This is history.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from /usr/homes/chet/src/bash/readline-src/doc/history.texi. This document describes the GNU History library (version 6.3, 6 January 2014), a programming tool that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously typed input. Copyright (C) 1988-2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License". INFO-DIR-SECTION Libraries START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * History: (history). The GNU history library API. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY  File: history.info, Node: Top, Next: Using History Interactively, Up: (dir) GNU History Library ******************* This document describes the GNU History library, a programming tool that provides a consistent user interface for recalling lines of previously typed input. * Menu: * Using History Interactively:: GNU History User's Manual. * Programming with GNU History:: GNU History Programmer's Manual. * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual. * Concept Index:: Index of concepts described in this manual. * Function and Variable Index:: Index of externally visible functions and variables.  File: history.info, Node: Using History Interactively, Next: Programming with GNU History, Prev: Top, Up: Top 1 Using History Interactively ***************************** This chapter describes how to use the GNU History Library interactively, from a user's standpoint. It should be considered a user's guide. For information on using the GNU History Library in your own programs, *note Programming with GNU History::. * Menu: * History Interaction:: What it feels like using History as a user.  File: history.info, Node: History Interaction, Up: Using History Interactively 1.1 History Expansion ===================== The History library provides a history expansion feature that is similar to the history expansion provided by `csh'. This section describes the syntax used to manipulate the history information. History expansions introduce words from the history list into the input stream, making it easy to repeat commands, insert the arguments to a previous command into the current input line, or fix errors in previous commands quickly. History expansion takes place in two parts. The first is to determine which line from the history list should be used during substitution. The second is to select portions of that line for inclusion into the current one. The line selected from the history is called the "event", and the portions of that line that are acted upon are called "words". Various "modifiers" are available to manipulate the selected words. The line is broken into words in the same fashion that Bash does, so that several words surrounded by quotes are considered one word. History expansions are introduced by the appearance of the history expansion character, which is `!' by default. * Menu: * Event Designators:: How to specify which history line to use. * Word Designators:: Specifying which words are of interest. * Modifiers:: Modifying the results of substitution.  File: history.info, Node: Event Designators, Next: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction 1.1.1 Event Designators ----------------------- An event designator is a reference to a command line entry in the history list. Unless the reference is absolute, events are relative to the current position in the history list. `!' Start a history substitution, except when followed by a space, tab, the end of the line, or `='. `!N' Refer to command line N. `!-N' Refer to the command N lines back. `!!' Refer to the previous command. This is a synonym for `!-1'. `!STRING' Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list starting with STRING. `!?STRING[?]' Refer to the most recent command preceding the current position in the history list containing STRING. The trailing `?' may be omitted if the STRING is followed immediately by a newline. `^STRING1^STRING2^' Quick Substitution. Repeat the last command, replacing STRING1 with STRING2. Equivalent to `!!:s/STRING1/STRING2/'. `!#' The entire command line typed so far.  File: history.info, Node: Word Designators, Next: Modifiers, Prev: Event Designators, Up: History Interaction 1.1.2 Word Designators ---------------------- Word designators are used to select desired words from the event. A `:' separates the event specification from the word designator. It may be omitted if the word designator begins with a `^', `$', `*', `-', or `%'. Words are numbered from the beginning of the line, with the first word being denoted by 0 (zero). Words are inserted into the current line separated by single spaces. For example, `!!' designates the preceding command. When you type this, the preceding command is repeated in toto. `!!:$' designates the last argument of the preceding command. This may be shortened to `!$'. `!fi:2' designates the second argument of the most recent command starting with the letters `fi'. Here are the word designators: `0 (zero)' The `0'th word. For many applications, this is the command word. `N' The Nth word. `^' The first argument; that is, word 1. `$' The last argument. `%' The word matched by the most recent `?STRING?' search. `X-Y' A range of words; `-Y' abbreviates `0-Y'. `*' All of the words, except the `0'th. This is a synonym for `1-$'. It is not an error to use `*' if there is just one word in the event; the empty string is returned in that case. `X*' Abbreviates `X-$' `X-' Abbreviates `X-$' like `X*', but omits the last word. If a word designator is supplied without an event specification, the previous command is used as the event.  