Module :: fundamental_data_type

Fundamental data types and type constructors, like Single, Pair, Homopair, Many.

In Rust, you often need to wrap a given type into a new one. The role of the orphan rules in particular is basically to prevent you from implementing external traits for external types. To overcome the restriction developer usually wrap the external type into a tuple introducing a new type. Type constructor does exactly that and auto-implement traits From, Into, Deref and few more for the constructed type.

Besides type constructor for single element there are type constructors for pair, homopair and many:

• Single to wrap single element.
• Pair to wrap pair of distinct elements.
• HomoPair to wrap pair of elements with the same type.
• Many to wrap Vec of elements.

Macro types for type constructing

Macro types is responsible for generating code for Single, Pair, Homopair, Many. Each type constructor has its own keyword for that, but Pair and Homopair use the same keyword difference in a number of constituent types. It is possible to define all types at once.

{
  use type_constructor::prelude::*;

  types!
  {

    pub single MySingle : f32;
    pub single SingleWithParametrized : std::sync::Arc< T : Copy >;
    pub single SingleWithParameter : < T >;

    pub pair MyPair : f32;
    pub pair PairWithParametrized : std::sync::Arc< T1 : Copy >, std::sync::Arc< T2 : Copy >;
    pub pair PairWithParameter : < T1, T2 >;

    pub pair MyHomoPair : f32;
    pub pair HomoPairWithParametrized : std::sync::Arc< T : Copy >;
    pub pair HomoPairWithParameter : < T >;

    pub many MyMany : f32;
    pub many ManyWithParametrized : std::sync::Arc< T : Copy >;
    pub many ManyWithParameter : < T >;

  }
}

It generates more than 1000 lines of code, which otherwise you would have to write manually.

Without macro

Macro types is exposed to generate new types, but in some cases, it is enough to reuse already generated types of such kind. The library ships such types: Single, Pair, Homopair, Many. Note: If you avoid generating new types you will get in a position to be not able to define your own implementation of foreign traits because of orphan rule.

let i32_in_tuple = type_constructor::Single::< i32 >::from( 13 );
dbg!( i32_in_tuple );
// i32_in_tuple = Single( 13 )
let i32_and_f32_in_tuple = type_constructor::Pair::< i32, f32 >::from( ( 13, 13.0 ) );
dbg!( i32_and_f32_in_tuple );
// vec_of_i32_in_tuple = Pair( 13, 13.0 )
let two_i32_in_tuple = type_constructor::HomoPair::< i32 >::from( ( 13, 31 ) );
dbg!( two_i32_in_tuple );
// vec_of_i32_in_tuple = HomoPair( 13, 31 )
let vec_of_i32_in_tuple = type_constructor::Many::< i32 >::from( [ 1, 2, 3 ] );
dbg!( vec_of_i32_in_tuple );
// vec_of_i32_in_tuple = Many([ 1, 2, 3 ])

Make

Make is the variadic constructor. It's the unified interface of the arbitrary-length constructor. After implementing several traits From_0, From_1 up to MakeN one can use make from! to construct instances.

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
{
  use type_constructor::prelude::*;

  let instance1 : Struct1 = from!();
  let instance2 : Struct1 = from!( 13 );
  let instance3 : Struct1 = from!( 1, 3 );

}

VectorizedFrom

Standard From unfortunately is not autoimplemented for tuples and arrays and cant be implemented for them because of orphans restrictions. That how pair of traits VectorizedFrom/VectorizedInto could be useful. They are implemented for tuples and arrays. Their implementation is based on standard From, if From is implemented for elements of a tuple then VectorizedFrom/VectorizedInto implemented for collection containing them.

