch
'ang_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
;
v.
##number##
,
married
to
confucius
's
daughter
,
though
he
had
been
in
prison.
_k
'ang_
,
x.
##number##
:
_see_
chi
k
'ang.
_k
'uang_
,
ix.
##number##
;
xi.
##number##
,
a
place
where
the
master
was
affrighted.
_k
'ung
ch
'iu_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
confucius
's
name
in
chinese.
his
style
was
chung-ni.
_k
'ung-wen_
,
the
posthumous
title
of
k
'ung
yue
,
a
lord
of
wei
;
v.
##number##
,
why
he
was
styled
cultured.
_lao_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
ch
'in
lao
,
style
tzu-k
'ai
;
ix.
##number##
,
quotes
the
master
's
saying
that
he
learned
a
trade.
_li_
,
xi.
##number##
,
confucius
's
son
:
_see_
po-yue.
_li_
,
xx.
##number##
=
t
'ang
,
whom
see.
_liao_
,
the
duke
's
uncle
;
xiv.
##number##
,
a
man
of
lu
,
slanders
tzu-lu.
_liao_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
bandmaster
of
lu
,
went
to
ts
'ai.
_lin
fang_
,
iii.
##number##
,
a
man
of
lu
,
asks
what
gives
life
to
ceremony
;
iii.
##number##
,
he
and
mount
t
'ai.
_ling_
,
duke
of
wei
,
the
husband
of
nan-tzu
(
vi.
##number##
)
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
;
xiv.
##number##
,
his
wickedness
;
xv.
##number##
,
asks
about
the
line
of
battle.
_liu-hsia
hui_
,
flourished
about
##number##
b.c.
:
_see_
note
to
xv.
##number##
;
xv.
##number##
,
tsang
wen
would
not
stand
by
him
;
xviii.
##number##
,
was
thrice
dismissed
when
judge
;
xviii.
##number##
,
bent
his
will
and
shamed
the
body.
_lu_
,
the
native
state
of
confucius
,
iii.
##number##
,
v.
##number##
,
vi.
##number##
,
ix.
##number##
,
xi.
##number##
,
iii.
##number##
,
xiv.
##number##
_lu_
,
duke
of
,
xviii.
##number##
,
the
son
of
the
duke
of
chou.
_meng_
,
or
_meng-sun_
,
one
of
the
three
great
families
that
were
all-powerful
in
lu.
_meng_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
the
head
of
the
meng
clan
,
meng
yi.
_meng_
,
the
,
xix.
##number##
,
makes
yang
fu
criminal
judge.
_meng
chih-fan_
,
vi.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
lu
,
never
bragged.
_meng
ching_
,
son
of
meng
wu
,
a
lord
of
lu
;
viii.
##number##
,
comes
to
ask
after
the
dying
tseng-tzu.
_meng
chuang_
,
xix.
##number##
,
head
of
the
meng
clan
,
his
piety.
_meng
kung-ch
'o_
head
of
the
meng
clan
,
minister
of
lu
;
xiv.
##number##
,
not
fit
to
be
minister
of
t
'eng
or
hsieh
;
xiv.
##number##
,
his
greedlessness.
_meng
wu_
,
posthumous
name
of
meng
hsi
,
a
lord
of
lu
,
son
of
meng
yi
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
that
his
parents
are
concerned
for
his
health
;
v.
##number##
,
asks
whether
certain
disciples
have
love.
_meng
yi_
,
the
posthumous
name
of
ho-chi
,
head
of
the
meng-sun
,
or
chung-sun
,
clan
in
lu
:
a
contemporary
of
confucius
;
ii.
##number##
,
asks
the
duty
of
a
son
;
xviii.
##number##
,
ching
,
duke
of
ch
'i
,
would
set
him
below
confucius.
_mien_
,
xv.
##number##
,
a
blind
music-master
of
lu
,
comes
to
see
confucius.
_min
tzu-ch
'ien_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
min
sun
,
style
tzu-ch
'ien
;
vi.
##number##
,
would
rather
cross
the
wen
than
be
governor
of
pi
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
of
noble
life
;
xi.
##number##
,
how
good
a
son
he
was
!
xi.
##number##
,
his
winning
strength
;
xi.
##number##
,
does
not
talk
,
but
what
he
says
hits
the
mark.
