recrypt

A pure-Rust library that implements a set of cryptographic primitives for building a multi-hop Proxy Re-encryption scheme, known as Transform Encryption.

What is Transform Encryption?

Suppose you have two (public, private) key pairs: (A, AA) and (B, BB).

Transform Encryption allows data encrypted to one public key (A) to be transformed so that it can be decrypted using another user's private key (BB). This transformation process requires a special transform key (A -> B) that is computed using the first user's private key (AA) and the second user's public key (B). Having a transform key and performing the transformation does not allow the person doing this process to decrypt the data or to recover either user's private key.

See the Single-hop Transform Encryption Example for more details on computing a transform key and applying a transform using recrypt.

Usage

If you are building an application and would like to use Transform Encryption, you might try looking at the IronCore SDKs as they provide higher level of abstraction as part of the IronCore Privacy Platform:

• ironweb - Javascript implementation of IronCore's Privacy Platform. Appropriate for all modern browsers.
• ironoxide - Pure Rust implementation of IronCore's Privacy Platform.
• ironoxide-java - Java bindings for ironoxide. Appropriate for all JVM languages.
• ironoxide-scala - Scala wrappers around ironoxide-java.
• ironode - NodeJS implementation of IronCore's Privacy Platform.

All SDKs are intended to be compatible with one another.

Rust Dependency

See https://crates.io/crates/recrypt for the most recent version.

Other bindings

In addition to the native Rust implementation, we provide additional bindings to Recrypt:

• Node.js
• WebAssembly

A Scala implementation of recrypt is also available.

API Documentation and Example Usage

See https://recrypt.rs

Security and Audits

NCC Group's Cryptography Services team has conducted an audit of this library - release 0.6.2 contains all of the audited code, including updates that were created to resolve issues that were discovered during the audit. The NCC Group audit found that the chosen pairing and elliptic curve are cryptographically sound, and that the Rust implementation is a faithful and correct embodiment of the target protocol. In addition, the audit confirmed that the implementation does not leak secret information via timing or memory access pattern side-channel attacks.

To learn more about our approach to cryptography and to read our publications, please go here.

Memory Protection

We do support memory protection via mlock. This will be detected and turned on automatically for supported platforms. If you need to disable this you can use the disable_memlock feature flag which is disabled by default.

Benchmarks

Results from 79b6e6 (from 2019-12-04)

Note: The most accurate way to characterize performance is to run the benchmarks for yourself in your target environment!

These benchmarks were done on a Thinkpad X1 Extreme (Gen2)

Abbreviated entry from /proc/cpuinfo

vendor_id       : GenuineIntel
cpu family      : 6
model           : 158
model name      : Intel(R) Core(TM) i9-9880H CPU @ 2.30GHz

If you are unfamiliar with the output of criterion.rs benchmarks, please see the docs for how to interpret the output.

$ cargo bench

256-bit generate key pair
                        time:   [757.61 us 760.48 us 764.48 us]
256-bit generate plaintext
                        time:   [2.9911 ms 2.9962 ms 3.0032 ms]
256-bit generate ed25519 keypair
                        time:   [15.627 us 15.686 us 15.793 us]
Found 1 outliers among 20 measurements (5.00%)
  1 (5.00%) high severe
256-bit generate transform key
                        time:   [15.050 ms 15.072 ms 15.094 ms]
256-bit compute public key
                        time:   [715.24 us 717.64 us 720.06 us]
Found 2 outliers among 20 measurements (10.00%)
  2 (10.00%) high mild
256-bit derive symmetric key
                        time:   [1.9093 us 1.9625 us 2.0225 us]
Found 3 outliers among 20 measurements (15.00%)
  2 (10.00%) high mild
  1 (5.00%) high severe
256-bit encrypt (level 0)
                        time:   [7.0845 ms 7.1014 ms 7.1337 ms]
Found 4 outliers among 20 measurements (20.00%)
  1 (5.00%) low mild
  3 (15.00%) high severe
256-bit decrypt (level 0)
                        time:   [6.4466 ms 6.4530 ms 6.4598 ms]
Found 1 outliers among 20 measurements (5.00%)
  1 (5.00%) high mild
256-bit transform (level 1)
                        time:   [18.466 ms 18.492 ms 18.519 ms]
256-bit decrypt (level 1)
                        time:   [22.856 ms 22.888 ms 22.927 ms]
Found 1 outliers among 20 measurements (5.00%)
  1 (5.00%) high severe
256-bit transform (level 2)
                        time:   [41.160 ms 41.339 ms 41.541 ms]
256-bit decrypt (level 2)
                        time:   [38.508 ms 38.560 ms 38.617 ms]
Found 2 outliers among 20 measurements (10.00%)
  1 (5.00%) low mild
  1 (5.00%) high severe