#[ cfg( feature = "vectorized_from" ) ]
{
  use type_constructor::prelude::*;
  types!( single Single1 : i32 );
  let src = ( 1, 3 );
  let got = <( Single1, Single1 )>::vectorized_from( src );
}

Basic use-case :: single-line single

To define your own single-use macro types!. The single-line definition looks like that.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

types!( pub single MySingle : i32 );
let x = MySingle( 13 );
println!( "x : {}", x.0 );

It generates code:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

pub struct MySingle( pub i32 );

impl core::ops::Deref for MySingle
{
  type Target = i32;
  fn deref( &self ) -> &Self::Target
  {
    &self.0
  }
}
impl From< i32 > for MySingle
{
  fn from( src : i32 ) -> Self
  {
    Self( src )
  }
}
impl From< MySingle > for i32
{
  fn from( src : MySingle ) -> Self
  {
    src.0
  }
}

/* ... */

let x = MySingle( 13 );
println!( "x : {}", x.0 );

Basic use-case :: single with derives and attributes

It's possible to define attributes as well as derives.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;
types!
{
  /// This is also attribute and macro understands it.
  #[ derive( Debug ) ]
  pub single MySingle : i32;
}
let x = MySingle( 13 );
dbg!( x );

It generates code:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

/// This is also an attribute and macro understands it.
#[ derive( Debug ) ]
pub struct MySingle( pub i32 );

impl core::ops::Deref for MySingle
{
  type Target = i32;
  fn deref( &self ) -> &Self::Target
  {
    &self.0
  }
}
impl From< i32 > for MySingle
{
  fn from( src : i32 ) -> Self
  {
    Self( src )
  }
}
impl From< MySingle > for i32
{
  fn from( src : MySingle ) -> Self
  {
    src.0
  }
}

/* ... */

let x = MySingle( 13 );
dbg!( x );

Basic use-case :: single with struct instead of macro

Sometimes it's sufficient to use a common type instead of defining a brand new one. You may use parameterized struct Single< T > instead of macro types! if that is the case.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;
let x = Single::< i32 >( 13 );
dbg!( x );

Basic use-case :: single with a parametrized element

Element of tuple could be parametrized.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;
types!
{
  #[ derive( Debug ) ]
  pub single MySingle : std::sync::Arc< T : Copy >;
}
let x = MySingle( std::sync::Arc::new( 13 ) );
dbg!( x );

It generates code:

use type_constructor::*;

#[ derive( Debug ) ]
pub struct MySingle< T : Copy >( pub std::sync::Arc< T > );

impl<T: Copy> core::ops::Deref for MySingle< T >
{
  type Target = std::sync::Arc< T >;
  fn deref( &self ) -> &Self::Target
  {
    &self.0
  }
}
impl< T : Copy > From< std::sync::Arc< T > > for MySingle< T >
{
  fn from( src : std::sync::Arc< T >) -> Self {
    Self( src )
  }
}
impl< T : Copy > From< MySingle< T > > for std::sync::Arc< T >
{
  fn from(src: MySingle< T >) -> Self
  {
    src.0
  }
}

/* ... */

let x = MySingle( std::sync::Arc::new( 13 ) );

Basic use-case :: single with parametrized tuple

Instead of parametrizing the element, it's possible to define a parametrized tuple.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;
types!
{
  #[ derive( Debug ) ]
  pub single MySingle : < T : Copy >;
}
let x = MySingle( 13 );
dbg!( x );

It generates code:

#[ derive( Debug ) ]
pub struct MySingle< T : Copy >( pub T );

impl< T : Copy > core::ops::Deref
for MySingle< T >
{
  type Target = T;
  fn deref( &self ) -> &Self::Target
  {
    &self.0
  }
}

impl< T : Copy > From< T >
for MySingle< T >
{
  fn from( src : T ) -> Self
  {
    Self( src )
  }
}

let x = MySingle( 13 );
dbg!( 13 );

Basic use-case :: single-line pair

Sometimes you need to wrap more than a single element into a tuple. If types of elements are different use pair. The same macro types is responsible for generating code for both single, pair and also many.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

types!( pub pair MyPair : i32, i64 );
let x = MyPair( 13, 31 );
println!( "x : ( {}, {} )", x.0, x.1 );
// prints : x : ( 13, 31 )

It generates code:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

pub struct MyPair( pub i32, pub i64 );

impl From< ( i32, i64 ) > for MyPair
{
  fn from( src : ( i32, i64 ) ) -> Self { Self( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

impl From< MyPair > for ( i32, i64 )
{
  fn from( src : MyPair ) -> Self { ( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

