// Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
// https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

// Author: kenton@google.com (Kenton Varda)
//  Based on original Protocol Buffers design by
//  Sanjay Ghemawat, Jeff Dean, and others.
//
// This header is logically internal, but is made public because it is used
// from protocol-compiler-generated code, which may reside in other components.

#ifndef GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_EXTENSION_SET_H__
#define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_EXTENSION_SET_H__

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include <google/protobuf/stubs/common.h>
#include <google/protobuf/stubs/logging.h>
#include <google/protobuf/parse_context.h>
#include <google/protobuf/io/coded_stream.h>
#include <google/protobuf/port.h>
#include <google/protobuf/repeated_field.h>
#include <google/protobuf/wire_format_lite.h>

#include <google/protobuf/port_def.inc>

#ifdef SWIG
#error "You cannot SWIG proto headers"
#endif

namespace google {
namespace protobuf {
class Arena;
class Descriptor;       // descriptor.h
class FieldDescriptor;  // descriptor.h
class DescriptorPool;   // descriptor.h
class MessageLite;      // message_lite.h
class Message;          // message.h
class MessageFactory;   // message.h
class UnknownFieldSet;  // unknown_field_set.h
namespace internal {
class FieldSkipper;  // wire_format_lite.h
}  // namespace internal
}  // namespace protobuf
}  // namespace google

namespace google {
namespace protobuf {
namespace internal {

class InternalMetadata;

// Used to store values of type WireFormatLite::FieldType without having to
// #include wire_format_lite.h.  Also, ensures that we use only one byte to
// store these values, which is important to keep the layout of
// ExtensionSet::Extension small.
typedef uint8 FieldType;

// A function which, given an integer value, returns true if the number
// matches one of the defined values for the corresponding enum type.  This
// is used with RegisterEnumExtension, below.
typedef bool EnumValidityFunc(int number);

// Version of the above which takes an argument.  This is needed to deal with
// extensions that are not compiled in.
typedef bool EnumValidityFuncWithArg(const void* arg, int number);

// Information about a registered extension.
struct ExtensionInfo {
  inline ExtensionInfo() {}
  inline ExtensionInfo(FieldType type_param, bool isrepeated, bool ispacked)
      : type(type_param),
        is_repeated(isrepeated),
        is_packed(ispacked),
        descriptor(NULL) {}

  FieldType type;
  bool is_repeated;
  bool is_packed;

  struct EnumValidityCheck {
    EnumValidityFuncWithArg* func;
    const void* arg;
  };

  struct MessageInfo {
    const MessageLite* prototype;
  };

  union {
    EnumValidityCheck enum_validity_check;
    MessageInfo message_info;
  };

  // The descriptor for this extension, if one exists and is known.  May be
  // NULL.  Must not be NULL if the descriptor for the extension does not
  // live in the same pool as the descriptor for the containing type.
  const FieldDescriptor* descriptor;
};

// Abstract interface for an object which looks up extension definitions.  Used
// when parsing.
class PROTOBUF_EXPORT ExtensionFinder {
 public:
  virtual ~ExtensionFinder();

  // Find the extension with the given containing type and number.
  virtual bool Find(int number, ExtensionInfo* output) = 0;
};

// Implementation of ExtensionFinder which finds extensions defined in .proto
// files which have been compiled into the binary.
class PROTOBUF_EXPORT GeneratedExtensionFinder : public ExtensionFinder {
 public:
  GeneratedExtensionFinder(const MessageLite* containing_type)
      : containing_type_(containing_type) {}
  ~GeneratedExtensionFinder() override {}

  // Returns true and fills in *output if found, otherwise returns false.
  bool Find(int number, ExtensionInfo* output) override;

 private:
  const MessageLite* containing_type_;
};

// A FieldSkipper used for parsing MessageSet.
class MessageSetFieldSkipper;

// Note:  extension_set_heavy.cc defines DescriptorPoolExtensionFinder for
// finding extensions from a DescriptorPool.

// This is an internal helper class intended for use within the protocol buffer
// library and generated classes.  Clients should not use it directly.  Instead,
// use the generated accessors such as GetExtension() of the class being
// extended.
//
// This class manages extensions for a protocol message object.  The
// message's HasExtension(), GetExtension(), MutableExtension(), and
// ClearExtension() methods are just thin wrappers around the embedded
// ExtensionSet.  When parsing, if a tag number is encountered which is
// inside one of the message type's extension ranges, the tag is passed
// off to the ExtensionSet for parsing.  Etc.
class PROTOBUF_EXPORT ExtensionSet {
 public:
  constexpr ExtensionSet();
  explicit ExtensionSet(Arena* arena);
  ~ExtensionSet();

  // These are called at startup by protocol-compiler-generated code to
  // register known extensions.  The registrations are used by ParseField()
  // to look up extensions for parsed field numbers.  Note that dynamic parsing
  // does not use ParseField(); only protocol-compiler-generated parsing
  // methods do.
  static void RegisterExtension(const MessageLite* containing_type, int number,
                                FieldType type, bool is_repeated,
                                bool is_packed);
  static void RegisterEnumExtension(const MessageLite* containing_type,
                                    int number, FieldType type,
                                    bool is_repeated, bool is_packed,
                                    EnumValidityFunc* is_valid);
  static void RegisterMessageExtension(const MessageLite* containing_type,
                                       int number, FieldType type,
                                       bool is_repeated, bool is_packed,
                                       const MessageLite* prototype);

  // =================================================================

  // Add all fields which are currently present to the given vector.  This
  // is useful to implement Reflection::ListFields().
  void AppendToList(const Descriptor* containing_type,
                    const DescriptorPool* pool,
                    std::vector<const FieldDescriptor*>* output) const;

  // =================================================================
  // Accessors
  //
  // Generated message classes include type-safe templated wrappers around
  // these methods.  Generally you should use those rather than call these
  // directly, unless you are doing low-level memory management.
  //
  // When calling any of these accessors, the extension number requested
  // MUST exist in the DescriptorPool provided to the constructor.  Otherwise,
  // the method will fail an assert.  Normally, though, you would not call
  // these directly; you would either call the generated accessors of your
  // message class (e.g. GetExtension()) or you would call the accessors
  // of the reflection interface.  In both cases, it is impossible to
  // trigger this assert failure:  the generated accessors only accept
  // linked-in extension types as parameters, while the Reflection interface
  // requires you to provide the FieldDescriptor describing the extension.
  //
  // When calling any of these accessors, a protocol-compiler-generated
  // implementation of the extension corresponding to the number MUST
  // be linked in, and the FieldDescriptor used to refer to it MUST be
  // the one generated by that linked-in code.  Otherwise, the method will
  // die on an assert failure.  The message objects returned by the message
  // accessors are guaranteed to be of the correct linked-in type.
  //
  // These methods pretty much match Reflection except that:
  // - They're not virtual.
  // - They identify fields by number rather than FieldDescriptors.
  // - They identify enum values using integers rather than descriptors.
  // - Strings provide Mutable() in addition to Set() accessors.