Contributing

Building

Rust (stable) is required.

$ cargo build

Running Tests

$ cargo test

Running benchmarks

$ cargo bench

Relation to Proxy Re-Encryption

In the academic literature, transform encryption is referred to as proxy re-encryption. A proxy re-encryption (PRE) scheme is a public-key encryption scheme, where each participant has a pair of related keys, one public and one private, which are mathematically related. Alice encrypts a message to Bob using his public key, and Bob decrypts the encrypted message using his public key to retrieve the original message.

PRE allows someone (the delegator) to delegate the ability to decrypt her messages to another person (the delegatee). Rather than just sharing her private key with the delegatee, the delegator computes a transform key (or re-encryption key) that allows messages encrypted to her public key to be transformed so they appear can be decrypted using the delegatee's private key. Computing this transform key requires the delegator's private key and the delegatee's public key; once it is computed, the key is stored on a semi-trusted proxy.

When the proxy receives a message encrypted to the delegator, it applies the transform algorithm using the transform key and delivers the transformed message to the delegatee. The proxy does not need to be trusted, because possession of the transform key does not allow the proxy to decrypt the message or to recover any information about either the delegator's or the delegatee's private keys, even if it collaborates with the delegatee.

When the delegator no longer wants to allow access, she just requests that the proxy discard the transform key. She must trust the proxy to perform this action.

PRE Scheme Properties

There are a number of ways to categorize PRE schemes; some of the most important are the following:

• Directionality describes whether delegate from A to B also allows transformation from B to A. Unidirectional schemes do not allow this.
• Interactivity describes whether both parties must be actively involved in order to generate the transform key. A non-interactive scheme only requires the public key of the delegatee.
• Transitivity describes whether a proxy can re-delegate encryption. That is, if the proxy holds a transform key from A to B and a transform key from B to C, can it generate a transform key from a to C? A non-transitive scheme does not allow this.
• Collusion safety describes whether it is possible for a delegatee to collude with the proxy that holds a transform key to that delegatee in order to recover the private key of the delegator. A collusion-safe scheme does not allow this.
• Multi-hop describes whether it is possible to allow a delegatee to also be a delegator. That is, does the scheme allow a ciphertext that has already been transformed from Alice to Bob to subsequently be transformed from Bob to Carol. In a multi-hop situation, the proxies would chain the transformations, so any delegatee in the chain could decrypt any message that one of her delegators could decrypt.

The Recrypt library implements a PRE scheme that is unidirectional, non-interactive, non-transitive, collusion-safe, and multi-hop.

Algorithms

The PRE algorithm implemented here was originally suggested in a short paper titled "A Fully Secure Unidirectional and Multi-user Proxy Re-encryption Scheme" by H. Wang and Z. Cao, published in the proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) in 2009. The algorithm was enhanced in a paper titled "A Multi-User CCA-Secure Proxy Re-Encryption Scheme" by Y. Cai and X. Liu, published in the proceedings of the IEEE 12th International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic, and Secure Computing in 2014.

We provide a synopsis of the algorithms, along with a description of how they can be used to implement an access control system, in the paper "Cryptographically Enforced Orthogonal Access Control at Scale" by B. Wall and P. Walsh, published in SCC '18, the proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Security in Cloud Computing in 2018.