_nan
jung_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
;
v.
##number##
,
given
confucius
's
niece
as
wife
;
xi.
##number##
,
would
thrice
repeat
_the
sceptre
white_.
_nan-kung
kuo_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
style
tzu-jung
,
perhaps
the
same
man
as
nan
jung
;
xiv.
##number##
,
how
he
prizes
worth.
_nan-tzu_
,
wife
of
ling
,
duke
of
wei
,
a
dissolute
woman
;
vi.
##number##
,
confucius
sees
her.
_ning
wu_
,
posthumous
title
of
ning
yue
,
a
lord
of
wei
;
v.
##number##
,
such
simplicity
as
his
is
beyond
our
reach.
_pi_
,
a
town
of
lu
,
belonging
to
the
chi
;
vi.
##number##
,
min
tzu-ch
'ien
refuses
the
governorship
of
;
xi.
##number##
,
tzu-kao
made
governor
of
;
xvi.
##number##
,
chuan-yue
is
strong
and
close
to
pi
;
xvii.
##number##
,
held
in
rebellion
by
kung-shan
fu-jao.
_pi
hsi_
,
governor
of
chung-mou
in
chin
for
the
family
of
chao
;
xvii.
##number##
,
summons
confucius.
_pi-kan_
,
uncle
of
the
tyrant
chou
(
reigned
##number##
b.c.
)
,
last
of
the
house
of
yin
;
xviii.
##number##
,
died
for
his
reproofs.
_pien_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
town
in
lu
given
to
kuan
chung.
_po_
,
the
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
ch
'i.
duke
huan
takes
from
him
the
town
of
pien
and
gives
it
to
kuan
chung.
_po-kuo_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_po-niu_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
jan
keng
,
style
po-niu
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
vi.
##number##
,
why
should
he
die
of
such
an
illness
?
_po-ta_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_po-yi_
,
elder
brother
of
shu-ch
'i
,
lived
in
twelfth
century
b.c.
;
_see_
note
to
v.
##number##
;
v.
##number##
,
never
recalled
past
wickedness
;
vii.
##number##
,
did
not
rue
the
past
;
xvi.
##number##
,
men
still
sound
his
praises
;
xviii.
##number##
,
would
not
bend
the
will.
_po-yue_
,
confucius
's
son
;
xi.
##number##
,
buried
without
an
outer
coffin
;
xvi.
##number##
,
told
by
his
father
to
study
poetry
and
courtesy
;
xvii.
##number##
,
asked
whether
he
had
done
the
chou-nan.
_p
'eng_
,
vii.
##number##
,
a
man
of
the
shang
dynasty
:
confucius
likens
himself
to
him.
_p
'i
shen_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
cheng
,
who
drafted
the
decrees.
_shang_
,
the
name
of
tzu-hsia
,
whom
see.
_shao_
,
the
music
of
the
time
of
shun
;
iii.
##number##
,
its
beauty
;
vii.
##number##
,
after
hearing
it
the
master
knew
not
the
taste
of
meat
for
three
months
;
xv.
##number##
,
choose
for
music
the
shao
and
its
dance.
_shao
hu_
,
a
man
of
ch
'i
:
_see_
note
to
xiv.
##number##
;
xiv.
##number##
,
died
with
the
young
duke
chiu.
_shao-lien_
,
a
man
supposed
to
have
belonged
to
the
savage
tribes
of
eastern
china
;
xviii.
##number##
,
he
shamed
the
body.
_shao-nan_
,
xvii.
##number##
,
the
second
book
of
the
_book
of
poetry_.
_she_
,
a
district
in
ch
'u.
_she_
,
duke
of
,
vii.
##number##
,
asks
tzu-lu
about
confucius
,
and
is
not
answered
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
about
government
;
xiii.
##number##
,
says
in
his
home
an
upright
son
bears
witness
against
his
father.
_shen_
,
the
name
of
tseng-tzu
,
whom
see.
_shen
ch
'ang_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
style
tzu-chou
;
v.
##number##
,
is
passionate
,
cannot
be
firm.
_shih_
,
xi.
##number##
=
tzu-chang
,
whom
see.
_shih-men_
,
a
pass
on
the
frontier
of
ch
'i
;
xiv.
##number##
,
tzu-lu
spends
a
night
there.
