An async/sync rust client for Dgraph DB

Dgraph async/sync Rust client which communicates with the server using gRPC build with Tonic.

Before using this client, it is highly recommended to go through tour.dgraph.io and docs.dgraph.io to understand how to run and work with Dgraph.

Table of contents

• Installation
• Supported Versions
• Using a client
  • Create a client
  • Create a TLS client
  • Create a Slash GraphQL client
  • Create a Sync client
  • Alter the database
  • Create a transaction
  • Run a mutation
  • Run a query
  • Running an Upsert: Query + Mutation
  • Running a Conditional Upsert
  • Commit a transaction
  • Access Control Lists
  • Check version
• Examples
• Integration tests
• Contributing
• Thanks to

Installation

dgraph-tonic is available on crates.io. Add the following dependency to your Cargo.toml.

[dependencies]
dgraph-tonic = "0.11"

Default feature is dgraph-1-1.

All avaiable features can be activeted with:

[dependencies]
dgraph-tonic = {version = "0.11", features = ["all"]}

If you want to use Dgraph v1.0.x, add this dependency:

[dependencies]
dgraph-tonic = { version = "0.11", features = ["dgraph-1-0"], default-features = false }

Supported features:

• acl: Enable client with authentification.
• all: enable tls, acl and sync features with dgraph-1-1
• dgraph-1-0: Enable client for Dgraph v1.0.x
• dgraph-1-1: Enable client for Dgraph v1.1.x and v20.03.x
• dgraph-21-03: Enable client for Dgraph v21.03.x
• slash-ql: Enable client for Slash GraphQL service
• tls: Enable secured TlsClient
• sync: Enable synchronous Client

Supported Versions

Depending on the version of Dgraph that you are connecting to, you will have to use a different feature of this client (dgraph-1-0 is default version).

Dgraph version	feature
1.0.X	dgraph-1-0
1.1.X	dgraph-1-1
1.2.X	dgraph-1-1
20.03.X	dgraph-1-1
21.03.X	dgraph-21-03

Note: Only API breakage from *dgraph-1-0 to dgraph-1-1 is in the function MutatedTxn.mutate(). This function returns a Assigned type in dgraph-1-0 but a Response type in dgraph-1-1.

Using a client

Create a client

Client object can be initialised by passing a one endpoint uri or vector of endpoints uris. Connecting to multiple Dgraph servers in the same cluster allows for better distribution of workload.

The following code snippet shows it with just one endpoint.

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

fn main() {
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
}

or you can initialize new client with a multiple endpoints. Client cannot be create with empty endpoints vector.

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

fn main() {
  let client = Client::new(vec!["http://127.0.0.1:9080","http://127.0.0.1:19080"]).expect("Dgraph client");
}

Client can be also initialized with custom endpoint configuration.

use dgraph_tonic::{Endpoint, EndpointConfig, Client};

use std::time::Duration;

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct EndpointWithTimeout {}

impl EndpointConfig for EndpointWithTimeout {
    fn configure_endpoint(&self, endpoint: Endpoint) -> Endpoint {
        endpoint.timeout(Duration::from_secs(5))
    }
}

fn main() {
  let endpoint_config = EndpointWithTimeout::default();
  let client = Client::new_with_endpoint_config("http://127.0.0.1:19080",endpoint_config).expect("Dgraph client");
}

Create a TLS client

Alternatively, secure tls client is avaible in tls feature:

[dependencies]
dgraph-tonic = { version = "0.11", features = ["tls"] }

use dgraph_tonic::TlsClient;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let server_root_ca_cert = tokio::fs::read("path/to/ca.crt").await.expect("CA cert");
  let client_cert = tokio::fs::read("path/to/client.crt").await.expect("Client cert");
  let client_key = tokio::fs::read("path/to/ca.key").await.expect("Client key");
  let client = TlsClient::new(
    vec!["http://192.168.0.10:19080", "http://192.168.0.11:19080"],
    server_root_ca_cert,
    client_cert,
    client_key)
  .expect("Dgraph TLS client");
}

All certs must be in PEM format.

Multi-tenancy

In multi-tenancy environments, dgraph-tonic provides a new method login_into_namespace(), which will allow the users to login to a specific namespace.

In order to create a client, and make the client login into namespace 123:

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
   let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
   let logged = client.login_into_namespace("groot", "password", 123).await.expect("Logged into namespace");
   Ok(())
}

In the example above, the client logs into namespace 123 using username groot and password password. Once logged in, the client can perform all the operations allowed to the groot user of namespace 123.