File: history.info, Node: Modifiers, Prev: Word Designators, Up: History Interaction 1.1.3 Modifiers --------------- After the optional word designator, you can add a sequence of one or more of the following modifiers, each preceded by a `:'. `h' Remove a trailing pathname component, leaving only the head. `t' Remove all leading pathname components, leaving the tail. `r' Remove a trailing suffix of the form `.SUFFIX', leaving the basename. `e' Remove all but the trailing suffix. `p' Print the new command but do not execute it. `s/OLD/NEW/' Substitute NEW for the first occurrence of OLD in the event line. Any delimiter may be used in place of `/'. The delimiter may be quoted in OLD and NEW with a single backslash. If `&' appears in NEW, it is replaced by OLD. A single backslash will quote the `&'. The final delimiter is optional if it is the last character on the input line. `&' Repeat the previous substitution. `g' `a' Cause changes to be applied over the entire event line. Used in conjunction with `s', as in `gs/OLD/NEW/', or with `&'. `G' Apply the following `s' modifier once to each word in the event.  File: history.info, Node: Programming with GNU History, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Using History Interactively, Up: Top 2 Programming with GNU History ****************************** This chapter describes how to interface programs that you write with the GNU History Library. It should be considered a technical guide. For information on the interactive use of GNU History, *note Using History Interactively::. * Menu: * Introduction to History:: What is the GNU History library for? * History Storage:: How information is stored. * History Functions:: Functions that you can use. * History Variables:: Variables that control behaviour. * History Programming Example:: Example of using the GNU History Library.  File: history.info, Node: Introduction to History, Next: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History 2.1 Introduction to History =========================== Many programs read input from the user a line at a time. The GNU History library is able to keep track of those lines, associate arbitrary data with each line, and utilize information from previous lines in composing new ones. The programmer using the History library has available functions for remembering lines on a history list, associating arbitrary data with a line, removing lines from the list, searching through the list for a line containing an arbitrary text string, and referencing any line in the list directly. In addition, a history "expansion" function is available which provides for a consistent user interface across different programs. The user using programs written with the History library has the benefit of a consistent user interface with a set of well-known commands for manipulating the text of previous lines and using that text in new commands. The basic history manipulation commands are similar to the history substitution provided by `csh'. If the programmer desires, he can use the Readline library, which includes some history manipulation by default, and has the added advantage of command line editing. Before declaring any functions using any functionality the History library provides in other code, an application writer should include the file `' in any file that uses the History library's features. It supplies extern declarations for all of the library's public functions and variables, and declares all of the public data structures.  File: history.info, Node: History Storage, Next: History Functions, Prev: Introduction to History, Up: Programming with GNU History 2.2 History Storage =================== The history list is an array of history entries. A history entry is declared as follows: typedef void *histdata_t; typedef struct _hist_entry { char *line; char *timestamp; histdata_t data; } HIST_ENTRY; The history list itself might therefore be declared as HIST_ENTRY **the_history_list; The state of the History library is encapsulated into a single structure: /* * A structure used to pass around the current state of the history. */ typedef struct _hist_state { HIST_ENTRY **entries; /* Pointer to the entries themselves. */ int offset; /* The location pointer within this array. */ int length; /* Number of elements within this array. */ int size; /* Number of slots allocated to this array. */ int flags; } HISTORY_STATE; If the flags member includes `HS_STIFLED', the history has been stifled.  File: history.info, Node: History Functions, Next: History Variables, Prev: History Storage, Up: Programming with GNU History 2.3 History Functions ===================== This section describes the calling sequence for the various functions exported by the GNU History library. * Menu: * Initializing History and State Management:: Functions to call when you want to use history in a program. * History List Management:: Functions used to manage the list of history entries. * Information About the History List:: Functions returning information about the history list. * Moving Around the History List:: Functions used to change the position in the history list. * Searching the History List:: Functions to search the history list for entries containing a string. * Managing the History File:: Functions that read and write a file containing the history list. * History Expansion:: Functions to perform csh-like history expansion.  File: history.info, Node: Initializing History and State Management, Next: History List Management, Up: History Functions 2.3.1 Initializing History and State Management ----------------------------------------------- This section describes functions used to initialize and manage the state of the History library when you want to use the history functions in your program. -- Function: void using_history (void) Begin a session in which the history functions might be used. This initializes the interactive variables. -- Function: HISTORY_STATE * history_get_history_state (void) Return a structure describing the current state of the input history. -- Function: void history_set_history_state (HISTORY_STATE *state) Set the state of the history list according to STATE.  