_shih-shu_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
cheng
,
criticised
the
decrees.
_shou-yang_
,
xvi.
##number##
,
a
mountain
:
po-yi
and
shu-ch
'i
died
at
its
foot.
_shu-ch
'i_
,
younger
brother
of
po-yi
,
whom
see.
_shu-hsia_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_shu-sun
wu-shu_
,
chief
of
the
shu-sun
,
meng-sun
,
or
meng
family
,
one
of
the
three
great
houses
of
lu
,
who
controlled
the
state
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
tzu-kung
is
greater
than
confucius
;
xix.
##number##
,
decries
confucius.
_shu-yeh_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
officer
of
chou.
_shun_
,
an
emperor
,
successor
of
yao
(
reigned
##number##
b.c.
)
;
vi.
##number##
,
still
yearned
to
treat
all
with
bounty
;
viii.
##number##
,
it
was
sublime
how
he
swayed
the
world
and
made
light
of
it
;
viii.
##number##
,
had
five
ministers
,
and
order
reigned
;
xii.
##number##
,
raised
kao-yao
,
and
evil
vanished
;
xiv.
##number##
,
still
struggled
to
bring
peace
to
all
men
;
xv.
##number##
,
ruled
doing
nothing
;
xx.
##number##
,
his
instructions
from
yao
on
coming
to
the
throne.
_ssu-ma
niu_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
ssu-ma
keng
,
style
tzu-niu
,
a
brother
of
huan
t
'ui
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
love
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
a
gentleman
;
xii.
##number##
,
his
sorrow
at
having
no
brothers.
_sung_
,
a
state
,
iii.
##number##
,
vi.
##number##
_ta-hsiang_
,
ix.
##number##
,
a
village
:
a
man
from
,
says
confucius
has
made
no
name.
_tan-t
'ai
mieh-ming_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
style
tzu-yue
;
vi.
##number##
,
would
not
take
a
short
cut.
_tien_
,
xi.
##number##
=
tseng
hsi
,
whom
see.
_ting_
,
duke
,
ruler
of
lu
,
whilst
confucius
was
in
office
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
;
iii.
##number##
,
asks
how
kings
should
treat
ministers
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
whether
any
one
saying
can
bless
a
kingdom.
_tsai
wo_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
tsai
yue
,
style
tzu-wo
,
died
##number##
b.c.
;
iii.
##number##
,
explains
what
trees
were
planted
round
the
shrines
of
guardian
spirits
;
v.
##number##
,
slept
in
the
daytime
;
vi.
##number##
,
asks
whether
a
man
who
loves
would
go
down
a
well
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
a
talker
;
xvii.
##number##
,
thought
one
year
's
mourning
enough.
_tsai
yue_
:
see
tsai
wo.
_tsang
wen_
,
a
minister
of
lu
;
v.
##number##
,
lodged
his
tortoise
in
a
sculptured
house
;
xv.
##number##
,
filched
his
post.
_tsang
wu-chung_
,
a
minister
of
lu
,
in
the
time
of
confucius
's
father
;
xiv.
##number##
,
his
wisdom
;
xiv.
##number##
,
forces
his
king
's
hand.
_tseng
hsi_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
tseng
tien
,
style
hsi
,
the
father
of
tseng-tzu
;
xi.
##number##
,
the
master
sides
with
him
in
his
wish.
_tseng-tzu_
(
the
master
,
or
philosopher
tseng
)
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
tseng
shen
,
style
tzu-yue
,
born
in
lu
,
##number##
b.c.
,
died
##number##
b.c.
;
i.
##number##
,
questions
himself
thrice
daily
;
i.
##number##
,
tells
how
to
revive
the
good
in
men
;
iv.
##number##
,
says
master
's
teaching
hangs
on
faithfulness
and
fellow-feeling
;
viii.
##number##
,
when
sick
tells
his
disciples
to
uncover
his
feet
and
arms
;
viii.
##number##
,
says
when
man
must
die
his
words
are
good
;
viii.
##number##
,
when
we
can
,
to
ask
those
that
cannot
;
viii.
##number##
,
says
a
man
is
a
gentleman
if
no
crisis
can
corrupt
him
;
viii.
##number##
,
says
a
knight
had
need
be
strong
and
bold
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
dull
;
xii.