  bool Has(int number) const;
  int ExtensionSize(int number) const;  // Size of a repeated extension.
  int NumExtensions() const;            // The number of extensions
  FieldType ExtensionType(int number) const;
  void ClearExtension(int number);

  // singular fields -------------------------------------------------

  int32 GetInt32(int number, int32 default_value) const;
  int64 GetInt64(int number, int64 default_value) const;
  uint32 GetUInt32(int number, uint32 default_value) const;
  uint64 GetUInt64(int number, uint64 default_value) const;
  float GetFloat(int number, float default_value) const;
  double GetDouble(int number, double default_value) const;
  bool GetBool(int number, bool default_value) const;
  int GetEnum(int number, int default_value) const;
  const std::string& GetString(int number,
                               const std::string& default_value) const;
  const MessageLite& GetMessage(int number,
                                const MessageLite& default_value) const;
  const MessageLite& GetMessage(int number, const Descriptor* message_type,
                                MessageFactory* factory) const;

  // |descriptor| may be NULL so long as it is known that the descriptor for
  // the extension lives in the same pool as the descriptor for the containing
  // type.
#define desc const FieldDescriptor* descriptor  // avoid line wrapping
  void SetInt32(int number, FieldType type, int32 value, desc);
  void SetInt64(int number, FieldType type, int64 value, desc);
  void SetUInt32(int number, FieldType type, uint32 value, desc);
  void SetUInt64(int number, FieldType type, uint64 value, desc);
  void SetFloat(int number, FieldType type, float value, desc);
  void SetDouble(int number, FieldType type, double value, desc);
  void SetBool(int number, FieldType type, bool value, desc);
  void SetEnum(int number, FieldType type, int value, desc);
  void SetString(int number, FieldType type, std::string value, desc);
  std::string* MutableString(int number, FieldType type, desc);
  MessageLite* MutableMessage(int number, FieldType type,
                              const MessageLite& prototype, desc);
  MessageLite* MutableMessage(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                              MessageFactory* factory);
  // Adds the given message to the ExtensionSet, taking ownership of the
  // message object. Existing message with the same number will be deleted.
  // If "message" is NULL, this is equivalent to "ClearExtension(number)".
  void SetAllocatedMessage(int number, FieldType type,
                           const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                           MessageLite* message);
  void UnsafeArenaSetAllocatedMessage(int number, FieldType type,
                                      const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                                      MessageLite* message);
  MessageLite* ReleaseMessage(int number, const MessageLite& prototype);
  MessageLite* UnsafeArenaReleaseMessage(int number,
                                         const MessageLite& prototype);

  MessageLite* ReleaseMessage(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                              MessageFactory* factory);
  MessageLite* UnsafeArenaReleaseMessage(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                                         MessageFactory* factory);
#undef desc
  Arena* GetArena() const { return arena_; }

  // repeated fields -------------------------------------------------

  // Fetches a RepeatedField extension by number; returns |default_value|
  // if no such extension exists. User should not touch this directly; it is
  // used by the GetRepeatedExtension() method.
  const void* GetRawRepeatedField(int number, const void* default_value) const;
  // Fetches a mutable version of a RepeatedField extension by number,
  // instantiating one if none exists. Similar to above, user should not use
  // this directly; it underlies MutableRepeatedExtension().
  void* MutableRawRepeatedField(int number, FieldType field_type, bool packed,
                                const FieldDescriptor* desc);

  // This is an overload of MutableRawRepeatedField to maintain compatibility
  // with old code using a previous API. This version of
  // MutableRawRepeatedField() will GOOGLE_CHECK-fail on a missing extension.
  // (E.g.: borg/clients/internal/proto1/proto2_reflection.cc.)
  void* MutableRawRepeatedField(int number);

  int32 GetRepeatedInt32(int number, int index) const;
  int64 GetRepeatedInt64(int number, int index) const;
  uint32 GetRepeatedUInt32(int number, int index) const;
  uint64 GetRepeatedUInt64(int number, int index) const;
  float GetRepeatedFloat(int number, int index) const;
  double GetRepeatedDouble(int number, int index) const;
  bool GetRepeatedBool(int number, int index) const;
  int GetRepeatedEnum(int number, int index) const;
  const std::string& GetRepeatedString(int number, int index) const;
  const MessageLite& GetRepeatedMessage(int number, int index) const;

  void SetRepeatedInt32(int number, int index, int32 value);
  void SetRepeatedInt64(int number, int index, int64 value);
  void SetRepeatedUInt32(int number, int index, uint32 value);
  void SetRepeatedUInt64(int number, int index, uint64 value);
  void SetRepeatedFloat(int number, int index, float value);
  void SetRepeatedDouble(int number, int index, double value);
  void SetRepeatedBool(int number, int index, bool value);
  void SetRepeatedEnum(int number, int index, int value);
  void SetRepeatedString(int number, int index, std::string value);
  std::string* MutableRepeatedString(int number, int index);
  MessageLite* MutableRepeatedMessage(int number, int index);

#define desc const FieldDescriptor* descriptor  // avoid line wrapping
  void AddInt32(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, int32 value, desc);
  void AddInt64(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, int64 value, desc);
  void AddUInt32(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, uint32 value, desc);
  void AddUInt64(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, uint64 value, desc);
  void AddFloat(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, float value, desc);
  void AddDouble(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, double value, desc);
  void AddBool(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, bool value, desc);
  void AddEnum(int number, FieldType type, bool packed, int value, desc);
  void AddString(int number, FieldType type, std::string value, desc);
  std::string* AddString(int number, FieldType type, desc);
  MessageLite* AddMessage(int number, FieldType type,
                          const MessageLite& prototype, desc);
  MessageLite* AddMessage(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                          MessageFactory* factory);
  void AddAllocatedMessage(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                           MessageLite* new_entry);
#undef desc

  void RemoveLast(int number);
  MessageLite* ReleaseLast(int number);
  void SwapElements(int number, int index1, int index2);

  // -----------------------------------------------------------------
  // TODO(kenton):  Hardcore memory management accessors

  // =================================================================
  // convenience methods for implementing methods of Message
  //
  // These could all be implemented in terms of the other methods of this
  // class, but providing them here helps keep the generated code size down.

  void Clear();
  void MergeFrom(const ExtensionSet& other);
  void Swap(ExtensionSet* other);
  void SwapExtension(ExtensionSet* other, int number);
  bool IsInitialized() const;

  // Parses a single extension from the input. The input should start out
  // positioned immediately after the tag.
  bool ParseField(uint32 tag, io::CodedInputStream* input,
                  ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                  FieldSkipper* field_skipper);

  // Specific versions for lite or full messages (constructs the appropriate
  // FieldSkipper automatically).  |containing_type| is the default
  // instance for the containing message; it is used only to look up the
  // extension by number.  See RegisterExtension(), above.  Unlike the other
  // methods of ExtensionSet, this only works for generated message types --
  // it looks up extensions registered using RegisterExtension().
  bool ParseField(uint32 tag, io::CodedInputStream* input,
                  const MessageLite* containing_type);
  bool ParseField(uint32 tag, io::CodedInputStream* input,
                  const Message* containing_type,
                  UnknownFieldSet* unknown_fields);
  bool ParseField(uint32 tag, io::CodedInputStream* input,
                  const MessageLite* containing_type,
                  io::CodedOutputStream* unknown_fields);