File: history.info, Node: History List Management, Next: Information About the History List, Prev: Initializing History and State Management, Up: History Functions 2.3.2 History List Management ----------------------------- These functions manage individual entries on the history list, or set parameters managing the list itself. -- Function: void add_history (const char *string) Place STRING at the end of the history list. The associated data field (if any) is set to `NULL'. -- Function: void add_history_time (const char *string) Change the time stamp associated with the most recent history entry to STRING. -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * remove_history (int which) Remove history entry at offset WHICH from the history. The removed element is returned so you can free the line, data, and containing structure. -- Function: histdata_t free_history_entry (HIST_ENTRY *histent) Free the history entry HISTENT and any history library private data associated with it. Returns the application-specific data so the caller can dispose of it. -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * replace_history_entry (int which, const char *line, histdata_t data) Make the history entry at offset WHICH have LINE and DATA. This returns the old entry so the caller can dispose of any application-specific data. In the case of an invalid WHICH, a `NULL' pointer is returned. -- Function: void clear_history (void) Clear the history list by deleting all the entries. -- Function: void stifle_history (int max) Stifle the history list, remembering only the last MAX entries. -- Function: int unstifle_history (void) Stop stifling the history. This returns the previously-set maximum number of history entries (as set by `stifle_history()'). The value is positive if the history was stifled, negative if it wasn't. -- Function: int history_is_stifled (void) Returns non-zero if the history is stifled, zero if it is not.  File: history.info, Node: Information About the History List, Next: Moving Around the History List, Prev: History List Management, Up: History Functions 2.3.3 Information About the History List ---------------------------------------- These functions return information about the entire history list or individual list entries. -- Function: HIST_ENTRY ** history_list (void) Return a `NULL' terminated array of `HIST_ENTRY *' which is the current input history. Element 0 of this list is the beginning of time. If there is no history, return `NULL'. -- Function: int where_history (void) Returns the offset of the current history element. -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * current_history (void) Return the history entry at the current position, as determined by `where_history()'. If there is no entry there, return a `NULL' pointer. -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * history_get (int offset) Return the history entry at position OFFSET, starting from `history_base' (*note History Variables::). If there is no entry there, or if OFFSET is greater than the history length, return a `NULL' pointer. -- Function: time_t history_get_time (HIST_ENTRY *entry) Return the time stamp associated with the history entry ENTRY. -- Function: int history_total_bytes (void) Return the number of bytes that the primary history entries are using. This function returns the sum of the lengths of all the lines in the history.  File: history.info, Node: Moving Around the History List, Next: Searching the History List, Prev: Information About the History List, Up: History Functions 2.3.4 Moving Around the History List ------------------------------------ These functions allow the current index into the history list to be set or changed. -- Function: int history_set_pos (int pos) Set the current history offset to POS, an absolute index into the list. Returns 1 on success, 0 if POS is less than zero or greater than the number of history entries. -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * previous_history (void) Back up the current history offset to the previous history entry, and return a pointer to that entry. If there is no previous entry, return a `NULL' pointer. -- Function: HIST_ENTRY * next_history (void) Move the current history offset forward to the next history entry, and return the a pointer to that entry. If there is no next entry, return a `NULL' pointer.  File: history.info, Node: Searching the History List, Next: Managing the History File, Prev: Moving Around the History List, Up: History Functions 2.3.5 Searching the History List -------------------------------- These functions allow searching of the history list for entries containing a specific string. Searching may be performed both forward and backward from the current history position. The search may be "anchored", meaning that the string must match at the beginning of the history entry. -- Function: int history_search (const char *string, int direction) Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history offset. If DIRECTION is less than 0, then the search is through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If STRING is found, then the current history index is set to that history entry, and the value returned is the offset in the line of the entry where STRING was found. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned. -- Function: int history_search_prefix (const char *string, int direction) Search the history for STRING, starting at the current history offset. The search is anchored: matching lines must begin with STRING. If DIRECTION is less than 0, then the search is through previous entries, otherwise through subsequent entries. If STRING is found, then the current history index is set to that entry, and the return value is 0. Otherwise, nothing is changed, and a -1 is returned. -- Function: int history_search_pos (const char *string, int direction, int pos) Search for STRING in the history list, starting at POS, an absolute index into the list. If DIRECTION is negative, the search proceeds backward from POS, otherwise forward. Returns the absolute index of the history element where STRING was found, or -1 otherwise.  