##number##
,
says
a
gentleman
gathers
friends
by
culture
;
xiv.
##number##
,
says
a
gentleman
is
bent
on
keeping
his
place
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
tzu-chang
is
so
magnificent
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
man
shows
what
is
in
him
in
mourning
a
near
one
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
meng
chuang
in
not
changing
his
father
's
rule
is
hard
to
rival
;
xix.
##number##
,
tells
yang
fu
not
to
be
puffed
with
joy.
_tso
ch
'iu-ming_
,
v.
##number##
,
an
ancient
,
his
view
of
what
is
shameful.
_tung
meng_
,
or
_east
meng_
,
a
mountain
in
lu
,
at
the
foot
of
which
lay
the
small
state
of
chuan-yue
,
whose
ruler
had
the
right
to
sacrifice
to
the
mountain
,
xvi.
##number##
_tzu-chang_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
chuan-sun
shih
,
style
tzu-chang
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
how
pay
comes
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
how
far
the
future
can
be
known
;
v.
##number##
,
asks
whether
tzu-wen
had
love
;
xi.
##number##
,
goes
too
far
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
smooth
;
xi.
##number##
,
asks
the
way
of
a
good
man
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
insight
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
raise
the
mind
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
kingcraft
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
eminence
;
xiv.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
meant
by
kao-tsung
not
speaking
for
three
years
;
xv.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
get
on
;
xv.
##number##
,
asks
,
'is
this
the
way
to
treat
a
music-master
?
'
;
xvii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
love
;
xix.
##number##
,
defines
a
knight
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
goodness
blindly
clutched
is
nought
;
xix.
##number##
,
asked
about
friendship
by
tzu-hsia
's
disciples
;
xix.
##number##
,
tzu-yu
thinks
him
void
of
love
;
xix.
##number##
,
his
magnificence
;
xx.
##number##
,
asks
how
men
should
be
governed.
_tzu-chien_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
fu
pu-ch
'i
,
style
tzu-chien
;
v.
##number##
,
what
a
gentleman
he
is
!
_tzu-ch
'an_
,
chief
minister
of
cheng
in
the
time
of
confucius
;
v.
##number##
,
the
four
things
that
marked
him
a
gentleman
;
xiv.
##number##
,
gave
the
final
touches
to
the
decrees
;
xiv.
##number##
,
a
kind-hearted
man.
_tzu-ch
'in_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
ch
'en
k
'ang
,
style
tzu-ch
'in
,
or
tzu-k
'ang
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
i.
##number##
,
asks
how
the
master
learns
how
lands
are
governed
;
xvi.
##number##
,
asks
whether
po-yue
had
heard
anything
uncommon
from
his
father
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
the
master
is
no
greater
than
tzu-kung.
_tzu-fu
ching-po_
,
minister
to
the
chi
;
xiv.
##number##
,
has
strength
to
expose
liao
's
body
in
the
market-place
;
xix.
##number##
,
tells
tzu-kung
that
shu-sun
thinks
him
greater
than
confucius.
_tzu-hsi_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
chief
minister
to
the
state
of
ch
'u.
he
refused
to
be
appointed
successor
to
the
throne
in
place
of
the
true
heir
;
but
did
not
oppose
his
master
's
faults
,
and
prevented
him
employing
confucius.
_tzu-hsia_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
pu
shang
,
style
tzu-hsia
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
i.
##number##
,
says
a
man
who
knows
how
to
do
his
duty
is
learned
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
that
a
son
's
manner
is
of
importance
;
iii.
##number##
,
the
master
can
talk
of
poetry
to
him
;
vi.
##number##
,
told
to
read
to
become
a
gentleman
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
a
man
of
culture
;
xi.
##number##
,
does
not
go
far
enough
;
xii.
##number##
,
says
all
within
the
four
seas
are
brethren
;
xii.
##number##
,
says
shun
raised
kao-yao
,
and
evil
vanished
;
xiii.
##number##
,
when
governor
of
chue-fu
asks
how
to
rule
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
cling
to
worthy
friends
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
small
ways
end
in
mire
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
he
who
recalls
each
day
his
faults
is
fond
of
learning
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
in
wide
learning
and
singleness
of
aim
love
is
found
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
through
study
a
gentleman
reaches
truth
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
the
vulgar
gloss
their
faults
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
a
gentleman
alters
thrice
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
a
gentleman
will
not
lay
on
burdens
before
he
is
trusted
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
if
we
keep
within
the
bounds
of
honour
,
we
may
ignore
propriety
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
,
should
a
gentleman
's
training
bewilder
him
?