#[cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl From_2< i32, i64 > for MyPair
{
  fn from_2( _0 : i32, _1 : i64 ) -> Self { Self( _0, _1 ) }
}

/* ... */

let x = MyPair( 13, 31 );
println!( "x : ( {}, {} )", x.0, x.1 );

Basic use-case :: pair with parameters

Just like single, pair may have parameters:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

use core::fmt;
types!
{
  #[ derive( Debug ) ]
  pub pair MyPair : < T1 : fmt::Debug, T2 : fmt::Debug >;
}
let x = MyPair( 13, 13.0 );
dbg!( x );
// prints : x = MyPair( 13, 13.0 )

It generates code:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;
use core::fmt;

#[ derive( Debug ) ]
pub struct MyPair< T1, T2 >( pub T1, pub T2 );

impl< T1, T2 > From<( T1, T2 )> for MyPair< T1, T2 >
{
  fn from( src : ( T1, T2 ) ) -> Self { Self( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

impl< T1, T2 > From< MyPair< T1, T2 > > for ( T1, T2 )
{
  fn from( src : MyPair< T1, T2 > ) -> Self { ( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl< T1, T2 > From_0 for MyPair< T1, T2 >
where
  T1 : Default,
  T2 : Default,
{
  fn from_0() -> Self { Self( Default::default(), Default::default() ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl< T1, T2 > From_2< T1, T2 > for MyPair< T1, T2 >
{
  fn from_2( _0 : T1, _1 : T2 ) -> Self { Self( _0, _1 ) }
}

/* ... */

let x = MyPair( 13, 13.0 );
dbg!( x );
// prints : x = MyPair( 13, 13.0 )

Basic use-case :: single-line homopair

If you need to wrap pair of elements with the same type use the type constructor pair. The same type constructor pair for both pair and homopair, difference in number of types in definition, homopair has only one, because both its element has the same type. The same macro types is responsible for generating code for both single, pair and also many.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

types!( pub pair MyPair : i32, i64 );
let x = MyPair( 13, 31 );
println!( "x : ( {}, {} )", x.0, x.1 );
// prints : x : ( 13, 31 )

It generates code:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

pub struct MyPair( pub i32, pub i64 );

impl From< ( i32, i64 ) > for MyPair
{
  fn from( src : ( i32, i64 ) ) -> Self { Self( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

impl From< MyPair > for ( i32, i64 )
{
  fn from( src : MyPair ) -> Self { ( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl From_2< i32, i64 > for MyPair
{
  fn from_2( _0 : i32, _1 : i64 ) -> Self { Self( _0, _1 ) }
}

/* ... */

let x = MyPair( 13, 31 );
println!( "x : ( {}, {} )", x.0, x.1 );

Basic use-case :: homopair with parameters

Unlike heteropair homopair has much more traits implemented for it. Among such are: clone_as_tuple, clone_as_array to clone it as either tuple or array, as_tuple, as_array, as_slice to reinterpret it as either tuple or array or slice, traits From/Into are implemented to convert it from/into tuple, array, slice, scalar.

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

use core::fmt;
types!
{
  #[ derive( Debug ) ]
  pub pair MyHomoPair : < T : fmt::Debug >;
}
let x = MyHomoPair( 13, 31 );
dbg!( &x );
// prints : &x = MyHomoPair( 13, 31 )
let clone_as_array : [ i32 ; 2 ] = x.clone_as_array();
dbg!( &clone_as_array );
// prints : &clone_as_array = [ 13, 31 ]
let clone_as_tuple : ( i32 , i32 ) = x.clone_as_tuple();
dbg!( &clone_as_tuple );
// prints : &clone_as_tuple = ( 13, 31 )

It generates code:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;
use core::fmt;