The algorithms in these papers were very generic and made no implementation choices. They specified only the use of a bilinear pairing function. We made a number of implementation choices. Foremost, we use the optimal Ate pairing as our pairing function. This requires a "pairing-friendly" elliptic curve; we chose a Barreto-Naehrig curve, which supports efficient implementation of the pairing.

Our implementation was guided by the following papers:

• "Pairing-Friendly Elliptic Curves of Prime Order" by P.S.L.M. Barreto and M. Naehrig, published in Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC), 2006, pp. 319-331.

• "Constructing Tower Extensions of Finite Fields for Implementation of Pairing-Based Cryptography" by N. Benger and M. Scott, published in Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Arithmetic of Finite Fields, 2010, pp. 180-195.

• "High-Speed Software Implementation of the Optimal Ate Pairing over Barreto-Naehrig Curves" by J. Beuchat et al., published in Proceedings from the 4th International Conference on Pairing-Based Cryptography, 2010, pp. 21-39.

• "Implementing Cryptographic Pairings over Barreto-Naehrig Curves" by A. J. Devegili et al., published in Proceedings from the 1st International Conference on Pairing-Based Cryptography, 2007, pp. 197-207.

• "Multiplication and Squaring on Pairing-Friendly Fields" by A. J. Devegili et al., published in 2006 and available at http://eprint.iacr.org/2006/471.

• "Faster Squaring in the Cyclotomic Subgroup of Sixth Degree Extensions" by R. Granger and M. Scott, published in Proceedings from the 13th International Conferencee on Practice and Theory in Public Key Cryptography (PKC), 2010, pp. 209-223.

• "Multiplication of Multidigit Numbers on Automata" by A. Karatsuba and Y. Ofman, in the journal Soviet Physics Doklady, vol. 7, Jan. 1963.

• "New Software Speed Records for Cryptographic Pairings" by M. Naehrig, R. Niederhagen, and P. Schwabe, in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Progress in Cryptology and Information Security in Latin America (LATINCRYPT), 2010, pp. 109-123.

• "On the Final Exponentiation for Calculating Pairings on Ordinary Elliptic Curves" by M. Scott et al., published in Proceedings of the 3rd International Converence on Pairing-Based Cryptography (PKC), 2009, pp. 78-88.

And by the book: Guide to Pairing-Based Cryptography by N.E. Mrabet and M. Joye, Chapman and Hall/CRC Cryptography and Network Security Series, 2016.

Intellectual Property

Recrypt-rust incorporates technology that is protected by the following patents (additional patents may be pending in the U.S. and elsewhere):

• US 10,659,222 - Orthogonal Access Control for Groups via Multi-Hop Transform Encryption
• US 11,146,391 - Orthogonal Access Control for Groups via Multi-Hop Transform Encryption
• WO2018201062A1 - Orthogonal Access Control for Groups via Multi-Hop Transform Encryption
• EP3616384A4 - Orthogonal Access Control for Groups via Multi-Hop Transform Encryption
• KR20200027921 A - Orthogonal Access Control for Groups via Multi-Hop Transform Encryption

Cryptography Notice

This repository includes cryptographic software. The country in which you currently reside may have restrictions on the import, possession, use, and/or re-export to another country, of encryption software. BEFORE using any encryption software, please check your country's laws, regulations and policies concerning the import, possession, or use, and re-export of encryption software, to see if this is permitted. See https://www.wassenaar.org/ for more information.

The U.S. Government Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), has classified this software as Export Commodity Control Number (ECCN) 5D002, which includes information security software using or performing cryptographic functions. The form and manner of this distribution makes it eligible for export under the License Exception ENC (see the BIS Export Administration Regulations, Section 740.17.B.3.i.B and also the publicly available source code exemption, under 742.15; notice has been given to BIS and NSA).

License

Recrypt-rust is licensed under the GNU Affero General Public License. We also offer commercial licenses - email for more information.

Copyright (c) 2018-present IronCore Labs, Inc. All rights reserved.