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
a
scholar
with
his
spare
strength
should
serve
the
crown.
_tzu-hua_
:
_see_
kung-hsi
hua.
_tzu-kao_
,
xi.
##number##
:
_see_
ch
'ai.
_tzu-kung_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
tuan-mu
tz
'u
,
style
tzu-kung
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
i.
##number##
,
tells
how
the
master
learns
about
government
;
i.
##number##
,
asks
were
it
well
to
be
poor
but
no
flatterer
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
that
a
gentleman
sorts
words
to
deeds
;
iii.
##number##
,
wishes
to
do
away
with
sheep
offering
at
new
moon
;
v.
##number##
,
is
a
vessel
;
v.
##number##
,
cannot
aspire
to
yen
yuean
;
v.
##number##
,
wishes
not
to
do
unto
others
what
he
would
not
wish
done
to
him
;
v.
##number##
,
not
allowed
to
hear
the
master
on
life
or
the
way
of
heaven
;
v.
##number##
,
asks
why
k
'ung-wen
was
styled
cultured
;
vi.
##number##
,
is
intelligent
,
and
so
fit
to
govern
;
vi.
##number##
,
asks
whether
to
treat
the
people
with
bounty
were
love
;
vii.
##number##
,
will
ask
the
master
whether
he
is
for
the
king
of
wei
;
ix.
##number##
,
says
the
master
is
many
sided
;
ix.
##number##
,
asks
whether
a
beautiful
stone
should
be
hidden
away
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
a
talker
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
fresh
and
frank
;
xi.
##number##
,
asks
whether
shih
or
shang
is
the
better
man
;
xi.
##number##
,
hoards
up
substance
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
kingcraft
;
xii.
##number##
,
says
no
team
overtakes
the
tongue
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
about
friends
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
a
good
crown
servant
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
were
it
right
for
a
man
to
be
liked
by
all
;
xiv.
##number##
,
thinks
kuan
chung
showed
want
of
love
;
xiv.
##number##
,
would
compare
one
man
with
another
;
xiv.
##number##
,
asks
what
the
master
means
by
no
man
knowing
him
;
xv.
##number##
,
thinks
the
master
a
man
who
learns
much
;
xv.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
attain
to
love
;
xv.
##number##
,
asks
whether
one
word
can
cover
the
duty
of
man
;
xvii.
##number##
,
says
were
master
silent
,
what
could
disciples
tell
;
xvii.
##number##
,
asks
whether
a
gentleman
hates
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
the
wickedness
of
chou
was
not
so
great
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
a
prince
's
faults
are
like
the
darkening
of
sun
or
moon
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
the
lore
of
wen
and
wu
lives
in
men
;
xix.
##number##
,
shu-sun
thinks
him
greater
than
confucius
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
the
master
cannot
be
cried
down
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
none
can
come
up
to
the
master.
_tzu-lu_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
chung
yu
,
style
tzu-lu
,
or
chi-lu
,
born
##number##
b.c.
,
died
##number##
b.c.
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
what
is
understanding
;
v.
##number##
,
the
master
would
take
him
with
him
to
scour
the
seas
;
v.
##number##
,
the
master
cannot
say
that
he
has
love
;
v.
##number##
,
before
he
could
carry
a
thing
out
,
dreaded
to
hear
more
;
v.
##number##
,
tells
his
wishes
;
vi.
##number##
,
is
firm
,
and
so
could
govern
;
vi.
##number##
,
displeased
at
master
seeing
nan-tzu
;
vii.
##number##
,
asks
the
master
whom
he
would
like
to
help
him
command
an
army
;
vii.
##number##
,
does
not
answer
the
duke
of
she
's
question
about
master
;
vii.
##number##
,
asks
leave
to
pray
when
the
master
is
ill
;
ix.
##number##
,
makes
disciples
act
as
ministers
;
ix.
##number##
,
would
stand
unabashed
in
a
tattered
cloak
;
x.
##number##
,
gets
on
scent
with
master
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
a
statesman
;
xi.
##number##
,
asks
about
death
;
xi.