#[ derive( Debug ) ]
pub struct MyHomoPair< T >( pub T, pub T );

impl< T > core::ops::Deref for MyHomoPair< T >
{
  type Target = ( T, T );

  fn deref( &self ) -> &Self::Target
  {
    #[ cfg( debug_assertions ) ]
    {
      let layout1 = std::alloc::Layout::new::< Self >();
      let layout2 = std::alloc::Layout::new::< Self::Target >();
      debug_assert_eq!( layout1, layout2 );
    }
    unsafe { std::mem::transmute::< _, _ >( self ) }
  }
}

impl< T > core::ops::DerefMut for MyHomoPair< T >
{
  fn deref_mut( &mut self ) -> &mut Self::Target
  {
    #[ cfg( debug_assertions ) ]
    {
      let layout1 = std::alloc::Layout::new::< Self >();
      let layout2 = std::alloc::Layout::new::< Self::Target >();
      debug_assert_eq!( layout1, layout2 );
    }
    unsafe { std::mem::transmute::< _, _ >( self ) }
  }
}

impl< T > From< ( T, T ) > for MyHomoPair< T >
{
  fn from( src : ( T, T ) ) -> Self { Self( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

impl< T > From< MyHomoPair< T >> for ( T, T )
{
  fn from( src : MyHomoPair< T > ) -> Self { ( src.0, src.1 ) }
}

impl< T > From< [ T; 2 ] > for MyHomoPair< T >
where
  T : Clone,
{
  fn from( src : [ T; 2 ] ) -> Self { Self( src[ 0 ].clone(), src[ 1 ].clone() ) }
}

impl< T > From< MyHomoPair< T >> for [ T; 2 ]
{
  fn from( src : MyHomoPair< T > ) -> Self { [ src.0, src.1 ] }
}

impl< T > From< &[ T ] > for MyHomoPair< T >
where
  T : Clone,
{
  fn from( src : &[ T ] ) -> Self
  {
    debug_assert_eq!( src.len(), 2 );
    Self( src[ 0 ].clone(), src[ 1 ].clone() )
  }
}

impl< T > From< T > for MyHomoPair< T >
where
  T : Clone,
{
  fn from( src : T ) -> Self { Self( src.clone(), src.clone() ) }
}

impl< T > CloneAsTuple< ( T, T ) > for MyHomoPair< T >
where
  T : Clone,
{
  fn clone_as_tuple( &self ) -> ( T, T ) { ( self.0.clone(), self.1.clone() ) }
}

impl< T > CloneAsArray< T, 2 > for MyHomoPair< T >
where
  T : Clone,
{
  fn clone_as_array( &self ) -> [ T; 2 ] { [ self.0.clone(), self.1.clone() ] }
}

impl< T > AsTuple< ( T, T ) > for MyHomoPair< T >
{
  fn as_tuple( &self ) -> &( T, T ) { unsafe { std::mem::transmute::< &_, &( T, T ) >( self ) } }
}

impl< T > AsArray< T, 2 > for MyHomoPair< T >
{
  fn as_array( &self ) -> &[ T; 2 ] { unsafe { std::mem::transmute::< &_, &[ T; 2 ] >( self ) } }
}

impl< T > AsSlice< T > for MyHomoPair< T >
{
  fn as_slice( &self ) -> &[ T ] { &self.as_array()[ .. ] }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl< T > From_0 for MyHomoPair< T >
where
  T : Default,
{
  fn from_0() -> Self { Self( Default::default(), Default::default() ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl< T > From_1< T > for MyHomoPair< T >
where
  T : Clone,
{
  fn from_1( _0 : T ) -> Self { Self( _0.clone(), _0.clone() ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl< T > From_2< T, T > for MyHomoPair< T >
{
  fn from_2( _0 : T, _1 : T ) -> Self { Self( _0, _1 ) }
}

/* ... */

let x = MyHomoPair( 13, 31 );
dbg!( &x );
// prints : &x = MyHomoPair( 13, 31 )
let clone_as_array : [ i32 ; 2 ] = x.clone_as_array();
dbg!( &clone_as_array );
// prints : &clone_as_array = [ 13, 31 ]
let clone_as_tuple : ( i32 , i32 ) = x.clone_as_tuple();
dbg!( &clone_as_tuple );
// prints : &clone_as_tuple = ( 13, 31 )

Basic use-case :: single-line many

Use type constructor many to wrap Vec in a tuple. Similar to single it has essential traits implemented for it.