Create a Slash GraphQL client

If your Slash GraphQL endpoint is https://app.eu-central-1.aws.cloud.dgraph.io/graphql than connection endpoint for gRPC client is http://app.grpc.eu-central-1.aws.cloud.dgraph.io:443

Client is avaible in slash-ql feature:

[dependencies]
dgraph-tonic = { version = "0.11", features = ["slash-ql"] }

use dgraph_tonic::TlsClient;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let client = TlsClient::for_slash_ql(
    "http://app.grpc.eu-central-1.aws.cloud.dgraph.io:443",
    "API_KEY")
  .expect("Slash GraphQL client");
}

Create a Sync client

Alternatively, synchronous clients (Tls, Acl) are avaible with sync feature in dgraph_tonic::sync module:

[dependencies]
dgraph-tonic = { version = "0.11", features = ["sync"] }

use dgraph_tonic::sync::{Mutate, Client};

fn main() {
  let p = Person {
    uid:  "_:alice".into(),
    name: "Alice".into(),
  };
  let mut mu = Mutation::new();
  mu.set_set_json(&p).expect("JSON");
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let mut txn = client.new_mutated_txn();
  let response = txn.mutate(mu).expect("Mutated");
  txn.commit().expect("Transaction is commited");
}

All sync clients support same functionalities as async versions.

Alter the database

To set the schema, create an instance of Operation and use the Alter endpoint.

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let op = Operation {
    schema: "name: string @index(exact) .".into(),
    ..Default::default()
  };
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let response = client.alter(op).await.expect("Schema set");
  //you can set schema directly with
  client.set_schema("name: string @index(exact) .").await.expect("Schema is not updated");
}

Starting Dgraph version 20.03.0, indexes can be computed in the background. You can find more details here.

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let op = Operation {
    schema: "name: string @index(exact) .".into(),
    ..Default::default()
  };
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let response = client.alter(op).await.expect("Schema set");
  //you can set schema directly with
  client.set_schema_in_background("name: string @index(exact) .").await.expect("Schema is not updated");
}

Operation contains other fields as well, including DropAttr and DropAll. DropAll is useful if you wish to discard all the data, and start from a clean slate, without bringing the instance down. DropAttr is used to drop all the data related to a predicate.

If you want to drop all data in DB, you can use:

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  client.drop_all().await.expect("Data not dropped");
}

Create a transaction

Transaction is modeled with The Typestate Pattern in Rust. The typestate pattern is an API design pattern that encodes information about an object's run-time state in its compile-time type. This principle allows us to identify some type of errors, like mutation in read only transaction, during compilation. Transaction types are:

• Default: can be transformed into ReadOnly, BestEffort, Mutated. Can perform query and query_with_vars actions.
• ReadOnly: useful to increase read speed because they can circumvent the usual consensus protocol. Can perform query and query_with_vars actions defined in Query trait.
• BestEffort: Read-only queries can optionally be set as best-effort. Using this flag will ask the Dgraph Alpha to try to get timestamps from memory on a best-effort basis to reduce the number of outbound requests to Zero. This may yield improved latencies in read-bound workloads where linearizable reads are not strictly needed. Can permorm query and query_with_vars actions.
• Mutated: can perform all actions as default transaction and can modify data in DB. Can be created only from default transaction.

Client provides several factory methods for transactions. These operations incur no network overhead.

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let txn = client.new_txn();
  let read_only = client.new_read_only_txn();
  let best_effort = client.new_best_effort_txn();
  let mutated = client.new_mutated_txn();
}

Only for Mutated transaction must be always called txn.dicard().await? or txn.commit().await? function before txn variable is dropped.

Because internal state of transaction depends on used variant (plain, tls, plain + acl, tls + acl x read only, mutated) you should use traits in your structures for transaction parameters.

struct MyTxn<Q: Query, M: Mutate> {
    readonly_txn: Q,
    mutated_txn: M,
   
}

or as returning parameter from function

fn my_query_operation() -> impl Query {
    //your code
}

fn my_mutation_operation() -> impl Mutate {
    //your code
}

If you cannot use generics or traits object you can use predefined exported transaction types: Txn, TxnReadOnly, TxnBestEffort, TxnMutated, TxnTls, TxnTlsReadOnly, TxnTlsBestEffort, TxnTlsMutated, TxnAcl, TxnAclReadOnly, TxnAclBestEffort, TxnAclMutated, TxnAclTls, TxnAclTlsReadOnly, TxnAclTlsBestEffort, TxnAclTlsMutated

Run a mutation

txn.mutate(mu).await? runs a mutation. It takes in a Mutation object. You can set the data using JSON or RDF N-Quad format. There exist helper functions for JSON format (mu.set_set_json(), mu.set_delete_json()). All mutation operations are defined in Mutate trait.