##number##
,
will
die
before
his
time
;
xi.
##number##
,
what
has
his
lute
to
do
twanging
at
master
's
door
?
xi.
##number##
,
is
coarse
;
xi.
##number##
,
asks
shall
he
carry
out
all
that
he
learns
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
a
tool
,
not
a
statesman
;
xi.
##number##
,
the
master
hates
his
glib
tongue
;
xi.
##number##
,
wishes
for
charge
of
a
state
crushed
by
great
neighbours
;
xii.
##number##
,
never
slept
over
a
promise
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
rule
;
xiii.
##number##
,
says
king
of
wei
looks
to
the
master
to
govern
;
xiii.
##number##
,
asks
when
can
a
man
be
called
a
knight
;
xiv.
##number##
,
asks
what
were
a
full-grown
man
;
xiv.
##number##
,
says
kuan
chung
showed
want
of
love
;
xiv.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
serve
the
king
;
xiv.
##number##
,
slandered
by
liao
;
xiv.
##number##
,
spends
a
night
at
shih-men
;
xiv.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
a
gentleman
;
xv.
##number##
,
cannot
hide
his
vexation
;
xv.
##number##
,
told
how
few
know
great-heartedness
;
xvi.
##number##
,
is
minister
to
the
chi
,
when
he
proposes
to
attack
chuan-yue
;
xvii.
##number##
,
asks
how
could
the
master
join
kung-shan
;
xvii.
##number##
,
asks
how
could
the
master
join
pi
hsi
;
xvii.
##number##
,
asked
has
he
heard
the
six
words
and
the
six
they
sink
into
;
xvii.
##number##
,
asks
does
a
gentleman
honour
courage
;
xviii.
##number##
,
asks
ch
'ang-chue
where
the
ford
is
;
xviii.
##number##
,
meets
an
old
man
bearing
a
basket.
_tzu-sang
po-tzu_
,
vi.
##number##
,
a
man
of
lu
,
is
lax.
_tzu-wen_
,
v.
##number##
,
chief
minister
of
ch
'u
,
his
characteristics.
_tzu-yu_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
yen
yen
,
style
tzu-yu
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
ii.
##number##
,
told
that
feeding
parents
is
not
the
whole
duty
of
a
son
;
iv.
##number##
,
says
nagging
at
princes
brings
disgrace
;
vi.
##number##
,
when
governor
of
wu-ch
'eng
has
tan-t
'ai
mieh-ming
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
a
man
of
culture
;
xvii.
##number##
,
encourages
music
in
wu-ch
'eng
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
tzu-hsia
's
disciples
can
sprinkle
the
floor
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
mourning
should
only
stretch
to
grief
;
xix.
##number##
,
says
tzu-chang
is
void
of
love.
_tzu-yue_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
cheng
,
polished
the
decrees.
_t
'ai_
,
a
mountain
,
iii.
##number##
_t
'ai-po_
,
eldest
son
of
king
t
'ai
of
chou.
his
brother
was
the
father
of
king
wen
,
whose
son
king
wu
dethroned
chou
hsin
and
founded
the
chou
dynasty
,
that
was
reigning
in
china
in
confucius
's
time
:
_see_
note
to
viii.
##number##
;
viii.
##number##
,
thrice
he
declined
the
throne.
_t
'ang_
,
viii.
##number##
,
the
dynastic
title
of
the
emperor
yao.
_t
'ang_
,
the
founder
of
the
shang
dynasty
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
;
xii.
##number##
,
raised
yi-yin
,
and
evil
vanished
;
xx.
##number##
,
his
form
of
prayer.
_t
'eng_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
small
state
:
meng
kung-ch
'o
not
fit
to
be
minister
of.
_t
'o_
,
an
officer
of
wei
holding
a
post
in
the
temple
;
vi.
##number##
,
his
glibness
;
xiv.
##number##
,
in
charge
of
ancestral
temple.
_ts
'ai_
,
a
state
,
xi.
##number##
,
xviii.
##number##
_ts
'ui_
,
v.
##number##
,
a
lord
of
ch
'i
,
murdered
his
lord
,
##number##
b.c.
_tz
'u_
:
_see_
tzu-kung.
_wang-sun
chia_
,
a
minister
of
wei
;
iii.
##number##
,
thinks
it
best
to
court
the
kitchen
god
;
xiv.