  // Lite parser
  const char* ParseField(uint64 tag, const char* ptr,
                         const MessageLite* containing_type,
                         internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                         internal::ParseContext* ctx);
  // Full parser
  const char* ParseField(uint64 tag, const char* ptr,
                         const Message* containing_type,
                         internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                         internal::ParseContext* ctx);
  template <typename Msg>
  const char* ParseMessageSet(const char* ptr, const Msg* containing_type,
                              InternalMetadata* metadata,
                              internal::ParseContext* ctx) {
    struct MessageSetItem {
      const char* _InternalParse(const char* ptr, ParseContext* ctx) {
        return me->ParseMessageSetItem(ptr, containing_type, metadata, ctx);
      }
      ExtensionSet* me;
      const Msg* containing_type;
      InternalMetadata* metadata;
    } item{this, containing_type, metadata};
    while (!ctx->Done(&ptr)) {
      uint32 tag;
      ptr = ReadTag(ptr, &tag);
      GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_PARSER_ASSERT(ptr);
      if (tag == WireFormatLite::kMessageSetItemStartTag) {
        ptr = ctx->ParseGroup(&item, ptr, tag);
        GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_PARSER_ASSERT(ptr);
      } else {
        if (tag == 0 || (tag & 7) == 4) {
          ctx->SetLastTag(tag);
          return ptr;
        }
        ptr = ParseField(tag, ptr, containing_type, metadata, ctx);
        GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_PARSER_ASSERT(ptr);
      }
    }
    return ptr;
  }

  // Parse an entire message in MessageSet format.  Such messages have no
  // fields, only extensions.
  bool ParseMessageSetLite(io::CodedInputStream* input,
                           ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                           FieldSkipper* field_skipper);
  bool ParseMessageSet(io::CodedInputStream* input,
                       ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                       MessageSetFieldSkipper* field_skipper);

  // Specific versions for lite or full messages (constructs the appropriate
  // FieldSkipper automatically).
  bool ParseMessageSet(io::CodedInputStream* input,
                       const MessageLite* containing_type,
                       std::string* unknown_fields);
  bool ParseMessageSet(io::CodedInputStream* input,
                       const Message* containing_type,
                       UnknownFieldSet* unknown_fields);

  // Write all extension fields with field numbers in the range
  //   [start_field_number, end_field_number)
  // to the output stream, using the cached sizes computed when ByteSize() was
  // last called.  Note that the range bounds are inclusive-exclusive.
  void SerializeWithCachedSizes(int start_field_number, int end_field_number,
                                io::CodedOutputStream* output) const {
    output->SetCur(_InternalSerialize(start_field_number, end_field_number,
                                      output->Cur(), output->EpsCopy()));
  }

  // Same as SerializeWithCachedSizes, but without any bounds checking.
  // The caller must ensure that target has sufficient capacity for the
  // serialized extensions.
  //
  // Returns a pointer past the last written byte.
  uint8* _InternalSerialize(int start_field_number, int end_field_number,
                            uint8* target,
                            io::EpsCopyOutputStream* stream) const;

  // Like above but serializes in MessageSet format.
  void SerializeMessageSetWithCachedSizes(io::CodedOutputStream* output) const {
    output->SetCur(InternalSerializeMessageSetWithCachedSizesToArray(
        output->Cur(), output->EpsCopy()));
  }
  uint8* InternalSerializeMessageSetWithCachedSizesToArray(
      uint8* target, io::EpsCopyOutputStream* stream) const;

  // For backward-compatibility, versions of two of the above methods that
  // serialize deterministically iff SetDefaultSerializationDeterministic()
  // has been called.
  uint8* SerializeWithCachedSizesToArray(int start_field_number,
                                         int end_field_number,
                                         uint8* target) const;
  uint8* SerializeMessageSetWithCachedSizesToArray(uint8* target) const;

  // Returns the total serialized size of all the extensions.
  size_t ByteSize() const;

  // Like ByteSize() but uses MessageSet format.
  size_t MessageSetByteSize() const;

  // Returns (an estimate of) the total number of bytes used for storing the
  // extensions in memory, excluding sizeof(*this).  If the ExtensionSet is
  // for a lite message (and thus possibly contains lite messages), the results
  // are undefined (might work, might crash, might corrupt data, might not even
  // be linked in).  It's up to the protocol compiler to avoid calling this on
  // such ExtensionSets (easy enough since lite messages don't implement
  // SpaceUsed()).
  size_t SpaceUsedExcludingSelfLong() const;

  // This method just calls SpaceUsedExcludingSelfLong() but it can not be
  // inlined because the definition of SpaceUsedExcludingSelfLong() is not
  // included in lite runtime and when an inline method refers to it MSVC
  // will complain about unresolved symbols when building the lite runtime
  // as .dll.
  int SpaceUsedExcludingSelf() const;

 private:
  // Interface of a lazily parsed singular message extension.
  class PROTOBUF_EXPORT LazyMessageExtension {
   public:
    LazyMessageExtension() {}
    virtual ~LazyMessageExtension() {}

    virtual LazyMessageExtension* New(Arena* arena) const = 0;
    virtual const MessageLite& GetMessage(
        const MessageLite& prototype) const = 0;
    virtual MessageLite* MutableMessage(const MessageLite& prototype) = 0;
    virtual void SetAllocatedMessage(MessageLite* message) = 0;
    virtual void UnsafeArenaSetAllocatedMessage(MessageLite* message) = 0;
    virtual MessageLite* ReleaseMessage(const MessageLite& prototype) = 0;
    virtual MessageLite* UnsafeArenaReleaseMessage(
        const MessageLite& prototype) = 0;

    virtual bool IsInitialized() const = 0;

    PROTOBUF_DEPRECATED_MSG("Please use ByteSizeLong() instead")
    virtual int ByteSize() const { return internal::ToIntSize(ByteSizeLong()); }
    virtual size_t ByteSizeLong() const = 0;
    virtual size_t SpaceUsedLong() const = 0;

    virtual void MergeFrom(const LazyMessageExtension& other) = 0;
    virtual void Clear() = 0;

    virtual bool ReadMessage(const MessageLite& prototype,
                             io::CodedInputStream* input) = 0;
    virtual const char* _InternalParse(const char* ptr, ParseContext* ctx) = 0;
    virtual uint8* WriteMessageToArray(
        int number, uint8* target, io::EpsCopyOutputStream* stream) const = 0;

   private:
    virtual void UnusedKeyMethod();  // Dummy key method to avoid weak vtable.

    GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(LazyMessageExtension);
  };
  struct Extension {
    // The order of these fields packs Extension into 24 bytes when using 8
    // byte alignment. Consider this when adding or removing fields here.
    union {
      int32 int32_value;
      int64 int64_value;
      uint32 uint32_value;
      uint64 uint64_value;
      float float_value;
      double double_value;
      bool bool_value;
      int enum_value;
      std::string* string_value;
      MessageLite* message_value;
      LazyMessageExtension* lazymessage_value;

      RepeatedField<int32>* repeated_int32_value;
      RepeatedField<int64>* repeated_int64_value;
      RepeatedField<uint32>* repeated_uint32_value;
      RepeatedField<uint64>* repeated_uint64_value;
      RepeatedField<float>* repeated_float_value;
      RepeatedField<double>* repeated_double_value;
      RepeatedField<bool>* repeated_bool_value;
      RepeatedField<int>* repeated_enum_value;
      RepeatedPtrField<std::string>* repeated_string_value;
      RepeatedPtrField<MessageLite>* repeated_message_value;
    };

    FieldType type;
    bool is_repeated;

    // For singular types, indicates if the extension is "cleared".  This
    // happens when an extension is set and then later cleared by the caller.
    // We want to keep the Extension object around for reuse, so instead of
    // removing it from the map, we just set is_cleared = true.  This has no
    // meaning for repeated types; for those, the size of the RepeatedField
    // simply becomes zero when cleared.
    bool is_cleared : 4;

    // For singular message types, indicates whether lazy parsing is enabled
    // for this extension. This field is only valid when type == TYPE_MESSAGE
    // and !is_repeated because we only support lazy parsing for singular
    // message types currently. If is_lazy = true, the extension is stored in
    // lazymessage_value. Otherwise, the extension will be message_value.
    bool is_lazy : 4;

    // For repeated types, this indicates if the [packed=true] option is set.
    bool is_packed;

    // For packed fields, the size of the packed data is recorded here when
    // ByteSize() is called then used during serialization.
    // TODO(kenton):  Use atomic<int> when C++ supports it.
    mutable int cached_size;

    // The descriptor for this extension, if one exists and is known.  May be
    // NULL.  Must not be NULL if the descriptor for the extension does not
    // live in the same pool as the descriptor for the containing type.
    const FieldDescriptor* descriptor;

    // Some helper methods for operations on a single Extension.
    uint8* InternalSerializeFieldWithCachedSizesToArray(
        int number, uint8* target, io::EpsCopyOutputStream* stream) const;
    uint8* InternalSerializeMessageSetItemWithCachedSizesToArray(
        int number, uint8* target, io::EpsCopyOutputStream* stream) const;
    size_t ByteSize(int number) const;
    size_t MessageSetItemByteSize(int number) const;
    void Clear();
    int GetSize() const;
    void Free();
    size_t SpaceUsedExcludingSelfLong() const;
    bool IsInitialized() const;
  };

  // The Extension struct is small enough to be passed by value, so we use it
  // directly as the value type in mappings rather than use pointers.  We use
  // sorted maps rather than hash-maps because we expect most ExtensionSets will
  // only contain a small number of extension.  Also, we want AppendToList and
  // deterministic serialization to order fields by field number.

  struct KeyValue {
    int first;
    Extension second;

    struct FirstComparator {
      bool operator()(const KeyValue& lhs, const KeyValue& rhs) const {
        return lhs.first < rhs.first;
      }
      bool operator()(const KeyValue& lhs, int key) const {
        return lhs.first < key;
      }
      bool operator()(int key, const KeyValue& rhs) const {
        return key < rhs.first;
      }
    };
  };

  typedef std::map<int, Extension> LargeMap;

  // Wrapper API that switches between flat-map and LargeMap.

  // Finds a key (if present) in the ExtensionSet.
  const Extension* FindOrNull(int key) const;
  Extension* FindOrNull(int key);

  // Helper-functions that only inspect the LargeMap.
  const Extension* FindOrNullInLargeMap(int key) const;
  Extension* FindOrNullInLargeMap(int key);

  // Inserts a new (key, Extension) into the ExtensionSet (and returns true), or
  // finds the already-existing Extension for that key (returns false).
  // The Extension* will point to the new-or-found Extension.
  std::pair<Extension*, bool> Insert(int key);

  // Grows the flat_capacity_.
  // If flat_capacity_ > kMaximumFlatCapacity, converts to LargeMap.
  void GrowCapacity(size_t minimum_new_capacity);
  static constexpr uint16 kMaximumFlatCapacity = 256;
  bool is_large() const { return flat_capacity_ > kMaximumFlatCapacity; }

  // Removes a key from the ExtensionSet.
  void Erase(int key);

  size_t Size() const {
    return PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(is_large()) ? map_.large->size() : flat_size_;
  }

  // Similar to std::for_each.
  // Each Iterator is decomposed into ->first and ->second fields, so
  // that the KeyValueFunctor can be agnostic vis-a-vis KeyValue-vs-std::pair.
  template <typename Iterator, typename KeyValueFunctor>
  static KeyValueFunctor ForEach(Iterator begin, Iterator end,
                                 KeyValueFunctor func) {
    for (Iterator it = begin; it != end; ++it) func(it->first, it->second);
    return std::move(func);
  }

  // Applies a functor to the <int, Extension&> pairs in sorted order.
  template <typename KeyValueFunctor>
  KeyValueFunctor ForEach(KeyValueFunctor func) {
    if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(is_large())) {
      return ForEach(map_.large->begin(), map_.large->end(), std::move(func));
    }
    return ForEach(flat_begin(), flat_end(), std::move(func));
  }

  // Applies a functor to the <int, const Extension&> pairs in sorted order.
  template <typename KeyValueFunctor>
  KeyValueFunctor ForEach(KeyValueFunctor func) const {
    if (PROTOBUF_PREDICT_FALSE(is_large())) {
      return ForEach(map_.large->begin(), map_.large->end(), std::move(func));
    }
    return ForEach(flat_begin(), flat_end(), std::move(func));
  }

  // Merges existing Extension from other_extension
  void InternalExtensionMergeFrom(int number, const Extension& other_extension);

  // Returns true and fills field_number and extension if extension is found.
  // Note to support packed repeated field compatibility, it also fills whether
  // the tag on wire is packed, which can be different from
  // extension->is_packed (whether packed=true is specified).
  bool FindExtensionInfoFromTag(uint32 tag, ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                                int* field_number, ExtensionInfo* extension,
                                bool* was_packed_on_wire);

  // Returns true and fills extension if extension is found.
  // Note to support packed repeated field compatibility, it also fills whether
  // the tag on wire is packed, which can be different from
  // extension->is_packed (whether packed=true is specified).
  bool FindExtensionInfoFromFieldNumber(int wire_type, int field_number,
                                        ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                                        ExtensionInfo* extension,
                                        bool* was_packed_on_wire);

  // Parses a single extension from the input. The input should start out
  // positioned immediately after the wire tag. This method is called in
  // ParseField() after field number and was_packed_on_wire is extracted from
  // the wire tag and ExtensionInfo is found by the field number.
  bool ParseFieldWithExtensionInfo(int field_number, bool was_packed_on_wire,
                                   const ExtensionInfo& extension,
                                   io::CodedInputStream* input,
                                   FieldSkipper* field_skipper);

