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 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
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/******************************************************************************
 * Simple demonstration of cub::BlockRadixSort
 *
 * To compile using the command line:
 *   nvcc -arch=sm_XX example_block_radix_sort.cu -I../.. -lcudart -O3
 *
 ******************************************************************************/

// Ensure printing of CUDA runtime errors to console (define before including cub.h)
#define CUB_STDERR

#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>

#include <cub/block/block_load.cuh>
#include <cub/block/block_store.cuh>
#include <cub/block/block_radix_sort.cuh>

#include "../../test/test_util.h"

using namespace cub;

//---------------------------------------------------------------------
// Globals, constants and typedefs
//---------------------------------------------------------------------

/// Verbose output
bool g_verbose = false;

/// Timing iterations
int g_timing_iterations = 100;

/// Default grid size
int g_grid_size = 1;

/// Uniform key samples
bool g_uniform_keys;


//---------------------------------------------------------------------
// Kernels
//---------------------------------------------------------------------

/**
 * Simple kernel for performing a block-wide sorting over integers
 */
template <
    typename    Key,
    int         BLOCK_THREADS,
    int         ITEMS_PER_THREAD>
__launch_bounds__ (BLOCK_THREADS)
__global__ void BlockSortKernel(
    Key         *d_in,          // Tile of input
    Key         *d_out,         // Tile of output
    clock_t     *d_elapsed)     // Elapsed cycle count of block scan
{
    enum { TILE_SIZE = BLOCK_THREADS * ITEMS_PER_THREAD };

    // Specialize BlockLoad type for our thread block (uses warp-striped loads for coalescing, then transposes in shared memory to a blocked arrangement)
    typedef BlockLoad<Key, BLOCK_THREADS, ITEMS_PER_THREAD, BLOCK_LOAD_WARP_TRANSPOSE> BlockLoadT;

    // Specialize BlockRadixSort type for our thread block
    typedef BlockRadixSort<Key, BLOCK_THREADS, ITEMS_PER_THREAD> BlockRadixSortT;

    // Shared memory
    __shared__ union TempStorage
    {
        typename BlockLoadT::TempStorage        load;
        typename BlockRadixSortT::TempStorage   sort;
    } temp_storage;

    // Per-thread tile items
    Key items[ITEMS_PER_THREAD];

    // Our current block's offset
    int block_offset = blockIdx.x * TILE_SIZE;

    // Load items into a blocked arrangement
    BlockLoadT(temp_storage.load).Load(d_in + block_offset, items);

    // Barrier for smem reuse
    __syncthreads();

    // Start cycle timer
    clock_t start = clock();

    // Sort keys
    BlockRadixSortT(temp_storage.sort).SortBlockedToStriped(items);

    // Stop cycle timer
    clock_t stop = clock();

    // Store output in striped fashion
    StoreDirectStriped<BLOCK_THREADS>(threadIdx.x, d_out + block_offset, items);

    // Store elapsed clocks
    if (threadIdx.x == 0)
    {
        d_elapsed[blockIdx.x] = (start > stop) ? start - stop : stop - start;
    }
}



//---------------------------------------------------------------------
// Host utilities
//---------------------------------------------------------------------


/**
 * Initialize sorting problem (and solution).
 */
template <typename Key>
void Initialize(
    Key *h_in,
    Key *h_reference,
    int num_items,
    int tile_size)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < num_items; ++i)
    {
        if (g_uniform_keys)
        {
            h_in[i] = 0;
        }
        else
        {
            RandomBits(h_in[i]);
        }
        h_reference[i] = h_in[i];
    }

    // Only sort the first tile
    std::sort(h_reference, h_reference + tile_size);
}


/**
 * Test BlockScan
 */
template <
    typename    Key,
    int         BLOCK_THREADS,
    int         ITEMS_PER_THREAD>
void Test()
{
    const int TILE_SIZE = BLOCK_THREADS * ITEMS_PER_THREAD;

    // Allocate host arrays
    Key *h_in               = new Key[TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size];
    Key *h_reference        = new Key[TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size];
    clock_t *h_elapsed      = new clock_t[g_grid_size];

    // Initialize problem and reference output on host
    Initialize(h_in, h_reference, TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size, TILE_SIZE);

    // Initialize device arrays
    Key *d_in       = NULL;
    Key *d_out      = NULL;
    clock_t *d_elapsed  = NULL;
    CubDebugExit(cudaMalloc((void**)&d_in,          sizeof(Key) * TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size));
    CubDebugExit(cudaMalloc((void**)&d_out,         sizeof(Key) * TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size));
    CubDebugExit(cudaMalloc((void**)&d_elapsed,     sizeof(clock_t) * g_grid_size));

    // Display input problem data
    if (g_verbose)
    {
        printf("Input data: ");
        for (int i = 0; i < TILE_SIZE; i++)
            std::cout << h_in[i] << ", ";
        printf("\n\n");
    }