##number##
,
in
charge
of
the
troops.
_wei_
,
one
of
the
three
great
families
that
governed
the
state
of
chin
;
xiv.
##number##
,
meng
kung-ch
'o
fit
to
be
steward
of.
_wei_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
a
small
state
in
western
china.
_wei_
,
another
state
in
china
,
ix.
##number##
,
xiii.
##number##
,
##number##
,
##number##
,
xiv.
##number##
,
xix.
##number##
_wei_
,
king
of
:
_see_
note
to
vii.
##number##
;
vii.
##number##
,
confucius
not
on
his
side
;
xiii.
##number##
,
looks
to
confucius
to
govern.
_wei_
,
the
lord
of
,
xviii.
##number##
,
an
elder
brother
by
a
concubine
of
the
tyrant
chou
hsin
(
reigned
##number##
b.c.
)
,
last
of
the
yin
dynasty.
he
fled
from
court
,
since
he
could
not
improve
his
brother.
_wei-sheng
kao_
,
v.
##number##
,
begs
vinegar
from
another
to
give
to
beggar.
_wei-sheng
mou_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
an
old
man
who
had
fled
the
world
,
asks
how
confucius
finds
roosts
to
roost
on.
_wen_
,
duke
of
chin
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
,
the
leading
man
in
china
in
his
day
,
xiv.
##number##
,
was
deep
but
dishonest.
_wen_
,
king
,
duke
of
chou
,
born
##number##
b.c.
,
died
##number##
b.c.
,
the
father
of
king
wu
,
founder
of
the
chou
line
of
emperors
;
viii.
##number##
,
holding
two-thirds
of
world
submitted
all
to
yin
;
ix.
##number##
,
since
his
death
confucius
is
the
home
of
culture
;
xix.
##number##
,
his
way
lives
in
men.
_wu_
,
iii.
##number##
,
the
music
of
king
wu
,
less
noble
than
that
of
shun.
_wu_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
tambourine
master
of
lu
,
crossed
the
han.
_wu_
,
king
,
the
founder
of
the
chou
dynasty
,
reigned
##number##
b.c.
;
viii.
##number##
,
had
ten
able
ministers
;
xix.
##number##
,
his
way
lives
in
men
;
xx.
##number##
,
his
principles
of
government.
_wu-ch
'eng_
,
a
small
town
of
lu
;
vi.
##number##
,
tzu-yu
governor
of
it
;
xvii.
##number##
,
as
the
master
draws
near
he
hears
lute
and
song.
_wu-ma
ch
'i_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
wu-ma
shih
,
style
tzu-ch
'i
,
vii.
##number##
_yang_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
assistant
bandmaster
of
lu
,
crossed
the
sea.
_yang
fu_
,
xix.
##number##
,
a
disciple
of
tseng-tzu
,
made
judge.
_yang
huo_
,
chief
minister
of
the
chi
,
with
whom
he
was
long
all-powerful
;
on
one
occasion
he
imprisoned
his
master
;
in
##number##
b.c.
he
was
forced
to
leave
lu
;
xvii.
##number##
,
wishes
to
see
confucius
;
xviii.
##number##
,
accepts
music
girls.
_yao_
,
the
first
emperor
of
china
(
##number##
b.c.
)
;
vi.
##number##
,
still
yearned
to
treat
all
with
bounty
;
viii.
##number##
,
his
greatness
was
like
heaven
;
viii.
##number##
,
the
wealth
in
talent
of
his
last
days
;
xiv.
##number##
,
struggled
to
grow
better
and
make
all
happy
;
xx.
##number##
,
his
commands
to
shun.
_yen_
,
xvii.
##number##
,
=
tzu-yu.
_yen
lu_
,
xi.
##number##
,
father
of
yen
yuean
,
asks
for
master
's
carriage
to
provide
an
outer
coffin.
_yen
p
'ing_
,
v.
##number##
,
was
versed
in
friendship.
_yen
yu_
,
xix.
##number##
=
tzu-yu.
_yen
yuean_
(
##number##
b.c.
)
,
the
favourite
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
yen
hui
,
style
tzu-yuean
;
ii.
##number##
,
is
no
dullard
;
v.
##number##
,
tzu-kung
cannot
compare
with
him
;
v.