File: history.info, Node: Managing the History File, Next: History Expansion, Prev: Searching the History List, Up: History Functions 2.3.6 Managing the History File ------------------------------- The History library can read the history from and write it to a file. This section documents the functions for managing a history file. -- Function: int read_history (const char *filename) Add the contents of FILENAME to the history list, a line at a time. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from `~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or `errno' if not. -- Function: int read_history_range (const char *filename, int from, int to) Read a range of lines from FILENAME, adding them to the history list. Start reading at line FROM and end at TO. If FROM is zero, start at the beginning. If TO is less than FROM, then read until the end of the file. If FILENAME is `NULL', then read from `~/.history'. Returns 0 if successful, or `errno' if not. -- Function: int write_history (const char *filename) Write the current history to FILENAME, overwriting FILENAME if necessary. If FILENAME is `NULL', then write the history list to `~/.history'. Returns 0 on success, or `errno' on a read or write error. -- Function: int append_history (int nelements, const char *filename) Append the last NELEMENTS of the history list to FILENAME. If FILENAME is `NULL', then append to `~/.history'. Returns 0 on success, or `errno' on a read or write error. -- Function: int history_truncate_file (const char *filename, int nlines) Truncate the history file FILENAME, leaving only the last NLINES lines. If FILENAME is `NULL', then `~/.history' is truncated. Returns 0 on success, or `errno' on failure.  File: history.info, Node: History Expansion, Prev: Managing the History File, Up: History Functions 2.3.7 History Expansion ----------------------- These functions implement history expansion. -- Function: int history_expand (char *string, char **output) Expand STRING, placing the result into OUTPUT, a pointer to a string (*note History Interaction::). Returns: `0' If no expansions took place (or, if the only change in the text was the removal of escape characters preceding the history expansion character); `1' if expansions did take place; `-1' if there was an error in expansion; `2' if the returned line should be displayed, but not executed, as with the `:p' modifier (*note Modifiers::). If an error occurred in expansion, then OUTPUT contains a descriptive error message. -- Function: char * get_history_event (const char *string, int *cindex, int qchar) Returns the text of the history event beginning at STRING + *CINDEX. *CINDEX is modified to point to after the event specifier. At function entry, CINDEX points to the index into STRING where the history event specification begins. QCHAR is a character that is allowed to end the event specification in addition to the "normal" terminating characters. -- Function: char ** history_tokenize (const char *string) Return an array of tokens parsed out of STRING, much as the shell might. The tokens are split on the characters in the HISTORY_WORD_DELIMITERS variable, and shell quoting conventions are obeyed. -- Function: char * history_arg_extract (int first, int last, const char *string) Extract a string segment consisting of the FIRST through LAST arguments present in STRING. Arguments are split using `history_tokenize'.  File: history.info, Node: History Variables, Next: History Programming Example, Prev: History Functions, Up: Programming with GNU History 2.4 History Variables ===================== This section describes the externally-visible variables exported by the GNU History Library. -- Variable: int history_base The logical offset of the first entry in the history list. -- Variable: int history_length The number of entries currently stored in the history list. -- Variable: int history_max_entries The maximum number of history entries. This must be changed using `stifle_history()'. -- Variable: int history_write_timestamps If non-zero, timestamps are written to the history file, so they can be preserved between sessions. The default value is 0, meaning that timestamps are not saved. The current timestamp format uses the value of HISTORY_COMMENT_CHAR to delimit timestamp entries in the history file. If that variable does not have a value (the default), timestamps will not be written. -- Variable: char history_expansion_char The character that introduces a history event. The default is `!'. Setting this to 0 inhibits history expansion. -- Variable: char history_subst_char The character that invokes word substitution if found at the start of a line. The default is `^'. -- Variable: char history_comment_char During tokenization, if this character is seen as the first character of a word, then it and all subsequent characters up to a newline are ignored, suppressing history expansion for the remainder of the line. This is disabled by default. -- Variable: char * history_word_delimiters The characters that separate tokens for `history_tokenize()'. The default value is `" \t\n()<>;&|"'. -- Variable: char * history_search_delimiter_chars The list of additional characters which can delimit a history search string, in addition to space, TAB, `:' and `?' in the case of a substring search. The default is empty. -- Variable: char * history_no_expand_chars The list of characters which inhibit history expansion if found immediately following HISTORY_EXPANSION_CHAR. The default is space, tab, newline, carriage return, and `='. -- Variable: int history_quotes_inhibit_expansion If non-zero, single-quoted words are not scanned for the history expansion character. The default value is 0. -- Variable: rl_linebuf_func_t * history_inhibit_expansion_function This should be set to the address of a function that takes two arguments: a `char *' (STRING) and an `int' index into that string (I). It should return a non-zero value if the history expansion starting at STRING[I] should not be performed; zero if the expansion should be done. It is intended for use by applications like Bash that use the history expansion character for additional purposes. By default, this variable is set to `NULL'.  