  // Like ParseField(), but this method may parse singular message extensions
  // lazily depending on the value of FLAGS_eagerly_parse_message_sets.
  bool ParseFieldMaybeLazily(int wire_type, int field_number,
                             io::CodedInputStream* input,
                             ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                             MessageSetFieldSkipper* field_skipper);

  // Gets the extension with the given number, creating it if it does not
  // already exist.  Returns true if the extension did not already exist.
  bool MaybeNewExtension(int number, const FieldDescriptor* descriptor,
                         Extension** result);

  // Gets the repeated extension for the given descriptor, creating it if
  // it does not exist.
  Extension* MaybeNewRepeatedExtension(const FieldDescriptor* descriptor);

  // Parse a single MessageSet item -- called just after the item group start
  // tag has been read.
  bool ParseMessageSetItemLite(io::CodedInputStream* input,
                               ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                               FieldSkipper* field_skipper);
  // Parse a single MessageSet item -- called just after the item group start
  // tag has been read.
  bool ParseMessageSetItem(io::CodedInputStream* input,
                           ExtensionFinder* extension_finder,
                           MessageSetFieldSkipper* field_skipper);

  bool FindExtension(int wire_type, uint32 field,
                     const MessageLite* containing_type,
                     const internal::ParseContext* /*ctx*/,
                     ExtensionInfo* extension, bool* was_packed_on_wire) {
    GeneratedExtensionFinder finder(containing_type);
    return FindExtensionInfoFromFieldNumber(wire_type, field, &finder,
                                            extension, was_packed_on_wire);
  }
  inline bool FindExtension(int wire_type, uint32 field,
                            const Message* containing_type,
                            const internal::ParseContext* ctx,
                            ExtensionInfo* extension, bool* was_packed_on_wire);
  // Used for MessageSet only
  const char* ParseFieldMaybeLazily(uint64 tag, const char* ptr,
                                    const MessageLite* containing_type,
                                    internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                                    internal::ParseContext* ctx) {
    // Lite MessageSet doesn't implement lazy.
    return ParseField(tag, ptr, containing_type, metadata, ctx);
  }
  const char* ParseFieldMaybeLazily(uint64 tag, const char* ptr,
                                    const Message* containing_type,
                                    internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                                    internal::ParseContext* ctx);
  const char* ParseMessageSetItem(const char* ptr,
                                  const MessageLite* containing_type,
                                  internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                                  internal::ParseContext* ctx);
  const char* ParseMessageSetItem(const char* ptr,
                                  const Message* containing_type,
                                  internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                                  internal::ParseContext* ctx);

  // Implemented in extension_set_inl.h to keep code out of the header file.
  template <typename T>
  const char* ParseFieldWithExtensionInfo(int number, bool was_packed_on_wire,
                                          const ExtensionInfo& info,
                                          internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                                          const char* ptr,
                                          internal::ParseContext* ctx);
  template <typename Msg, typename T>
  const char* ParseMessageSetItemTmpl(const char* ptr,
                                      const Msg* containing_type,
                                      internal::InternalMetadata* metadata,
                                      internal::ParseContext* ctx);

  // Hack:  RepeatedPtrFieldBase declares ExtensionSet as a friend.  This
  //   friendship should automatically extend to ExtensionSet::Extension, but
  //   unfortunately some older compilers (e.g. GCC 3.4.4) do not implement this
  //   correctly.  So, we must provide helpers for calling methods of that
  //   class.

  // Defined in extension_set_heavy.cc.
  static inline size_t RepeatedMessage_SpaceUsedExcludingSelfLong(
      RepeatedPtrFieldBase* field);

  KeyValue* flat_begin() {
    assert(!is_large());
    return map_.flat;
  }
  const KeyValue* flat_begin() const {
    assert(!is_large());
    return map_.flat;
  }
  KeyValue* flat_end() {
    assert(!is_large());
    return map_.flat + flat_size_;
  }
  const KeyValue* flat_end() const {
    assert(!is_large());
    return map_.flat + flat_size_;
  }

  Arena* arena_;

  // Manual memory-management:
  // map_.flat is an allocated array of flat_capacity_ elements.
  // [map_.flat, map_.flat + flat_size_) is the currently-in-use prefix.
  uint16 flat_capacity_;
  uint16 flat_size_;
  union AllocatedData {
    KeyValue* flat;

    // If flat_capacity_ > kMaximumFlatCapacity, switch to LargeMap,
    // which guarantees O(n lg n) CPU but larger constant factors.
    LargeMap* large;
  } map_;

  static void DeleteFlatMap(const KeyValue* flat, uint16 flat_capacity);

  GOOGLE_DISALLOW_EVIL_CONSTRUCTORS(ExtensionSet);
};

constexpr ExtensionSet::ExtensionSet()
    : arena_(nullptr), flat_capacity_(0), flat_size_(0), map_{nullptr} {}

// These are just for convenience...
inline void ExtensionSet::SetString(int number, FieldType type,
                                    std::string value,
                                    const FieldDescriptor* descriptor) {
  MutableString(number, type, descriptor)->assign(std::move(value));
}
inline void ExtensionSet::SetRepeatedString(int number, int index,
                                            std::string value) {
  MutableRepeatedString(number, index)->assign(std::move(value));
}
inline void ExtensionSet::AddString(int number, FieldType type,
                                    std::string value,
                                    const FieldDescriptor* descriptor) {
  AddString(number, type, descriptor)->assign(std::move(value));
}
// ===================================================================
// Glue for generated extension accessors

// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// Template magic

// First we have a set of classes representing "type traits" for different
// field types.  A type traits class knows how to implement basic accessors
// for extensions of a particular type given an ExtensionSet.  The signature
// for a type traits class looks like this:
//
//   class TypeTraits {
//    public:
//     typedef ? ConstType;
//     typedef ? MutableType;
//     // TypeTraits for singular fields and repeated fields will define the
//     // symbol "Singular" or "Repeated" respectively. These two symbols will
//     // be used in extension accessors to distinguish between singular
//     // extensions and repeated extensions. If the TypeTraits for the passed
//     // in extension doesn't have the expected symbol defined, it means the
//     // user is passing a repeated extension to a singular accessor, or the
//     // opposite. In that case the C++ compiler will generate an error
//     // message "no matching member function" to inform the user.
//     typedef ? Singular
//     typedef ? Repeated
//
//     static inline ConstType Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set);
//     static inline void Set(int number, ConstType value, ExtensionSet* set);
//     static inline MutableType Mutable(int number, ExtensionSet* set);
//
//     // Variants for repeated fields.
//     static inline ConstType Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set,
//                                 int index);
//     static inline void Set(int number, int index,
//                            ConstType value, ExtensionSet* set);
//     static inline MutableType Mutable(int number, int index,
//                                       ExtensionSet* set);
//     static inline void Add(int number, ConstType value, ExtensionSet* set);
//     static inline MutableType Add(int number, ExtensionSet* set);
//     This is used by the ExtensionIdentifier constructor to register
//     the extension at dynamic initialization.
//     template <typename ExtendeeT>
//     static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed);
//   };
//
// Not all of these methods make sense for all field types.  For example, the
// "Mutable" methods only make sense for strings and messages, and the
// repeated methods only make sense for repeated types.  So, each type
// traits class implements only the set of methods from this signature that it
// actually supports.  This will cause a compiler error if the user tries to
// access an extension using a method that doesn't make sense for its type.
// For example, if "foo" is an extension of type "optional int32", then if you
// try to write code like:
//   my_message.MutableExtension(foo)
// you will get a compile error because PrimitiveTypeTraits<int32> does not
// have a "Mutable()" method.

// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// PrimitiveTypeTraits

// Since the ExtensionSet has different methods for each primitive type,
// we must explicitly define the methods of the type traits class for each
// known type.
template <typename Type>
class PrimitiveTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef Type ConstType;
  typedef Type MutableType;
  typedef PrimitiveTypeTraits<Type> Singular;

  static inline ConstType Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set,
                              ConstType default_value);
  static inline void Set(int number, FieldType field_type, ConstType value,
                         ExtensionSet* set);
  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(), number,
                                    type, false, is_packed);
  }
};

template <typename Type>
class RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef Type ConstType;
  typedef Type MutableType;
  typedef RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<Type> Repeated;

  typedef RepeatedField<Type> RepeatedFieldType;

  static inline Type Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set, int index);
  static inline void Set(int number, int index, Type value, ExtensionSet* set);
  static inline void Add(int number, FieldType field_type, bool is_packed,
                         Type value, ExtensionSet* set);

  static inline const RepeatedField<ConstType>& GetRepeated(
      int number, const ExtensionSet& set);
  static inline RepeatedField<Type>* MutableRepeated(int number,
                                                     FieldType field_type,
                                                     bool is_packed,
                                                     ExtensionSet* set);

  static const RepeatedFieldType* GetDefaultRepeatedField();
  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(), number,
                                    type, true, is_packed);
  }
};

class PROTOBUF_EXPORT RepeatedPrimitiveDefaults {
 private:
  template <typename Type>
  friend class RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits;
  static const RepeatedPrimitiveDefaults* default_instance();
  RepeatedField<int32> default_repeated_field_int32_;
  RepeatedField<int64> default_repeated_field_int64_;
  RepeatedField<uint32> default_repeated_field_uint32_;
  RepeatedField<uint64> default_repeated_field_uint64_;
  RepeatedField<double> default_repeated_field_double_;
  RepeatedField<float> default_repeated_field_float_;
  RepeatedField<bool> default_repeated_field_bool_;
};

#define PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(TYPE, METHOD)                           \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline TYPE PrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::Get(                                  \
      int number, const ExtensionSet& set, TYPE default_value) {               \
    return set.Get##METHOD(number, default_value);                             \
  }                                                                            \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline void PrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::Set(int number, FieldType field_type, \
                                             TYPE value, ExtensionSet* set) {  \
    set->Set##METHOD(number, field_type, value, NULL);                         \
  }                                                                            \
                                                                               \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline TYPE RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::Get(                          \
      int number, const ExtensionSet& set, int index) {                        \
    return set.GetRepeated##METHOD(number, index);                             \
  }                                                                            \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline void RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::Set(                          \
      int number, int index, TYPE value, ExtensionSet* set) {                  \
    set->SetRepeated##METHOD(number, index, value);                            \
  }                                                                            \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline void RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::Add(                          \
      int number, FieldType field_type, bool is_packed, TYPE value,            \
      ExtensionSet* set) {                                                     \
    set->Add##METHOD(number, field_type, is_packed, value, NULL);              \
  }                                                                            \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline const RepeatedField<TYPE>*                                            \
  RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::GetDefaultRepeatedField() {               \
    return &RepeatedPrimitiveDefaults::default_instance()                      \
                ->default_repeated_field_##TYPE##_;                            \
  }                                                                            \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline const RepeatedField<TYPE>&                                            \
  RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::GetRepeated(int number,                   \
                                                 const ExtensionSet& set) {    \
    return *reinterpret_cast<const RepeatedField<TYPE>*>(                      \
        set.GetRawRepeatedField(number, GetDefaultRepeatedField()));           \
  }                                                                            \
  template <>                                                                  \
  inline RepeatedField<TYPE>*                                                  \
  RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<TYPE>::MutableRepeated(                          \
      int number, FieldType field_type, bool is_packed, ExtensionSet* set) {   \
    return reinterpret_cast<RepeatedField<TYPE>*>(                             \
        set->MutableRawRepeatedField(number, field_type, is_packed, NULL));    \
  }

PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(int32, Int32)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(int64, Int64)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(uint32, UInt32)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(uint64, UInt64)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(float, Float)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(double, Double)
PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE(bool, Bool)

#undef PROTOBUF_DEFINE_PRIMITIVE_TYPE

// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// StringTypeTraits

// Strings support both Set() and Mutable().
class PROTOBUF_EXPORT StringTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef const std::string& ConstType;
  typedef std::string* MutableType;
  typedef StringTypeTraits Singular;

  static inline const std::string& Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set,
                                       ConstType default_value) {
    return set.GetString(number, default_value);
  }
  static inline void Set(int number, FieldType field_type,
                         const std::string& value, ExtensionSet* set) {
    set->SetString(number, field_type, value, NULL);
  }
  static inline std::string* Mutable(int number, FieldType field_type,
                                     ExtensionSet* set) {
    return set->MutableString(number, field_type, NULL);
  }
  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(), number,
                                    type, false, is_packed);
  }
};

class PROTOBUF_EXPORT RepeatedStringTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef const std::string& ConstType;
  typedef std::string* MutableType;
  typedef RepeatedStringTypeTraits Repeated;

  typedef RepeatedPtrField<std::string> RepeatedFieldType;

  static inline const std::string& Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set,
                                       int index) {
    return set.GetRepeatedString(number, index);
  }
  static inline void Set(int number, int index, const std::string& value,
                         ExtensionSet* set) {
    set->SetRepeatedString(number, index, value);
  }
  static inline std::string* Mutable(int number, int index, ExtensionSet* set) {
    return set->MutableRepeatedString(number, index);
  }
  static inline void Add(int number, FieldType field_type, bool /*is_packed*/,
                         const std::string& value, ExtensionSet* set) {
    set->AddString(number, field_type, value, NULL);
  }
  static inline std::string* Add(int number, FieldType field_type,
                                 ExtensionSet* set) {
    return set->AddString(number, field_type, NULL);
  }
  static inline const RepeatedPtrField<std::string>& GetRepeated(
      int number, const ExtensionSet& set) {
    return *reinterpret_cast<const RepeatedPtrField<std::string>*>(
        set.GetRawRepeatedField(number, GetDefaultRepeatedField()));
  }

  static inline RepeatedPtrField<std::string>* MutableRepeated(
      int number, FieldType field_type, bool is_packed, ExtensionSet* set) {
    return reinterpret_cast<RepeatedPtrField<std::string>*>(
        set->MutableRawRepeatedField(number, field_type, is_packed, NULL));
  }

  static const RepeatedFieldType* GetDefaultRepeatedField();