    // Kernel props
    int max_sm_occupancy;
    CubDebugExit(MaxSmOccupancy(max_sm_occupancy, BlockSortKernel<Key, BLOCK_THREADS, ITEMS_PER_THREAD>, BLOCK_THREADS));

    // Copy problem to device
    CubDebugExit(cudaMemcpy(d_in, h_in, sizeof(Key) * TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size, cudaMemcpyHostToDevice));

    printf("BlockRadixSort %d items (%d timing iterations, %d blocks, %d threads, %d items per thread, %d SM occupancy):\n",
        TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size, g_timing_iterations, g_grid_size, BLOCK_THREADS, ITEMS_PER_THREAD, max_sm_occupancy);
    fflush(stdout);

    // Run kernel once to prime caches and check result
    BlockSortKernel<Key, BLOCK_THREADS, ITEMS_PER_THREAD><<<g_grid_size, BLOCK_THREADS>>>(
        d_in,
        d_out,
        d_elapsed);

    // Check for kernel errors and STDIO from the kernel, if any
    CubDebugExit(cudaPeekAtLastError());
    CubDebugExit(cudaDeviceSynchronize());

    // Check results
    printf("\tOutput items: ");
    int compare = CompareDeviceResults(h_reference, d_out, TILE_SIZE, g_verbose, g_verbose);
    printf("%s\n", compare ? "FAIL" : "PASS");
    AssertEquals(0, compare);
    fflush(stdout);

    // Run this several times and average the performance results
    GpuTimer            timer;
    float               elapsed_millis          = 0.0;
    unsigned long long  elapsed_clocks          = 0;

    for (int i = 0; i < g_timing_iterations; ++i)
    {
        timer.Start();

        // Run kernel
        BlockSortKernel<Key, BLOCK_THREADS, ITEMS_PER_THREAD><<<g_grid_size, BLOCK_THREADS>>>(
            d_in,
            d_out,
            d_elapsed);

        timer.Stop();
        elapsed_millis += timer.ElapsedMillis();

        // Copy clocks from device
        CubDebugExit(cudaMemcpy(h_elapsed, d_elapsed, sizeof(clock_t) * g_grid_size, cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost));
        for (int i = 0; i < g_grid_size; i++)
            elapsed_clocks += h_elapsed[i];
    }

    // Check for kernel errors and STDIO from the kernel, if any
    CubDebugExit(cudaDeviceSynchronize());

    // Display timing results
    float avg_millis            = elapsed_millis / g_timing_iterations;
    float avg_items_per_sec     = float(TILE_SIZE * g_grid_size) / avg_millis / 1000.0f;
    double avg_clocks           = double(elapsed_clocks) / g_timing_iterations / g_grid_size;
    double avg_clocks_per_item  = avg_clocks / TILE_SIZE;

    printf("\tAverage BlockRadixSort::SortBlocked clocks: %.3f\n", avg_clocks);
    printf("\tAverage BlockRadixSort::SortBlocked clocks per item: %.3f\n", avg_clocks_per_item);
    printf("\tAverage kernel millis: %.4f\n", avg_millis);
    printf("\tAverage million items / sec: %.4f\n", avg_items_per_sec);
    fflush(stdout);

    // Cleanup
    if (h_in) delete[] h_in;
    if (h_reference) delete[] h_reference;
    if (h_elapsed) delete[] h_elapsed;
    if (d_in) CubDebugExit(cudaFree(d_in));
    if (d_out) CubDebugExit(cudaFree(d_out));
    if (d_elapsed) CubDebugExit(cudaFree(d_elapsed));
}


/**
 * Main
 */
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
    // Initialize command line
    CommandLineArgs args(argc, argv);
    g_verbose = args.CheckCmdLineFlag("v");
    g_uniform_keys = args.CheckCmdLineFlag("uniform");
    args.GetCmdLineArgument("i", g_timing_iterations);
    args.GetCmdLineArgument("grid-size", g_grid_size);

    // Print usage
    if (args.CheckCmdLineFlag("help"))
    {
        printf("%s "
            "[--device=<device-id>] "
            "[--i=<timing iterations (default:%d)>]"
            "[--grid-size=<grid size (default:%d)>]"
            "[--v] "
            "\n", argv[0], g_timing_iterations, g_grid_size);
        exit(0);
    }

    // Initialize device
    CubDebugExit(args.DeviceInit());
    fflush(stdout);

    // Run tests
    printf("\nuint32:\n"); fflush(stdout);
    Test<unsigned int, 128, 13>();
    printf("\n"); fflush(stdout);

    printf("\nfp32:\n"); fflush(stdout);
    Test<float, 128, 13>();
    printf("\n"); fflush(stdout);

    printf("\nuint8:\n"); fflush(stdout);
    Test<unsigned char, 128, 13>();
    printf("\n"); fflush(stdout);

    return 0;
}