Example:

use dgraph_tonic::{Mutate, Client};
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize, Default, Debug)]
struct Person {
  uid: String,
  name: String,
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let p = Person {
    uid:  "_:alice".into(),
    name: "Alice".into(),
  };
  let mut mu = Mutation::new();
  mu.set_set_json(&p).expect("JSON");
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let mut txn = client.new_mutated_txn();
  let response = txn.mutate(mu).await.expect("Mutated");
  txn.commit().await.expect("Transaction is commited");
}

Note: Only API breakage from dgraph-1-0 to dgraph-1-1 is in the function MutatedTxn.mutate(). This function returns a Assigned type in dgraph-1-0 but a Response type in dgraph-1-1.

Sometimes, you only want to commit a mutation, without querying anything further. In such cases, you can use txn.mutate_and_commit_now(mu) to indicate that the mutation must be immediately committed. Txn object is being consumed in this case.

In dgraph-1-0 a Mutation::with_ignored_index_conflict() can be applied on a Mutation object to not run conflict detection over the index, which would decrease the number of transaction conflicts and aborts. However, this would come at the cost of potentially inconsistent upsert operations. This flag is avaliable only in dgraph-1-0.

How to get assigned UIDs from response

You can specify your own key for returned uid like:

use dgraph_tonic::{Mutate, Client};
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
use serde_json::json;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let p = json!({
    "uid": "_:diggy",
    "name": "diggy",
    "food": "pizza"
  });
  let mut mu = Mutation::new();
  mu.set_set_json(&p).expect("JSON");
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let mut txn = client.new_mutated_txn();
  let response = txn.mutate(mu).await.expect("Mutated");
  txn.commit().await.expect("Transaction is commited");
  println!("{:?}", response.uids);
}

Assigned uids are returned in response property uids. Exmple printlns something like:

{"diggy": "0xc377"}

Run a query

You can run a query by calling txn.query(q). You will need to pass in a GraphQL+- query string. If you want to pass an additional map of any variables that you might want to set in the query, call txn.query_with_vars(q, vars) with the variables map as second argument. All query operations are defined in Query trait.

Let's run the following query with a variable $a:

query all($a: string) {
  all(func: eq(name, $a))
  {
    uid
    name
  }
}

Response provides function try_into() which can be used for transforming returned JSON into coresponding struct object which implements serde Deserialize traits.

use dgraph_tonic::{Client, Query};
use serde::Deserialize;

#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Person {
  uid: String,
  name: String,
}

#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Persons {
  all: Vec<Person>
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let q = r#"query all($a: string) {
    all(func: eq(name, $a)) {
      uid
      name
    }
  }"#;
  let mut vars = HashMap::new();
  vars.insert("$a", "Alice");
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let mut txn = client.new_read_only_txn();
  let response = txn.query_with_vars(q, vars).await.expect("Response");
  let persons: Persons = resp.try_into().except("Persons");
  println!("Persons: {:?}", persons);
}

When running a schema query, the schema response is found in the Schema field of Response.

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let q = r#"schema(pred: [name]) {
    type
    index
    reverse
    tokenizer
    list
    count
    upsert
    lang
  }"#;
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let mut txn = client.new_read_only_txn();
  let response = txn.query(q).await.expect("Response");
  println!("{:#?}", response.schema);
}

Stream/Iterator

This functions are avaiable in experimental feature.

Sometimes you cannot fetch all desired data from query at once because it can be huge response which can results into gRPC error, etc. . In this case you can transfrom your query into stream Stream<Item = Result<T, Error>> (or iterator in sync mode) which will query your data in a chunks with defined capacity. Exist some limitations how you must defined your query:

1. your query must accept $first: string, $offset: string input arguments.
2. items for stream/iterator must be returned in block with items name.

Stream/Iterator ends when:

• query returns no items,
• query returns error which is last item returned from stream,
• query response cannot be deserialized into Vec<T>.

use std::collections::HashMap;
use failure::Error;
use futures::pin_mut;
use futures::stream::StreamExt;
use dgraph_tonic::{Client, Response, Query};
use serde::Deserialize;

#[derive(Deserialize, Debug)]
struct Person {
  uid: String,
  name: String,
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let query = r#"query stream($first: string, $offset: string, $name: string) {
         items(func: eq(name, $name), first: $first, offset: $offset) {
             uid
             name
         }
     }"#;
  let mut vars = HashMap::new();
  vars.insert("$name", "Alice");
  let client = client().await;
  let stream = client.new_read_only_txn().into_stream_with_vars(query, vars, 100);
  pin_mut!(stream);
  let alices: Vec<Result<Person, Error>> = stream.collect().await;
}

If you don't want to specify input vars, you can call client.new_read_only_txn().into_stream(query, 100).