  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(), number,
                                    type, true, is_packed);
  }

 private:
  static void InitializeDefaultRepeatedFields();
  static void DestroyDefaultRepeatedFields();
};

// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// EnumTypeTraits

// ExtensionSet represents enums using integers internally, so we have to
// static_cast around.
template <typename Type, bool IsValid(int)>
class EnumTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef Type ConstType;
  typedef Type MutableType;
  typedef EnumTypeTraits<Type, IsValid> Singular;

  static inline ConstType Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set,
                              ConstType default_value) {
    return static_cast<Type>(set.GetEnum(number, default_value));
  }
  static inline void Set(int number, FieldType field_type, ConstType value,
                         ExtensionSet* set) {
    GOOGLE_DCHECK(IsValid(value));
    set->SetEnum(number, field_type, value, NULL);
  }
  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterEnumExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(), number,
                                        type, false, is_packed, IsValid);
  }
};

template <typename Type, bool IsValid(int)>
class RepeatedEnumTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef Type ConstType;
  typedef Type MutableType;
  typedef RepeatedEnumTypeTraits<Type, IsValid> Repeated;

  typedef RepeatedField<Type> RepeatedFieldType;

  static inline ConstType Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set, int index) {
    return static_cast<Type>(set.GetRepeatedEnum(number, index));
  }
  static inline void Set(int number, int index, ConstType value,
                         ExtensionSet* set) {
    GOOGLE_DCHECK(IsValid(value));
    set->SetRepeatedEnum(number, index, value);
  }
  static inline void Add(int number, FieldType field_type, bool is_packed,
                         ConstType value, ExtensionSet* set) {
    GOOGLE_DCHECK(IsValid(value));
    set->AddEnum(number, field_type, is_packed, value, NULL);
  }
  static inline const RepeatedField<Type>& GetRepeated(
      int number, const ExtensionSet& set) {
    // Hack: the `Extension` struct stores a RepeatedField<int> for enums.
    // RepeatedField<int> cannot implicitly convert to RepeatedField<EnumType>
    // so we need to do some casting magic. See message.h for similar
    // contortions for non-extension fields.
    return *reinterpret_cast<const RepeatedField<Type>*>(
        set.GetRawRepeatedField(number, GetDefaultRepeatedField()));
  }

  static inline RepeatedField<Type>* MutableRepeated(int number,
                                                     FieldType field_type,
                                                     bool is_packed,
                                                     ExtensionSet* set) {
    return reinterpret_cast<RepeatedField<Type>*>(
        set->MutableRawRepeatedField(number, field_type, is_packed, NULL));
  }

  static const RepeatedFieldType* GetDefaultRepeatedField() {
    // Hack: as noted above, repeated enum fields are internally stored as a
    // RepeatedField<int>. We need to be able to instantiate global static
    // objects to return as default (empty) repeated fields on non-existent
    // extensions. We would not be able to know a-priori all of the enum types
    // (values of |Type|) to instantiate all of these, so we just re-use int32's
    // default repeated field object.
    return reinterpret_cast<const RepeatedField<Type>*>(
        RepeatedPrimitiveTypeTraits<int32>::GetDefaultRepeatedField());
  }
  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterEnumExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(), number,
                                        type, true, is_packed, IsValid);
  }
};

// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// MessageTypeTraits

// ExtensionSet guarantees that when manipulating extensions with message
// types, the implementation used will be the compiled-in class representing
// that type.  So, we can static_cast down to the exact type we expect.
template <typename Type>
class MessageTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef const Type& ConstType;
  typedef Type* MutableType;
  typedef MessageTypeTraits<Type> Singular;

  static inline ConstType Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set,
                              ConstType default_value) {
    return static_cast<const Type&>(set.GetMessage(number, default_value));
  }
  static inline MutableType Mutable(int number, FieldType field_type,
                                    ExtensionSet* set) {
    return static_cast<Type*>(set->MutableMessage(
        number, field_type, Type::default_instance(), NULL));
  }
  static inline void SetAllocated(int number, FieldType field_type,
                                  MutableType message, ExtensionSet* set) {
    set->SetAllocatedMessage(number, field_type, NULL, message);
  }
  static inline void UnsafeArenaSetAllocated(int number, FieldType field_type,
                                             MutableType message,
                                             ExtensionSet* set) {
    set->UnsafeArenaSetAllocatedMessage(number, field_type, NULL, message);
  }
  static inline MutableType Release(int number, FieldType /* field_type */,
                                    ExtensionSet* set) {
    return static_cast<Type*>(
        set->ReleaseMessage(number, Type::default_instance()));
  }
  static inline MutableType UnsafeArenaRelease(int number,
                                               FieldType /* field_type */,
                                               ExtensionSet* set) {
    return static_cast<Type*>(
        set->UnsafeArenaReleaseMessage(number, Type::default_instance()));
  }
  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterMessageExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(),
                                           number, type, false, is_packed,
                                           &Type::default_instance());
  }
};

// forward declaration
class RepeatedMessageGenericTypeTraits;

template <typename Type>
class RepeatedMessageTypeTraits {
 public:
  typedef const Type& ConstType;
  typedef Type* MutableType;
  typedef RepeatedMessageTypeTraits<Type> Repeated;

  typedef RepeatedPtrField<Type> RepeatedFieldType;

  static inline ConstType Get(int number, const ExtensionSet& set, int index) {
    return static_cast<const Type&>(set.GetRepeatedMessage(number, index));
  }
  static inline MutableType Mutable(int number, int index, ExtensionSet* set) {
    return static_cast<Type*>(set->MutableRepeatedMessage(number, index));
  }
  static inline MutableType Add(int number, FieldType field_type,
                                ExtensionSet* set) {
    return static_cast<Type*>(
        set->AddMessage(number, field_type, Type::default_instance(), NULL));
  }
  static inline const RepeatedPtrField<Type>& GetRepeated(
      int number, const ExtensionSet& set) {
    // See notes above in RepeatedEnumTypeTraits::GetRepeated(): same
    // casting hack applies here, because a RepeatedPtrField<MessageLite>
    // cannot naturally become a RepeatedPtrType<Type> even though Type is
    // presumably a message. google::protobuf::Message goes through similar contortions
    // with a reinterpret_cast<>.
    return *reinterpret_cast<const RepeatedPtrField<Type>*>(
        set.GetRawRepeatedField(number, GetDefaultRepeatedField()));
  }
  static inline RepeatedPtrField<Type>* MutableRepeated(int number,
                                                        FieldType field_type,
                                                        bool is_packed,
                                                        ExtensionSet* set) {
    return reinterpret_cast<RepeatedPtrField<Type>*>(
        set->MutableRawRepeatedField(number, field_type, is_packed, NULL));
  }

  static const RepeatedFieldType* GetDefaultRepeatedField();
  template <typename ExtendeeT>
  static void Register(int number, FieldType type, bool is_packed) {
    ExtensionSet::RegisterMessageExtension(&ExtendeeT::default_instance(),
                                           number, type, true, is_packed,
                                           &Type::default_instance());
  }
};

template <typename Type>
inline const typename RepeatedMessageTypeTraits<Type>::RepeatedFieldType*
RepeatedMessageTypeTraits<Type>::GetDefaultRepeatedField() {
  static auto instance = OnShutdownDelete(new RepeatedFieldType);
  return instance;
}

// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// ExtensionIdentifier

// This is the type of actual extension objects.  E.g. if you have:
//   extends Foo with optional int32 bar = 1234;
// then "bar" will be defined in C++ as:
//   ExtensionIdentifier<Foo, PrimitiveTypeTraits<int32>, 5, false> bar(1234);
//
// Note that we could, in theory, supply the field number as a template
// parameter, and thus make an instance of ExtensionIdentifier have no
// actual contents.  However, if we did that, then using an extension
// identifier would not necessarily cause the compiler to output any sort
// of reference to any symbol defined in the extension's .pb.o file.  Some
// linkers will actually drop object files that are not explicitly referenced,
// but that would be bad because it would cause this extension to not be
// registered at static initialization, and therefore using it would crash.

template <typename ExtendeeType, typename TypeTraitsType, FieldType field_type,
          bool is_packed>
class ExtensionIdentifier {
 public:
  typedef TypeTraitsType TypeTraits;
  typedef ExtendeeType Extendee;

  ExtensionIdentifier(int number, typename TypeTraits::ConstType default_value)
      : number_(number), default_value_(default_value) {
    Register(number);
  }
  inline int number() const { return number_; }
  typename TypeTraits::ConstType default_value() const {
    return default_value_;
  }

  static void Register(int number) {
    TypeTraits::template Register<ExtendeeType>(number, field_type, is_packed);
  }

 private:
  const int number_;
  typename TypeTraits::ConstType default_value_;
};

// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// Generated accessors

// This macro should be expanded in the context of a generated type which
// has extensions.
//
// We use "_proto_TypeTraits" as a type name below because "TypeTraits"
// causes problems if the class has a nested message or enum type with that
// name and "_TypeTraits" is technically reserved for the C++ library since
// it starts with an underscore followed by a capital letter.
//
// For similar reason, we use "_field_type" and "_is_packed" as parameter names
// below, so that "field_type" and "is_packed" can be used as field names.
#define GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_EXTENSION_ACCESSORS(CLASSNAME)                       \
  /* Has, Size, Clear */                                                      \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline bool HasExtension(                                                   \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) const { \
    return _extensions_.Has(id.number());                                     \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline void ClearExtension(                                                 \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) {       \
    _extensions_.ClearExtension(id.number());                                 \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline int ExtensionSize(                                                   \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) const { \
    return _extensions_.ExtensionSize(id.number());                           \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  /* Singular accessors */                                                    \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Singular::ConstType GetExtension(        \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) const { \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::Get(id.number(), _extensions_,                  \
                                  id.default_value());                        \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Singular::MutableType MutableExtension(  \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) {       \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::Mutable(id.number(), _field_type,               \
                                      &_extensions_);                         \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline void SetExtension(                                                   \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id,         \
      typename _proto_TypeTraits::Singular::ConstType value) {                \
    _proto_TypeTraits::Set(id.number(), _field_type, value, &_extensions_);   \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline void SetAllocatedExtension(                                          \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id,         \
      typename _proto_TypeTraits::Singular::MutableType value) {              \
    _proto_TypeTraits::SetAllocated(id.number(), _field_type, value,          \
                                    &_extensions_);                           \
  }                                                                           \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline void UnsafeArenaSetAllocatedExtension(                               \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id,         \
      typename _proto_TypeTraits::Singular::MutableType value) {              \
    _proto_TypeTraits::UnsafeArenaSetAllocated(id.number(), _field_type,      \
                                               value, &_extensions_);         \
  }                                                                           \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Singular::MutableType ReleaseExtension(  \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) {       \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::Release(id.number(), _field_type,               \
                                      &_extensions_);                         \
  }                                                                           \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Singular::MutableType                    \
  UnsafeArenaReleaseExtension(                                                \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) {       \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::UnsafeArenaRelease(id.number(), _field_type,    \
                                                 &_extensions_);              \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  /* Repeated accessors */                                                    \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Repeated::ConstType GetExtension(        \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id,         \
      int index) const {                                                      \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::Get(id.number(), _extensions_, index);          \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Repeated::MutableType MutableExtension(  \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id,         \
      int index) {                                                            \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::Mutable(id.number(), index, &_extensions_);     \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline void SetExtension(                                                   \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id,         \
      int index, typename _proto_TypeTraits::Repeated::ConstType value) {     \
    _proto_TypeTraits::Set(id.number(), index, value, &_extensions_);         \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Repeated::MutableType AddExtension(      \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) {       \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::Add(id.number(), _field_type, &_extensions_);   \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline void AddExtension(                                                   \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id,         \
      typename _proto_TypeTraits::Repeated::ConstType value) {                \
    _proto_TypeTraits::Add(id.number(), _field_type, _is_packed, value,       \
                           &_extensions_);                                    \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline const typename _proto_TypeTraits::Repeated::RepeatedFieldType&       \
  GetRepeatedExtension(                                                       \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) const { \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::GetRepeated(id.number(), _extensions_);         \
  }                                                                           \
                                                                              \
  template <typename _proto_TypeTraits,                                       \
            ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::FieldType _field_type,         \
            bool _is_packed>                                                  \
  inline typename _proto_TypeTraits::Repeated::RepeatedFieldType*             \
  MutableRepeatedExtension(                                                   \
      const ::PROTOBUF_NAMESPACE_ID::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<           \
          CLASSNAME, _proto_TypeTraits, _field_type, _is_packed>& id) {       \
    return _proto_TypeTraits::MutableRepeated(id.number(), _field_type,       \
                                              _is_packed, &_extensions_);     \
  }

}  // namespace internal

// Call this function to ensure that this extensions's reflection is linked into
// the binary:
//
//   google::protobuf::LinkExtensionReflection(Foo::my_extension);
//
// This will ensure that the following lookup will succeed:
//
//   DescriptorPool::generated_pool()->FindExtensionByName("Foo.my_extension");
//
// This is often relevant for parsing extensions in text mode.
//
// As a side-effect, it will also guarantee that anything else from the same
// .proto file will also be available for lookup in the generated pool.
//
// This function does not actually register the extension, so it does not need
// to be called before the lookup.  However it does need to occur in a function
// that cannot be stripped from the binary (ie. it must be reachable from main).
//
// Best practice is to call this function as close as possible to where the
// reflection is actually needed.  This function is very cheap to call, so you
// should not need to worry about its runtime overhead except in tight loops (on
// x86-64 it compiles into two "mov" instructions).
template <typename ExtendeeType, typename TypeTraitsType,
          internal::FieldType field_type, bool is_packed>
void LinkExtensionReflection(
    const google::protobuf::internal::ExtensionIdentifier<
        ExtendeeType, TypeTraitsType, field_type, is_packed>& extension) {
  internal::StrongReference(extension);
}

}  // namespace protobuf
}  // namespace google

#include <google/protobuf/port_undef.inc>

#endif  // GOOGLE_PROTOBUF_EXTENSION_SET_H__