##number##
,
tells
his
wishes
to
the
master
;
vi.
##number##
,
made
no
mistake
twice
;
vi.
##number##
,
for
three
months
together
did
not
sin
against
love
;
vi.
##number##
,
his
mirth
under
hardship
;
vii.
##number##
,
could
both
fill
a
post
and
live
happy
without
;
ix.
##number##
,
says
,
as
i
gaze
it
grows
higher
;
ix.
##number##
,
was
never
listless
when
spoken
to
;
ix.
##number##
,
had
never
been
seen
to
stop
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
of
noble
life
;
xi.
##number##
,
the
master
got
no
help
from
him
;
xi.
##number##
,
was
fond
of
learning
;
xi.
##number##
,
dies
:
his
father
asks
for
the
master
's
carriage
;
xi.
##number##
,
dies
:
the
master
says
,
i
am
undone
;
xi.
##number##
,
dies
:
the
master
overcome
by
grief
;
xi.
##number##
,
the
disciples
bury
him
in
state
;
xi.
##number##
,
is
almost
faultless
;
xi.
##number##
,
would
not
brave
death
whilst
his
master
lives
;
xii.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
love
;
xv.
##number##
,
asks
how
to
rule
a
kingdom.
_yi_
,
xiv.
##number##
,
a
famous
archer
of
the
hsia
dynasty
,
who
slew
the
emperor
and
usurped
his
throne
,
but
was
afterwards
killed
in
his
turn.
_yi_
,
iii.
##number##
,
a
small
town
on
the
borders
of
wei
:
the
warden
says
confucius
is
a
warning
bell.
_yi-yi_
,
xviii.
##number##
,
lived
in
hiding
,
but
gave
the
rein
to
his
tongue.
_yi-yin_
,
xii.
##number##
(
and
_note_
)
,
made
minister
,
and
evil
vanished.
_yin_
dynasty
(
##number##
b.c.
)
,
also
called
shang
,
ii.
##number##
,
iii.
##number##
,
##number##
,
viii.
##number##
,
xv.
##number##
,
xviii.
##number##
_yu_
,
the
name
of
tzu-lu
,
whom
see.
_yu
jo_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
style
tzu-jo
,
sometimes
called
yu-tzu
,
the
philosopher
yu
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
i.
##number##
,
says
that
to
be
a
good
son
is
the
root
of
love
;
i.
##number##
,
says
courtesy
consists
in
ease
;
i.
##number##
,
says
if
promises
hug
the
right
,
word
can
be
kept
;
xii.
##number##
,
tells
duke
ai
to
tithe
the
people.
_yu-tzu_
:
_see_
yu
jo.
_yung_
,
v.
##number##
:
_see_
chung-kung.
_yue_
,
viii.
##number##
,
the
dynastic
title
of
shun
,
whom
see.
_yue_
,
xv.
##number##
,
a
minister
of
wei
,
his
straightness.
_yue_
,
xvii.
##number##
=
tsai
wo.
_yue_
,
an
ancient
emperor
(
reigned
##number##
b.c.
)
,
founder
of
the
hsia
dynasty
,
chosen
by
shun
as
his
successor
;
viii.
##number##
,
he
swayed
the
world
and
made
light
of
it
;
viii.
##number##
,
no
flaw
in
him
;
xiv.
##number##
,
toiled
at
his
crops
and
won
the
world
;
xx.
##number##
,
his
instructions
on
coming
to
the
throne.
_yue-chung_
,
the
younger
brother
of
t
'ai-po.
he
accompanied
him
in
his
flight
to
the
wild
tribes
of
wu
(
the
country
round
shanghai
)
,
in
order
to
let
the
third
brother
come
to
the
throne
,
and
succeeded
t
'ai-po
as
ruler
of
that
people
;
xviii.
##number##
,
lived
in
hiding
,
but
gave
the
rein
to
his
tongue.
_yuean
jang_
,
an
old
,
eccentric
acquaintance
of
confucius
;
xiv.
##number##
,
awaits
the
master
squatting.
_yuean
ssu_
,
a
disciple
of
confucius
,
name
yuean
hsien
,
style
tzu-ssu
,
born
##number##
b.c.
;
vi.
##number##
,
refuses
his
pay
as
governor
;
xiv.
##number##
,
asks
what
is
shame.
*
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