Sync read only transaction can be transformed into iterator with client.new_read_only_txn().into_iter(query, 100) and client.new_read_only_txn().into_iter_with_vars(query, vars, 100)

Running an Upsert: Query + Mutation

Avaibale since dgraph-1-1.

The txn.upsert(query, mutation) function allows you to run upserts consisting of one query and one or more mutations. Query variables could be defined with txn.upsert_with_vars(query, vars, mutation). If you would like to commit upsert operation you can use txn.upsert_with_vars_and_commit_now(). Txn object is being consumed in this case.

To know more about upsert, we highly recommend going through the docs at https://docs.dgraph.io/mutations/#upsert-block.

use dgraph_tonic::{Mutate, Client};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let q = r#"
    query {
        user as var(func: eq(email, "wrong_email@dgraph.io"))
    }"#;
  let mut mu = Mutation::new();
  mu.set_set_nquads(r#"uid(user) <email> "correct_email@dgraph.io" ."#);
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let txn = client.new_mutated_txn();
  // Upsert: If wrong_email found, update the existing data or else perform a new mutation.
  let response = txn.upsert(q, mu).await.expect("Upserted data");
  tnx.commit().await.expect("Committed");
}

You can upsert with one mutation or vector of mutations. If you would like to commit upsert operation you can use txn.upsert_and_commit_now(). Txn object is being consumed in this case.

Running a Conditional Upsert

Avaibale since dgraph-1-1.

The upsert block allows specifying a conditional mutation block using an @if directive. The mutation is executed only when the specified condition is true. If the condition is false, the mutation is silently ignored.

See more about Conditional Upsert Here.

use dgraph_tonic::{Client, Mutate};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let q = r#"
    query {
        user as var(func: eq(email, "wrong_email@dgraph.io"))
    }"#;

  let mut mu = Mutation::new();
  mu.set_set_nquads(r#"uid(user) <email> "correct_email@dgraph.io" ."#);
  mu.set_cond("@if(eq(len(user), 1))");

  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let txn = client.new_mutated_txn();
  let response = txn.upsert(q, vec![mu]).await.expect("Upserted data");
  tnx.commit().await.expect("Committed");
}

Commit a transaction

A mutated transaction can be committed using the txn.commit() method. If your transaction consisted solely of calls to txn.query or txn.query_with_vars, and no calls to txn.mutate, then calling txn.commit is not necessary.

An error will be returned if other transactions running concurrently modify the same data that was modified in this transaction. It is up to the user to retry transactions when they fail.

use dgraph_tonic::{Client, Mutate};

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let mut txn = client.new_mutated_txn();
  // Perform some queries and mutations.

  //than commit
  let res = txn.commit().await;
  if res.is_err() {
    // Retry or handle error
  }
}

Access Control Lists

This enterprise Dgraph feature which can be activated with:

[dependencies]
dgraph-tonic = { version = "0.11", features = ["acl"] }

Access Control List (ACL) provides access protection to your data stored in Dgraph. When the ACL feature is turned on, a client must authenticate with a username and password before executing any transactions, and is only allowed to access the data permitted by the ACL rules.

Both, Client and TlsClient can be logged in with login(user_id,password) function. Original client is consumed and return instance of AclClient which allows token refreshing with refresh_login() function.

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let logged_in_client = client.login("groot", "password").await.expect("Logged in");
  // use client

  //than refresh token
  logged_in_client.refresh_login().await.except("Refreshed access token");
}

Check version

use dgraph_tonic::Client;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
  let client = Client::new("http://127.0.0.1:19080").expect("Dgraph client");
  let version = client.check_version().await.expect("Version");
  println!("{:#?}", version);
}

Output:

Version {
    tag: "v20.03.0",
}

Examples

• simple: Quickstart example of using dgraph-tonic.
• tls: Example of using dgraph-tonic with a Dgraph cluster secured with TLS.

Integration tests

Tests require Dgraph running on localhost:19080. For the convenience there are two docker-compose.yaml files, depending on Dgraph you are testing against, prepared in the root directory:

docker-compose -f docker-compose-1-X.yaml up -d

Since we are working with a database, tests also need to be run in a single thread to prevent aborts. Feature flags are used depending on version of Dgraph you are using. Eg.:

cargo test --no-default-features --features dgraph-1-1 -- --test-threads=1

Contributing

Contributions are welcome. Feel free to raise an issue, for feature requests, bug fixes and improvements.

Run these commands, before you create pull request:

rustup component add rustfmt
cargo fmt

Release checklist

These have to be done with both Dgraph 1.0 and Dgraph 1.1+:

• Run tests
• Try examples

Update the version and publish crate:

• Update tag in Cargo.toml
• Update tag in README.md
• git tag v0.X.X
• git push origin v0.X.X
• Write release log on GitHub
• cargo publish

Thanks to