// #[ cfg
// (
//   all
//   (
//     feature = "many",
//     any( not( feature = "no_std" ), feature = "use_alloc" ),
//   )
// ) ]
// {
//   use type_constructor::prelude::*;
//
//   types!( pub many MyMany : i32 );
//   let x = MyMany::from( [ 1, 2, 3 ] );
//   println!( "x : {:?}", x.0 );
// }

It generates code:

use type_constructor::prelude::*;

pub struct MyMany( pub std::vec::Vec< i32 > );

impl core::ops::Deref for MyMany
{
  type Target = std::vec::Vec< i32 >;

  fn deref( &self ) -> &Self::Target { &self.0 }
}

impl core::ops::DerefMut for MyMany
{
  fn deref_mut( &mut self ) -> &mut Self::Target { &mut self.0 }
}

impl From< i32 > for MyMany
{
  fn from( src : i32 ) -> Self { Self( vec![ src ] ) }
}

impl From< ( i32, ) > for MyMany
{
  fn from( src : ( i32, ) ) -> Self { Self( vec![ src.0 ] ) }
}

impl< const N: usize > From< [ i32; N ] > for MyMany
where
  i32 : Clone,
{
  fn from( src : [ i32; N ] ) -> Self { Self( std::vec::Vec::from( src ) ) }
}

impl From< &[ i32 ] > for MyMany
where
  i32 : Clone,
{
  fn from( src : &[ i32 ] ) -> Self
  {
    debug_assert_eq!( src.len(), 1 );
    Self( std::vec::Vec::from( src ) )
  }
}

impl AsSlice< i32 > for MyMany
where
  i32 : Clone,
{
  fn as_slice( &self ) -> &[ i32 ] { &self[ .. ] }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl From_0 for MyMany
{
  fn from_0() -> Self { Self( std::vec::Vec::< i32 >::new() ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl From_1< i32 > for MyMany
{
  fn from_1( _0 : i32 ) -> Self { Self( vec![ _0 ] ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl From_2< i32, i32 > for MyMany
{
  fn from_2( _0 : i32, _1 : i32 ) -> Self { Self( vec![ _0, _1 ] ) }
}

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
impl From_3< i32, i32, i32 > for MyMany
{
  fn from_3( _0 : i32, _1 : i32, _2 : i32 ) -> Self { Self( vec![ _0, _1, _2 ] ) }
}

/* ... */

let x = MyMany::from( [ 1, 2, 3 ] );
println!( "x : {:?}", x.0 );

Basic use-case :: make - variadic constructor

Implement traits [From_0], [From_1] up to MakeN to provide the interface to construct your structure with a different set of arguments. In this example structure, Struct1 could be constructed either without arguments, with a single argument, or with two arguments.

• Constructor without arguments fills fields with zero.
• Constructor with a single argument sets both fields to the value of the argument.
• Constructor with 2 arguments set individual values of each field.

#[ cfg( feature = "make" ) ]
{
  use type_constructor::prelude::*;

  #[ derive( Debug, PartialEq ) ]
  struct Struct1
  {
    a : i32,
    b : i32,
  }

  impl From_0 for Struct1
  {
    fn from_0() -> Self
    {
      Self { a : 0, b : 0 }
    }
  }

  impl From_1< i32 > for Struct1
  {
    fn from_1( val : i32 ) -> Self
    {
      Self { a : val, b : val }
    }
  }

  impl From_2< i32, i32 > for Struct1
  {
    fn from_2( val1 : i32, val2 : i32 ) -> Self
    {
      Self { a : val1, b : val2 }
    }
  }

  let got : Struct1 = from!();
  let exp = Struct1{ a : 0, b : 0 };
  assert_eq!( got, exp );

  let got : Struct1 = from!( 13 );
  let exp = Struct1{ a : 13, b : 13 };
  assert_eq!( got, exp );

  let got : Struct1 = from!( 1, 3 );
  let exp = Struct1{ a : 1, b : 3 };
  assert_eq!( got, exp );
}

To add to your project

cargo add type_constructor

Try out from the repository

git clone https://github.com/Wandalen/wTools
cd wTools
cd examples/type_constructor_trivial_sample
cargo run