File: history.info, Node: History Programming Example, Prev: History Variables, Up: Programming with GNU History 2.5 History Programming Example =============================== The following program demonstrates simple use of the GNU History Library. #include #include main (argc, argv) int argc; char **argv; { char line[1024], *t; int len, done = 0; line[0] = 0; using_history (); while (!done) { printf ("history$ "); fflush (stdout); t = fgets (line, sizeof (line) - 1, stdin); if (t && *t) { len = strlen (t); if (t[len - 1] == '\n') t[len - 1] = '\0'; } if (!t) strcpy (line, "quit"); if (line[0]) { char *expansion; int result; result = history_expand (line, &expansion); if (result) fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", expansion); if (result < 0 || result == 2) { free (expansion); continue; } add_history (expansion); strncpy (line, expansion, sizeof (line) - 1); free (expansion); } if (strcmp (line, "quit") == 0) done = 1; else if (strcmp (line, "save") == 0) write_history ("history_file"); else if (strcmp (line, "read") == 0) read_history ("history_file"); else if (strcmp (line, "list") == 0) { register HIST_ENTRY **the_list; register int i; the_list = history_list (); if (the_list) for (i = 0; the_list[i]; i++) printf ("%d: %s\n", i + history_base, the_list[i]->line); } else if (strncmp (line, "delete", 6) == 0) { int which; if ((sscanf (line + 6, "%d", &which)) == 1) { HIST_ENTRY *entry = remove_history (which); if (!entry) fprintf (stderr, "No such entry %d\n", which); else { free (entry->line); free (entry); } } else { fprintf (stderr, "non-numeric arg given to `delete'\n"); } } } }  File: history.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Programming with GNU History, Up: Top Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. `http://fsf.org/' Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. 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The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ==================================================== To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  File: history.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function and Variable Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top Appendix B Concept Index ************************ [index] * Menu: * anchored search: Searching the History List. (line 10) * event designators: Event Designators. (line 6) * history events: Event Designators. (line 8) * history expansion: History Interaction. (line 6) * History Searching: Searching the History List. (line 6)  File: history.info, Node: Function and Variable Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top Appendix C Function and Variable Index ************************************** [index] * Menu: * add_history: History List Management. (line 10) * add_history_time: History List Management. (line 14) * append_history: Managing the History File. (line 29) * clear_history: History List Management. (line 35) * current_history: Information About the History List. (line 18) * free_history_entry: History List Management. (line 23) * get_history_event: History Expansion. (line 31) * history_arg_extract: History Expansion. (line 46) * history_base: History Variables. (line 10) * history_comment_char: History Variables. (line 38) * history_expand: History Expansion. (line 9) * history_expansion_char: History Variables. (line 30) * history_get: Information About the History List. (line 23) * history_get_history_state: Initializing History and State Management. (line 15) * history_get_time: Information About the History List. (line 29) * history_inhibit_expansion_function: History Variables. (line 62) * history_is_stifled: History List Management. (line 47) * history_length: History Variables. (line 13) * history_list: Information About the History List. (line 10) * history_max_entries: History Variables. (line 16) * history_no_expand_chars: History Variables. (line 53) * history_quotes_inhibit_expansion: History Variables. (line 58) * history_search: Searching the History List. (line 13) * history_search_delimiter_chars: History Variables. (line 48) * history_search_pos: Searching the History List. (line 33) * history_search_prefix: Searching the History List. (line 23) * history_set_history_state: Initializing History and State Management. (line 19) * history_set_pos: Moving Around the History List. (line 10) * history_subst_char: History Variables. (line 34) * history_tokenize: History Expansion. (line 39) * history_total_bytes: Information About the History List. (line 32) * history_truncate_file: Managing the History File. (line 35) * history_word_delimiters: History Variables. (line 44) * history_write_timestamps: History Variables. (line 20) * next_history: Moving Around the History List. (line 20) * previous_history: Moving Around the History List. (line 15) * read_history: Managing the History File. (line 10) * read_history_range: Managing the History File. (line 16) * remove_history: History List Management. (line 18) * replace_history_entry: History List Management. (line 29) * stifle_history: History List Management. (line 38) * unstifle_history: History List Management. (line 41) * using_history: Initializing History and State Management. (line 11) * where_history: Information About the History List. (line 15) * write_history: Managing the History File. (line 23)  Tag Table: Node: Top891 Node: Using History Interactively1536 Node: History Interaction2044 Node: Event Designators3468 Node: Word Designators4610 Node: Modifiers6249 Node: Programming with GNU History7474 Node: Introduction to History8217 Node: History Storage9907 Node: History Functions11042 Node: Initializing History and State Management12031 Node: History List Management12843 Node: Information About the History List14875 Node: Moving Around the History List16372 Node: Searching the History List17373 Node: Managing the History File19305 Node: History Expansion21125 Node: History Variables23034 Node: History Programming Example26066 Node: GNU Free Documentation License28743 Node: Concept Index53934 Node: Function and Variable Index54639  End Tag Table